tcf机经2010-06-08
法语考试TCFTEF语法机经
1.Si 指引的句型，条件和假定的表达从句主句 Si + Pr senté Futur Simple条件波及未来，动作将可能实现例句： S’il fait beau, on ira se promener en forêt.Si j’ ai le temps, je passerai chez toi ce soir.从句主句Si + Pr senté Futur Proche例句： Tu vas attraper un coup de soleil, si tu restes trop longtemps sur la plage. 从句主句Si + Pr senté Imp ératif例句： Si vous tesê fatigu , reposezé-vous un moment.从句主句Si + Imparfait Conditionnel Pr senté例句： S’il faisait beau, on irait se promener en for êt.a.条件波及未来，但动作实现的可能性不大例句： Il faudrait consulter le m decin,ési vous aviez encore mal S’ il neigeait la semaine prochaine, nous pourrions faire du ski la gorgeà demain.àNo?l.b.条件波及此刻，但动作不行能实现例句： Si j ’avais assez d’argent, j’achèterais une nouvelle-fi. cha?ne hiSi j’é从句主句tais toi, je n’ accepterais pas cette proposition. Si + Plus-que+parfait Conditionnel Passé条件波及过去，动作已不行能实现，表示一种遗憾例句： Si tu m ’avais t él éphoné, je serais all éte chercher àla gare. Si tu avais ferm la porte,é le chat ne se serait pas sauv .é从句主句Si + Pass éComposé Pr ésent / Imp ratifé / Futur Simple一个定位在过去的条件能够在此刻或未来产生一种结果例句： Si vous avez d j éàeu cette maladie, vous tes maintenantê immunis Si tu as fini ton travail avant 18 h, retrouve-nous au caf! . ééSi vous avez d j àsuivié un cours de niveau 1, vous serez inscrit en niveau 2.从句主句 Si = chaque fois que 每当每逢主句用此刻时或未达成过去时表示一个习惯性动作例句： En vacances, s ’il pleut, nous jouons aux cartes.En vacances, s’ il pleuvait, nous jouions aux cartes.2.àcause de + nom ou pronom ... 因为 ...介词引入一个往常为悲观的原由，致使一个不好的结果例句： On a ferm écette route de montagne causeà des chutes de pierres.Nous sommes arriv s ené retard au cin ma àcauseé de lui.3. grace à+ nom ou pronom 多亏 ...因为 ...引入一个踊跃的原由，致使一个好的结果例句： Nous avons facilement trouv votreé maison gra ce au plan que vous nous aviez envoy .éTu m ’ as donn é de bons conseils. Graceàébloquertoi,j mon’ordinateuraipu.4.比较 - A cause de la pluie, le chemin tait impraticableé. - Gra ce àla pluie, la pelouse de notre jardin est bien verte.- C’ està cause de toi que j ’ ai rat émon train!- Merci beaucoup! C’ est graceà toi que j’ aistudiotrouv.é si vite un5. faute de +无穷制的nom / + Infinitif因为没有⋯ 不定式和主句同一主例句： Ils ne sont pas allés aux sports d’hiver faute de temps et d’argent.Faute de cr dits,éon ne r noveraé pas la salle des f tes cette êann e.éFaute d’ avoir fait renouveler son passeport, il naps pu partir en Russie.6. en raison de 依据 ...因为 ...于 ...用于面。
2010年雅思写作机经
2010-1-09Some people believe that the charity organizations should give aid to those in greatest need,wherever they live. Some people believe that the charity organizations would better concentrate on helping people who live in own country instead. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.1话题+讨论who2人类是一个整体,有义务去帮助整体中的任何一个部分3自己国家的机构负责自己的民众.更直接,更简单4my own opinionCharity organizations are set up to help people who are in need overcome difficulties and generally live better. In this essay, which groups of peole can be helped by those organizations will be discussed.2010-1-14In today’s world, it is private companies rather than government who pay for and carry out most on scientific research. To what extent do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?advantage1: 广度.每个领域都有公司负责2: 深度.每个领域都有公司间的相互竞争开头scientific researches benefit the society as many new products and methods can be derived. private companies play a vital role as opposed to government in carrying out the experiment in this field. I believe the benefits of this trend outweigh its risks.2010-1-23The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming much wider, the rich richer, the poor even poorer. What problems can the situation cause and give the solutions.开头economy concerns both individuals and the society people live in. the economic disparity between different groups of people can be more clearly seen recently. in my opinion, three main problems involving the poor and the rich can be caused by the increasing gap.2010-1-30Today there is a great increase in anti-social behavior and lack of respect to others. What are the causes of this? What measures can be taken to reduce this problem?开头Crimes and violation against the society can be more easily seen thatn before. There must be reasons why some people choose to act in an anti-social way. I believe that the gap between the rich and the poor and the pressure are the main reasons.2010-2-06Air travel only benefits the rich people and the majority of people cannot takeany advantage of the development of aircrafts.To what extent do you agree or disagree?Aircrafts, as the fastest means of transportation, have experienced many years of development. Their high speed brings people the advantage that other means can not provide. I believe only the rich people can benefit from the unique advantage they have.2010-2-11Some people think that politicians have the greatest influence on the world. Other people, however, believe that scientists have the greatest influence. Discuss both of views and give your own opinion.12领导人+给生活做重要决定1001:领导人2:因决定层+ 范围大3决定方针政策+4国家的未来(分步5:果国家+ 生活Some people believe that politicians in a country are more important because their jobs concern the whole nation. They work as leaders in a country and make important decisions for the whole nation. They implement policies to make sure that the society is a secure place to live in and the whole population can live better lives. Besides, they also plan out how the future of the country needs to be to make sure that the country candevelop as expected. Therefore, politicians play a much more significant role than scientists for they directly influence everyo ne in the country and people’s lives can be guaranteed.2010-2-20Most countries want to improve the standard of living through economic development; however, others think the social value is lost as a result of economic development.To what extent do you think the advantages of economic development outweighits disadvantages?Economic development is the main way to improve people’s living condition in a country. The financial achievement brings impacts to individuals living in the community and the society as a whole. I believe the advantages of this outweigh its disadvantages.2010-2-27Technologies have developed very fast in the past 100 years. However, some people think that technological progress has brought negative effects to the humanity. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?开头Technology is more closely related to people’s lives t han it was before. Convenience has been mainly brought to human beings due to the change technology makes. In my opinion, however, there arestill negative effects concerning the use of technology.工作: 减少个性学习:不准确,影响深入地学习娱乐:be addicted2010-3-06A recent survey shows that in many countries across the world people are generally living longer. But an increased life expectancy has many implications for the aging individuals and for the society as a whole. What are the possible effects of a longer life expectancy on individuals and the society?