Determination of Pontocainein Electric Ophthalmia Eye drop by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Met
2022年考研考博-考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷5
2022年考研考博-考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Holders of deferred shares have no rights to vote at general meetings or receive any （）. 问题1选项A.divisiveB.divideC.dividendD.division【答案】C【解析】考查形近词辨析。
A项形容词divisive “分裂的、区分的”，B项动词divide “分开”，C项名词dividend “红利、股息”，D项名词division “除法、分割”；句意：递延股票的持有者在股东大会上没有投票权，也不能获得任何股息。
因此C选项正确。
2.单选题Have you winterized your horse yet? Even though global warming may have made our climate milder, many animals are still hibernating. It's too bad that humans can't hibernate. In fact, as a species, we almost did.Apparently, at times in the past, peasants in France liked a semi-state of human hibernation. So writes Graham Robb, a British scholar who has studied the sleeping habits of the French peasants. As soon as the weather turned cold people all over France shut themselves away and practiced the forgotten art of doing nothing at all for months on end.In line with this, Jeff Warren, a producer at CBC Radio's The Current, tells us that the way we sleep has changed fundamentally since the invention of artificial lighting and the electric bulb.When historians began studying texts of the Middle Ages, they noticed something referred to as “first sleep”, which was not clarified, though. No w scientists are telling us our ancestors most likely slept in separate periods. The business of eight hours' uninterrupted sleep is a modern invention.In the past, without the artificial light of the city to bathe in, humans went to sleep when it became dark and then woke themselves around midnight. The late night period was known as “The Watch”. It was when people actually kept watch against wild animals, although many of them simply moved around or visited family and neighbors.According to some sleep researchers, a short period of insomnia at midnight is not a disorder. It is normal. Humans can experience another state of consciousness around their sleeping, which occurs in the brief period before we fall asleep or wake ourselves in the morning. This period can be an extraordinarily creative time for some people. The impressive inventor, Thomas Edison, used this state to hit upon many of his new ideas.Playing with your sleep rhythms can be adventurous, as anxiety may set in. Medical science doesn't help much in this case. It offers us medicines for a full night's continuous sleep, which sounds natural; however, according to Warren's theory, it is really the opposite of what we need.1. The example of the French peasants shows the fact that （）.2. The la te night was called “The Watch” because it was a time for people （）.3. Thomas Edison is cited to show （）.4. What does the author advise people to do?5. What is most possibly the source of this article?问题1选项A.people might become lazy as a result of too much sleepB.there were signs of hibernation in human sleeping habitsC.people tended to sleep more peacefully in cold weather问题2选项A.to set traps to catch animalsB.to wake up their family and neighborsC.to remind others of the timeD.to guard against possible dangers问题3选项A.insomnia is harmful to peopleB.human being cannot overcome insomniaC.a short period of consciousness during sleeping is normal for human beingD.great scientists must sleep less to make great inventions问题4选项A.Sleep in the way animals do.B.Consult a doctor if they can't sleep.C.Follow their natural sleep rhythm.D.Keep to the eight-hour sleep pattern.问题5选项A.scientific journalsB.history booksD.fairy tales【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。
欧洲能效规章 642-2009
COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 642/2009of 22 July 2009implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for televisions(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Directive 2005/32/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy- using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council ( 1 ) and in particularArticle 15(1) thereof,After consulting the Ecodesign Consultation Forum,Whereas:(1) Under Directive 2005/32/EC ecodesign requirements areto be set by the Commission for energy-using productsrepresenting significant volumes of sales and trade, having a significant environmental impact and presenting significant potential for improvement in terms of their environmental impact without entailing excessive costs.(2) Article 16(2) first indent of Directive 2005/32/ECprovides that in accordance with the procedure referredto in Article 19(3) and the criteria set out in Article 15(2), and after consulting the Ecodesign Consul tation Forum, the Commission shall, as appropriate, introduce implementing measures for consumer elec tronics.(3) The Commission has carried out a preparatory studywhich analysed the technical, environmental andeconomic aspects of televisions. The study has been developed together with stakeholders and interested parties from the Community and third countries, and the results have been made publicly available on the EUROPA website of the Commission.(4) Televisionsrepresent a significant consumer electronic product group in electricity consumption and aretherefore a priority in ecodesign policy.(5) The environmental aspect of televisions that is identifiedas significant for the purposes of this Regulation is theelectricity consumption in the use phase.(6) Annual electricity consumption related to televisions wasestimated to be 60 TWh in 2007 in the Community, corresponding to 24 Mt CO 2 emissions. If no specific measures are taken to limit this consumption, it is predicted that electricity consumption will increase to 132 TWh in 2020. The preparatory study shows that use-phase electricity consumption can be significantly reduced.(7) Other environmental aspects of relevance relate tohazardous substances used in the production of televisions and waste from televisions disposed at the end of life. Improvements in the related environmental impact are addressed in Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardoussubstances in electrical and electronic equipment ( 2 ), andDirective 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical andelectronic equipment (WEEE) ( 3), respectively, and should not be further addressed by this Regulation.(8) The preparatory study shows that requirements regardingother ecodesign parameters referred to in Annex I, Part 1,to Directive 2005/32/EC are not necessary.(9) Reduction in the electricity consumption of televisions ispossible/viable by applying existing non-proprietary cost-effective technologies which lead to a reduction of the combined expenses for purchasing and operating televi sions.(10) Ecodesign requirements should harmonise electricityconsumption requirements for televisions throughout the Community, thus contributing to the functioning of the internal market and to the improvement of the envi ronmental performance of these products.(11) The ecodesign requirements should not have a negativeimpact on the functionality of the product or negatively affect health, safety or the environment. In particular, the benefits of reducing electricity consumption during the use phase should more than offset potential additional environmental impacts during the production phase.( 1 ) OJ L 191, 22.7.2005, p. 29.( 2 ) OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 19. ( 3 ) OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 24.(12) A progressive introduction of the ecodesign requirementsshould provide an appropriate timeframe for manufacturers to adapt their products. The timing should be suchthat negative impacts on the functionalities of equipmentalready on the market are avoided, and cost impacts formanufacturers, in particular small and medium-sizedenterprises, are taken into account, while ensuringtimely achievement of the objectives of the Regulation.(13) Measurements of the relevant product parameters shouldbe performed through reliable, accurate and reproduciblemeasurement procedures, which take into account therecognised state of the art measurement methodsincluding, where available, harmonised standardsadopted by the European standardisation bodies, aslisted in Annex I to Directive 98/34/EC of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of 22 June1998 laying down a procedure for the provision ofinformation in the field of technical standards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services (1).(14) This Regulation should increase the market penetrationof technologies that reduce the environmental impact oftelevisions, leading to estimated electricity savings of 28TWh by 2020, compared to the situation without takingany measures.(15) In conformity with Article 8 of Directive 2005/32/EC,this Regulation should specify the applicable conformityassessment procedures.(16) In order to facilitate compliance checks, manufacturersshould provide information in the technical documentation referred to in Annexes IV and V to Directive2005/32/EC in so far as this information relates to therequirements laid down in this Regulation.(17) The currently best available on-mode energy efficiencyand reduced environmental impacts related tohazardous substances are identified by CommissionDecision 2009/300/EC of 12 March 2009 establishingthe revised ecological criteria for the award of theCommunity ecolabel to televisions (2). Such referencewill help ensure wide availability and easy access toinformation, in particular for small and medium-sizedenterprises and very small firms, which will furtherfacilitate the integration of best design technologies forreducing the environmental impact of televisions.Benchmarks for best available technology shouldtherefore not be identified in this Regulation.