模联手册
模拟联合国
《MUN代表手册》第一章参加模拟联合国的准备（4-6节）(2010-05-08 00:09:33)转载▼分类：不要遗忘专业标签：法律模拟联合国决议草案伊拉克教育第四节确定与会立场一、确定与会基本方针出席一次国际会议，首先要通过调查研究，了解有关国家、组织或机构发起和推动召开该次会议的目的，该次会议可能达成的成果及与本国利益的利害关系，在这个基础上确定出席会议所要实现的基本目标。
通常说来，一国出席某次国际会议的主要目标无外乎以下几种：积极促成、全力封杀、尽力抵制、迟滞和搅局以阻止会议就某种问题达成协议，另外，由于有关问题与本国利益并无多大关系，也可能持超脱态度。
在模拟联合国活动中，代表队的重要目标之一是在某一国际问题上，通过谈判、磋商和妥协等手段，协调其他国家立场，力图在这一问题上通过对本国有利的决议或阻止有关决议中出现于己不利的内容。
为做到这一点，事先确定与会的基本方针十分必要。
二、拟定谈判策略在模拟联合国活动前对谈判策略作必要的研究，在模拟过程中适时调整、灵活运用，不仅是为了在活动中取得最佳表现，更是为了给今后参加真正的国际会议打下基础。
国际会议上，谈判策略多姿多彩。
有的国家惯常采用主动进取型策略，在谈判中先声夺人、身东击西、虚张声势、扰乱军心。
有的国家则往往采取低姿态，喜欢搞悄悄外交。
也有的国家攻防兼备，或者待势而发，或者以攻为守。
三、确定政策底线对于某个问题，各方的立场开始时往往会相距甚远。
为缩小分歧，使会议取得成功，各方就必须在磋商中寻找立场的最大公约数，在不断要求对方让步的同时，自己也作出相应的松动。
但是，各国的立场松动都有一个限度，超出这个限度，就不能达到捍卫本国利益的目的，甚至会给本国带来伤害，引发国内的不稳定因素等。
如1919年的巴黎和会上，中国作为战胜国，希望收回在第一次世界大战前被德国强行租借的山东省。
日本却要求接管德国在山东的特权。
巴黎和约没能满足中国的佥要求，却照顾了日本的利益，因此激起了中国人民的强烈愤慨，导致了五四运动的发生。
2016河南省第七届青少年模拟联合国峰会手册
第二章 参会学校和主席团成员
第一节 参会学校和代表国家
学校 二七区陇西小学 河南省实验小学 河南省实验学校郑东小学 金水区纬五路二小 金水区纬五路一小 经开区朝凤路小学 经开区外国语小学 平顶山市卫东区雷锋小学 汝州市实验小学 新乡外国语小学 鑫苑外语小学 郑东新区外语小学 郑州市二七区外国语小学 郑州市蒲公英小学 中原区淮河路小学 中原区伊河路小学 河南省第二实验中学 河南省实验中学 漯河实验中学 郑东新区外语学校 郑中国际 郑州 57 中 郑州 88 中 郑州二中 郑州回中 郑州市第 102 中学 郑州市第 16 中学 郑州市第 19 中学 郑州市第 47 中学 郑州市第 7 中学 郑州市第 8 中学 郑州外语中学 郑州市第七中学
清华大学
8 姜牧云 Slovakia
ECOSOC
清华大学
9 李宗锴 UNEP
Uruguay
南开大学
10 李林静 UNEP
Italy
中国传媒大学
11 周毅明 GA
Republic of Korea 中国科技大学
12 兰啸雨 Slovakia
ECOSOC
中国人民大学
13 刘许文泰 Uganda
GAJ
中国药科大学
团队组成
主办： 河南省电化教育馆 河南省未来青少年教育研究中心 河南省模拟联合国青少年活动组委会
模联议题背景手册
Topic I: Global cooperation to protect the marine environmentIntroduction to the problemThe marine environment can be described or characterized at a number of different scales, ranging from ocean-level processes through to those that occur at species and genetic level (Connor et al. 2002). The scales of relevance here are marine landscapes, habitats and species; their inter-relationship can be expressed as follows: Species provide the globally accepted original classification of biological diversity, with well-established rules of taxonomy to distinguish between different types. Their classification is arranged in a hierarchy of genera, families, orders, classes and phyla. Habitats comprise suites of species (communities or assemblages) that consistently occur together, but which are derived from different parts of the taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. kelps, molluscs and fish in a kelp forest habitat). Their classification can also be structured in a hierarchy (biotopes, biotope complexes, broad habitats), reflecting degrees of similarityMarine Landscapes comprise suites of habitats that consistently occur together, but which are often derived from different parts ofthe habitat classification hierarchy (e.g. salt-marsh intertidal mudflats, rocky shores and sub- tidal mussel beds in an estuary). Different types of pollutionPollution from shipsShips can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways. Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) found in crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment. Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports, waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation prohibiting such actions. It has been estimatedthat container ships lose over 10,000containers at sea each year (usually during storms).Ships also create noise pollution that disturbs natural wildlife, and water from ballast tanks can spread harmful algae and other invasive species.Atmosphere pollutionGraph linking atmospheric dust to various coral deaths across the Caribbean Sea and FloridaAnother pathway of pollutionoccurs through the atmosphere. Wind blown dust and debris, including plastic bags, are blown seaward from landfills and other areas. Dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the subtropical ridge moves into the Caribbean and Florida during the warm season as the ridge builds and moves northward through the subtropical Atlantic.Dust can also be attributed to a global transport from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts across Korea, Japan, and the Northern Pacificto the Hawaiian Islands. Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year; however, the flux is greater during positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The USGS links dust events to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s.AcidificationIsland with fringing reef in the Maldives . Coral reefs are dying around the world.The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Because the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are increasing, the oceans are becoming more acidic. The potential consequences of ocean acidification are not fully understood, but there are concerns that structures made of calcium carbonate may become vulnerable to dissolution, affecting corals and the ability of shellfish to form shells.Oceans and coastal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle and have removed about 25% of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities between 2000 and 2007 and about half the anthropogenic CO2 released since the start of the industrial revolution. Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification means that the capacity of the ocean carbon sink will gradually get weaker, giving rise to global concerns expressed in the Monaco and Manado Declarations.Plastic debrisMarine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic - a component that has been rapidly accumulating since the end of World War II. The mass of plastic in the oceans may be as high as one hundred million metric tons.Discarded plastic bags, six pack rings and other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries .Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion. Fishing nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by fishermen. Known as ghost nets, these entangle fish, dolphins,seaturtles, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs, and other creatures, restricting movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and, in those that need to return to the surface to breathe, suffocation.Remains of an albatrosscontaining ingested flotsamMany animals that live on or in the sea consume flotsam by mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey. Plastic debris, when bulky or tangled, is difficult to pass, and may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the passage of food and causing death through starvation or infection.Plastics accumulate because they don't biodegrade in the way many other substances do. They will photodegrade on exposure to the sun, but they do so properly only under dry conditions, and waterinhibits this process.