开头People are now enjoying a longer life than before. These changes brought by the implications will be upon individuals and the society. In my opinion, more achievements can be done by people and more burdens will be imposed on the whole community.2010-3-18Some people think zoos are cruel and all the zoos should be closed. However, some people think zoos are useful toprotect the rare animals. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion 开头Zoos are a place where animals are kept and shown to the public. In this essay, what influence zoos have on the animals kept inside will be discussed.Zoos are a place where animals are kept in cages or zones and live adifferent life from those in the nature.In this essay, the effect zoos bring to the animals will be discussed.2010-3-20More and more machines are being used in human work. To what extent do you think the positive impact of this development outweighs its negative impact on individuals or society?开头Machines are more involved in human activities as they have their own merits. Some of work that is supposed to be done by human beings is better carried out by machines. I believe the positive impacts of machines being used outweigh its negative ones.2010-3-27Studies show that children spend more time watching TV now than in the past andthus spend much less time doing active and creative things. Why do you think this is the case? What measures and methods can be employed to tackle this?开头Children have more spare time after school than adults. They prefer to watch TV rather than do outdooractivities as expected. I believe there are both subjective and objective reasons for long time spent on TV.1reasons2more attractive programs3children are forced/required to stay home.4most facilities are more suitable for adults52010-4-10Some people think that the increasing use of the cheap air travel has brought many benefits; others believe this development has drawbacks on the environment and world’s resources. Discuss on both sides. What is your opinion?三种开头的写法1:air travel has been increasingly applied in daily lives.How the cheap air travel influences the human beings and the world as a whole will be discussed.2:the fact that the cheap air travel has been increasing used has led to two opposing views among the public. in this essay, how the cheap air travel influenced people and the world as a whole will be discussed.3:people have opposing views on the effect that increasing use of the cheap air travel brings human beings. in this essay, how the cheap air travel influenced people and the world as a whole will be discussed.2010-4-15Some people think that men and women have different qualities. Therefore, some certain jobs are suitable for men and some jobs are suitable for women. To what extent do you agree or disagree?体力脑力兴趣开头A specific job has detailed requirements exclusively laid out for applicants. The requirements may cater for one gender more than the other as the two are differently structured. I believe that some of the jobs are better being done by one of the genders. 442010-4-17Some people think that governments should take actions to change the way individuals live. Others believe individuals should be allowed to choose their own way of life. Discuss on both sides. What is your opinion?开头The way people live can be various and can also be changed by both the government and individuals themselves. In this essay, who should decide people’s living style will be discussed.2010-4-24Some people suggest that everyone in the world should own a car, a TV and a fridge. To what extent do you think the disadvantages of such a development outweigh its advantages?开头more creature comforts are offered by modern way of life, which makes people wish to have, such as, a car and a fridge, etc. I believe this suggestion has more advantages than disadvantages for both individuals and the society as a whole.the improvement of people’s lives is closely related to individuals in the society. Everyone MIGHT expect to enjoy the creature comforts that facilitate their lives. In my opinion, the disadvantages of all the population using appliances such as a car or a TV outweigh its advantages.2010-5-08Schools should concentrate on teaching students the academic subjects that will be useful for their future careers. Subjects such as music and sports are not useful. To what extent do you agree or disagree?开头Subjects that students study in schools will influence their future life. The authority of a school needs to focus on some of the subjects for the sake of the students. I believe that academic subjects such as Math should be valued.2010-5-15Nowadays, distance-learning programs are such common thing for us (the study material by post, by Internet, but some people argue that courses can never be taken as good as those by attending in a college or university in person. To what extent do you agree or disagree?开头There are a large number of ways of study and different ways are favored by differentstudents. The distance learning involving technology has brought/posed a challenge to the traditional way. However, In my opinion, the traditional way still has more benefits.2010-5-20Some people think that children should obey rules and listen to their parents and teachers; others believe less control on the part of teachers and parents will help children deal with adult life better.Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.开头Proper discipline helps children at an early age better deal with problems by themselves. In this essay, how children should be controlled by their parents and teachers will be discussed.2010-5-29Many young people today leave school with a negative attitude towards learning. Why do you think this is happing?What can be done to encourage a positive attitude to learning in young people?开头Academic subjects can’t be easily applied to the future work as there are differences between the two. Therefore, graduates do not attach great importance to what they learn at school. In my opinion, there are three reasons for the negative attitude toward study.2010-6-06Students from rural areas often find it difficult to get access to university education. Some people believe that universities should make give some special treatment for these students to get college education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?开头Going to university offers students an opportunity for a better future. However, students from rural areas can not have an easy access to the further education. Therefore, I agree that those students should be given special treatment.2010-6-17To what extent do you agree that societies benefit from international tourism and business?2010-6-19An increasing number of people today change their career and place of residence several times during their lives. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?2010-6-26International travel often make people have some prejudices about the countries they visit rather than making them broad-minded.What are the main causes of this phenomenon? What do you think should be done so that people can get better understanding of the countaries they visit?1遇到一些不好的事情2本国人不适应外国风俗习惯International travel helps travelers know more about another nation through providing a real experience. However, misunderstanding may be easily inflicted because of the difference between two forms of culture. In my opinion, the causes for the prejudice against another country are of two aspects.2010-7-10More and more young people hold important positions in government. Some people think it is not suitable but others think otherwise. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 中间段示范People believe more young people holding important positions in government is unsuitable because they are inclined to make decisions based on partial opinions. Youngpeople have not experienced as much as middle-aged ones have, they are always inexperienced in the process of problem-solving. Therefore, they may only look at one part of the whole issue and be impulsive when important decisions have to be made. For example, officials working in the government need to well address the relationship between different departments. Young people may jump to a conclusion as for which department can carry out better teamwork and which department can not.2010-7-15Some people think adults should learn practical skills by themselves, while others think they should learn from teachers. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2010-7-17The movement of people in agricultural areas to cities has become a major trend in recent years. What are some of the problems this has given rise to? Give your suggestions as to how to solve these problems.12over populated lack enough cosuming goods3security problem4most of the land is abandoned.5 lay out the city in a more adaptable wayGive more profit to people staying in agricultural areas中间段示例:That living standard is compromised will be caused by an increasing number of people moving from agricultural areas to cities. People from rural areas give up farmingto come to cities for more job opportunities and a better living standard. Therefore, the number of people living in cities will be greatly increased. To those who come to cities, they have to pay for living in cities by a low salary. Besides, to local people, they have to share some of the resources they used to have with the new comers.University students should pay all the costs of their studies because university education benefits only individuals but not the society as a whole. To what extent do you agree or disagree?12individuals benefit from universities3the society pays the individuals to help develop the communities42010-8-05In many parts of the world children and teenagers are committing more crimes. Why is this case happening? How should children or teenagers be punished?2010-8-14As major cities grow, there appear more problems. What are some of the problems young people living in these cities are facing with this continued growth? How can we solve these problems?12 more temptation distract young people3 laziness they are in poor physical condition4 much more pressure on young people5开头More cities become bigger as people flood into the major cities. Young people in these expanding cities are often confronted with changes that have never occurred to them before. In my opinion, pressure, poor physical condition and too much information are the main problems for them.第二段示例Firstly, young people are exposed to much more information, which poses a threat to their healthy development. Before information technology was widely used in daily lives, people did not experience fast circulated information on media. They tended to gain knowledge mainly through books or magazines. However, internet nowadays offers the public an unprecedented opportunity to have access to a large amount of information. Since young people are not experienced and unable to distinguish useful information and negative pieces, they are vulnerable to the risks brought by the internet.第四段示例One of the problems young people are faced with is the increasing pressure of study or work on them. Before the cities have been fully developed, the competition between young people was not as fierce as it is today. Young people were living a much easier life then. However, as more people come to big cities, which is also one of the symptoms of city growth, the limited enrolment in schools or posts at work involves serious competition. For example, graduates have more difficulties getting employed as more than 100 applicants are interested in one position. The pressure on young people can not be2010-8-21Many charities or organisations use a particular day, for example, National Children's Day, Non-smoking Day, to publicize their activities. Why do these organisations use these special days? How effective is this?开头Charitable activities are for disadvantaged group in the society. Some of the special days like non-smoking day are always favored in these activities. I believe there are mainly three advantages to these days being used.2010-8-28City planners locate schools, offices, hospitals and homes in specific areas which are separated from each other. To what extent do you think the advantages of this outweigh its disadvantages?1 disadvantages > advantages2 stir competition3 increase the cost of living4 jam5 disadvantages > advantages2010-9-04Almost anyone can use a cell phone to answer work calls and home calls at any place 7 days a week. Some people think this development has negative effects on both individuals and society. Do you agree or disagree exposure开头Anyone in the society can be reached at any time at any place as long as he or she has a cell phone, which means people are constantly exposed to others. In my opinion, this exposure has more negative impacts than positive ones.12 relationship crisis3a waste of time and energy42010-9-11Nowadays live animals are used for the testing of newly developed medicines. Some people think this is very cruel and unnecessary. However others believe that it is justified in the interest of human beings. Discuss these two points of view and give your own opinion.12they are passive to be experimented on. Some of them may end up dying.3useful information and less loss/influence4it is necessary but more care should be shown.Some people think using animals to do experiments is very cruel and unnecessary.Animals are forced to go through a series of tests and to suffer from physical pain and mental hit.For example, animals are used to test a medicine that is developed to cure headache.The medicine is injected into animals and there are chances they may be aimlessly poisoned and they may result in having pain as the injection may be rejected by tissues.Therefore, animals experience pain that is originally suffered by people, which is cruel and even unnecessary.Human beings have no right to intrude/impose the pain uponinnocent animals.2010-9-16Society is based on rules and laws. It would not function if individuals are free to do whatever they want to. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2010-9-25A recent study shows that children aged between 7 and 11 spend too much time watching television or playing video games. How do you think this problem influence the children, their families and the society? What measures should be taken to solve this problem?12 a waste of time3 pornography and violence from TV and games plays a negative role in educating the children, which gives parents a headache.4 the new generation would be diverted from contributing to the society to satisfying themselves.52010-10-09Many countries have introduced a law that limits the number of hours employers can have their employees work.Why do you think such a law is introduced? Do you think it is a positive or negative development?12 physically, keep in a good shape and work effectively.3 mentally, enrich their lives and better improve work efficiency.4 positive employers and employees benefit.2010-10-14In some countries , it is illegal for employers to reject someone applying for a job for his or her age,what do you think about it?is it positive or negative?12 ability counts not the age3no matter how old an employee is, they are either quick learners or experienced workers that are both valuable to the society.4negative a waste of resource and be negative to the development of a company.2010-10-23Pollution and environmental damages result from a country developing and becoming richer. And these problems can't be avoided.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?胡义祥独立版权南京新航道高分班写作资料(2008-2011 开头 The evironment people live in today has been polluted because of years of human activities. Development of a country in terms of both economy and society has accelerated this proces. In my opnion, however, it is people’s lack of awareness that causes th e damage and it can be avoided. 1 2 more land are abused to meet the standard of developing. 3more pollutants are produced in the process of manufacture. 4more landscape are flooded with tourists and are damaged to some extent. 5 2010-10-30 Some people think that by paying taxes they have made enough contribution to their society, others think there are more responsibilities than paying taxes. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 2010-11-04 Some parents need to spend time on reading or telling stories to Children, while others think Children can read through a variety of sources, such as book, TV and internet by themselves. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 开头 The way of obtaining information in children’s early ages has a major impact on th eir future development. In this essay, how the outside help from parents should be involved in children’s learning process will be discussed. 2010-11-06 Everybody should stay in school until 18. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Education helps students grow and gain knowledge to qualify themselves. Especially before going to university, students can learn in school what helps lay a foundation for their future. Therefore, in my opinion, students should stay in school being educated until 18. 2010-11-20 Some people have benefited from modern communication technology, and some people haven’t benefited from it at all. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this point? 开头 Education helps students grow and gain knowledge to qualify themselves. Especially before going to university, students can learn in school what helps lay a foundation for their future. Therefore, in my opinion, students should stay in school being educated until胡义祥独立版权南京新航道高分班写作资料(2008-2011 18. 2010-11-27 In some countries, small town-centre shops are out of business because people are driving to large out-of-town stores. As a result, people without cars have limit access to shops, so more and more people buy cars. Do you think advantages of this development outweighdisadvantages? 开头 Trying to be employed is the first step for everyone to be independent. However, people of different ages have different opportunities to be hired by employers. For the sake of the employees, therefore, I believe employers rejecting applicants for their ages should not be allowed. 2010-12-04 In the past, important knowledge about culture and history was stored in museums. Nowadays, information is freely available on the internet, therefore, there is no longer any need for museums. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2010-12-11 Scientists now find that people have health damage because they eat too much junk food. Some people think the answer to this problem is to educate people to eat less junk food, but some people think education will not work. Discuss these two points and give your opinion. 开头 Junk food is so harmful to human beings that this situation needs to be changed. In this essay, how effective education can be in solving this problem will be discussed 2010-12-16 Young people are often influenced in their behaviors and situations by others in the same age. This is called “peer pressures”. Do the disadvantages outweigh the advantages? Young people are always influenced by what others in the same age do and sometimes follow them. This so cal led peer pressure changes individuals’ way they behave and the situations they are in. I believe that the advantages peer pressure brings outweigh the disadvantages. 中间段示例胡义祥独立版权南京新航道高分班写作资料(2008-2011 one of the advantages of peer pressures is it gives young people the opportunity to compete with each other. Young people do not have enough self -discipline as most of them are immature. They tend to have fun instead of doing important things such as studying or getting trained. However, peer pressures are what help them concentrate their attention on things that would bring many benefits to them. With peers doing better in some fields, young people may feel they are overshadowed in some way. Therefore, pressures from peers may push young people to catch up with others and to try to do at least as well as others. 2010-12-18 Some people say that the teaching method with a teacher and students in a classroom will not exist by the year 2050. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Students can adopt more forms of teaching methods in order to learn more efficiently. Therefore thetraditional way with a teacher and students in a classroom is now impacted on. However, I still believe this traditional way will exist by 2050.。