(18) The ecodesign requirements, applicable from 7 January2013, pursuant to Commission Regulation (EC) No1275/2008 of 17 December 2008 implementingDirective 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council with regard to ecodesign requirementsfor standby and off mode electric power consumptionof electrical and electronic household and office equipment (3) should apply to televisions at an earlier point intime than provided for in that Regulation because technologies which comply with its provisions can be implemented within a shorter time with regard to televisionsand additional energy savings can be achieved. Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 should therefore not applyto televisions and should be amended accordingly.(19) The measures provided for in this Regulation are inaccordance with the opinion of the Committee established by Article 19(1) of Directive 2005/32/EC,HAS ADOPTED THE FOLLOWING REGULATION:Article 1Subject matter and scopeThis Regulation establishes ecodesign requirements for the placing on the market of televisions.Article 2DefinitionsIn addition to the definitions set out in Directive 2005/32/EC, the following definitions shall apply:1. ‘television’ means a television set or a television monitor;2. ‘television set’ means a product designed primarily for thedisplay and reception of audiovisual signals which is placedon the market under one model or system designation, andwhich consists of:(a) a display;(b) one or more tuner(s)/receiver(s) and optional additionalfunctions for data storage and/or display such as digitalversatile disc (DVD), hard disk drive (HDD) or videocassette recorder (VCR), either in a single unit combinedwith the display, or in one or more separate units;3. ‘television monitor’ means a product designed to display onan integrated screen a video signal from a variety of sources, including television broadcast signals, which optionally controls and reproduces audio signals from an external source device, which is linked through standardisedvideo signal paths including cinch (component, composite),SCART, HDMI, and future wireless standards (but excludingnon-standardised video signal paths like DVI and SDI), butcannot receive and process broadcast signals;(1) OJ L 204, 21.7.1998, p. 37.(2) OJ L 82, 28.3.2009, p. 3. (3) OJ L 339, 18.12.2008, p. 45.4. ‘on-mode’ means the condition where the television isconnected to the mains power source and produces sound and picture;5. ‘home-mode’ means the television setting which is recommended by the manufacturer for normal home use;6. ‘standby-mode(s)’ means a condition where the equipmentis connected to the mains power source, depends on energy input from the mains power source to function properly and offers the following functions only, which may persist for an indefinite time:— reactivation function, or reactivation function and only an indication of enabled reactivation function, and/or,— information or status display;7. ‘off-mode’ means a condition in which the equipment isconnected to the mains power source and is not providing any function; it also includes:(a) conditions providing only an indication of off-modecondition;(b) conditions providing only functionalities intended toensure electromagnetic compatibility pursuant toDirective 2004/108/EC of the European Parliamentand of the Council (1);8. ‘reactivation function’ means a function facilitating the activation of other modes, including on-mode, by remote switch including remote control, internal sensor, timer toa condition providing additional functions, including on-mode;9. ‘information or status display’ means a continuous functionproviding information or indicating the status of the equipment on a display, including clocks;10. ‘forced menu’ means a set of television settings pre-definedby the manufacturer, of which the user of the television must select a particular setting upon initial start-up of the television; 11. ‘full HD resolution’ means a screen resolution with physicalpixel count of at least 1 920 × 1 080 pixels.Article 3Ecodesign requirementsThe ecodesign requirements for televisions are set out in Annex I.Compliance with the ecodesign requirements shall be measured in accordance with the methods set out in Annex II.Article 4Conformity assessmentThe conformity assessment procedure referred to in Article 8 of Directive 2005/32/EC shall be the internal design control system set out in Annex IV to that Directive or the management system for assessing conformity set out in Annex V to that Directive.The technical documentation to be provided for the conformity assessment is set out in point 1 of Part 5 of Annex I to this Regulation.Article 5Verification procedure for market surveillance purposes Surveillance checks shall be carried out in accordance with the verification procedure set out in Annex III.Article 6RevisionThe Commission shall review this Regulation no later than 3 years after its entry into force in the light of technological progress and present the result of this review to the Ecodesign Consultation Forum.Article 7Amendment to Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008Annex I, point 3 to Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 is replaced by the text set out in Annex IV to this Regulation.Article 8Entry into force1. This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.(1) OJ L 390, 31.12.2004, p. 24.2. The ecodesign requirements set out in point 1 of Part 1, Part 3, Part 4, and point 2 of Part 5 of Annex I shall apply from 20 August 2010.The ecodesign requirements set out in point 2, Part 1 of Annex I shall apply from 1 April 2012. The ecodesign requirements set out in points 1(a) to 1(d) of Part 2 of Annex I shall apply from 7 January 2010.The ecodesign requirements set out in points 2(a) to 2(e) of Part 2 of Annex I shall apply from 20 August 2011.This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 22 July 2009.For the CommissionAndris PIEBALGSMember of the CommissionANNEX IECODESIGN REQUIREMENTS1. ON-MODE POWER CONSUMPTION1. From 20 August 2010:The on-mode power consumption of a television with visible screen area A expressed in dm2shall not exceed the following limits:2. From 1 April 2012:The on-mode power consumption of a television with visible screen area A expressed in dm2shall not exceed the following limits:2. STANDBY/OFF MODE POWER CONSUMPTION1. From 7 January 2010:(a) Power consumption in ‘off-mode’:Power consumption of televisions in any off-mode condition shall not exceed 1,00 Watt.(b) Power consumption in ‘standby-mode(s)’:The power consumption of televisions in any condition providing only a reactivation function, or providing only a reactivation function and a mere indication of enabled reactivation function, shall not exceed 1,00 Watt.The power consumption of televisions in any condition providing only information or status display, or providing only a combination of reactivation function and information or status display, shall not exceed 2,00 Watts.(c) Availability of off-mode and/or standby-mode:Televisions shall have an off-mode and/or standby-mode, and/or another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption requirements for off-mode and/or standby-mode when the television is connected to the mains power source.(d) For television sets which consist of a display, and one or more tuner(s)/receiver(s) and optional additionalfunctions for data storage and/or display such as digital versatile disc (DVD), hard disk drive (HDD) or videocassette recorder (VCR) in one or more separate units, points (a) to (c) apply for the display and the separate unit(s) individually.2. From 20 August 2011:(a) Power consumption in ‘off-mode’:Power consumption of televisions in any off-mode condition shall not exceed 0,30 Watts, unless the condition in the next paragraph is fulfilled.For televisions with an easily visible switch, which puts the television in a condition with power consumption not exceeding 0,01 Watts when operated to the off position, the power consumption of any other off-mode condition of the television shall not exceed 0,50 Watts.(b) Power consumption in ‘standby-mode(s)’:The power consumption of televisions in any condition providing only a reactivation function, or providing only a reactivation function and a mere indication of enabled reactivation function, shall not exceed 0,50 Watts.The power consumption of televisions in any condition providing only information or status display, or providing only a combination of reactivation function and information or status display, shall not exceed 1,00 Watt.(c) Availability of off-mode and/or standby-mode:Televisions shall have an off-mode and/or standby-mode, and/or another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption requirements for off-mode and/or standby-mode when the television is connected to the mains power source.(d) Automatic power-down:Televisions shall provide a function with the following characteristics:(i) after no more than 4 hours in on mode following the last user interaction and/or a channel change, thetelevision shall be automatically switched from on mode to:— standby-mode, or,— off-mode, or,— another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption requirements for off-mode and/or standby-mode;(ii) televisions shall display an alert message before the automatic switch from on mode to the applicable condition/modes.This function shall be set as default.(e) For television sets which consist of a display, and one or more tuner(s)/receiver(s) and optional additionalfunctions for data storage and/or display such as digital versatile disc (DVD), hard disk drive (HDD) or videocassette recorder (VCR) in a separate unit, points (a) to (d) apply for the display and the separate unit individually.3. ‘HOME-MODE’ FOR TELEVISIONS WHICH ARE DELIVERED WITH A FORCED MENUFrom 20 August 2010:Televisions with forced menu on initial activation of the television shall provide a ‘home-mode’ in the forced menu, which shall be the default choice on initial activation of the television. If the user selects a mode other than ‘home- mode’ on initial activation of the television, a second selection process shall be prompted to confirm this choice.4. PEAK LUMINANCE RATIOFrom 20 August 2010:— Televisions without forced menu: the peak luminance of the on-mode condition of the television as delivered by the manufacturer shall not be less than 65 % of the peak luminance of the brightest on-mode condition provided by the television.