[50] In marine environments, photo degraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining polymers, even down to the molecular level. When floating plastic particles photo degrade down to zooplankton sizes, jellyfish attempt to consume them, and in this way the plastic enters the ocean food chain. Many of these long-lasting pieces end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals, including sea turtles, and black-footed albatross.Historical PerspectiveThe oceans had long been subject to the freedom of-the-seas doctrine - a principle put forth in the seventeenth century essentially limiting national rights and jurisdiction over the oceans to a narrow belt of sea surrounding a nation's coastline. The remainder of the seas was proclaimed to be free to all and belonging to none. While this situation prevailed into the twentieth century, by mid-century there was an impetus to extend national claims over offshore resources. There was growing concern over the toll taken on coastal fish stocks by long-distance fishing fleets and over the threat of pollution and wastes from transport ships and oil tankers carrying noxious cargoes that plied sea routes across the globe. The hazard of pollution was ever present, threatening coastal resorts and all forms of ocean life. The navies of the maritime powers were competing to maintain a presence across the globe on the surface waters and even under the sea.A tangle of claims, spreading pollution, competing demands for lucrative fish stocks in coastal waters and adjacent seas, growing tension between coastal nations' rights to these resources and those of distant-water fishermen, the prospects of a rich harvest of resources on the sea floor, the increased presence of maritime powers and the pressures of long-distance navigation and aseemingly outdated, if not inherently conflicting,freedom-of-the-seas doctrine - all these were threatening to transform the oceans into another arena for conflict and instability. In 1945, President Harry S Truman, responding in part to pressure from domestic oil interests, unilaterally extended United States jurisdiction over all natural resources on that nation's continental shelf - oil, gas, minerals, etc. This was the first major challenge to the freedom-of-the-seas doctrine. Other nations soon followed suit. In October 1946, Argentina claimed its shelf and the sea above it. Chile and Peru in 1947, Ecuador in 1950, asserted sovereign rights over a 200-mile zone, hoping thereby to limit the access of distant-water fishing fleets and to control the depletion of fish stocks in their adjacent seas.Soon after the Second World War, Egypt, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Venezuela and some Eastern European countries laid claim to a 12-mile territorial sea, thus clearly departing from the traditional three-mile limit.Later, the archipelagic nation of Indonesia asserted the right to dominion over the water that separated its 13,000 islands. The Philippines did likewise. In 1970, Canada asserted the right toregulate navigation in an area extending for 100 miles from its shores in order to protect Arctic water against pollution.From oil to tin, diamonds to gravel, metals to fish, the resources of the sea are enormous. The reality of their exploitation grows day by day as technology opens new ways to tap those resources.In the late 1960s, oil exploration was moving further and further from land, deeper and deeper into the bedrock of continental margins. From a modest beginning in 1947 in the Gulf of Mexico, offshore oil production, still less than a million tons in 1954, had grown to close to 400 million tons. Oil drilling equipment was already going as far as 4,000 meters below the ocean surface.The oceans were being exploited as never before. Activities unknown barely two decades earlier were in full swing around the world. Tin had been mined in the shallow waters off Thailand and Indonesia. South Africa was about to tap the Namibian coast for diamonds. Potato-shaped nodules, found almost a century earlier and lying on the seabed some five kilometers below, were attracting increased interest because of their metal content.And then there was fishing. Large fishing vessels were roaming the oceans far from their native shores, capable of staying away from port for months at a time. Fish stocks began to show signs ofdepletion as fleet after fleet swept distant coastlines. Nations were flooding the richest fishing waters with their fishing fleets virtually unrestrained: coastal States setting limits and fishing States contesting them. The so-called "Cod War" between Iceland and the United Kingdom had brought about the spectacle of British Navy ships dispatched to rescue a fishing vessel seized by Iceland for violating its fishing rules.Offshore oil was the centre of attraction in the North Sea. Britain, Denmark and Germany were in conflict as to how to carve up the continental shelf, with its rich oil resources.It was late 1967 and the quietness of the sea was slowly being disrupted by technological breakthroughs, accelerating and multiplying uses, and a super-Power rivalry that stood poised to enter man's last preserve - the seabed.It was a time that held dangers and promises, risks and hopes. The dangers were numerous: nuclear submarines charting deep waters never before explored; designs for antiballistic missile systems to be placed on the seabed; supertankers ferrying oil from the Middle East to European and other ports, passing through congested straits and leaving behind a trail of oil spills; and rising tensions between nations over conflicting claims to ocean space and resources.The oceans were generating a multitude of claims, counterclaims and sovereignty disputes.The hope was for a more stable order, promoting greater use and better management of ocean resources and generating harmony and goodwill among States that would no longer have to eye each other suspiciously over conflicting claims.On 1 November 1967, Malta's Ambassador to the United Nations asked the nations of the world to look around them and open their eyes to a looming conflict that could devastate the oceans, the lifeline of man's very survival. In a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, he spoke of the super-Power rivalry that was spreading to the oceans, of the pollution that was poisoning the seas, of the conflicting legal claims and their implications for a stable order and of the rich potential that lay on the seabed.Significant documents―Marine and coast sustainable development blueprintThe United Nations convention on the international oceanAthens protocolAgenda 21: put forward in United Nations Conference on 1992-Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio deJaneiro, BrazilThe northeast Atlantic oceans environmental protection conventions 1954- International convention of preventing oil pollution of the sea 1972-convention of preventing dumping waste or other matter pollution of the seaCurrent situation and global challenges: Enormous disparities currently exist between the actions taken by different countries. The preservation of marine arouses global awareness and calls for international cooperation.Some countries have turned their thoughts into actions, taking the lead in the protection of marine. Take Australian government for instance, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) manages the National Plan, working with State/Northern Territory (NT) governments, the shipping, oil, exploration and chemical industries, emergency services to maximize Australia’s marine pollution response capability. The National Plan Management Committee (NPMC) provides strategic management of the National Plan while the National Plan Operations Group (NPOG) handles operational functions.The measurements have been accepted universally, and triggered wider emphasis throughout the globe, especially during this very occasion, where the marine is under the onslaught ofnumerous technical innovations. As for some countries which abut oceans, they tend to utilize the marine resources in every way that the resources can be utilized. Being confronted with brand new fishing methods, many countries choose to pollute rather than protect. Ship sourced pollution seems to be increasingly serious that calls for worldwide actions. Another action taken up by Australia is that all the individuals are entitled to report the incident to AMSA or the local marine authority if had witnessed a vessel polluting. The polluting actions shall include, first, any quantity of oil, waste oil, fuel oil, sludge, lube oil, etc; second, any discharge from a ship involving washings of chemical or dry cargoes; third, any plastic material and garbage disposed of in the sea within 12nm of land.It seems like not a single country can really deny the fact that the pervasive and influential