21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 第二册 Unit 8

教案授课单元Unit 8 Book 2本（章）节授课方式课堂讲授（√）实践课（）教学时数 6授课要点本（章）节教学目标1. master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for andgive reasons;2. understand the main ideas of Text A, Text B and Text C, and masterthe useful sentence structures and words and expressions foundin the exercises relevant to the first two texts3. know how to use the inverted order4. know how to write an email5. understand paragraph development教学重点和难点In the Listening and Speaking section, learn how to ask for and give reasons. In the Reading and Writing section, read three passages about science and technology. Text A was written at the turn of the 21st century and the writer predicted the top five scientific developments of the coming century. Text B concerns issues of safety that must be guaranteed when the frontier of science and technology is being pushed back. Text C deals with the issue of recycling.思考题或作业1. What do you think of the writer’s predictions about the 21st century? Use your imagination to discuss people’s lives in the future when the writer’s predictions may come true.2. Can you add more predictions to those of the writer? Make your own predictions to your classmates and see if any of them coincides with (与…不谋而合) your classmates.教学内容与组织安排1st period Text A (Global Reading)2nd period Text A (Detailed Reading)3rd period Grammar Review4th period Practical Writing5th period Text B6th period Improve Your Reading SkillsPart 1 Text A StudyBackground knowledge1) James TrefilAs an award-winning author and physicist, James Trefil has written more than 25 books on a range of science topics. He’s a contributor to National Public Radio and Smithsonian Magazine, and a physics professor at Virginia’s George Mason University, U.S.A.The 20th century produced scientific and technological change at a dizzying pace-greater than in any other century in history. But the 21st century, the dawn of the new millennium, may well see even more dramatic change driven by advances in science and technology.On these pages are my predictions for the top scientific developments we’ll see in the next 100 years, in the order I think they’ll happen.2) Modern Science (20th century)a. GeneticsAt the beginning of the 20th century, the life sciences entered a period of rapid progress. Mendel’s work in genetics was rediscovered in 1900, and by 1910 biologists had become convinced that genes are located in chromosomes, the threadlike structures that contain proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). During the 1940s American biochemists discovered that DNA taken from one kind of bacterium could influence the characteristics of another. From these experiments, it became clear that DNA is the chemical After American biochemist James Watson and British biophysicist Francis Crick established the structure of DNA in 1953, geneticists became able to understand heredity in chemical terms. Since then, progress in this field has been astounding. Scientists have identified the complete genome, or genetic catalog, of the human body (see Human Genome Project). In many cases, scientists now know how individual genes become activated and what effects they have in the human body. Genes can now be transferred from one species to another, side-stepping the normal processes of heredity and creating hybrid organisms that are unknown in the natural world (see Transgenic Organism).b. MedicineAt the turn of the 20th century, Dutch physician Christiaan Eijkman showed that disease can be caused not only by microorganisms but by a dietary deficiency of certain substances now called vitamins. In 1909 German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich introduced the world’s first bactericide, a chemical designed to kill specific kinds of bacteria without killing the patient’s cells as well. Following the discovery ofpenicillin in 1928 by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, antibiotics joined medicine’s chemical armory, making the fight against bacterial infection almost a routine matter. Antibiotics cannot act against viruses, but vaccines have been used to great effect to prevent some of the deadliest viral diseases. Smallpox, once a worldwide killer, was completely eradicated by the late 1970s, and in the United States the number of polio cases dropped from 38,000 in the 1950s to less than 10 a year by the 21st century.By the middle of the 20th century scientists believed they were well on the way to treating, preventing, or eradicating many of the most deadly infectious diseases that had plagued humankind for centuries. But by the 1980s the medical community’s confidence in its ability to control infectious diseases had been shaken by the emergence of new types of disease-causing microorganisms. New cases of tuberculosis developed, caused by bacteria strains that were resistant to antibiotics. New, deadly infections for which there was no known cure also appeared, including the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.In other fields of medicine, the diagnosis of disease has been revolutionized by the use of new imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Scientists were also on the verge of success in curing some diseases using gene therapy, in which the insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into a patient’s cells replaces nonfunctional or missing genes.Improved drugs and new tools have made surgical operations that were once considered impossible now routine. For instance, drugs that suppress the immune system enable the transplant of organs or tissues with a reduced risk of rejection (see Medical Transplantation). Endoscopy permits the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a wide variety of ailments using minimally invasive surgery. Advances in high-speed fiber-optic connections permit surgery on a patient using robotic instruments controlled by surgeons at another location. Known as telemedicine, this form of medicine makes it possible for skilled physicians to treat patients in remote locations or places that lack medical help.c. Social SciencesIn the 20th century the social sciences emerged from relative obscurity to become prominent fields of research. Austrian physician Sigmund Freud founded the practice of psychoanalysis, creating a revolution in psychology that led him to be called the “Copernicus of the mind.” In 1948 the American biologist Alfred Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which proved to be one of the best-selling scientific works of all time. Although criticized for his methodology and conclusions, Kinsey succeeded in making human sexuality an acceptablesubject for scientific research. The 20th century also brought dramatic discoveries in the field of anthropology, with new fossil finds helping to piece together the story of human evolution. A completely new and surprising source of anthropological information became available from studies of the DNA in mitochondria, cell structures that provide energy to fuel the cell’s activities. Mitochondrial DNA has been used to track certain genetic diseases and to trace the ancestry of a variety of organisms, including humans.d. Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island is an island in theSusquehanna River in Dauphin County,Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg, of area3.29 km2 (814 acres). The name is mostcommonly associated with an accident atthe Three Mile Island Nuclear GeneratingStation on March 28, 1979, when reactorTMI-2 suffered a partial core meltdown.No identifiable injuries due to radiation occurred (although a government report by L. Battist et. al. stated that “the projected number of excess fatal cancers due to the accident … is approximately one.”) It was, however, a serious economic and public relations disaster. It also furthered a serious decline in the public popularity of nuclear power.e. The Chernobyl AccidentThere have been different reports about the consequences of the accident. Two different versions have been presented below.In 1986, an explosion and fire at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, near Kiev, released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Nuclear fallout from the accident caused many health and environmental problems.Soviet officials claimed only 31 people died from the accident and about 200 were seriously injured. But in the early 1990’s, Ukrainian officials estimated that 6,000 to 8,000 people died as a result of the explosion and its aftermath. The disaster has caused high rates of cancer and other illnesses in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.Part 2. Text global reading1) Have you ever thought about how advances in science and technologymay change our world in a hundred years? Can you predict what people will be able to do then? Now talk to your classmates, make a list of the possible breakthroughs you can think of and discuss the ways people may make use of them.2. Reading AnalysisPart One Introductory remarks about predictions for the 21st century Part Two 5 predictionsPart 3. Detailed learning1. top: most important; best 最重要的；最好的eg. Ours is one of the world’s top engineering companies.2. breakthrough n. important development or discovery, esp. in scientific knowledge （尤指科学知识上的）重大进展(或发现)，突破eg. Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.eg. Breakthroughs in nuclear research have led to the development of nuclear bombs.3. technology n. (the study and knowledge of) the practical, esp. industrial, use of scientific discoveries 技术(学)，工艺(学)；工业技术eg. the Science and technology have caused major changes in the way we live.eg. Modern technology has opened our eyes to many things.4. millennium / /: n. period of 1,000 years 一千年，千年期eg. Ten decades are a century, and ten centuries are a millennium.eg. events which took place at the turn of the last millennium5. prediction: n. a statement about what is going to happen 预言，预测eg. His prediction is no better than a wild guess.eg. Many of his predictions are coming true.6. refine vt. remove impurities from (sth.), purify; improve (sth.) by removing defects and attending to detail 提炼，精炼；提纯；使变得完善eg. Oil must be refined before it can be used.eg. Engineers are working on developing and refining the car engines.eg. This theory still needs a little refining.7. extraordinary a. beyond what is ordinary; very unusual; remarkable不平常的，不普通的；非常的；特别的；非凡的eg. He’s the most extraordinary man I’ve ever met.eg. The man’s story was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not.8. die of: die because 因…而死；死于eg. She died of cancer two years ago.eg. The animals died of hunger in the snow.9. thanks to: because of, owing to 因为，由eg. Today, thanks to the Internet, you can do your Christmas shopping from home.eg. We had great success — thanks to a lot of hard work.eg. The baby is awake, thanks to your shouting10. damage :1). n. harm or destruction done to sb./sth. 损害；损坏；毁坏；破坏eg. The flood has caused a lot of damage.eg. Watching TV all the time may do damage to your eyes.2) vt. cause damage to 损害；损坏；毁坏eg. Smoking can severely damage your health.eg. The building has been severely damaged by fire.11. push sb. to do sth.: 催促某人做某事eg. My parents keep pushing me to get a good job.eg. They pushed him hard to take up science.12. effect n. result; influence 结果；效果；影响eg. To solve this problem, we must understand the relationship between cause and effect.eg. This drug can have a serious effect on one’s health.13. ecosystem /μEτσIσ7ϑEκ:ι5/: n. ecological unit consisting of a groupof plants and living creatures interacting with each other and with their surroundings 生态系统eg. All animals are important for maintaining a healthy ecosystem.14. complex /κ5Zσκελπμ/: a. difficult to understand or explain becausethere are many different parts 复杂的eg. a complex system of highwayseg. This is a very complex issue.eg. We have got a lot of complex problems to solve.15. in operation: (of a machine, etc.) working; (of a plan, activity,organized process) being carried out; active （机器等）工作中；运转着；（计划、活动、有组织的程序）实施中；起作用，生效eg. The nuclear reactor has been in operation since 1985.eg. Over 20 programmers are in operation to educate the young people in this country.eg. Is this rule in operation yet?16. and so on: and more of the same kind 等等eg. If you were brought to a completely new country for a long-term stay,eg. How would you cope with the language, the weather, the people, and so on?eg. There was quite a lot to eat at the dinner party. We had meat, fish, vegetables and so on.17. come full circle: return to the starting point after a series of events, experiences, etc. 兜了个圈子回到原处eg. Sooner or later, fashion comes full circle.eg. The Smiths have come full circle from wealth to poverty to wealth again.Part 4. Grammar learning倒装（Inversion）谓语全部或部分放在主语之前的语法现象称为倒装。