— Televisions with forced menu: the peak luminance of the home-mode condition shall not be less than 65 % of the peak luminance of the brightest on-mode condition provided by the television.5. INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BY MANUFACTURERS1. For the purposes of conformity assessment pursuant to Article 5, the technical documentation shall contain thefollowing elements:(a) test parameters for measurements:— ambient temperature,— test voltage in V and frequency in Hz,— total harmonic distortion of the electricity supply system,— the input terminal for the audio and video test signals,— information and documentation on the instrumentation, set-up and circuits used for electrical testing;(b) on-mode:— the power consumption data in Watts rounded to the first decimal place for power measurements up to 100 Watts, and to the first integer for power measurements above 100 Watts,— the characteristics of the dynamic broadcast-content video signal representing typical broadcast TV content, — the sequence of steps for achieving a stable condition with respect to power consumption,— in addition for televisions with a forced menu, the ratio of the peak luminance of the home-mode and the peak luminance of the brightest on-mode condition provided by the television, expressed in per cent, — in addition for television monitors, a description of the relevant characteristics of the tuner used for measurements;(c) for each standby and/or off-mode:— the power consumption data in Watts rounded to the second decimal place,— the measurement method used,— description of how the mode was selected or programmed,— sequence of events to reach the mode where the television automatically changes modes;(d) automatic power down:the duration of the on-mode condition before the television reaches automatically standby, or off-mode, or another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption requirements for off-mode and/or standby-mode;(e) hazardous substances:if the television contains mercury or lead: the content of mercury as X,X mg, and the presence of lead.2. From 20 August 2010:The following information shall be made publicly available on free-access websites:— the on-mode power consumption data in Watts rounded to the first decimal place for power measurements up to 100 Watts, and to the first integer for power measurements above 100 Watts,— for each standby and/or off-mode, the power consumption data in Watts rounded to the second decimal place, — for televisions without forced menu: the ratio of the peak luminance of the on-mode condition of the television as delivered by the manufacturer and the peak luminance of the brightest on-mode condition provided by the television, expressed in percentage, rounded to the nearest integer,— for televisions with a forced menu: the ratio of the peak luminance of the home-mode condition and the peak luminance of the brightest on-mode condition provided by the television, expressed in percentage, rounded to the nearest integer,— if the television contains mercury or lead: the content as X,X mg and the presence of lead.ANNEX IIMEASUREMENTS1. Measurements of on-mode power consumptionMeasurements of the power consumption referred to in Annex I, Part 1 shall fulfil all of the following conditions:(a) Measurements shall be made using a reliable, accurate and reproducible measurement procedure, which takes intoaccount the generally recognised state of the art measurement methods.(b) Conditions of televisions for measuring the on-mode power consumption:— Television sets without forced menu: the power consumption referred to in points 1 and 2 shall be measured in the on-mode condition of the television as delivered by the manufacturer, that is, the brightness controls of the television shall be in the position adjusted by the manufacturer for the end user.— Television sets with forced menu: the power consumption referred to in points 1 and 2 shall be measured in the ‘home-mode’ condition.— Television monitors without forced menu: the television monitor shall be connected to an appropriate tuner.The power consumption referred to in points 1 and 2 shall be measured in the on-mode condition of the television as delivered by the manufacturer, that is, the brightness controls of the television monitor shall be in the position adjusted by the manufacturer for the end user. The power consumption of the tuner is not relevant for the measurements of on-mode power consumption of the television monitor.— Television monitors with forced menu: the television monitor shall be connected to an appropriate tuner. The power consumption referred to in points 1 and 2 shall be established in the ‘home mode’ condition.(c) General conditions:— Measurements shall be made at an ambient temperature of 23 °C +/– 5 °C.— Measurements shall be made using a dynamic broadcast-content video signal representing typical broadcast TV content. The measurement shall be the average power consumed over 10 consecutive minutes.— Measurements shall be made after the television has been in the off-mode for a minimum of 1 hour immediately followed by a minimum of 1 hour in the on-mode and shall be completed before a maximum of 3 hours in on-mode. The relevant video signal shall be displayed during the entire on-mode duration. For televisions that are known to stabilise within 1 hour, these durations may be reduced if the resulting measurement can be shown to be within 2 % of the results that would otherwise be achieved using the durations described here.— Measurements shall be made with an uncertainty of less than or equal to 2 % at the 95 % confidence level.— Measurements shall be made with the Automatic Brightness Control function, if such a function exists, made inactive. If the Automatic Brightness Control function exitsts and cannot be made inactive, then the measurements shall be performed with the light entering directly into the ambient light sensor at a level of 300 lux, or more.2. Measurements of standby/off-mode power consumptionMeasurements of the power consumption referred to in Annex I, Part 2 shall fulfil all of the following conditions:(a) The power consumption referred to in points 1(a), 1(b), 2(a) and 2(b) shall be measured by a reliable, accurate andreproducible measurement procedure, which takes into account the generally recognised state of the art measurement methods.(b) Measurements of power of 0,50 Watt or greater shall be made with an uncertainty of less than or equal to 2 % atthe 95 % confidence level. Measurements of power of less than 0,50 Watt shall be made with an uncertainty of less than or equal to 0,01 Watt at the 95 % confidence level.3. Measurements of peak luminanceMeasurements of the peak luminance referred to in Annex I, Part 4 shall fulfil all of the following conditions:(a) Measurements shall be made using a reliable, accurate and reproducible measurement procedure, which takes intoaccount the generally recognised state of the art measurement methods.(b) Measurements of peak luminance shall be made with a luminance meter, detecting that portion of the screenexhibiting a full (100 %) white image, which is part of a ‘full screen test’ test pattern that does not exceed the average picture level (APL) point where any power limiting occurs in the display luminance drive system.(c) Measurements of luminance ratio shall be made without disturbing the luminance meter’s detection point on thedisplay whilst switching between the conditions referred to in Annex I, Part 4.ANNEX IIIVERIFICATION PROCEDUREWhen performing the market surveillance checks referred to in Article 3(2) of Directive 2005/32/EC, the authorities of the Member States shall apply the following verification procedure for the requirements set out in Annex I.1. Authorities of the Member State shall test one single television unit.2. The model shall be considered to comply with the provisions set out in Annex I, if:(a) the result for on-mode power consumption does not exceed the applicable limit value set out in Annex I, points 1and 2 of Part 1 by more than 7 %; and(b) the results for off-mode/standby conditions, as applicable, do not exceed the applicable limit values set out inAnnex I, points 1(a), 1(b), 2(a) and 2(b) of Part 2 by more than 0,10 Watt; and(c) the result for the peak luminance ratio set out in Annex I, Part 3 does not fall below 60 %.3. If the results referred to in point 2(a) or (b) or (c) are not achieved, three additional units of the same model shall betested.4. After three additional units of the same model have been tested, the model shall be considered to comply with therequirements set out in Annex I, if:(a) the average of the results for the latter three units for on-mode power consumption does not exceed the applicablelimit value set out in Annex I, points 1 and 2 of Part 1 by more than 7 %; and(b) the average of the results for the latter three units for off-mode/standby conditions, as applicable, do not exceedthe applicable limit values set out in Annex I, points 1(a), 1(b), 2(a) and 2(b) of Part 2 by more than 0,10 Watt;and(c) the average of the results for the latter three units for the peak luminance ratio set out in Annex I, Part 3 does notfall below 60 %.5. If the results referred to in point 4(a) and (b) and (c) are not achieved, the model shall be considered not to complywith the requirements.6. For the purposes of checking conformity with the requirements, the authorities of the Member States shall use theprocedure set out in Annex II and reliable, accurate and reproducible measurement procedures, which take into account the generally recognised state of the art measurement methods, including methods set in documents the reference numbers of which have been published for that purpose in the Official Journal of the European Union.。
科技英语翻译1
► 2）通顺易懂 ► 译文的语言符合译语语法结构及表达习惯，容易为读者所理解和接受。
► A. When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.