technologies has already been used in marine exploitation, and of course, the certain countries are enjoying the benefits that have been brought with. With such merits and edges, technology speaks for itself. It is not the technology itself to blame for, but the awareness that worthy rational consideration. There are several countries have been taking steps towards marine conservation.Past International actionsUnder the international cooperation proposed by UN, marineprotection has been placed on a higher level.European Union has adopted an instrument, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, in 2008, which offers a comprehensive and integrated approach to the protection of all European marine waters.The Directive involves many implementation challenges, which are addressed through a Common Implementation Strategy between the Commission and the Member States and a regional approach to the implementation of its objectives.Marine conservation is a long-run project and serves forlong-term benefit of general interest, therefore, the certain project shall be given priority to.Proposed solutionIn 2009, UNEP in collaboration with the Government of Kenya produced the publication Kenya: Atlas of Our Changing Environment which revealed the grave extent of the forest’s depletion – over 25 percent of forest cover has been lost over the past two decades to ecosystem encroachments like unplanned settlements and illegal logging. Based on these findings, a ten-point plan was prepared by the Mau Forest Task Force together with other major stakeholders. UNEP and the Government of Kenya are now working to restore this vital ecosystem.The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. This conference,which has also come to be known as the ―Earth Summit,‖ marked the beginning of a new round of world conferences focusing on the analysis of development problems. This ―new social cycle‖ of United Nations conferences was launched in response to the wishes of Member States and has led to a renewal of efforts first made 20 years ago to find solutions to the most pressing problems coming to the fore on the global stage. These conferences have also contributed to the ethical and political consolidation of a cooperation regime based on new international legal principles.The Conference in Rio de Janeiro laid the groundwork for a new world consensus on sustainable development and on global conventions dealing with emerging issues such as biological diversity and climate change.1 This led to the creation of institutions and to the formulation of government strategies and policies for the promotion of sustainable development. It also prompted steps to address this issue within the spheres of education, culture and the media.Bloc positionWestern Asian Note: Western Asia Region includes the following 13 countries only: Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab republic, United ArabEmirates and Yemen.The present report portrays the wide gap currently separating between the requirements of sustainability and the reality of economic development politics in the Western Asia Region. Despite the facts that SD has become one of the basic commitments of the Western Asia Region since Rio1992, much more remains to be done to transform the principle into daily practice. The report is a stock-taking, almost nine year after Rio, of what has been attempted and achieved in the Western Asia Region by national governments, regional and sub-regional bodies to implement the concepts of Sustainable Development (SD). The report also sets out the major issues that the roundtable believes prevent the attainment of coherent and strong SD policies in the Western Asia Region. On the positive side, National & local agenda-21 (LA-21), National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS), cross-sector National Environmental Strategies (NES) and National Environmental Action Plans (NEAP) have been formulated in most of the Western Asia Region providing blueprints for action and setting time-bound goals and targets.Since UNCED, 1992 there has also been a fast growing participation by the major groups through NGOs, civil societies, trade unions, and private sectors in the environmental decision-making process in the region. On the institutional level, some countries of the Western Asia Region have made substantial progress in setting up for SD. Furthermore,national councils or coordinating bodies in the field of SD and NGOs are flourishing in some countries of the Western Asia Region.A major positive development was the declaration of the Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for Environment (CAMRE) in their meeting in Abu-Dhabi, UAE on 3r d of February 2001, that there is an urgent need for alleviation of poverty and improvement of living standards and economic conditions of the Arab citizen through programs of SD. This declaration including its associated commitments was later adopted at the Arab summit meeting in March 2001 in Amman giving the declaration the legitimacy and momentum for implementation at the regional level. Unfortunately, the roundtable discussions revealed that most of the countries of the Western Asia Region are faced with inadequate technical, human and financial resources. The regional situation is further complicated by unfavorable international atmosphere. The main challenge facing most decision-makers in the Western Asia Region is how to effectively integrate multi- sector SD policies in a consolidated strategy. Despite all their efforts to avoid the prevailing piece-meal approach, governments in the Western Asia Region are still away from achieving inter-linkages, interdependencies, synergy and coherence in their policy initiatives and policies. The roundtable was able to identify and sum-up four major obstacles, which impede the achievement of SD in the Western Asia Region, these are: 1.Inadequate freshwater supplies andpoor land resources. 2. Lack of peace and security in the region. 3. Inadequate monitoring and access to credible information. 4. Inadequate public participation in decision-making led to ineffective governance for SD. Freshwater supply in the Western Asia Region was found to be highly variable in time and space. The collection of hydrological, meteorological, ecological and socio-economic information for water resources management is still severely hindered at the field level by inadequate resources and financial constraints. Most countries of the region have developed water policies to manage water scarcity by devising programs based mostly on resources development and to a much lower extent on demand management. The situation at the regional level is also aggravated by the social and cultural impact of globalization on societies including uneven distribution of the benefits of development, rapid pace of technological change and the information revolution. This resulted into faster socio-economic growth, created new opportunities and consequently yielded higher living standards in most of the developed world. However, these benefits were unevenly distributed and the Western Asia Region was almost marginalized. The imbalance between the fast expanding global markets and the inadequate access to the market by countries of the Western Asia Region has hindered their beneficial integration in the world economy. There is a general feeling of suspicion among countries of the Western Asia Region that it is a dubious conceptthat will signify increase social economic and ecological 4 vulnerability. Some efforts are underway to formulate an Arabic Economic Alliance. The impact of these efforts remains to be seen. In face of prevailing unemployment, poverty and weak infrastructures in some countries of the