法语TCF考试机经.doc
语言结构I. ___________________ 你忘了买杂志！我写了购物条。
选项有pourtant，en revenche，等等。
【正确答案为pourtant。
】2 ...... 有银行存款（avoir des depts bancaires），“但”不满意，选择“但”pourtant。
3. 有一题是：Je suis en avance aujourd’hui，____ je me reveille tard aujourd’hui.选项有:en revanche，pourtant.正确答棠应该是pourtant。
4. ________ m onde ________ 2小时。
正确答案是beaucoup de... pendant.5. 妈妈向别人求助，说我的孩子每天坐到电视机而前很久，问该怎么办。
题干屮有“t6l6vision _____ d es heures”：选项有depuis，devant, durant，pendant；选depuis 或pendant。
6. 大至义是说：Je ne peux pas aller chez lui aujourd’hui， ......... j e peux y aller jeudio 选择连词。
选en revanche .7. .................... 比较级，.......... vitequ’il选项：A.aussi，D 是autant。
选aussi。
8. A我明天去你家吗？B viens...souvent .... （我根你说过很多次了，让你来我家 ..... ），选项有assez，aussi, peu，选aussi。
9....（陈述句）…_________ a ccepte-t-il ...... . 选aussi，因为其他几个选项是si、bienque、pourtant,都不能使川主谓倒装的语序。
10. Je crains qu’il ne ______ passe, craindre que 后从句动词必须使川虚拟式;。
TCF考试中经常出现的词汇
整理了一下在TCF考试中经常出现的词汇，还是挺实用的。
另外在写作中应用这些词汇也会很有文采。
1、pour que 为了＋虚拟, afin que 为了，以便＋虚拟2、afin de +inf. , à l'intention de (为了)3、parce que,car,en effet,因为puise que 既然comme 因为，既然(多置于句首) du faitde (因为，由于) suite à / à la suite de / en raison de (鉴于，因为)4、pendant que 主从句谓语表示的时间长度一致, durant 在...期间, avant que 在......之前＋虚拟(在主从句主语不一致时用，一致时用de),5、après avoir f. qch, jusqu'a ce que+虚拟直到...以后6、bien que=quoi que+虚拟=tout que =encore que=même...(虽然,尽管),malgré＋短语,eg:Même avec trios enfants, elle travaille toujours comme ducumentaliste.7、Même si (即使), meme que(甚至), même...(虽然,尽管),quitter à(即使，哪怕),quelque+虚拟(不管) eg: Quel que soit le lieu de votre stage(en entreprise ou en société. En attendant (尽管) en dépit de (不顾)8、Si...que中间夹adj.adv谓语用虚拟(不管...总)eg: Si beau qu'il soit,l'automneraccourait les jours/ Si courageux qu'il soit, il échouera.9、si+直陈式(如果) si+条件式(建议)10、au cas où＋条件式(如果...就) eg: Au cas où complication se produirait,faitesmoi venir/ avertissez moi.11、pourvu que +虚拟式(只要...便，但愿)12、de (telle)façon/manière (so that) (表目的用虚拟式，表结果用直陈式)13、tellement+adj.+que tant/tellement de+n.+que14、de manière à / de façon à+inf. (so as to) (以便)15、à la manière / à façon de (如同)16、de manière / façon à ce que＋subj. (为了)17、助动词＋tant / tellement+过分+que (so...that)18、en quelque façon / moyen (C'est un façon comment les français vivent.)19、de la bonne façon / comme il faut / à propos (properly), en temps et en lieu(adv.合适的时间，地点)20、enfin 总之, ainis 因此, donc 所以, c'est pourquoi 所以en un mot 总之au total(总之,毕竟) aussi+主谓倒装(所以), à cet effet (为此), si bien que (因此,以致), ensomme (总之,毕竟), par suite de 因此eg: Leur habilete etait grande de sorte quenous etions saisis d'admiration. (表结果)Nous etions surpris au point que nous nepouvions dire un mot. (表结果)21、mais/seulment(可是)cependant/pourtant/néanmoins/toutefois/par contre(尽管...可是) alore que(conj.而，却、当)eg:Vous pouvez allez le voir,seulment ne restez pastrop longtemps. Au lieu que (conj.非但不...反而＋subj./而)eg: Au lieu qu'il selaisse intimider pas les diffcultés, il les affronte courageusement. / Au lieu deprendre l'avion,nous prendrons le train.22、avoir lieu, en premier lieu23、à tout le /au /du moins+倒装/不倒装(至少)eg: Il a été reçu premier, du moins ille pretend24、à moins que+subj.(除非)sans que(没有，不，除非，尽管没有，无须)25、si ce n'est que(要不是，除非)(注意)Ta journée a été longue,il n'en reste pas moins que tu dois terminer tes devoirs.=Bien que ta journée ait été longue,tu dois terminer tes devoirs.=tu dois terminer tes devoirs alors que la journée a étélongue.26、ne...pas moins/n'en...pas(仍然是)eg:Bien que...il n'en est pas moins.../ lelentmain,ma decision n'etait pas moins ferme. /quand même/tout de même27、d'ailleurs/du reste/en outre(而且), outre que(besides ,in addition to), par-dessus le marché(此外，另外),de plus, aussi bien(况且)eg: Je ne veux pas y aller,aussi bien est-il trop tard.28、n.+bon/ meiller marché, à bon/ meilleur marché(adv.)29、en tant que/ être(作为)30、ne...ni...ni eg: Il n'y en a ni plus ni moins.31、sans...ni eg: Du th"e, S.V.P sans sucre ni lait.32、soit...soit... (或此或彼)33、ou...ou... (表强调)eg: Ce sera ou vous ou moi.(不是你就是我) / Ou l'amour ou lahaine en est la cause.34、antôt...tantôt...(一会...一会)35、avoir failli+inf.(险些，差点)prèsque(几乎，差不多)36、à propos de / en function de (关于.../根据...),en ce qui concerne / quant à / àl'egard de (关于), en conｆｒｏｍité de (根据), vu / attendu (鉴于), concernant(关于), suivant(根据), touchant(关于)37、en matière de (关于，论及，在...方面), se rapporter(与...有关) au sujet de(关于，对于), à raison de(按照，根据...)38、à part de cela (apart from that) / excepté (que)/ à l'exception de (除...之外)/ outre(prep.除...之外)/ sauf que(除...之外,只是), sauf cas...(除了...的情况)eg: Ellemis à part la figure,est une inconne pour lui.39、de plus en plus / peu à peu(渐渐地), de temps en temps (不时地), de moins enmoins, de jour en jour(日益)40、de porte en porte(挨家挨户), de loin en loin(adv.相隔很远/很久) de suite(adv.连续地)41、plus ou moins(或多或少) au moins / tout au plus42、à point(正好) / à temps (及时) / à l'heure43、au moyen de / par le moyen de (用...方法)eg: Il n'a pas les moyens de s'offrirla voiture qu'il aime.=La voiture dont il rêve est trop chère pour lui.44、dès lors / dèsormais=dorénavant / dès demain dès que / lors que=quand, lorsmême que(even when), lors de eg: lors de son mariage(when he was married) dès que(as soon as)45、sinon / autrement / sana quoi (否则，更加，不一样的)46、à se moment, à ce moment là / alors (那时)47、non seulement...mais encore...(不但...而且) non seulement...mais aussi...48、par imposspble / si par hasard / une fois que+虚拟式/ au cas où+条件式/ venir à(万一)49、dans près / sous près(adv. 不久以后), (un) peu près(过了一会)/ tout à l'heure50、par rapport à(与...相比) en regard(adv.对照) en comparasion de (对...而言)51、sous le rapport de (在...方面/ 从...方面，角度) en fait de (关于，说到，在...方面) au regard de (对...而言)52、tandis que (当...时候，然而，而)53、tant...que (只要...就)54、tant bis / tant mieux。
法语 tcf新机经
2009年4月以后法语TCF新机经广州12月30号考试归来听力的！就是一个女人和一个男人在办公室，要选D 我能帮你什么吗？可是我在想答案的时候时间已经过了``真的很遗憾！另外我也只考了三百多分，感触最深的就是题目很新颖，和我们平时做的练习差好多。
听力还有直接选取新闻联播！我只记得阅读有：“16岁到22岁的，你们想知道你们的未来吗？有怎样的规划吗？。
”类似一则广告，问题：这是对谁发布？我是选孩子的父母！因为答案有成年人，青少年，未成年人还有篇阅读是说鸟，说这种鸟很有头脑，这是一个教学机构的广告，说在这里学习的孩子就像这种鸟一样聪明，。
题目：用鸟来比喻这里学习的孩子是怎样的？1 热情的2有活力的3聪明的还有个答案忘记了，语法很简单！12月11号TCF 327分北京题太难了，听力有个男的帮女的收拾文件的，还有个大楼，下面全是车的，让选交通堵塞吧，阅读碰上了烧地种葡萄的，还有法国年轻人找工作的过程那个。
09.12.7 武汉考完分数不高听力280 语法350 阅读450 总分370 个位数省去无关痛痒坐我旁边的一位美女同学3部分分数：400+ 600+ 400+ 总分就不说了。
我听力不行只能确定一些简单的：情侣约会，女的说一起吃晚饭可以吗？选C'est une bonne idee!男的问女的，这辆车去不去valence,女的说不知道，后面没听清楚，但是问题很简单，问男的要去哪里，选valence一个人采访另一个人，问他是的职业是什么，然后有听到reporter photographe，选journaliste记者，而不是photographe 摄影师两个人一段对话后问他们在说什么,选mariage婚礼语法和阅读看下面的几经吧，很强悍的几经，后悔没看上个四五遍总结下这次考试我的一点点经验吧：1.想阅读得高分，多记单词。
2.之前看准考证上面的考试时间是两个半小时，以为就是考TEF了，一直在看TEF的几经，后来中介说除非法国人都是属猪的，才会让中国的学生从考试时间来判断考试的类型，考前的晚上才看了一下TCF几经，考完证明，我运气好碰到一份十分强悍的几经，只是我很多没有记住。
TCF
2011-2012TCFQ口语问题机经汇总大全此机经为2011-2012年两年TCFQ考试出现的口语问题，经移友回忆整理汇总，，因TCFQ 口语部分题型在各个法盟的考试中都频繁出现，故此口语机经整理不按照时间来整理。