2. Cramped(狭窄的) conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
3. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.
忠实、通顺（普遍观点）
► 科技英语文章特点：(well-knit structure;tight logic;various styles)结构严谨，逻辑严密，文体多样
1. 科技翻译的标准：准确规范，通顺易懂，简洁明晰 1）准确规范
所谓准确，就是忠实地，不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。 所谓规范，就是译文要符合所涉及的科学技或某个专业领域的专业语言表
实验结果等，而不是介绍这是这些结果，理论或现象是由谁发 明或发现的。
► In this section, a process description and a simplified process flowsheet are given for each DR process to illustrate the types of equipment used and to describe the flow of materials through the plant. The discussion does not mention all the variations of the flowsheet which may exist or the current status of particular plants. In the majority of the DR processes described in this section, natural gas is reformed in a catalyst bed with steam or gaseous reduction products from the reduction reactor. Partial oxidation processes which gasify liquid hydrocarbons, heavy residuals and coal are also discussed. The reformer and partial oxidation gasifier are interchangeable for several of the DR processes.
The properties of carbon nanotubes
The properties of carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as one of the most promising materials in the world of nanotechnology. Since their discovery in the early 1990s, they have been the subject of intense research due to their extraordinary physical and mechanical properties. CNTs are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms, which are arranged in a honeycomb lattice. They can be single-walled or multi-walled, depending on the number of layers of carbon atoms.CNTs have many unique properties, including high tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. These properties make them suitable for a wide range of applications, from electronics to energy storage. In this article, we will explore the properties of CNTs in more detail.Tensile StrengthOne of the most remarkable properties of CNTs is their incredible tensile strength. In fact, CNTs are the strongest materials known to man. They are up to 100 times stronger than steel, yet only a fraction of the weight. This makes them ideal for use in materials that require high strength and low weight. For example, CNTs could be used to make stronger and lighter aircraft engines and components.Thermal ConductivityCNTs also have a high thermal conductivity, which makes them excellent heat conductors. This means that CNTs can quickly transfer heat from one point to another. This makes them ideal for use in heat sinks, which are used to dissipate heat from electronic devices. Additionally, CNTs can be used to improve the efficiency of energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors.Electrical ConductivityCNTs are also excellent electrical conductors, which makes them ideal for use in electronics. They have a very high current carrying capacity, which means they can carrya large amount of electricity without overheating. Additionally, they have a low resistance, which means that electrical signals can travel through them quickly and efficiently. CNTs could be used to make faster and more efficient computer chips, as well as more durable electronic components.Chemical StabilityCNTs are also very chemically stable, meaning they are resistant to chemical reactions. This is due to the strong covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in the honeycomb lattice. This property makes CNTs ideal for use in environments with harsh chemicals, such as in the oil and gas industry. They could be used to make stronger and more durable pipes and other components that are needed in these environments.ConclusionIn conclusion, CNTs have many unique and fascinating properties that make them ideal for a wide range of applications. From their incredible tensile strength to their high thermal and electrical conductivity, CNTs are proving to be one of the most promising materials in the world of nanotechnology. As research continues, it is likely that we will discover even more amazing properties of CNTs that could revolutionize the way we live and work.。
百得说明书IBR
Declaration of Conformity
We declare that our products BPM...; BGN…; BT…; BTG…; BTL…; TBML...; Comist…; GI…; GI…Mist; Minicomist…; PYR…; RiNOx…; Spark...; Sparkgas...; TBG...;TBL...; TS…; IBR...; IB... (Variant: … LX, for low NOx emissions) Description: forced air burners of liquid, gaseous and mixed fuels for residential and industrial use meet the minimum requirements of the European Directives: 90/396/CEE ...............................................(D.A.G.) 89/336/CEE - 2004/108/CE ........................(C.E.M.) 73/23/CEE – 2006/95/CE ...........................(D.B.T.) 2006/42/CEE .............................................(D.M.) and conform to European Standards: UNI EN 676:2008 (gas and combination, gas side) UNI EN 267:2002 (diesel and combination, diesel side) These products are therefore marked:
2022年考研考博-考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷19
2022年考研考博-考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题The law can （） fathers to make regular payments for their children.问题1选项pelplyplainbine【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项compel “强迫、迫使”，B项comply “遵守、顺从”，C项complain “抱怨”，D项combine “联合、结合”；句意：这项法律可强制父亲定期支付子女的费用。
因此A 选项正确。
2.写作题Directions: “Publish or perish” is well-known in the academic world. Do you agree or disagree with this view points. Please express your opinion in about 150 words.【答案】略3.单选题A few months of grooming, mentors and founders can then （） hundreds of people to watch their company's official introduction to society.问题1选项A.summonB.uniteC.gatherD.assemble【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项summon “召唤”，指运用权威或行使权力指示、命令、吩咐，或要求某人去某处，常用于正式的集会或公务等方面；B项untie “团结、合并”，指将两个或两个以上原本分散或对立的事物联合起来，或者指主动联合自己周围的人或物，使之围绕在自己身旁；C项gather “聚集”，多强调按照一定目的或计划有选择的使人或物聚集在一起；D项assemble “集合、聚集”，更突出聚集或收集的目的；句意：经过几个月的培训后，导师和创始人可以召集数百人观看他们公司向社会的正式介绍。
碳中和的关键不确定因素
碳中和的关键不确定因素英文回答：One of the key uncertainties in achieving carbon neutrality is the availability and scalability of clean energy technologies. While there are already renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, theirintermittent nature and limited capacity pose challengesfor widespread adoption. For example, solar panels only generate electricity when the sun is shining, and wind turbines only produce power when the wind is blowing at the right speed. This means that energy storage solutions and grid infrastructure upgrades are necessary to ensure a reliable and continuous supply of clean energy.Another uncertainty is the cost of transitioning to carbon-neutral technologies. While renewable energy costs have been steadily declining, there are still significant upfront investments required to build the necessary infrastructure. For instance, building a wind farm orinstalling solar panels can be expensive, and the costs may vary depending on factors like location, availability of resources, and government policies. Additionally, retrofitting existing industries and transportation systems to reduce emissions can also be costly and require significant financial resources.Furthermore, the political and regulatory landscape can greatly influence the pace and effectiveness of carbon neutrality efforts. Government policies and incentives play a crucial role in driving the transition to clean energy and reducing carbon emissions. However, politicalpriorities may change over time, leading to shifts in policies and regulations that can either support or hinder carbon neutrality goals. For example, changes in government leadership or shifts in public opinion can result in policy reversals or delays in implementing carbon reduction measures.In addition, technological advancements and innovation are essential for achieving carbon neutrality. While there are already existing clean technologies, further researchand development are needed to improve their efficiency and reduce costs. Breakthroughs in areas such as energy storage, carbon capture and storage, and sustainable transportation can significantly accelerate the transition to a carbon-neutral future. However, the timeline and success of these advancements are uncertain and depend on various factorslike funding, collaboration between researchers and industry, and market demand.中文回答：在实现碳中和过程中，一个关键的不确定因素是清洁能源技术的可用性和可扩展性。
电炉炼钢英语词汇
In electric furnace steelmaking, some carbon will be contained in the scrap feed, in DRI, HBI or other alternative iron furnace feeds.
The amount of carbon contained in these EAF feeds will generally be considerably lower than that contained in hot metal and typically, some additional carbon is charged to the EAF.
process New technologies
Introduction
Over the past 20 years the use of the electric arc furnace (EAF) for the production of steel has grown considerably.