Western Asia Region, the roundtable expressed deep concern that there is a danger that SD could take a backseat and its priority reduced as the social & political pressures for accelerated economic development overwhelm governments. On the positive side, the age structure is in favor of all countries of the Western Asia Region where youth represent a relatively high percent of the societies. At the regional level, the Western Asia Region has to assess their degree of success and/or failure in reconciling their economic and environmental agendas. Countries of the Western Asia Region should co-operatively be able to define the characteristics of modern SD governance tools & trends that reflect the practical lessons learned from our shared past experience. These should definitely include the need to carefully set priorities, pursue cost-effective solutions and seek synergy in policy reforms that result in environmental improvements while promoting socio -economic development. AfricanOn the basis of the UNEP GC decisions on support to Africa and NEPAD, UNEP and a number of UN agencies, continue to work together within the Regional Coordination Mechanism (RCM), a mechanism forcoordinated UN support to the African Union (AU) and its NEPAD program, under the overall coordination of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). UNEP is the governor of the cluster on Environment, Population and Urbanization of the Regional Coordination Mechanism (RCM). Through its Addis Ababa office, UNEP has a strategic role and presence which facilities closer cooperation in furtherance of the African Union Commission (AUC) programs, including NEPAD. The UNEP Addis Ababa office also takes part in the UN partnerships aimed at extending support to the implementation of the actions recommended by the regional coordination mechanism particularly with respect to the UN clusters of support to NEPAD. In addition, UNEP as the secretariat of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) continues to support the implementation of the decisions of AMCEN and its work program, which is an integral part of the action plan for the environment initiative of NEPAD. It will be recalled that AMCEN led the process for the development of the action plan for the environment initiative of NEPAD. Financial supports for NEPAD programs and projects. During the period from July 2010 to April 2011, UNEP continued to extend support to NEPAD through the provision and mobilization of financial resources for the implementation of a number of activities. The specific areas of support include the following: Program Area 1: Combating land degradation, drought anddesertification It will be recalled that recognizing the pervasiveness and severity of land degradation and its impact on livelihoods and on the economies of sub-Saharan African countries, and to complement the Global Environment Facility country partnership program targeting that problem, the World Bank initiated the Terror Africa program. Terror Africa is a global partnership designed as a multi-partner platform organized around three programmatic outcomes, with a view to enabling African Governments and their partners to scale up the mainstreaming and financing of effective and efficient country-driven sustainable land management approaches. It serves to focus attention, facilitate sharing of knowledge and best practices, galvanize advocacy and make the case for increased investment in support of sustainable land management interventions. In Kenya, UNEP has, during the period in consideration, been supporting the country to restore the Mau Forest Complex, which is the anchor of Kenya’s natural resources. In 2009, UNEP in collaboration with the Government of Kenya produced the publication Kenya: Atlas of Our Changing Environment which revealed the grave extent of the forest’s depletion – over 25 percent of forest cover has been lost over the past two decades to ecosystem encroachments like unplanned settlements and illegal logging. Based on these findings, a ten-point plan was prepared by the Mau Forest Task Force together with other major stakeholders. UNEP and the Government of Kenya are now working torestore this vital ecosystem. Programmatic Area 4: Conservation and sustainable use of marine, coastal and freshwater resources The implementation of the marine, coastal and freshwater resources component of the action plan for the environment initiative of NEPAD continues to be implemented through the Abidjan Convention for Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African region (Abidjan Convention) and the Nairobi Convention for Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region (Nairobi Convention).Latin AmericaLatin America and the Caribbean, only Barbados, Haiti and Peru suffer from water stress,6 although there are various areas of other countries which are in this situation (northeast and northwest Mexico, areas of the Pacific coast of Central and South America, some areas of the Andean Plateau and extensive areas of Patagonia). Whereas in other regions of the world the population clearly perceive water shortage to be the main limitation on their development processes and have generated a special culture in this respect, in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean there is only an incipient awareness of the need for rational management of water resources because of。
模联培训手册(会议流程)
模拟联合国大会培训手册 (基础版一、 MUN 大会的构成• 一个 MUN 大会往往由若干个委员会构成,每个委员会拥有自己的议题。
• MUN 的参与者以代表团为单位,共同代表一个国家。
一个国家往往有多名代表,这些代表将被分派到 MUN 大会下的各个委员会中。
• 一个委员会由一个主席团负责。
• 一个主席团包括:主席:负责主持会议,按照联合国正式的程序规则监督并推动会议进程主席助理:负责点名、录入发言人名单会议指导:负责审阅代表提交的会议文件Pager (意向条传递员——志愿者二、会议流程和规则•1. 点名在这一阶段,主席助理会按国家字母顺序依次点出国家名,被点到的国家举起国家牌,并回答:到。
当一个委员会讨论的议题多于一个,代表们必须通过讨论、投票,确定出首先讨论的议题。
议题一经确定,代表们讨论的内容只能在这一议题范围内。
在我们的模联中,确定议题阶段,主席分别在赞成首先讨论议题 A 和赞成首先讨论议题 B 的国家中,随机点出 3名代表进行发言,发言时间为 90秒。
代表们确定议题之后,正式辩论开始。
主席会请需要发言的代表举国家牌, 并随机读出国家名,代表们发言的顺序即主席点名的顺序,当代表们听到自己国家被点到之后,便放下国家牌。
代表可在大屏幕上看到发言名单,发言名单上会注明议题和发言时间。
如果需要追加发言机会,代表可向主席台传递意向条要求在发言名单上添加其代表的国家。
如果代表已在发言名单上,并且还没有发言, 则不能在其发言之前追加发言机会。
主席:如果代表想要追加发言机会,请在发言间隙举牌或者随时向主席台递意向条。
主席重申,在发言名单中每位的发言时间为两分钟,允许让渡时间。
下面正式辩论开始,有请发言名单上第一个国家:德国,你有两分钟的发言时间。
2. 发言(1无论是正式辩论还是非正式辩论,代表们发言应严格控制在规定时间内,如果超时,主席会终止代表的发言。
在会议中,主席会用提醒代表的发言时间剩余 30秒。
也请发言代表注意必要的礼仪(2如果代表在发言时间内结束发言,可将剩余时间让渡-让渡给他国代表:需与他国代表协商一致后才可进行此让渡。
2014年鞍山市中学生模联会议手册
会议介绍模联（MUN），即模拟联合国（Mode United Nations）的缩写，是组织学生模拟联合国某些工作的活动。
学生们扮演各个国家的外交官，以联合国大会的形式，通过阐述观点、政策辩论、投票表决、做出决议等亲身经历，熟悉联合国的运作方式，了解世界发生大事对他们未来的影响，了解自身在未来可以发挥的作用。
学生代表某个国家驻联合国大使，对该国的历史，政治，经济，社会文化等方面进行学习，按照类似联合国会议的规则和程序进行发言、游说、辩论、谈判，国家集团间达成共识，产生决议草案，并按照联合国的表决程序进行投票从而形成决议。
每次模联大会主办方将选出对于联合国十分重要的议题加以讨论。
当学生参加模联会议时，将会进行会前研究，了解议题、“你的国家”的地位、现实世界中“你的国家”的联盟等等。
在模联大会上参会学生和其他代表将会在委员会中进行大量时间的辩论、结盟、总结工作报告、起草立场文件、工作文件和最终决议等等。
模拟联合国大会能够使学生的综合能力得到充分的锻炼。
模拟联合国是当今世界上很多名牌大学的一项历史悠久，开展广泛的学生活动。
不仅许多名牌大学有自己的“模拟联合国”组织，而且此项活动还得到很多国家的官方支助，联合国组织也予以积极的鼓励和支持。
同时，模拟联合国是一项健康积极、极富教育意义的学生活动。
模拟联合国活动的开展有利于增进同学们组织、策划、筹款和财务管理的能力，研究和写作的能力，公开发言和辩论的能力，解决冲突、寻求妥协和达成一致从而缔结合作的能力，运用英语的能力，与他人沟通交往等多方面能力，还能够增强同学们对于联合国组织的结构、程序和功能的认识，促进他们对于当前的重大国际议题的理解以及对于围绕着这些议题的全球进程的参与精神。
同时，模拟联合国中所探讨的涉及裁军、环保和社会发展等诸多方面的国际议题多具有跨学科的性质，模拟联合国的活动也对所有学科的同学开放，这有助于加强跨学科的交流。
为了促进我市教育教学改革，推进素质教育，提高学校办学水平，培养中学生创新精神、实践能力、领导能力和国际交往能力，拓展中学生国际视野，激发学习兴趣，提高中学生国际交往能力和英语表达能力，鞍山市教育局将于2014年10月11日-12日在鞍山市第一中学举办“2014年鞍山市中学生模拟联合国大会”活动。
东北地区模拟联合国 通用指导手册1.8版