部分内容可能有不准确之处，部分内容有移友的答案, 仅作为参考以了解TCFQ口语问题，切记不能迷信机经。
版本1;1. 你去旅行之前都往箱子里面放什么2. 你最后一个节日怎么度过的3. 询问考官最好的游览魁北克paysage的方式4. 你认为高科技对生活的影响是什么5. 你认为信息爆炸是好的吗6. 你认为le continent a uneidentité fort?版本2：1,介绍国家2,想去哪里旅游3,咨询法语课程4,人们是否应该至少学习一门外语5,更多时间工作还是更多时间学习6,面对如今信息爆炸，如何筛选版本3：1. 杭州天气如何，下雨了木有。
有点热，是吧，多少度啊？2. 记忆中很重要的一次fete （我说了我的结婚典礼，面官说：你认为重要么？我说：biensur, j'aitouvemonhomme de ma vie).3. 与面官讨论健身活动，要一些参加健身的建议4. 去一个地方旅游，需要提前知道什么5. 在一个新地方生存，必要条件是什么, 我回答l'argentest le plus important. 面官鄙视我了，说：oubliel'argent, sivous plait.... les autres?6. 随着国际化的进程，语言越来越普及，有可能导致文化的缺失么。
我说语言只是文化的一面，文化还包含了其他，比如说:lamusique, l'alimentation....，meme si我们现在在中国越来越多的人都说英文，可是来到中国的外国人还是很喜欢吃川菜。
版本4：1，今天天气怎样2，描述一下你居住的小区3，了解别人移民到别的国家的情况，提问4，人们应该从多少岁开始拥有手机5，金钱等于幸福吗（不记得题目，基本是这意思）6，怎么平衡传统的和现代的。
中国民航飞行学院自考题试题 2010 年 管理学和航空维修管理
1、“管理是一种艺术”，这个命题强调的是（）A、管理是综合性B、管理是实践性C、管理的层次性D、管理的具体性2、“任何组织都必须以某种权利作为基础，才能实现目标，只有权利，才能变混乱为秩序。
”反映这一观点的理论是？3、“人际关系学说”创建的基础点？4、组织外部环境中不确定性高，对组织管理者挑战最大环境是？5、计划工作程序的第一步是？6、某服装厂兼并一家纺织厂，此种战略形势属于？7、传统的程序化决策制定中最普通和最为盛行的技术是？8、汽车、家电的生产所采用的生产技术形式是？9、被称为“斯隆模型”的组织结构是？10、分权制组织的特点？11、管理者所能进行的组织变革领域是？12、人员分配制的特点？13、法约尔认为对小型工业企业的领导来说，最重要的能力是？14、管理方格图中“管理者极少关心人或生产”属于？A、1.1型管性B、9.9管理性C、5.5管理性D、1.9管理性15、在团队发展的震荡阶段，团队成员表现为？A、高度凝聚性B、协作未形成规范C、协作形成规范D、团队融合性强16、客观障碍？17、麦克莱兰的激励需要理论认为人的三种基本需要是？18、能够衡量企业营业成本，各项费用获利水平的指标是？19、营业比率？20、面向资本市场的管理信息系统是？A、价值管理系统的财务21、管理的二重性？22、战略管理特点？23、管理层次与管理宽度关系？24、集权程度的特征？`25、下列关于控制的说法正确的有？名词解释26指明目标原理？27沟通？28前馈控制29、投资报酬控制法？30、数据挖掘？31、指出管理过程学派的创始者，并要说明学派的基本观点？32、简要说明例行问题及处理例行问题的特点？33、简述管理工作中应如何当地限制职能职权？34、简要说明主管的优缺点？35、试述团队发展的主要阶段及其特点？36、扬帆公司规定，从基层领导开始，各级管理者应当每月向他们各自的上级提出一份自认为对上级考虑问题具有重要意义的简明的叙述性的报告，还规定直线组织中的下级管理者应同他们的上级定期召开会议，讨论他们提出的问题应该如何解决。
TCF2011年3月16日机经回忆
TCF机经回忆2011年3月16日上午考点是C开头的，那个考点的工作人员应该不会高兴的我考到的是TCF，结果是B2里面的孙山= =…RP大爆发，呵呵….秉承百度文库的“前人栽树，后人乘凉”的优秀传统。
听力（不是按照顺序来）：1.丈夫陪妻子逛街，丈夫跟在妻子身后，手提购物袋un sac，听到falner dans les magasin 问最符合情景的一句话。
Monsieur…suit la femme avec les achats…2.在一个厨房里，男的要帮女的做什么事，女的先是拒绝了，说自己来就行，merci，后来男的又建议另外一项帮忙，女的说si vous voulez 什么的，然后merci .我选elle accept…et remerci3.一男一女讨论电影，男生说剧本scenario不错，女生说音乐和表演都不好，男的对音乐也表示不赞同。
问他们都不喜欢什么，答la musique4.一位男士陪一位女士购物，男士对女士有意购买的物品称赞其couper很好而且很优雅，女士说好是好，但是只适合une soirée我所遇到的题目选项有A .boucle d’oreille B .lunettes C .pantalon D. Robe 说实话这道题本身的争议不应该那么大的，在我看来，讲一件物体的couper很好，绝对是纺织物，不可能是什么以前机经里讲的chaussures。
就像英语里面讲cutting很好，就是说剪裁很好，再加上说用于une soirée ，也不可能是只是一个晚上，而是讲一个晚会或晚宴，那么pantalon怎么会对于女士来说适宜用于晚会呢？地球人都知道晚宴女士应该穿robe，这是交际的惯例和基本的礼仪。
因此，我没有像以往的机经里选的pantalon，尽管我知道很多机经都建议选它，但我还是跟从自己的判断，选了robe。
建议各位自行斟酌判断，这点时间还是有的。
机经整理
Tcf 机经整理Compréhension orale图题1 1 vendeur assis derrière le guichet et un client debout devant le guichet.Tenez, voilà vos billets.2 une photo d’un quartierc’est un quartier très animéil y a beaucoup de monde dans la rueil y a une colonne au bout de la rue3 une dame avec un garçon se promènent dans la ruela dame montre sa coiffure avec ses doigts‘elle te plaît , ma nouvelle coiffire?’ou bie n ‘comment trouve-tu ma nouvelle coiffure ?4 quel temps va-t-il faire demain ?on entend pas mal d’informations dérangeantes.Par exemple les glacier en mois de septembre etcMais le demain, il fera beau.5 a quelle heure la réunion , c’est un peu comme l’exercice qu’on a fait dans le livre 250 ;un couple se parle. La dame demande à son mari d’aller emmener les enfants à l’école. Parce qu’elle a rendez-vous demain.Là aussi , il y a des informations dérangeantes. Donc il faut être très attentif, la réunion est prévue pour neuf heures.6 Où se trouve la poste ?au fond une question simple , il faut trouver la bonne réponse , mais pas n’importe quoi7 demander l’addresse exacte d’un lieuil faut être très attentif , parce que on parle des halls etc des pièges8je suis très fatigué, est-ce que je peux m’asseoir un peubien sûr reposez-vous9un entretien entre un jeune qui cherche du travail et un employeurle jeune qu’il vient de terminer ses étudesla quelle des affirmations suivantes est vrai ?le jeune a beaucoup de temps librela réponse il souhaite traviller à plein temps , ce n’est pas correct, parce qu’il dit qu’il veut travailler à mi-temps10généalogieil a une dame et un monsieur , tous les deux savants mais dans deux domaines différents. Pourquoi la dame est passionnée par cette disciplineJ’ai choisi parce qu’elle aime bien voyager beaucoup et rencontrer beaucoup de gens11pourquoi le jeune veut –il aller dans un endroit ? (je n’ai pas pu retenu le nom du lieu ? ) parce q u’il veut s’acheter une maison12deux jeune filles se parlent. Pour décider où aller faire de la natationla jeune fille n’aime pas aller nager, parce qu’elle craint que l’eau du lac doit gelée.13un dialogue entre deux jeunes filles , une d’entre elles vient de se coiffer. L’autre lui donne des compliments.La réponse doit être que la dame pense que cette coiffure la rajeunit.14on parle des expositions à la mairiela réponse exposer les œuvres des jeunes peintres dans le salon15on parle des textes pour les jeunes , la lecture des jeunesla réponse on ne peut pas accabler le’s jeunes par les textes trop longs16téléphoneun jeune et une femme se parlent au téléphonele jeune va bientôt déménager et il demande les informations concernant la résiliatio du contrat téléphoniquela réponsele monsieur voudrais résilier le contrat17téléphoneun jeune souhaite installer sa ligne téléphonique mais il ne peut pas pour l’instantparce que les travaux ne sont pas encore achevés18le livreun homme cheche un livre sur les filmréponse il cherche des livres sur les réalisateurs connus19les enfants et leurs idolesil faut faire attention que les enfants se sous-estimer par rapports à leurs idoles20que pensez-vous des aliments génétiquement modifiésje ne mange que des produits saines et naturels21un couple se parle d’un ton pas doux même fâchéle jeune veut que se femme respecte son travail alors que la femmeréponsepense qu’il naturel qu’il fasse un effort22des bijoux dans les vitrines,j’aimerais bien avoir un de ces bijoux23deux caféjulie etcque font les amisjouer aux cartesstructures de la langue1 à raison d’une enquête minutieuse, un réseau de .. . a été démantelé.2 je pars pour Mosou dans huit jours.3 J’ai rencontré mon copain hier dans un bar. ( à peu près )j’ai conne le mien il y a 5 ans.4je viendrais à condition qu’il fasse beau5pouvu qu’il puisse venir ; sinon, ils ne peuvent se concentrer que dans 15 jours.6Redoute qu’elle ait été7Quoiqu’il fasse bien8Je n’aiment p as ces deux films. Ce sont deux films pour lesquels je ne ferai pas de publicité. 