The tap-to-tap cycle is made up of the following operations: furnace charging, melting, refining, deslagging, tapping and furnace turnaround. Modern operations aim for a tap-to-tap cycle of less than 60 minutes.
2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷11
2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Before he started the work, I asked the builder to give me an ______ of the cost of repairing the roof.问题1选项A.assessmentB.estimateC.announcementD.evaluation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
A项assessment“估计、评定”；B项estimate“估价、判断”；C项announcement“公告、宣告”；D项evaluation“评价”；句意：在他开始工作之前，我请建筑工人给我估计一下修理屋顶的费用。
因此该题B项正确。
2.单选题If a couple are divorced and their child lives with his mother, he is said to suffer from lace of ______ love.问题1选项A.maternalB.fraternalC.paternalD.parental【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A项maternal“母亲的、母性的”；B项fraternal“兄弟般的、友好的”；C项paternal“父亲的、父亲般的”；D项parental“父母亲的”；句意：如果一对夫妇离婚了，他们的孩子和他的母亲住在一起，那么他被认为缺乏父爱。
因此该题C项正确。
3.单选题A drunk man walked in, ______ in appearance.问题1选项A.repulsiveB.reluctantC.reproachfulD.reputed【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A项repulsive“可憎的、排斥的”；B项reluctant“不情愿的”，常与to搭配构成不定式；C项reproachful“责备的、指责的”；D项reputed“享有声望的”；句意：4.单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’ t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources inAmerican companies?2. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to_______.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm’'s competition advantage is_______.5. What is the main idea of the Passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skill.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees’' own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologic are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skillsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers’' basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm’'s hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。
2021年上海高三英语二考阅读C篇专题名校冲刺汇编
135The ubiquitous（无所不在的） battery has already come a long way, of course. For better or worse, batteries make possible our mobile-first lifestyles, our screen culture, our increasingly globalized world. Still, as impressive as all this is, it may be trivial compared with what comes next. Having already enabled a communications revolution, the battery is now poised to transform just about everything else.The wireless age is expanding to include not just our phones, tablets, and laptops, but also our cars, homes, and even whole communities. In emerging conomies, rural communities are bypassing the wires and wooden poles that spread power. Instead, some in Africa and Asia are seeing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.Today, energy storage is a $33billion global industry that generates nearly 100 gigawatt-hours of electricity per year. By the end of the decade, it's expected to be worth over 50 billion dollars and generate 160 gigawatt-hours, enough to attract the attention of major companies that might not otherwise be interested in a decidedly pedestrian technology. Even utility companies, which have long viewed batteries and alternative forms of energy as a threat, are learning to embrace the technologies as enabling rather than disrupting.Today's battery breakthroughs come as the world looks to expand modern energy access to the billion or so people without it, while also cutting back on fuels that warm the planet. Those simultaneous challenges appear less overwhelming with increasingly better answers to a centuries-old question：how to make power portable.To be sure, the battery still has a long way to go before the nightly recharge completely replaces the weekly trip to the gas station. A battery-powered world comes with its own risks, too. What happens to the centralized electric grid, which took decades and billions of dollars to build as： more and more people become "prosumers," who produce and consume their own energy om site？No one knows which—if any--battery technology will ultimately dominate, but one thing remains clear. The future of energy is in how we store it63. What does Dr.Sadoway think of energy storage？A. It involves the application of sophisticated technologyB. It is the direction energy development should followC. It will prove be a profitable businessD. It is a technology benefiting everyone64. What is most likely to happen when advanced batteries become widely used？A. Mobile-first lifestyles will become popularB. The globalization process will be accelerated（加速）C. Communications will take more diverse formsD. The world will undergo revolutionary changes65. In some rural communities of emerging economies, people have begun to .A. find digital devices simply indispensableB. communicate primarily by mobile phoneC. light their homes with stored solar energyD. distribute power with wires and wooden poles7111315。
河南省许昌市魏都区许昌高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期开学英语试题
河南省许昌市魏都区许昌高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期开学英语试题一、听力选择题1．Which film does Mary want to see?A．Ordinary Angels.B．Bob Marley: One Love.C．Kung Fu Panda2．Who is the woman probably talking to?A．Her friend.B．A travel agent.C．A hotel receptionist. 3．What does the woman concern about the man?A．His work efficiency.B．His health.C．His travel plan. 4．Where does the conversation probably take place?A．At a conference.B．At a hospital.C．At an airport.5．When does the conversation probably take place?A．In the morning.B．At noon.C．In the afternoon.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
6．What do we know about Caroline?A．She does ballet exercises.B．She runs a studio.C．She is a dancer.7．Where does the man prefer to exercise?A．In a gym.B．In a park.C．In a studio.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
8．Why did the man fail to reserve a room?A．There were too many people due to the festival.B．The prices of the hotels were too high.C．The hotels refused his request.9．How did the man solve the problem in the end?A．He went to another hotel.B．He traveled to another place.C．He went to a colleague’s home.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
小学下册Y卷英语第5单元综合卷(有答案)
小学下册英语第5单元综合卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My dad is a ______. He works at an office.2.The plants are _______ (growing) fast.3.The _______ (The Age of Exploration) led to European colonization of the Americas.4. A ______ is a geographical feature that influences local climates.5._____ (环境) plays a big role in plant health.6.I want to _______ a picture for my mom.7.The ______ is wearing a blue dress.8.The chemical symbol for silver is ________.9. A thermometer measures ______.10.Gardening can offer a sense of community and ______ among participants. (园艺可以在参与者之间提供社区感和团结感。
)11.The wind is _______ (howling) outside.12.We will have a ________ (家庭聚会) soon.13.The nurse gives _____ (疫苗) to children.14.The bison roams freely across the ____.15.The Sun is a medium-sized star in the ______ galaxy.16.The __________ is a region known for its deserts.17.What is the term for a young pelican?A. ChickB. HatchlingC. CalfD. Kit答案:a18.geothermal) energy comes from the Earth's heat. The ____19.The _______ can attract various pollinators.20.The main component of cells is ______.21.The _____ (海豚) is known for its playful behavior.22.My ________ (玩具名称) is made of plastic and metal.23.The sun is ___ in the morning. (rising)24.My favorite thing about school is ________ (学习).25.The _______ of an object can be calculated by measuring its volume.26.The ancient Egyptians wrote on ______ (草纸).27.The chemical formula for calcium hydroxide is __________.28.The _______ (狮子) is king of the jungle.29. A _______ can help to illustrate the concept of gravity.30.What is the primary ingredient in hummus?A. LentilsB. ChickpeasC. PeasD. Beans答案:B31. A __________ (实验观察) can lead to new discoveries in science.32.__________ reactions involve the release of energy.33.I have a dream of traveling to ________.34.The _______ (Hellenistic period) followed the conquests of Alexander the Great.35.ts can reproduce through ______ rather than seeds. (某些植物可以通过扦插而不是种子繁殖。