目录1.0 模拟联合国通用会议规则流程Model United Nations--Rules of Order (3)1.1. 点名与开始会议Roll call and the start of the conference (3)1.2. 设定一般性正式辩论发言名Set the General Speakers‟ list (3)正式辩论Formal Debate (4)让渡给他国代表 Yield the time to another delegate (4)让渡给问题Yield the time to questions (4)让渡给评论Yield time to comments (5)让渡给主席Yield the time to the Chair (5)非正式辩论Informal Debate (5)问题Point (5)动议Motion (6)1.5. 文件编号规则Rule of document number 91.6. 工作文件Working Paper (10)决议草案Draft Resolution (10)起草国Sponsor (10)附议国Signature (10)阅读时间the reading time fora document (11)1.7.4 讨论与通过决议草案TheDiscussion And the Pass of a DraftResolution (11)修正案Amendments (12)友好修正案Friendly Amendment (12)非友好修正案Unfriendly Amendment (12)修正案提交 The Submission of the Amendment (12)修正案讨论 The Discussion of the Amendment (12)修正案表决 The Voting of the Amendment (13)修正案表决之后 After Voting foran Amendment (13)其他Other (14)1.9. 结束辩论和投票程序Closure of Debate and the V oting Procedure .. 14提出表决propose the vote (14)点名Roll Call (14)1.9.3 表决Vote (15)通过与否决The Pass and Fail of the Document (15)起草国的反对The Veto from a Sponsor (15)1.10. 意向条Pages (15)委员会主席Dais of the Committee (16)答辩权Right of ‘Reply’ (16)2.0 礼仪 (17)2.1. 行为 (17)2.1.1 仪表 (17)2.1.2 穿着 (17)2.1.3 举止 (17)2.2. 语言 (18)2.2.1 会场语言 (18)2.2.2 交际中的语言 (18)2.3. 其他 (19)3.0 中文文件写作 (20)3.1. 立场文件写作指导及范例 (20)3.2. 工作文件写作指导及范例 (23)3.3. 决议草案写作指导及范例 (24)3.4. 修正案写作指导及范例 (27)4.0 Document Writings in English Committees (28)Position Paper (28)Working paper (30)Draft Resolutions (31)Amendments (33)5.0 主席标准 (34)5.1. 主席团人选确定的流程 (34)5.1.1 邀请制： (34)5.1.2 选拔制： (34)5.2. 主席需提供的信息： ............................ 34 5.3. 主席团成员类别和职能： .. (34)5.3.1 主席(Chair)： ............................. 34 5.3.2 会议指导(Director)： ............... 34 5.3.3 主席助理(Rapporteur)： ........... 35 5.4. 法槌的使用规则 ..................................... 35 6.0 媒体记者规则 (36)6.1. 媒体代表权限 (36)6.1.1 职能 .................................................. 36 6.1.2 权限 ............................................ 36 6.2. 媒体会场规则 .. (36)6.2.1 媒体代表驻场规则 ....................... 36 6.2.2 一般新闻发布会规则 . (36)6.2.3 临时新闻发布会的规则 ............... 36 6.2.4 稿件提交规则................................ 37 6.3. 写作指导 . (37)6.3.1 消息 ................................................... 37 6.3.2 通讯 ................................................... 37 6.3.3 采访 ................................................... 38 6.3.4 评论 (38)7.0 序言性行动性条款词库 (39)7.1. 序言性条款常用词汇 ............................. 39 7.2. 行动性条款常用词汇 ............................. 40 8.0 鸣谢 ................................................................. 41 附录 (41)备用标签页1.0 模拟联合国通用会议规则流程Model United Nations--Rules of Order本文以传统美式规则为基础，适用于联合国大会及各下属委员会、理事会，不完全适用于安全理事会等适用特殊规则的委员会。
模拟联合国会议手册
SDUW国际青年文化节SDUWMUN 2009模拟联合国会议会议手册目录认识模拟联合国Page 2会议日程安排Page 5会议准备Page 6会议流程与规则Page 8MUN名词解释Page 11文件写作指导Page 13奖项设置及要求Page 15 主办方：学生国际交流协会议题背景手册会议时间：4月18日—19日Page 16 会议地点：网络楼报告厅附录舞会地点：大学生活动中心Page 19认识模拟联合国一、模拟联合国的起源模拟联合国（Model United Nations）是模仿联合国及相关的国际机构，依据其运作方式和议事原则，围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。
青年学生们扮演不同国家的外交官，作为各国代表，参与到“联合国会议”当中。
代表们遵循大会规则，在会议主席团的主持下，通过演讲阐述“自己国家”的观点，为了“自己国家”的利益进行辩论、游说，他们与友好的国家沟通协作，解决冲突；他们讨论决议草案，促进国际合作；他们在“联合国”的舞台上，充分发挥自己的才能。
虽然对模拟联合国活动其起源没有确切的历史记载，但普遍公认这项活动起源于美国哈佛大学。
在联合国成立之前，就有一批学生活跃在校园里，他们对国际组织、对国际政治充满了浓厚的兴趣。
活跃的哈佛学子在积极活动的同时探索出新的形式。
他们开始模拟不同国家的外交官，参照国际联盟的议事程序讨论国际问题。
后来联合国成立，这样一种模拟会议的形式被保留下来，并逐步发展成熟，形成了模拟联合国活动。
经过60多年的发展，模拟联合国活动现在已经风靡全世界，形式多样，规模不一，有国际大会、全国大会，还有地区级和校际间的大会，参与者有大学生到高中生，乃至初中生。
同时，模拟联合国活动已经不仅仅是对联合国机构的模拟，它还包括对其他全球或地区性多边组织，政府内阁，国际论坛等组织或者会议的模拟。
目前全世界每年有近四百个国际模拟联合国大会在五大洲的50多个国家召开。
每年参与大会的师生来自世界100多个国家，总人数超过四百万人。
哈工大夏令营模联会议手册正式版
哈尔滨工业大学英语夏令营模拟联合国会议手册第一章会议介绍模拟联合国（Model United Nations）是世界各国官方和民间团体特意为青年人组织的活动。
它模仿联合国及相关的国际机构，依据其运作方式和议事原则，围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。
青年学生们扮演各个国家的外交官，以联合国会议的形式，通过阐述观点、政策辩论、投票表决、做出决议等亲身经历，熟悉联合国的运作方式，了解人类所面临的共同问题，思考自身可以发挥的作用。
第二章议题设置Committee：United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)Topic A: Global Carbon MarketFacing the grievous situation of global warming, the world has attempted numerous approaches to solve the problem, among which establishing a global carbon market that applies market theory to solve environmental problems stands out. First mentions of the concept of carbon markets can be traced back to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) and Kyoto Protocol (2003). Since 1997, three major global carbon markets – International Emission Trading (IET), Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have been established. They triggered the growth of global compliance carbon market, including the famous European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading System (EU ETS). However, despite its growth, carbon transaction worldwide still lacks a uniform certification and registration, nor does it have a central body to ensure its smooth operation. Here comes the main focus of our discussion: How to set up a widely accepted global carbon market in light of political obstacles and economic concerns? To come up with a satisfactory solution, three aspects deserve careful consideration: 1. The type of market (should it be a compliance market or voluntary market or both). 2. The control of the process (how to take control of the entire process while at the same time not violate the sovereignty of countries). 3. The balance between benefits for developing and developed nations (how to distribute carbon credits and fund among developed and developing countries).Topic B: Oil spillOil spill is a serious problem concerning both the environment and human health. In recent decades, international organisations have raised concerns regarding the negative impacts of oil spills. A typical example is the setting of The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a body of the United Nations, to set international maritime vessel safety and marine pollution standards, among which the “Marpol” is a benchmark.In spite of efforts like this, we recently experienced the tremendous oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, both a huge waste and a hazard to the environment. Looking back at this disastrous incident and looking at the argument of compensation issues between British Petroleum and the US, we can see hundreds of omission of safety precautions that led to the catastrophe. Additionally, we also saw what the laws and many conventions lacked.As an environmental organisation, UNEP does not centre its work on special technologies like using chemicals to clear the oil. What UNEP is concerned about is the prevention of such tragedy through improvement on management and the legislation progress. We would like delegates to focus on: 1. The establishment of an effective system for safety norms in oil transportation internationally. 2. The legislation of laws defining the responsibilities of each party in case of an accident? (Should the country be responsible for oil transportation or only the corporation should bear the blame?) By answering such questions, we hope to bolster the security in oil transportation.第三章机构设置1．主席团委员会由四名工作人员组成的主席团主持会议和管理。
模拟联合国会议培训手册[1]
![模拟联合国会议培训手册[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b788a0fb04a1b0717fd5dd6f.png)
会议指导手册Conference Training Handbook模拟联合国的会议组织在模拟联合国会议里,参加者(Delegates)以及代表团(Delegation)为单位，共同代表一个国家（to Represent A Certain Country），在模拟联合国会议中的不同委员会（Committee）里，以国家代表的身份进行演讲（Republic Speaking）、辩论（Debate）和游说（Lobby）等，争取国家利益的最大化。
模拟联合国会议规模虽有大小之分，但各委员会的进程和规则基本一致。
同学们在进行了较为充分的准备后都能在其中参与正式辩论（Formal Debate）、非正式辩论（Informal Debate），并且广泛参与协商和合作（Negotiation and Collaboration），以争取其所代表国家的国家利益能在特定一体（Topic Area）的决议（Resolution）中得到充分体现。
在本次深圳市高级中学模拟联合国会议的两个委员会中，一个国家均由两名同学代表，这样，两位代表的分工与协作能提高其工作效率，如一名代表在进行辩论或演讲时，另一名代表可以同时进行游说和草拟会议文件的工作等。
委员会结构一个委员会由一个主席团（Members of the Dais）负责。
主席（Chair）主持会议，其任务是按照联合国正式的程序规则监督并推动会议进程（Oversees Debate and Guides Delegates Through the Rules of Procedure）。
会议指导（Director）负责审阅批准代表提交的会议文件，并对会议进程和代表表现提出建议和评价；主席助理（Rapporteur）负责点名、统计代表人数、录入发言人名单（Speakers’List）。
规则与技巧模拟联合国会议通过严格按照联合国会议（Formal Rules of Procedure）的规则进行，以保证每位代表都有平等的发言权（Equal Opportunity to Be Heard）。
模联教程
Sample Page To: Russia From: China We have to combine the two Working papers to form a Draft Resolution.
Sample Page To: the Chair From: Germany Delegate of Germany wants to be added on the Speakers’ List.
