东华理工大学813材料科学基础2018年考研专业课真题试卷
2016-2018年华南理工大学827材料科学基础硕士研究生入学考试题
827华南理工大学2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：材料科学基础适用专业：材料科学与工程；材料工程(专硕)置换固溶体的溶解度与原子尺寸因素、（12 ）因素、的晶体结构类型为（13 ），它的晶格常数为时，体积会（15 ），这是因为（）面上运动的伯氏矢量为[110]2a b 的螺位错受阻时，能否通过交或(111)面中的哪个面上继续滑移运动？为什么？请绘图表示（共70分）、论述晶界和晶粒大小对多晶体塑性变形的作用和影响。
（10分）、金属结晶为什么要有过冷度？形核率与温度的关系如何？什么是金属玻璃？如何、下图所示为某晶体结构的几个晶面原子结构图，试回答以下问题：（共）绘出其晶体结构的晶胞图，并给出晶胞所占有的原子数。
（3分））指出其所属布拉菲点阵类型。
（2分））计算其致密度。
（3分）20钢的A c1=735o C，A c3=845 o C；T10钢的A c1=730o C，A钢供货状态（正火组织）硬度为HRC15~20，经淬火后的硬度只有827华南理工大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：材料科学基础适用专业：材料物理与化学根据铁碳相图，完成下列内容：（15分））写出下列线段的名称，GS，ES，PSK，CD）写出所有平衡转变反应式（要求写完整）；）写出Wc=0.65%的亚共析钢的亚稳态结晶过程，并计算室温时相的相对含量，827华南理工大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：材料科学基础适用专业：材料物理与化学如下图，某晶体的滑移面上有一个柏氏矢量b的位错环，并受到一个均匀的切应τ，请分析（共12分）：1）该错位环各段位错的结构类型。
（4分）2）求各段位错所受力的大小和方向。
桂林电子科技大学2018年《813材料科学基础(A)》考研专业课真题试卷
第1 页 共2 页 桂林电子科技大学2018年考研专业课真题试卷科目代码: 813 科目名称: 材料科学基础（A ）注意：答案必须全部写在考点提供的答题纸上，写在试题上无效；答案要标注题号，答题纸要填写姓名和考号，并标注页码与总页数；交卷时，将答题纸与试题一起装入原试卷袋，用我校提供的密封条密封并签名。
一 单项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）1. 对面心立方晶体而言，表面能最低的晶面是 .A 、 (100)；B 、(110)；C 、(111)；D 、(121)；2. 面心立方结构的铝中，每个铝原子在本层（111）面上的原子配位数为 。
A 、12；B 、6；C 、4；D 、33.已知聚氯乙烯的平均相对分子质量是27500，则其平均聚合度是 。
A 、4400；B 、4800；C 、3600；D 、50004．间隙相和间隙固溶体的区别之一是 。
A 、 间隙相结构比间隙固溶体简单；B 、 间隙相的间隙原子比间隙固溶体中的间隙原子大；C 、间隙相的固溶度比间隙固溶体大；D 、间隙相的结构和其组元的结构不同5. 在面心立方晶体结构的置换型固溶体中，原子扩散的方式一般为 。
A. 原子互换机制；B.间隙机制；C.空位机制； D 环绕机制二、如图1所示，在一个立方晶胞中确定6个表面面心位置的坐标。
6个面心构成一个正八面体，指出这个八面体各个表面的晶面指数、各个棱边和对角线的晶向指数。
（本题共15分）图1三、 面心立方结构晶胞和体心立方结构晶胞中各有几种间隙，间隙个数各有几个？（本题共15分）四、简述铸锭典型组织。
（本题共15分）。
东华理工大学硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 830 ; 科目名称：《流体力学》；（Ⅰ卷）适用专业（领域）名称：建筑与土木工程一、简答题（共5小题，其中1题8分，2、3题各10分，4题6分，共34分）1．简要概述能量方程（伯努利方程）的应用条件。
（8分）2．什么是连续介质？为什么在研究液体运动规律时引入连续介质模型？（10分）3．什么是长管和短管？如何区别长管和短管？（10分）4．简述静水压强的特性。
（6分）二、论述题（共3小题，每小题15分，共45分）1．如何理解层流和紊流？并简述层流与紊流的判别。