小学上册第八次英语第二单元期中试卷
小学上册英语第二单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 We love to ______ (参加) community events.2 I enjoy making ______ (手工艺品) to give as gifts.3 I enjoy visiting ______ (农场) to see all the different animals.4 She likes to _____ (dance).5 A tectonic plate boundary where plates collide is known as a ______ boundary.6 What do we call a person who performs surgeries?A. NurseB. SurgeonC. DoctorD. Physician7 The chemical formula for zirconium dioxide is _____.8 The chemical formula for nitric acid is ________.9 The flowers in the garden attract _______ and butterflies.10 I like to ________ my friends on weekends.11 The study of matter and its changes is called _______. (化学)12 The ______ is known for its intelligence.13 The __________ is known for its vast empire and military prowess. (罗马帝国)14 We will _____ (travel/stay) at home.15 What do we call the art of folding paper into shapes?A. OrigamiB. QuiltingC. WeavingD. Knitting答案: A16 The best time of the year is ______ (假期). I can travel and visit my ______ (亲戚). We have so much fun!17 On __________ days, I like to stay inside and read. (寒冷的)18 A _______ (金鱼) can be a wonderful pet.19 My friend likes to play ____ (soccer) after school.20 I enjoy playing ______ (团队运动) with my classmates.21 Which sport is played with a bat and ball?A. SoccerB. BasketballC. BaseballD. Tennis答案:C22 I will _______ (去) the store later.23 The unit of measurement for mass is called a ______.24 The _____ (island) is remote.25 We need to _______ (整理) our room.26 A _______ is a process that separates substances based on their boiling points.27 My favorite sport is ___ (soccer/basketball).28 The penguin waddles when it _________. (走)29 What do you call a scientist who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. Physicist答案: B30 The teacher, ______ (老师), guides us in our studies.31 Planetary atmospheres can protect from harmful _______ radiation.32 She is planting a ___. (tree)33 The chemical formula for aluminum sulfate is _____.34 A _______ is a plant that grows in the shade.35 What is the boiling point of water?a. 50°Cb. 100°Cc. 150°Cd. 200°C答案:B36 My teacher is __________ (关心学生).37 A chemical change results in different ________ than what you started with.38 We have a _____ (test/exam) on Friday.39 My brother loves to challenge himself in __________ (学习).40 The __________ is essential for studying earth sciences.41 She enjoys ________.42 My grandma enjoys knitting ____ (hats).43 I have a new _______ to play with (我有一个新的_______可以玩).44 What is the name of the famous explorer who discovered the New World?A. Christopher ColumbusB. Ferdinand MagellanC. Vasco da GamaD. John Cabot答案: A45 The _____ (农田) is full of crops ready for harvest.46 What is the name of the first spacecraft to land on Mars?A. Viking 1B. SpiritC. OpportunityD. Curiosity47 What is the largest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Venus48 What is the color of grass?A. GreenB. YellowC. BlueD. Red49 The weather is _______ (非常好).50 A sound wave can be represented by a ______ wave.51 The chocolate is ___ (sweet/bitter).52 What do we use to take pictures?A. CameraB. PhoneC. ComputerD. Tablet53 I have a red _____ (风筝) that flies high in the sky. 我有一个红色的风筝，在天空中高高飞起。
5.2.3任务2.3凝点的测定
Experimental instrument
Unit：mm Figure Freezing point determination
instrumentation
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应用指南：计算发电厂矿泉水分析中的pH和二氧化碳值说明书
Specific, cation, and degassed cation conductivity measurements can be used to derive highly accurate pH plus carbon dioxide and anion values for power plant cycle chemistry samples. Where these conductivity measurements are already used, the computed parameters can be provided at no additional cost. The rela-tionship among these parameters is shown in Figure 1.Application BulletinCalculation of pH and Carbon Dioxide from Power Plant Conductivity MeasurementsTHORNTONLeading Pure Water Analytics1Computed pHAlthough ammonia or amine feed to the steam cycle is required to meet pH specifications, it is common practice to rely on the equivalent specific conductivity for direct control purposes since it is a more reliable measurement. This can be taken a step further by making the on-line conversion from specific conductivity to pH but with additional trimming to account for trace impurities based on the cationconductivity of the sample. Such an accurate correlation under normal cycle chemistry operating condi-tions provides an excellent check on electrode pH measurements.Of course accurate calculated pH depends on having accurate conductivity values to begin with. Studies have shown that temperature compensation is often the largest source of error with most cycle chemistry conductivity instrumentation. It was also shown that Thornton had much more accurate specific and cation conductivity temperature compensation algorithms than the others surveyed. This accuracy provides a solid basis on which to determine pH.Calculated pH is valid whenever the specific conductivity (and elevated pH) is due primarily to ammonia or amines and contaminants have lower concentrations. The pH must be within 7.5-10.5 and specific conductivity must be significantly greater than cation conductivity. The pH calculation provides very accu-rate determinations when the sample composition complies with these conditions. However, it is also important to be aware that operation outside these conditions must rely on an electrode pH measurement for accurate measurement.Application Bulletin – Calculation of pH & Carbon Dioxide from Power Plant Conductivity Measurements2Multiparameter DiagnosticsA unique benefit of multi-parameter, multi-channel instrumentation is its ability to measure specific and cation conductivities, compute pH from them, and simultaneously measure from a high purity pH electrode system. This configuration offers the best of both worlds: it provides highly accurate calculated pH measurement under normal conditions and can give a warning based on a pH electrode measurement for major upsets. This instrumentation can also display and alarm on the difference between the calculated and the measured pH values. This kind of diagnostic can identify several conditions: the need for pH electrode calibration or maintenance, confirmation of conditions exceeding cycle chemistry guidelines, or indication of conditions outside the range for accurate pH calculation.Under normal operating conditions the calculated pH value can be a very accurate one-point standard for calibrating the electrode measurement. This standard eliminates the uncertainties of calibrating in highly conductive buffer solutions and then measuring directly in low conductivity samples. The calculated pH can be used as a final trim after two-point buffer calibration. The final trim calibration can be done more frequently in less time. It greatly enhances the accuracy, reliability and diagnostic capability of the electrode measurement.Conductivity MeasurementsFigure 2 illustrates that the specific conductivity is dominated by hydroxide anion and ammonium (or amine) cations which are at the highest concentrations and are shown in bold. It also illustrates the opera-tion of the cation exchange resin (R) to remove the ammonium (or amine) and mineral cations (e.g. sodi-um), leaving hydrogen ion to dominate the conductivity of the cation exchanged sample. Chloride is one of many possible anions. Figure 3 shows typical responses of the measurements.Figure 2 - Configuration for Specific, Cation and Degassed Cation Conductivity MeasurementsNH4+, OH-,Na+, H+,Cl-HCO3-H+, Cl-, CO2, HCO3-,OH-,SpecificCationH+, Cl-,OH-Degassed CationApplication Bulletin – Calculation of pH & Carbon Dioxide from Power Plant Conductivity Measurements3C o n d u c t iv i t y(µS /c m )Specific Cation Degassed CationCalculated Carbon DioxideCarbon dioxide in steam and condensate can come from the decomposition of organics not removed in makeup water treatment. Carbon dioxide can also be an indication of condenser leakage or inadequate deaeration. Although there is not a consensus on the severity of its threat for corrosion, carbon dioxide is known to be far less corrosive than chlorides or sulfates. For that reason, it is very helpful to be able to distinguish bicarbonate from more corrosive contamination.Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the basic operation and provide examples of the kind of sample composition experienced with cation and degassed cation conductivity samples. The degasifier removes carbon diox-ide so the degassed sample can be measured without it. The difference between these two measurements is an indication of the CO 2concentration. The algorithm to determine CO 2concentration is built into Thornton multiparameter instrumentation, based on ASTM Standard D4519.Once the CO 2is removed, the remaining degassed conductivity reading represents non-volatile anions.This can be readout as ppb chlorides or sulfates, using the ASTM Standard D4519 correlation built into the instrumentation.InstrumentationFigure 4 illustrates the type of displays available with the Thornton 770MAX MultiparameterAnalyzer/Transmitter making these measurements. Its screen can display multiple pages to allow all measurements to be shown, with access by manual paging or automatic scrolling. The six-character labels on the left of each line are for user-defined identification. The first page shows specific and cation conductivity followed by calculated pH and then by a direct electrode pH measurement. The second page shows degassed cation conductivity, difference in pH between the calculated value and the electrodemeasurement, calculated carbon dioxide, and sample temperature. This is just an example; there is com-plete flexibility of measurement selection and their order on display pages. Another page might include ppb chlorides. Alarms and relays can be assigned to any measurements and would be especially important on the pH difference measurement. Eight analog outputs may be assigned to the measurements and digital signals are also available.For the most current product information visit:email:******************** 10/04 DMG Mettler-Toledo Thornton, Inc.36 Middlesex TurnpikeBedford, MA 01730 USATelephone: +1-781-301-8600Toll-Free: 1-800-510-PURE Customer/Technical Service Telephone: +1-781-301-8690Toll-Free: 1-800-642-4418Cust Service Fax: +1-781-271-0214Tech Service Fax: +1-781-271-0675©Mettler-Toledo Thornton, Inc. – Subject to Technical ChangesFigure 4 - Two pages of 770MAX display configured with sensors for Specific, Cation andDegassed Cation Conductivity plus a direct pH electrode Application Bulletin – Calculation of pH & Carbon Dioxide from Power Plant Conductivity Measurements 4The simplicity of having a variety of sensor types coming into a single instrument to provide a common-format display, alarms and outputs can be quite beneficial. It provides especially clear operator monality can help eliminate confusion and inadvertent false readings taken from a variety of instru-ment types. For an overall installation, the simplicity extends to common specification, panel design,installation, startup, training, calibration, maintenance and spare parts, as well as operation. Cost savings can be achieved in all of these areas plus gaining the benefits of calculated pH and CO 2concentration at no additional cost.。
研究生英语答案
研究生英语答案选词填空Unit one1. In the production of grains, fruits and vegetables, the agronomy research plays a(an) instrumental role.2. Pest--resistant and stress--tolerant crops can be developed to reduce the risk of crop failure due to drought and disease.3. Recombinant gene technology is widely employed in research and development for strain improvement.4. All these brightly colored hybrids are so lovely in the garden.5. For bacteria, they are binary（二元的）fission（分裂生殖法）and conjugation.6. Each of them has a counterpart column in the database tables.7. Plant breeding must be coupled with transgenic improvement to bring economically viable products to the marketplace.8. Crops are derived from the evolutionary process as all other living creatures, from the wild to the domestic.9.Backcross breeding is a useful method to transfer favorable alleles from a donor parent into a recipient parent.10. At the conclusion of the recurrent run, you should gather and evaluate the utilization levels for all four resources crops.Unit two1. However, what on earth has evoked four emotions of “Mona Lisa ”concurrently.2. A particular perspective is a particular way of thinking about something, especially one that is influenced by your beliefs or experiences.3. The atmosphere encompasses the Earth.4. A(An) adjunct professor is also a limited or part--time position to do research or teach classes.5. Between technical and popular science, writing is what I call “integrative science”, a process that blends data, theory and narrative.6. He announced that there would be more stringent controls on the possession of weapons.7. The efficacy of an alarm clock is explained as a very vigorous sensory input that triggers（引起）a large, synchronous （同时）assembly.8. We have derived a great deal of benefit from her advice.9. They have one of the only holistic health programs in the country.10. These discoveries may shed light on the origins of the universe.Unit four1. Increased consumption of water has led to rapid depletion of groundwater reserves.2. There are extreme arid regions where only the fittest survive.3. Moisture is drawn to the surface of the fabric so that it evaporates.4. Untrammeled industrialization, particularly in the poor countries, iscontaminating the river and aquifer.5. The pond is small but can support many aquatic plantsand fish.6. Although all plants normally contain fluorine（氟）, the concentration varies greatly.7. Your body is in survival mode and needs food to replenish its energy.8. The disrupted drainage will cause whole hillsides of waterlogged or dried out peat（泥炭）to slide.9. The products may serve to protect the water tanks, engines and metal pieces, and to prevent encrustation and raise heating rate, more fuel--efficient energy.10. The erosive rain is defined as rain as rain, which can cause soil erosion.Unit six1. As a result, our incessant interaction with food takes on immense power and can define who we are.2. Finally each year we will voluntarily report to Congress when we have invoked（行使）the privilege because there must be proper oversight of our actions.3. Animal and vegetable pets propagate with extreme rapidity.4. Environmental groups say the process can contaminate drinking--water supplies, a charge the industry denies.5. Some of the comments under the video displayed how a bias can make us disregard something without even looking at what it is.6. So just one after another they made these insane departures（背离）from the corrective devices（手段）we’d put in the last time we had a big trouble and they really worked quite well.7. The government agreed to peg down（约束）the retailprice of certain basic food stuffs.8. The company has focused on stem cells, not only for treatment of chronic（慢性的）conditions, but for cosmetics.9. Certain mosquitoes transmit malaria.10. To be subject to something means to be affected by it or to be likely to be affected by it.汉译英Unit one1.这可能是由于化肥缺乏、耕作技术落后和在关键时间水分过多或过少。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南财经大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第11期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南财经大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题We must get the trapped victims out at once because the building is in （）danger of an explosion.问题1选项A.opaqueB.vividC.muteD.imminent【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。