9Il faut qu’ils semblent être en forme.10 A la suite des pluies, des inondation11Un porpose qch,L’autre répond poliment , ‘non, merci12les copains regardent ensemble les photos.Paul peut porter préjudice àtout , chaque aucun13les femmes ont changé leur statut dans la sociétégrâce à professionnalisationles contraceptions ont en effet favorisé cette tendance.14si + présent15transformer discours directs en discours indirectpassé composéplus que parfait16il a vouluapercevant la queur devant la tour eiffel, il s’est contenté de regarder en bas.17en éteignant la lumière en sortant, vous faites un geste pour18votre attention , s’il vous plaît, les cl ients sont attendus à la sortiecompréhension écrite1 un texte un peu comme celui montré dans le livre blanc ;une personne invite son ami pour les vacances ,question quelle est la nature de cet articleune lettre2 passage piéton souterrain4 les bijoux d’une dame a été cambriloé6000 euros de bijoux5 la police a arrêté le vendeur6 un texte qui parle de responsabilités des hôteliers si les clients ont perdu leurs affaires ou leur argent des l’hôtelprésente le justificatif de valeur de cet objet7espèces il faut prouver qu’elles étaient dans la chambre8 mode d’emploi d’un radiateuril faut pas l’utiliser pour sécher9 critiquescritiques de l’art pictural10trop conformiste aveugle11 vaccin gratuit s’addresseaux majeurs plus de 18 ans12 conciergegratification du travail bénévole13 la recherche du personnel pose des problèmes quand le quartier n’est pas très bienlaisse à désirer14ce site a été bien conservé15ce qui passionne le plus les jeunes,c’est le métier de repor ter photographe16en une certaine mesure , le succès des reporter dépend en partiedes chances17à cause de forte pluie18 incendie feu19se sentiment qui domine le textedéçu , triste , haine , perdu2030Eurosloueur de voitures21 l’augmentatio n de la délinquence dans le métro est préoccupanteon s’inquiète pour les agressions qui augmentent dans le métro21tel jour et tel jour le ferme plus tôt , ouvre comparer tout simplement les horaires22à la suite d’un décès d’un garçon23la loi puni la collectivité si elle ne justifie pas son choix24poupéepeut présenter des risques de25qussi interactif que les peluches。
tef机经整理2011-2014-4.28(1)
1、广播里说：超市门口1）、第一题放的对象选mal garé，让一辆车移走（se deplacer）2）、可以免费停前2个小时# 超市停车2、机经：卢浮宫Louvre的画，一个女人采访男人1）低估了画的价值（sous-estimer）2）画了个老人（homme xieil）3）在卢浮宫展出（exposer）3、机经：医院招志愿者1、petit annonce2、选什么人做测试bon sante3、谁会感兴趣volontaire4、机经：未来旅游的趋势1、未来人们是？选项有：temp多钱不多2、未来大家趋向于去哪旅行？campagne3、虚拟的旅行virtuellement4、选最后一个prix 、qualite5、图表题：几个国家一个星期的工作时间，左边配了幅图一个人在扫地，右边是横条型图表。
排第一工作时间最长的是Grece（希腊），40小时好像，最短的是法国，好像是25小时。
答案我都忘鸟~1、问图说的什么？选项很绕人，有说是他们一周休息时间的图（陷阱）2、针对两个国家（一个是35.6一个是35.8小时）又提问鸟~3、针对整个图提问，选项有这些国家工作时间分布在25到40之间，我选的这个4、6、开头Recherche 寻物启事第一题un avis de recherche第二题问目的récupérer7、圆形饼图题：欧洲中小企业雇员的那个图（PME公司的图题）PME(petites et moyennes entreprises)意思为中小企业，500人一下的企业雇佣刚毕业的学生，挺简单的，看图肯定能做出来了，recruter les jeunes diplômés图是一个大饼，分为几块，是每一种公司里有jeunes的比例。
其中最大的一部分是40%多，但看清楚，后面注明的是l'entreprise plus de 500 salariés：1、travailler2、édudiants3、PME公司雇用最多la majorite8、招聘志愿者第一题petit annonce第二题bonne santé第三题volontaire9、G组织第一题问这是个什么组织，选B，学生帮助出狱的人。
tcf
TCF 网上模拟地址：/cms/chaine-francophone/enseigner-apprendre-francais/TCF-FLE/ p-6817-Accueil-TCF.htm最新机经：tcf回忆首先总结下考试,听力还是很重要很重要,因为本人听力本来就不好,加上听力不是短时间能够快速提高的,所以考试的时候还是听力拖了后腿,不过我觉得曹老师的听力6部法还是很好的,特别是对听力的整体理解,所以再没有时间也要坚持去做,虽然我知道这很难做到= =.听力我没有做到图片题,这让我很郁闷,考到的几经也不太多,所以听力作出来很不理想1.打电话给xx女士，je vous la passe.2.一女的穿衣服,向男的咨询,问男的干吗,提供建议.3.打电话要求向经理借游泳池.4一男一女出去旅游,女的要开车,男的不原意,最后妥协了,问男的最后如何,选开车去.5.一顾客向经理抱怨服务,问经理干吗.选calmer le client语法我做到的语法都很简单,只要老师上课讲的那些掌握了基本没什么问题有一些固定搭配(auquels) je fais reference(dont) nous dependontcommencer (a)那道accessible en cinq languagesje suis content (de m'etre inscrit) dans cette universite.....xxxx euros,si vous avez (la monnaie)电影吸引了很多人,il remport (plus de)....ou词汇的有3道也都是几经上的分别是gaz (ténu)....e上有小标,还有那道provoquant的il fut (conspue)阅读1图书馆给孩子一张卡答案是les enfants sont disponible de 很多种类的书2那道某个菜谱书的广告，和几经一样选了又simple的那项3左边是个帆船，说法国怎么怎么样，选nautique4某个东西的说明书，我也选了b，选按bouton 再按touche5说一个人很喜欢看各种电影问为什么喜欢看电影我不太确定，选了能使他忘记souci6有femme cadre 选在administration commec7虎兄虎弟，选了la separation et la retrouvaille des deux tigre8鸽子pigeon那篇，选rendre les oeufs improductifs9一封邮件，说快地公司寄的东西晚到了，要求像他朋友得到赔偿一样得到补偿选obtenir un dedommagement10date limit de demander un conge pendant la vacance d'ete，要求去找madamexx 问是写给谁的选employes11一个petit annonce 说提供照顾小孩的服务，选s'occuper des enfants12留言说finir de taper le contrat，选terminer un travail13城市摄像头也有做到了，但是文章好像是说这些摄像头并没有降低犯罪的效果，但答案选什么我也不太确定，还是自己斟酌14照看猫那道问得是这文章是写给那些人qui souhaite，我选了nourrir le chat15一个人写信抱怨城市里的自行车停放点全都被摩托车占据了，答案就是这个16政府取消了原定的地铁增加线路的计划也考到了，我就选了几经的答案：reserver au velo17一个体育部长反兴奋剂那道也考到了，我选的是etendre aux tous les sports这句是文章的最后一句话，但整篇文章都是再将兴奋剂对比赛不公正，所以contre legalemant 也有道理，自己斟酌19蚊子苍蝇等对人类有益的，这道我选了decouvrir scientifique 几经上是说exposition educative 还有个答案是magazine specialise 我在这3个中徘徊20夏天快到了，带上vos papier到mairie去问这个要告诉人们什么？选renouveler la passeportTCF语法Au pres ____je vous passé...A.auquelB.duquelC.lequelD.忘记了、选B吧考试不及格recalter 考前刚看哈哈阅读前面简单的不提了。
TCF机经总结
一听力1学校大门口站着很多学生，手里拿着毕业证书选（diplomer）4一个男孩被雨淋湿了，他需要弄干他的衣服（secher）5一个人在介绍公司的运行状况是表现在一个图标上的（le graphque）6冬天窗上结霜了（givree）11男女相约喝咖啡。
选D cafeteria12 2个女孩坐在跷跷板上选：rentrer de lecole14 一群人在广场上，有一个画家在画画。
问最符合情景的一句话。
答案是给一个女人画肖像画（la femme de portrait）17〉电梯(ascenseur)坏了,必须走楼梯,这题要选:走楼梯(escalier)18〉有一群人,有水池,有冷餐桌,问他们在干什么,答案选buffet22〉沙滩上有一个小男孩和他的母亲，母亲在晒太阳,小男孩的汽球ballon掉到mer里了,小男孩想要妈妈帮他捡(ramasser)球。
23〉一个树桩(souche)，上面有年轮(cerne),希望大家把这两个词查出来，以免听不懂，答案选arbre.28〉一男人问一女人：这辆车去Valence（一开始就出现需要好好听地点）么？女的说不知道去问管理员把。
问这个男人要去那？答案是Valence。
applaudir鼓掌practiciper d’ete适合夏天，语言结构2.……有银行存款(avoir des dépts bancaires)，“但”不满意,选择“但”pourtant。
5.妈妈向别人求助，说我的孩子每天坐到电视机面前很久，问该怎么办。
题干中有“télévision pendant des heures”，23. àtel point que，que 从句动词使用直陈式，意思是“到了那样的地步，以致”、“那样地……终于”。
〉〉注意.au lieu de〉Etre 的简单过去式fus〉je crain que+虚拟〉au cas ou+条件（万一）注意chiffre(阿拉伯数字；密码；总额)\numero（号码；节目）\nombre（数）的区别〉在世纪之前用什么介词---au〉考点是tandis que，（然而，只要…就；在….时）〉〉àpeine 后要加倒装〉outre（除了还有…；不理睬）；和en outre（而且加句子）；Si bien que从句动词使用虚拟式的时候，意为“即使……也……”。
法语 TEF新机经
2009年3月以后法语TEF机经2009年12月TEF 机经一点点阅读，伤了分好低不提了因为我没意识到TEF的题目是简单- 难- 简单一共50题看到30多的时候已经肝胆俱裂，加上那个“下一题”的按钮又极度不灵敏，我一直猛戳它，以至于明显感到监考人在我背后放杀气……我戳到30多就没继续了……结果完全没看到最后几道极为送分的题！阅读有很多告示牌，广告稍后奉上考前找的资料考试遇到了naître annonce出生公告找“HOMME NONFUMEUR”的试药广告（薪水好高！）答案是“bonne sante”长点的阅读是有个海底石油隧道的还有Mont-Saint-Michel的一篇，气死我了为了准备考试我没去看有关Mont-Saint-Michel 得摄影展，看了我就知道它位于哪里什*么什*么的了。
总之我感觉就是那个山的概况吧。
题没看完……阅读就这样吧……听力一开始听的我老泪纵横……太给面子了5个图晚礼服短裙衬衫套装毛衣对话说了4遍4题问对话中出现了什*么分别是晚礼服短裙衬衫套装5个图警匪宫廷美人鱼海边沙漠和上题一样警匪宫廷美人鱼沙漠问对于一件事每个人的态度怎么样事情是“奶奶节”还是老人节啥的忘了不影响一个老太太高兴惨了两个中年男子都是带孩子给老太太过节的一个老头反响平淡不过还是同意一个年轻女子没听说过一个老头不高兴很多很多题是“听没听到所读的句子”我听了好多题就发现，没听到的几乎都是错误的句子长对话放弃了一个一个是说一个人家整出了一副画很贵，没有确切估价，但是有个价格范围，以后要被卢浮宫收藏还是啥的最后一部分HIGH死了Je m'apelle......把JE掐了让我选……各种简单的……不说了……难得就是:我动词变位词尾记得很混乱，结果一个句子掐了动词四个变好位的让选……同学们！好好背！特别是条件和虚拟！附：1. 告示牌，SIGNAL D’ALARM———dans le train。
TCFC-1500行进式稳流冷却机培训教材