模联的种类非常多，联合国的每项会议都有其对应的模联活动。较大的模联活动是模仿联合国的主要部门，即：
联合国大会（The General Assembly） 经济与社会理事会（The Economic and Social Council） 安全理事会（The Security Council） 国际法庭（The International court of Justice） 跨政府组织（Intergovernmental Organizations——IGOs） 非政府组织（Nongovernmental Organizations——NGOs）
在场上个人有任何不适，需要主席团 的帮助和解决
不需要投票
PS：问题优先
非正式辩论。
发言名单上所有国家已发言，并且没有任何代表追加发言，会议 直接进入第二阶段----决议草案的拟定及投票表决阶段。
会场中的文件。
立场文件Position Paper PP
——会前
工作文件Working Paper WP ——会中
模联即为响应这一提议而创生。
这项活动在欧美已经拥有超过50年的历史，它是由世界各国官方和民 间团体特意为青年人组织的活动。模拟联合国活动发源于美国，自诞生至今， 吸引了全球超过200,000名高中生和大学生，全世界每年举办近400个模拟联合国 会议。尽管“模拟联合国”在许多国家进行得如火如荼，但它一直到90年代中 期才进入中国，北京大学、人民大学、外交学院、西安交通大学等高校在为这 一活动的推广作着不懈的努力。
福州一中首教材届时校际模拟联合国大会代表会议手册
福州一中首届校际模拟联合国大会代表会议手册主办单位:福州第一中学承办:福州一中模拟联合国社TABLE OF CONTENT目录1.WELCOME LETTER秘书长欢迎信 (3)2.INTRODUCTION OF MODEL UNITED NATIONS模拟联合国活动介绍 (5)3.CONFERENCE SCHEDULE大会议程 (7)4.INTRODUCTION TO FIMUN2010 STAFF主席团及组委会介绍 (8)5.CONFERENCE ADMINISTRATION AND SERVICES会议要求和注意事项 (12)6.INTRODUCTION TO COMMITTEES AND TOPICS委员会议题介绍 (17)7.CONFERENCE SCHEDULE会议简要流程 (20)8.CONFERENCE PAPER WRITING 会议文件写作 (23)9.LOCATION会场位置 (28)秘书长欢迎信尊敬的老师，亲爱的模联代表们：你们好！我是福州一中高二（14）班学生，本次大会秘书长李可睿。
在此，我代表全体大会组委会，主席团以及志愿者团队向你们表示热烈的欢迎。
欢迎你们参加福州一中首届校际模拟联合国大会（FIMUN2010）。
本次大会是福州一中模拟联合国社的第一次对外公开活动。
值得一提的是，此次活动将刷新几项一中模联历史：第一次在寒假期间举行会议，第一次邀请兄弟学校的代表参会，第一次举行中英文双委员会的会议。
作为一中模拟联合国社社长，我很荣幸能够担当此次大会组委会秘书长一职，与模联社的核心成员们一起筹划、组织此次会议。
从去年暑假参加国际中学生模拟联合国大会到国庆黄金周的一中首届英文模联大会落幕，再从参加海牙国际模联新加坡分会到组建此次大会组委会，半年的时间里我们模联人打开了视野，见识了全国各地最优秀的学生领袖的风采，同时我们也萌发了把模拟联合国事业在我省普通高中里推广开来的想法。
模联入门教程
模联规章制度
• • • • • • • • 1.在每次会议时应提早或按时到会 2.认真学习相关知识 3.注意会场纪律，提高会议效率 5.注意个人形象与社团形象，增强团队协作 6.认真对待每次的模联会议 7.不以模联为逃课等其他行为的借口 8.积极表现自我，把握发言机会 9.不中途退出模联，有特殊情况需提早请假
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模联知识简介
• • • • • • • • 模拟联合国大会流程: 1.点名 2.确定议题 3.建立发言名单 4.正式辩论 5.非正式辩论 6.投票 7.通过决议
其他知识
• 1.代表制：有单代表制和双代表制。像北京大学英文会场， 有些代表会搞模联但是英文不好，就和一个英文好的同学 组队，这就是双代表制。 • 2.简单多数:参会代表人数的百分之五十，不为整数则向上 补齐，为整数则加一。简单多数是一般程序性问题投票使 用的，比如有代表动议休会10分钟，这时候投票只需满足 简单多数即可 • 3.三分之二多数：参会代表人数的三分之二，也称绝对多 数，不为整数则向上补齐，为整数则加一。三分之二是决 定议题、结束辩论、通过决议草案、修正案、指令草案时 使用的
welcome to your future!
模拟联合国
什么是联合 国
什么是模联
模联知识简介
模联规章制度
联合国（英文名称：United Nations，缩写UN）是1945年第二次世 界大战后成立的国际组织，是一个由主权国家组成的国际组织。 在1945年10月24日在美国加州旧金山签定生效的《联合国宪章》标 志着联合国正式成立。 联合国致力于促进各国在国际法、国际安全、经济发展、社会进步、 人权及实现世界和平方面的合作。 联合国现在共有193个成员国，总部设立在美国纽约、瑞士日内瓦、 奥地利维也纳、肯尼亚内罗毕等地。
模拟联合国Handbook
E-mail: rucmun@
-4-
中国人民大学模拟联合国协会
World in Eyes, Future In Hands
Renmin University of China Model United Nations Association
单词扫盲
Delegate ['deligit] n. 代表 vt. 派…为代表；委任 A delegate is a member of a group representing an organization (e.g., a gover nment, a charity, an NGO, or a trade union) at a meeting or conference between organizations of the same level (e.g. trade talks or an environmental summit between gover nments; or a meeting of student unions from individ ual colleges at a nationa l student union conference). 1 æʃ] n. 破碎,大败,冲突 Smash [sm [smæ ə'b æl] Cabal [k [kə 'bæ adj. 非常的,了不起的 v. 粉碎,溃裂,使破产
Current events
� 2008 牛津大学模拟联合国大会
2008 年 10 月 31 日-11 月 2 日，来自世界各地的近 400 名代表，将带着他们对国际 议题的独到见解和对朋友的真挚友谊，齐聚具有悠久历史的英国牛津大学，参加一年一 度的牛津大学模拟联合国活动。牛津大学的模拟联合国活动虽然举办时间不长，但已成 为欧洲同类活动中的佼佼者。牛津模拟联合国大会在议题设置上并不求全求大，而是力 图在小而精的会议中营造亲切宜人的气氛，为青年学子们一个展示自我，相互结下友谊 的平台，为他们的青春刻下一个美好的印迹。
PKUNMUN_2013_北大模联学术标准手册
属于会议的过渡期， 在这个时期， 很多份工作文件会被更充分地讨论， 国家集团也更为明显， 各国的根本利益也逐步显露，如果会议进程较快，会进入到决议草案撰写环节。 分组会议（五） ：共 分钟
属于会议的末期，国家集团根据工作文件撰写决议草案，并对决议草案进行充分讨论，提出 相应的修正案。 分组会议（六） ：约 分钟
前言 学术标准手册使用说明
亲爱的各位代表： 大家一个更加
明确、清晰、完整的会议学术标准，以利于代表们更有效地学习规则、利用规则。 本《学术标准手册》继承了往届会议的主要学术思想并有所损益，是 年北京大学全国
中学生模拟联合国大会官方制定的唯一学术标准，会议期间，与学术相关的所有问题，均以本手 册作为依据。若出现本手册未涉及问题，当届大会组委会具有最终解释权。 本手册第一部分为 会议概述 ，主要为一般委员会的会议进程提供参考标准，以有利于会议 在相对稳定、客观的环境下进行，但此标准并非会议进程的唯一标准，代表不必拘泥于此。第二 部分和第三部分分别为 中文委员会学术标准 和 英文委员会学术标准 ，主要介绍了常规中文和 英文委员会的规则流程、 文件范例和主要用语， 常规中文和英文委员会涉及的规则均以此作为唯 一参考标准。需要指出的是，在第二部分和第三部分的学术标准中，均未涉及危机部分，如以上 委员会在会议进程中遇到危机，请参考第五部分。第四部分为 特殊委员会学术标准 ，在二零一 三年北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会上，共有五个特殊委员会，它们分别是主新闻中心 （ ） 、 联合国大会第五次紧急特别会议 （ ）和国际劳工组织（ ） 、 历史安全理事会 （ ） 、
二十国集团领导人峰会（ 将介绍除 和
） ，本部分
之外三个特殊委员会的相关职能 ，需要注意的是，由于主新闻中心与
模拟联合国训练手册.