opaque不透明的，迟钝的；vivid生动的；mute沉默的，无声的；imminent即将来临的，迫近的。
句意：我们必须立即把被困的受害者救出来，因为这个建筑有马上要爆炸的危险。
所以选项D正确。
2.单选题This ticket （）you to a free boat tour on the lake.问题1选项A.entitlesB.appointsC.grantsD.credits 【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。
entitle给某人权利或资格；appoint任命，委派；grant授予，允许；credit信任，归功于。
句意：这张票使你有资格免费在湖上乘船游览。
选项A符合句意。
3.单选题My boss has failed me so many times that I no longer place any （）on what he promises.问题1选项A.assuranceB.probabilityC.relianceD.conformity【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。
assurance “保证，担保”；probability“可能性，机率”；reliance“信赖，信心”；conformity“遵守，适合，符合”。
句意：我老板已经让我失望太多次，我不会再对他的承诺抱任何希望。
选项C符合题意。
4.单选题A healthy and better-educated new generation is a （）for sustainable economic and social development of all countries.问题1选项A.guaranteeB.securityC.demandD.target【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。
The promise of renewable energy Biomass energy
The promise of renewable energy BiomassenergyRenewable energy is the future. It is an essential component of the fight against climate change, and biomass energy is one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. Biomass energy is derived from organic matter, such as wood, agricultural waste, and even municipal solid waste. It is a versatile source of energy that can be converted into electricity, heat, and transportation fuels. In this essay, I will discuss the promise of biomass energy, its benefits, and some of the challenges that need to be addressed to make it a viable energy source. One of the significant benefits of biomass energy is that it is renewable. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite resources, biomass can be replenished through sustainable practices such as reforestation and crop rotation. Biomass energy also has a lower carbon footprint than fossil fuels. While the combustion of biomass does release carbon dioxide, the carbon emitted is part of a natural cycle. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and release it when they are burned. This means that biomass energy does not contribute to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Another benefit of biomass energy is that it can be produced locally. Biomass resources are available in many regions, and the production of biomass energy can create jobs and stimulate local economies. Biomass energy can also be used to provide power in remote areas that are not connected to the grid. This can improve access to electricity and reduce reliance on diesel generators, which are expensive and polluting. Biomass energy is also flexible and can be used in a variety of applications. It can be burned directly to produce heat or steam, which can be used to generate electricity or provide heat for industrial processes. Biomass can also be converted into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, which can be used as transportation fuels. This versatility makes biomass energy an attractive option for countries looking to diversify their energy mix. Despite these benefits, there are also challenges associated with biomass energy. One of the main challenges is ensuring that biomass is produced sustainably. Unsustainable practices such as clear-cutting forests or using large amounts of water for irrigation can have negativeenvironmental impacts. It is essential to ensure that biomass is produced in a way that does not harm ecosystems or compete with food production. Another challengeis the cost of producing biomass energy. While the cost of producing biomass has decreased in recent years, it is still more expensive than fossil fuels in many cases. This can make it difficult for biomass energy to compete in the marketplace. However, as technology improves and economies of scale are achieved, the cost of producing biomass energy is expected to decrease. Finally, there is the issue of biomass energy's impact on food security. As demand for biomass energy increases, there is a risk that land that could be used for food production will be used to grow biomass crops instead. This could lead to higher food prices and food insecurity, particularly in developing countries. It is essential to ensure that biomass production does not come at the expense of food security. In conclusion, biomass energy holds great promise as a renewable energy source. It is renewable, versatile, and can be produced locally. However, there are also challenges that need to be addressed to make it a viable energy source. Ensuring that biomass is produced sustainably, reducing the cost of production, and addressing the impacton food security are all important issues that need to be addressed. With theright policies and investments, biomass energy can play a significant role in the transition to a low-carbon economy.。
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现 代 医学 认为 与 内分泌 紊 乱 ，卵巢 功 能失 调
品。 （ ）睡觉 的姿势 以仰 卧为好 。以免挤压乳房 。 （ ）每 日 ３ ４ 清晨或夜 晚做 深呼吸 ２ ，可使胸部得 到锻炼 ． （ ）配带质 ０次 ５ 地柔软 、大小合适 的乳 罩，使乳房得到很好的固定和支 撑。 （ ）晚上应 去掉乳 罩睡觉。有统计每天戴乳罩超 过 １ ６ ２小 时的女性 ， 患乳腺癌 的可 能性 比短时间戴或根本不 戴乳 罩的人
下最易发生乳汁淤积 ，造成细菌繁殖；或在乳头破裂 、乳头 畸 形或乳头外伤的情况下 ， 细菌可从乳头逆行进入乳房而扩散至 乳腺 ，引起感染 。乳房 红肿 热痛 ，常伴发热、寒颤 、乏力等全 身症状 。治疗 以消炎为主 。 ２乳腺增生 常在 乳房 内有 多个大 小 不等 而较 硬 的不 规则 结节 ，与
ｅ ｅ ｄ ｏ ｏ ｓ ｖ ｈ ｒ ｂ ｅ ｈ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｄ ｔ ｒ ｉ ａ ｉ ｎ ｏ ｏ ｔ ｃ ｉ ｅ ｃ ｎ ｅ ｔ ｂ ｅ ｔ ａ ｉ ａ ｉ ｎｍ ｔ ｏ Ｓａ ｆ ｃ ｅ ｙ ｒ ｐ ｔ ｏｌ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｐ ｏ ｌ ｍ ｔ ａ ｈ ｅ ｅ ｍ ｎ ｔ ｏ ｆ ｐ ｎ ｏ ａ ｎ ｏ ｔ ｎ ｙ ｎ ｕ ｒ ｌ ｚ ｔ ｏ ｅ ｈ ｄ ｉ ｆ ｅ ｔ ｄ
．
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Ｍａ Ｊｎｙ，ＸｕＦ ｎ ｍｃ ｏ ｉｇ ｉ ｅ ｇ ｉ
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２０ ０ ８年 ９月第 ｌ ７卷第 １ 期 ８
Ｃ ｉｉ ｌ ｏｒａ ｌ ｃ ｕ ｌ ｎ ａＪ ｎ
・
临床研 究 ・
１乳腺炎
一
５乳癌
般 为金黄色葡 萄球菌感 染所致 ，多见于初产 妇 的哺乳
是发生在乳房 内最 多的恶性肿瘤 ， 早期 为无痛性单发 的小
期 。由于哺乳方法不当、 汁流 出不畅， 乳 乳腺 导管堵塞等情况
肿块 ， 质硬 ，表面不光滑，组织界 限不清 ， 不易被推动 。 早期 无 自觉症状 ， 多数被 患者无意中发现 。 乳癌肿块增大 时， 则与 皮肤 粘连 ，局部皮肤可凹陷 ，呈橘皮样 。 临床中，很多病人 是在 洗澡或更衣时无意发现 的， 等到 出现症状再就诊时大多 已
处于 Ｉ、 期； 的乳腺癌患者就 诊时 已经失去了根 治的希望 。 ＩⅢ 有 日常保健 预防乳腺疾病的十大诀窍 （ ）不 生气 。乳腺增生疾病的 １ 发 生离不开一个 “ ”字。过度紧张 、压力过大、忧虑悲伤 、 气 生气 等都是导致疾病的病因 ，预防乳腺疾病请君 （ ）科学饮 ２ 食 。多进食富含纤维素的蔬菜，少吃咖啡、可可、巧克力类食 物 。 酒也被认为是乳腺病的大敌 ， 饮 多吃蔬菜、 水果 、 粗粮 （ 黑
年一次的乳房专业检查 ， 一月一次 的乳房 自我检查 ； 一天一次 的乳房护理保养．
性有轻度触痛 ，直径常在 ２ ３ ｍ ￣ ｃ ，一般无腋 区淋 巴结肿大 ，本 病属于乳腺 良性病变 ， 一旦发现应考虑手术切 除， 手术只 需行
肿物单纯切 除
Ｄ ｔ ａ ｎ ｏ ｏ ｔ ｃ ｉ ｃ ｉ ｐ ｔ ａＩ ｅ ｅ ｉ ｔｉ ｆ Ｐ ｎ ｏ ａｉ ＥＩ ｔ ＣＯ ｈ ｈ ｉ ｒ ｍｎ ｏ Ｒ ｎ ｒ ｅ ｍａ Ｅ ｅ ｄ ｏ ｙ ＵＩ ｒ ｖｉ ｔ Ｓ ｅ ｔ ｏ ｈ ｔ ｍ ｔ Ｃ Ｍ ｔ ｏ ｙ ｒ ｐ ｂ ａ Ｉ ｐ ｃ ｒ ｐ ｏ ｏ ｅ ｒｉ ｅ ｈ ｄ ｔ ０ｅ
黄豆最好 ） 、核桃 、黑 芝麻 、黑木耳、蘑 菇、鱼、瘦肉、乳制
周 围组织分 界不 清 。患 者常 感乳房 疼痛 。月经前 症状加 重 ，
是 乳腺 间质 的 良性增 生 ， 临床 上 以乳 腺肿 块 ，疼 痛及 月 经 不 调为特 点
有 关。 ３乳腺纤维瘤 为 乳房 内最 常见的肿瘤 ，多见于青年 女性 ，与体 内雌激
高出２ ０倍 以上 。 （ ）生活要有规律 ，劳逸 结合 ，保持 性生活 ７ 和谐 。 （ ）避免雌激素的摄入 。如避孕药及含有雌激素 的化 ８
素过高 有关 ，可发 生在一侧或两 侧乳房 内，一般为 单发性 。 肿块为 卵圆形或 圆形 ，表面光滑 ，质 地 中等 硬度 ，与周 围组
织分界清 楚 ，与皮肤 无粘连 ，肿块 易被推动 。 目前治疗 多为
手术治疗 。
４乳腺囊肿
囊肿可 见于 乳房 的任何 部位 ， 以发 生于乳房 深部者最 为常
见。呈圆形或椭圆形，边界清楚 ，表面光滑 ，稍活动 ，触之囊
妆品 ，不吃用雌激素喂养 的鸡 、牛肉。 （ ）避免人流 ，产妇 ９ 多喂奶 ，提倡母乳喂养 ，维护 乳房 的正常生理功能。 （ ０ １ ）一
ｂ ｄ ｅ ａ ｉ ｅｈ ｄ ｏ ｈ ０ ｉ ｅ ｅ ｈ ｄ ｄ ｔ ｒ ｉ ｅｂ ｐ ｃ ｒ ｐ ｏ ｏ ｅ ｒ ｉ ｈｄ ｓ ｉ ｌ ｄｗ ｔ ｒａ ｉ ｓ ｌ ｅ ｔ Ｒ ｓ ｔ ｙａ ｒ ｎ ｌ ｎ ｙ ｒ ｃ １ ｒ ｄ ．Ｍ ｔ ｏ ： ｅ ｅ ｍ ｎ ｙｓ ｅ ｔ ｏ ｈ ｔ ｍ ｔ ｙｗ ｔ ｉ ｔ １ ｅ ａ ｅ ｓｄ ｓ ｏ ｖ ｎ ｅ ｕｌ ：