TCFC行进式稳流冷却机培训教材编制：校对：审核：天津水泥工业设计研究院有限公司中天仕名科技集团有限公司热工分公司2009年7月8日目录1、前言..................................................................................................... - 3 -2、技术性能............................................................................................. - 3 -3、基本构造特点..................................................................................... - 3 -4、工作原理............................................................................................. - 5 -5、操作说明............................................................................................. - 7 -5.1、安全操作.......................................................................................... - 7 -5.2、STAFF阀的调节............................................................................. - 8 -5.3、风机的操作...................................................................................... - 8 -5.4、控制系统.......................................................................................... - 9 -5.5、启动................................................................................................ - 10 -5.6、停机................................................................................................ - 10 -5.7、中控操作注意事项........................................................................ - 11 -6、巡检、检修和维护........................................................................... - 12 -6.1、岗位巡检........................................................................................ - 12 -6.2、润滑................................................................................................ - 13 -6.3、检修和维护.................................................................................... - 14 -6.4、故障与处理.................................................................................... - 16 -7、附录................................................................................................... - 17 -7.1、冷却机润滑表................................................................................ - 17 -7.2、1500TPD技术性能表........................................................... - 19 -7.3、运行次数设定表............................................................................ - 20 -~ - 2 - ~TCFC行进式稳流冷却机培训教材1、前言本教材主要介绍第四代TCFC行进式稳流冷却机的基本结构和工作原理、安全操作、维护和检修等要求。
2010.10年管理手册(B版)20121015
杭州东铁机械制造有限公司质量、环境、职业健康安全管理体系管理手册2009年7月7日发布2009年7月7日实施附加说明编制：审核：批准：目录0.1 颁布令 (1)0.2 一体化管理手册的管理要求 (2)0.3 公司概况 (3)0.4 任命书 (5)0.5 方针 (7)0.6 公司组织机构图 (9)1 范围 (10)2 引用标准 (10)3 术语和定义 (11)4 一体化管理体系 (13)4.1 总要求 (13)4.2 文件要求 (13)4.2.1 总则 (13)4.2.2 公司管理体系文件的构成及其关系图 (14)4.2.3 管理手册 (14)4.2.4 文件控制 (15)4.2.5 记录控制 (15)5 管理职责 (16)5.1 管理承诺 (16)5.2 以顾客及相关方为关注焦点 (16)5.3 一体化管理方针 (16)5.4 策划 (17)5.5 职责、权限和沟通 (20)5.6 管理评审 (26)6 资源管理 (28)6.1 资源提供 (28)6.2 人力资源 (28)6.3 基础设施 (29)6.4 工作环境 (30)7 产品实现 (30)7.1 产品实现的策划 (30)7.2 与顾客有关的过程 (31)7.3 设计和开发 (32)7.4 采购 (35)7.5 生产和服务提供 (37)7.6 监视和测量设备的控制 (41)7.7 职业健康安全和环境运行控制 (42)7.8 应急准备和响应 (42)8 测量、分析和改进 (43)8.1 总则 (43)8.2 监视和测量 (44)8.2.1 顾客满意 (44)8.2.2 内部审核 (44)8.2.3 过程的监视和测量 (45)8.2.4 产品监视和测量 (46)8.2.5 环境、职业健康安全绩效的监测和测量 (47)8.3 不合格品、不符合项、事故、事件的控制 (47)8.4 数据分析 (49)8.5 改进 (50)9 产品一致性 (51)9.1 一致性的控制 (51)9.2 关键元器件的控制 (51)10 安全文明生产 (51)10.1 文明生产 (51)10.2 安全生产 (51)附录一程序文件清单 (52)附录二管理体系职责分配表 (54)0.1 颁布令杭州东铁机械制造有限公司一体化管理手册，是依据GB/T19001-2008 《质量管理体系要求》，GB/T24001-2004 《环境管理体系要求及使用指南》和GB/T28001-2001《职业健康安全管理体系规范》三个标准，并结合公司实际情况制定的，阐述了公司的管理方针，对公司的质量、环境和职业健康安全一体化管理体系做了具体描述，是指导公司实施质量、环境、职业健康安全一体化管理的纲领性文件和行动准则。
3.4 tcf 机经
听力1图片，一男三女围圆桌，男在屏幕上方，手中拿文件:ben,on commence la reunion.2.图片，公交车上老太太指着一女士旁边的空座位:est ce que je peux m' asseoir la？干扰项:“我可以带我的猫进去吗”3 空白题有人愿意周x晚去cinema看xx电影吗？选cest une tres bonne idee on y va4 一女去商店买东西，男服务员推荐某商品，女说不喜欢，男说是习惯问题。
最后出现une paire de xx答案有chausettes， chaussures， gants， lunettes5 safran题，见笔记6空白题 est ce que je peux parler a monsieur？选 pas ,oui,ne v quittez pas7一男一女说话，男有点生气，说我下班后又买菜又打扫，女的很不在意，问女对男干活怎么想选C她认为很正常。
a b分别有apprecier admirer d是对让男的干活感到genee。
8关于某某城市地下水管工程的，背景一直有水声（小溪潺潺），能听到fontaine这个词，选这个很古老的工程到现在还在部分地区使用着9听着像奥朗德的声音,10一男很激昂，能听到europeen ,nationalisme第一题这个discours主题是啥？选反对nationalisme这项。
第二演讲者建议怎样做选带moral那项大意是做决定时考虑moral有利于促进和平11女孩收拾东西，她妈妈让她别忘了各种东西，有livre这个词，女孩有点不耐烦，最后一句是我需要一条新pantalon，答案arentree scolaire 其他还有voyage d 'affaires12男说我可以预定2人餐桌吗？选bien sur 这个意思13男问秘书，某天的会议准备好了吗？女秘书说准备好了，不过monsieurXX.遇到greve aerienne，男很担忧。
TCF机经
听力听力收集一1.图片：售票处内墙上有火车画面。
选Tenez, votre billet 。
2.图片：很多人，院子里还有一个水池(une piscine)。
A：游泳比赛开始了。
C 里好像有récr éation一词。
D里有s’asseoir一词的变位。
选：请大家坐下。
3.图片：丈夫陪妻子逛街购物,丈夫跟在妻子身后拎着好多东西(un sac)，手提购物袋。
有flner dans les magasins(逛商店)和sac。
4.图片：年轮题,一条河旁边有一棵很大很粗的树。
树干(tronc)被砍(être scié)了一半，唯剩根部(racine)，依稀可见一点点看到年轮(un cerne,un cercleannuel,un anneaudebois)的。
这幅图应该和环保（protéger l’environnement, sauvegarder l’environnement, respecter l’environnement）有关。
D5.图片：一男一女走在路上，在讲话。
女的摸自己的头发，说自己头发乱了(une coiffure en coup de vent, défaire une coiffure)。
听到有个词是coiffure是正确答案6.图片：饭店点菜题，一个男顾客，一个男服务生：选C 有commander的选项7.图片：一个露天的酒吧或者咖啡吧，有太阳伞和很多圆桌，当然还有很多人。
一个近距离的特写：一个男的在一群人当中画一个女孩的肖像：选C 有portrait8.图片：其中一幅图是一栋房子的后花园，有很多人似乎在开小型派对(unefête,une partie)。
选含有jardin一词的选项。
9.图片：塑料污染，有一幅图是把白色塑料(plastique blanc)扔进河里，造成水污染。
问题是：如何解决污染问题。
选择的答案是：增强意识(conscience)，然后使用可以回收的(récupérable)材料。
保险公司规模经济的实证研究——基于TCF函数分析
保险公司规模经济的实证研究——基于TCF函数分析
高蓉蓉
【期刊名称】《贵州财经大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2013(000)006
【摘要】进入新世纪以来,我国的保险业发展迅猛,保险深度和保险密度不断提高.随着保险公司以及分支机构数目的增加,目前国内保险公司都非常注重扩张各自的经营规模,以拓展市场份额为首要任务.保险公司的规模扩张和保险经营绩效是否存在必然的联系呢?运用TCF(超越对数成本)函数,选取了11家具有代表性的人寿保险公司,运用2001-2010年的相关经营数据,实证分析了我国保险业规模经济效应,并对实证结果进行了分组的对比探索.实证结果表明我国保险业整体规模经济不显著,而且大公司的规模经营效率明显低于小规模保险公司,我国保险公司经营的垄断格局必须打破,尽快提高经营效率.
【总页数】4页(P48-51)
【作者】高蓉蓉
【作者单位】金陵科技学院商学院,江苏南京 211169;南京农业大学经济管理学院,江苏南京 210095
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F810.42
【相关文献】
1.保险公司规模经济的实证研究——基于TCF函数 [J], 高蓉蓉;
2.我国证券公司规模经济与范围经济的实证研究——考虑技术进步、利率及通货膨胀的影响 [J], 薛云
3.基于TCF函数的银行规模经济的实证研究 [J], 吴起清
4.基于TCF函数的银行规模经济的实证研究 [J], 高蓉蓉;盖锐
5.基于TCF模型的保险公司规模经济的实证检验 [J], 徐宏玲;李双海
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一直以为考TEF，于是在家把TEF的机经都看了……几乎没有看TCF……没想到就这么不幸又幸运的考了TCF……
后来知道是TCF，狂喝水……好渴……
2010年6月8日上海武夷路考点上午TCF
Revenon a nos montons:
听力
1.老奶奶问路（二级题）后面两个是一级题去
2.给妈妈送礼物（Bonne anniversaire）（图片）
3.女的在火车上，叫男的帮忙搬行李（图片）
4.天气晴朗的在北方
5.有个男孩咨询学生卡，然后办这个学生卡为了吃饭和交通，这个学生卡需要填啥东西，
问男孩要啥？
6.有个courrier，explication，挣扎啊……之前有机经说是explication，但是貌似没有听到
解释啊……
但是后来貌似听到采访了，估计自己做上了四级，于是很高兴，后面的五六级题就在乱选
语法
非常简单，智商没有问题的话做对18道应该没有问题
1.Il faut regarder
2. a condition que nous poussions……
3.mener au bateau
太简单了，简单到想不起来……也没有必要机经了……
阅读
1.drole……acteur……在哪里看到？
2.约会时间，周一到周五上午（除周三）
3.一个飞机，问什么东西或者活动是要付钱的?
4.一个Mamie写的一封邮件，问是写给谁的？
5.斑马题……遇到的同学自己看吧，很明显的不是所谓的环境保护……
6.一个电影院改装成Musee了吧，问它的特色是什么？
7.欧洲最高峰的高度在变化（不是长高哦），它哪天变成深谷也有可能哦……问这篇东西
讲了啥？
8.邻居之间都很漠然……选个题目……比较难
9.agent immobilier 怎样？也难，好多生词
10.一个演员要重返舞台，但是他一直犹豫，为啥？
11.恶之花，看了一遍，觉得还是诗歌，但是最后斟酌了下想到那么多权威人士都说是日记，
算了，还是选日记吧……但是我还是持保留态度……
12.最后一篇没有看：太长了，就是说想象下这个社会没有人类会变成啥样？问这个是Conte
还是essai还是fiction……比较难，大家自己看吧，我也不知道该选啥
一共有三十篇阅读，只能想起这么多
哇，嘿嘿，快接近一半了……同一场考试的重复率比较高……
文章都非常短，做完还剩十分钟，不要太紧张，右下角的时间闪的好频繁，很影响……
补充：1. 考场较冷，多穿一些……
另外那个老师很废，不让你把衣服挂凳子上，偏要拿走，说你冷了再跟我说，我给你拿过来啊～……吐血，我考试时哪有心情和时间去跟你要衣服……还不让我放腿上，无奈只好穿起来……
2. 不管是TEF还是TCF，做题的时候还是相信自己吧，机经也有错……所以我还是不给答案了，以免误导大家……看了对选择造成了很大的干扰……
3. 不要看右上方自己的照片啊……我听力的时候就盯着看……咋拍的这样呢？
4. 有住宿需要的童鞋可以去新新招待所（才130～～最便宜的98一晚哦），千万别去那个蓝泰宾馆，要218，还很吵，后来付了80块钱赶快换宾馆……
今天6月9日，上午TEF，下午TCF，考TCF的同学说和我们那天考得完全不一样，还考到简单过去时，阅读考了很多细节，貌似比我们那天难好多……我们那天考试的三个同学都上了470……。