模拟联合国训练手册第一部分：模拟联合国训练项目说明一、模拟会议时间安排4月18日4:30团委会议室第一次会议4月20日4:30团委会议室第二次会议4月24日4:30团委会议室第三次会议4月25日中午12:30在审判法庭正式彩排4月25日下午16:30在审判法庭正式开会二、会议准备及要求1.与会人员须着正装出席模拟会议2.会前请仔细阅读会议“建议规则流程说明”和“文件范例”，了解会议流程及相关规则，将重点难点记录，可于当天“规则流程及相关要求讲解”时提出。
3.会前请仔细阅读“会议背景材料介绍”，了解议题基本背景知识、国际社会曾经进行的工作和现状，并对议题在将来的发展进行一定预期。
模拟会议时：请携带A4纸和笔,以用于文件的起草；请携带便签，以用于书写、传递“意向条”。
特别提醒，由于各位与会人员的会前准备程度将直接影响会议质量，请各位与会人员务必根据所代表国家（见“国家列表及分配”）进行会议准备（查阅资料，了解代表国家的基本立场及相关议题的基本知识）；相关国家可于会议前就相关问题进行磋商。
三、国家列表及分配第二部分：简易规则流程说明一、正式辩论 Formal Debate1、点名在这一阶段，主席助理会按国家字母顺序依次点出国家名，被点到的国家举起国家牌(Placard)，并回答：“present(到)”。
2、确定议题本次会议将会有两个议题供代表们选择，代表们通过讨论、投票，确定出要首先讨论的议题。
在确定议题的阶段，主席分别在赞成首先讨论议题A和赞成首先讨论议题B的国家中，各随机点出3名代表（即，共6名）进行发言，阐述选择先讨论该议题的原因、动机等，发言时间为90秒。
6名代表都发言完毕后，将进行投票，投票原则为简单多数，即50％＋1。
3、发言及让渡时间A、产生发言名单代表们确定议题之后，正式辩论开始。
主席会请需要发言的代表举国家牌（也就是所有的国家都举牌），并随机读出国家名，代表们发言的顺序即主席点名的顺序，当代表们听到自己国家被点到之后，便放下国家牌。
2016北大模联学术标准手册
Academic Standard Handbookof Peking University National Model United Nations Conference for High School Students 20162016年北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会学术标准手册编订人员：刘欣羽（秘书长，北京大学经济学院2013级本科）樊仁敬（副秘书长，北京大学社会学系2013级本科）何雨辰（学术总监，北京大学元培学院2014级本科）王星程（学术总监，北京大学元培学院2014级本科）杨泽毅（学术总监，北京大学哲学系2014级本科）特别说明：“北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会”，会议名称、活动标志由北京大学所有，未经允许，不得用于与本会议无关的活动或其他商业性目的的组织或活动。
本手册及相关材料版权归北京大学模拟联合国协会所有，未经允许，不得以任何方式出版。
如引用，须注明出处。
目录前言 学术标准手册使用说明 ............................................................5 第一部分 会议规则与流程 ...............................................................6 •会议流程参考标准 .....................................................................6 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）议事规则 ......8 总 则 (8)第一章 会场和人员 (8)第二章 会议 (9)第三章 代表权利与义务 ...............................................................18 快速规则流程参考 ........................................................................20 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）议事规则示意图 ......21 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）用语范例 ......22 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）议事规则 ......24 Rules and Procedures ..................................................................24 Introduction to the Staff ...............................................................24 The Process: Committee Session ......................................................26 Quick Reference Guide ..................................................................33 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）议事规则示意图 ......34 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）用语范例 ......35 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会特殊委员会学术标准 (36)一、联合国经济社会理事会（ECOSOC ） (36)二、联合国志愿人员组织伙伴关系论坛（UNV Partnership Forum ） (38)三、世界卫生组织非洲地区委员会（WHO-RCA ） (40)四、欧洲经济区理事会（EEA Council ） (43)五、国际法庭（ICJ ） ... (47)六、联合国国际组织会议（UNCIO ） (54)第二部分会议文件 (57)一、立场文件Position Paper (57)二、工作文件Working Paper (61)三、决议草案Draft Resolution (63)四、指令草案Draft Directive (71)五、修正案Amendment (71)第三部分模拟联合国会议学术准备指南 (73)第一节准备阶段 (73)一．背景指导文件阅读指导 (73)二．资料检索指导 (76)第二节会议阶段 (86)前言 学术标准手册使用说明亲爱的各位代表：大家好！大会的《学术标准手册》（Academic Standard Handbook ）继续着自己每年一次更新的步伐。
北大模联学术参考手册
Committee SimulationIntroduction of the Dais 主席团介绍2. Roll Call 点名Moderator：Before setting the agenda，the Rapporteur will do the Roll Call in alphabetic order. Delegates，please raise your placard and answer “present”when your country’s name is called.主席：在设定议题之前，主席助理将按照字母顺序进行点名。
请听到名字的代表举起国家牌并答“到”。
Rapporteur：Afghanistan.Afghanistan：Present.Rapporteur：Afghanistan is Present.主席助理：阿富汗。
阿富汗代表：到。
主席助理：阿富汗代表到。
Moderator/Rapporteur：With__countries present，this conference is in quorum. The two-thirds majority is __, the simple majority is__. Delegates late for the Roll Call，please send a page to the Dais to notify your presence.主席或主席助理：本阶段会议共有__个国家出席，符合大会规定。
本阶段会议的三分之二多数为__，简单多数为__。
请迟到的代表向主席台传递意向条。
3.Setting of the Agenda 确定议题Moderator：Now we are going to set the agenda. Topic A is__ and Topic B is__. Are there any points or motions on the floor? China.主席：现在我们开始确定议题。
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认识模拟联合国一、模拟联合国的起源模拟联合国（Model United Nations）是模仿联合国及相关的国际机构，依据其运作方式和议事原则，围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。
青年学生们扮演不同国家的外交官，作为各国代表，参与到“联合国会议”当中。
代表们遵循大会规则，在会议主席团的主持下，通过演讲阐述“自己国家”的观点，为了“自己国家”的利益进行辩论、游说，他们与友好的国家沟通协作，解决冲突；他们讨论决议草案，促进国际合作；他们在“联合国”的舞台上，充分发挥自己的才能。
虽然对模拟联合国活动其起源没有确切的历史记载，但普遍公认这项活动起源于美国哈佛大学。
在联合国成立之前，就有一批学生活跃在校园里，他们对国际组织、对国际政治充满了浓厚的兴趣。
活跃的哈佛学子在积极活动的同时探索出新的形式。
他们开始模拟不同国家的外交官，参照国际联盟的议事程序讨论国际问题。
后来联合国成立，这样一种模拟会议的形式被保留下来，并逐步发展成熟，形成了模拟联合国活动。
经过60多年的发展，模拟联合国活动现在已经风靡全世界，形式多样，规模不一，有国际大会、全国大会，还有地区级和校际间的大会，参与者有大学生到高中生，乃至初中生。
同时，模拟联合国活动已经不仅仅是对联合国机构的模拟，它还包括对其他全球或地区性多边组织，政府内阁，国际论坛等组织或者会议的模拟。
目前全世界每年有近四百个国际模拟联合国大会在五大洲的50多个国家召开。
每年参与大会的师生来自世界100多个国家，总人数超过四百万人。
二、模拟联合国的发展模拟联合国活动源自美国，在美国发展的也最为成熟。
全美各地的中学和大学都有模拟联合国活动。
其中哈佛全美模拟联合国大会（Harvard National Model United Nations Conference, HNMUN）是美国历史最悠久、规模最大、影响最深远的模拟联合国大会，委员会有近30个，参与人数近3000人。
今天，模拟联合国的活动已经越来越普遍，成为世界上影响广泛的学生活动，这项活动在美国已经非常盛行，美国的哈佛大学，耶鲁大学，斯坦福大学等世界知名高校都有每年一度的模拟联合国大会。
此外，模拟联合国活动也扩展到其它国家，亚洲的日本、中国；非洲的埃及、尼日利亚、南非、赞比亚、肯尼亚；拉美的阿根廷、巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、；欧洲的英国、法国、德国、瑞士、奥地利、比利时、希腊、荷兰、葡萄牙、俄罗斯、乌克兰等国都有各自的模拟联合国活动。
三、模拟联合国的意义与价值模拟联合国旨在培养年轻人的综合素质，包括激发他们的热情，培养良好的社会责任，想想创新的能力，勇于尝试的胆量，追求卓越的质量，从一个高层次高水平上塑造青年人的人生观、世界观、价值观。
1、为学生们带了更广阔的视野。
模拟联合国活动关注的问题广泛，大都是当今各国面临的热点问题，在这样一个充满激情和挑战的全球化时代，在我国改革开放继续深化，国际局势依然复杂多变的背景下，积极参与这项活动不仅有助于同学们对联合国的了解，更为同学们打开一扇窗，提供了一个舞台，让大家关心世界，用国际眼光来思考问题，讨论问题。
2、激发英语热情与培养学习能力。
由于模拟联合国活动源自西方，大部分正式会议的工作语言是英文。
阅读背景资料、会场上书写大量檔、听取发言、阐述观点这些都对学生的英语水平提出了很高的要求。
模拟联合国活动是一种体验式的活动，代表们融入了外交情境，需要自觉自主的运用英语进行表达，这样的环境下，大大激发了学生学习英语的热情。
虽然最终的大会只有短短几天时间，但是在会议之前表要做好充分的准备。
代表必须密切关注“自己的国家”，研究和学习一个国家的政治、经济、外交政策等方方面面，只有这样才能充分扮演好外交官的角色。
准备的过程实际上是一个多种学科知识的整合过程，代表们需要将政治、经济、历史和地理知识与大会要讨论的问题紧密结合，思考各个要素之间的联系。
这样就打破了学科间的壁垒，形成了丰满完整的知识体系。
3、锻炼领袖气质与合作精神。
模拟联合国活动是一种互动性极强的学习经历，青年人不仅能够学习和讨论国际事务，还能够通过实践来锻炼自己组织、策划、管理的能力，研究和写作的能力，演讲和辩论的能力，解决冲突、求同存异的能力，与他人沟通交往等多方面能力。
这些会让学生受益终身。
联合国秘书长安南在一封致模拟联合国大会的贺信中说：“联合国依靠世界上每个人的努力而存在，尤其是像你们这样的青年。
这个世纪，不久就会是你们的。
”当今的年轻人将是未来决策的制定者。
模拟联合国就是这样一个活动，让青年人的领袖才能得到锻炼。
中国正越来越多地在世界舞台上发挥作用，中国的年轻人也应该为迎接国际化的挑战做好充分的准备。
相信在模拟联合国的舞台上，青年学子能够上演精彩而震撼的一幕。
4、精英学生的盛会。
模拟联合国是世界上影响力最广泛的学生活动，如哥伦比亚大学，耶鲁大学，哈佛大学，斯坦福大学等世界知名高校都有每年一度的模拟联合国大会。
除此，模拟联合国还分布在美国，日本，英国，瑞士，阿根廷，奥地利，比利时，埃及，荷兰，德国，加拿大等多国的高校中。
富于朝气的年轻人在这个舞台上尽情地展现自己的风采！模拟联合国的活动长期受到了联合国总部的支持与帮助，给与许多国家的模拟联合国活动以函电鼓励和赞扬，并在联合国官方网站上建立了关于全世界模拟联合国的专版网页：/cyberschoolbus/modelun/index.asp会议日程安排4月18日8：30—8：50 会议开幕式8：50—10：00 立场表述正式辩论10：00—11：30 非正式辩论提交决议草案地点：网络楼报告厅下午：各国家代表团会下自由磋商休息地点：各代表团自行选择19：00—21：00：MUN青年外交舞会地点：大学生活动中心二楼舞厅4月19日8：15—8：45 会议代表合影地点：主楼广场9：00—10：00 决议草案讨论10：00—11：00 修正案讨论投票表决11：00—11：30 颁奖仪式闭幕式地点：网络楼报告厅会议准备一、会议资料准备（一）初步调研在确定本队所要模拟的国家之后，就可以开始正式准备会议所用的实质性数据了，首先就是要通过报刊、书籍、网络资源获取一个国家对某一个问题的立场观点。
联合国网站和模拟国家政府的官方网站最为重要，因为在这些网站上不仅可以了解到该国家对某一问题的原则立场，而且可以查阅到该国的发言、表态和投票记录。
通过研究这些数据，可以了解该国的最新表态，掌握其政策沿革和变化的过程，从而更好的模仿该国的立场。
若要了解该国对重大国际问题的基本看法，还可以阅读该国家领导人在最近的联合国大会上的发言。
初步调研主要有以下几个方面的内容：1、了解议题相关背景其主要目的是要了解相关议题的背景情况，掌握模拟联合国会议所要讨论问题的来龙去脉，最新情况和发展趋势。
深入的了解有利于形成针对性的意见和建议，从而在会议中占据主导地位。
2、了解议事规则（具体规则将在会议手册之中做具体介绍）3、了解联合国的相关各个机构主要了解相关各机构的职能与作用，以便更好地利用各机构的职权进行决策讨论，解决冲突和问题。
（二）实质性调研1、模拟国家的情况调研（1）立场调研—该国在某一国际问题是那个所持的观点、立场，是整个模拟联合国会议的核心内容。
（2）国情调研—掌握一国的基本国情有助于更好的理解该国在某一国际问题上的基本立场，基本国情包括历史、地理、人口、风俗习惯、自然资源、政治经济情况、对外关系等。
（3）其它情况—简单了解该国在联合国会议上的发言风格、语气和技巧，对相关议题的关注程度等。
发展中国家与发达国家所关注的问题通常是不同的。
2、相关其它国家情况的调研国际会议中，不仅要了解自己的关切和所持的立场，还有要了解其它国家的立场，只有这样，才能更好的形成自己国家的立场和观点，同时可以更加有利于结盟游说形成同盟，为会议的成功奠定基础。
了解国家情况，不仅仅是局限于国与国之间的政治关系，还有民族，宗教，文化，历史，经济上的联系等等。
同时，国际关系是时刻都在变化中，在这个过程中，所要了解的国家也要有所侧重，重点了解在某一观点上，主要大国及主要支持国和反对国的立场。
3、国际形势调研任何国际问题都是在某种国际形势下产生的，受到当时国际格局的影响。
各国的立场也随着国际格局的变化而变化，因此，与会代表应当及时关注国际形势发展状况，以及各国的立场原则，做到知识储备丰富。
（三）确定与会立场1、确定与会基本方针会议之前，一定要先了解此次会议的目的，该次会议可能达到的成果和与本国利益相关的利害关系。
在模拟联合国会议中，代表队的重要目标之一是在某一国际问题上，通过谈判、磋商和妥协等手段，协调其它国家的立场，力图在这一问题上通过对本国有力的决议或阻止有关决议中出现不利于己的内容。
为做到这一点，事先确定与会方针是非常重要的。
2、拟定谈判策略谈判策略有多种形式，在模拟联合国会议中要灵活使用，适时调整。
有的国家习惯采用主动进取型策略，在谈判中先声夺人，声东击西；有的国家则往往采取低姿态，习惯悄悄搞外交。
3、寻找结盟对象一个国家通常会有盟友和敌人，掌握一国在相关问题上的基本立场，了解该国与其它国家的双边关系等，对于在会议中协调立场，组成联盟很有帮助。
二、其它准备1、服装准备——白色衬衣，黑色西裤，黑色皮鞋2、设备准备——笔记本计算机，U盘3、会场准备——所有代表要佩戴代表证会议流程与规则一、正式辩论1、点名：主席助理按照国家字母顺序依次点出国家名，被点到的国家举起国家牌，并回答“到”2、确定议题：由主席宣布今天的会议议题当一个委员会讨论的议题多于一个，代表们必须通过讨论，投票，确定出首先讨论的议题。
议题已经确定，代表们讨论的内容只能在这一议题范围内。
确定议题阶段，主席分别在赞成首先讨论议题A和赞成首先讨论议题B的国家中，随机点出3名代表进行发言，发言时间为90秒。
6名代表全部发言完毕之后，将进行投票，投票原则为简单多数，即超过半数3、正式辩论（1）主席宣布，下面进入国家代表发言阶段，请需要发言的国家举起国家牌。
主席会随机点名，点名的顺序即为代表国发言的顺序（发言名单会显示在大屏幕上），每个代表国拥有2分钟的时间发言。
如果需要追加发言机会，则在发言的间隙举牌示意或者向主席团递交意向条，要求增加。
如果代表已经在发言名单上，并且还没有发言，则不能在其发言之前追加发言机会。
注意·国家发言并不是单纯的阐述立场文件中的内容；·国家代表发言阶段有总时间限制，时间由主席于发言名单建立之后当场宣布（2）主席规定两个原则：·未在发言名单上的国家有优先发言的权利·已经发言过的国家最多拥有一次追加发言的机会（3）若某国的发言时间少于2分钟，可以选择让渡时间，让渡的方式一共有四种，分别为：·让渡给问题——主席请需要发言的国家举牌，并由主席随机点代表进行提问，提问内容必须根据发言者的意思来问（发言代表在剩余时间内可以回答任何问题）这种让渡方式可以体现发言代表的思辨、反应及口语表达能力·让渡给他国代表——让渡国A代表和被让渡国B代表私下协商一致后，B代表可以在A代表剩余的时间内发言，B不能再将时间让渡给其它国家·让渡给评论——主席请需要评论的国家举起国家牌，并随机点出代表进行评论，此时让渡代表无权再次陈述观点或者反驳·让渡给主席——自动放弃剩余时间，主席将继续主持会议。