（15分）2．什么明渠均匀流？其形成条件是什么？（15分）3．圆柱形外管嘴正常工作需要满足哪些条件？为什么要有这些条件限制？（15分）三、作图题（10分）如图所示，请定性绘出图示管道（短管）的总水头线和测压管水头线。
v0=0四、计算题（共6小题，其中1,2,3,4每小题10分，5题8分，6题13分，共61分）1.（10分）两高度差m z2.0=的水管，接一倒置的U 形压差计，弯管上部为油，油的两个液面差m h 1.0=，油的密度31/0.920m kg =ρ，水的密度31000.0/kg m ρ=，试求两管的压强差。
2. （10分）有一矩形平面闸门，宽度b=2m ，两边承受水压力，如图所示。
已知h 1=3m ，h 2=6m 。
求闸门上静水总压力的大小及其作用点的位置。
3.（10分）管道系统如图所示。
已知管长m 10，直径mm d 100=，沿程阻力系数025.0=λ，管道进口的局部阻力系数5.01=ξ，管道淹没出流的局部阻力系数0.12=ξ，如下游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度m h 3=，试求：(1)管道系统所通过的流量Q ；(2)上游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度H 。
4．(10分)为了测量石油管道的流量，安装文丘里流量计，管道直径mm d 2001=,流量计喉管直径mm d 1002=,石油重度38.50/kN m γ=，水银重度3p 136.0/kN m γ=，流量计流量系数95.0=μ。
东华理工大学2018硕士生入学考试初试试题001
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 812 ; 科目名称：《分析化学（含仪器分析》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称： 070300化学一、选择题：（共13小题，每小题2分，共30分）1. 以EDTA滴定法测定石灰石中CaO[M r(CaO)=56.08]含量, 采用 0.02 mol/LEDTA 滴定, 设试样中含CaO约50 % , 试样溶解后定容至250 mL, 移取25 mL进行滴定, 则试样称取量宜为-------------------------------------------------------------------------------( )(A) 0.1 g 左右(B) 0.2 g ~ 0.4 g (C) 0.4 g ~ 0.8 g (D) 1.2 g ~ 2.4 g2. 微溶化合物A2B3在溶液中的解离平衡是: A2B3==2A + 3B。
今已测得B的浓度为3.0×10-3mol/L,则该微溶化合物的溶度积K sp是------------------------------------------( )(A) 1.1×10-13 (B) 2.4×10-13 (C) 1.0×10-14 (D) 2.6×10-113. 以下银量法测定需采用返滴定方式的是--------------------------------------------------( )(A)莫尔法测Cl-(B)吸附指示剂法测Cl-(C)佛尔哈德法测Cl-(D)AgNO3滴定CN-(生成Ag[Ag(CN)2]指示终点4. 气液色谱中，保留值实际上反映的是下列哪两者间的相互作用---------------------( )(A)组分和载气(B)载气和载体(C)组分和固定液(D)组分和载体5. 测定铁矿中 Fe 的质量分数, 求得置信度为 95％时平均值的置信区间为35.21%±0.10%。
新版东华理工大学材料与化工考研经验考研参考书考研真题
回想起去年这个时候，自己还在犹豫是不是要遵从自己的梦想，为了考研奋斗一次。
当初考虑犹豫了很久，想象过所有的可能性，但是最后还是决定放手一搏。
为什么呢？有一个重要的考量，那就是对知识的渴望，这话听来可能过于空洞吧，但事实却是如此。
大家也都可以看到，当今社会的局势，浮躁，变动，不稳定，所以我经常会陷入一种对未来的恐慌中，那如何消除这种恐慌，个人认为便是充实自己的内在，才不至于被一股股混乱的潮流倾翻。
而考研是一条相对比较便捷且回报明显的路，所以最终选择考研。
所幸的是结局很好，也算是没有白费自己将近一年的努力，没有让自己浑浑噩噩的度过大学。
在准备备考的时候，我根据自己的学习习惯，做了一份复习时间规划。
并且要求自己严格按照计划进行复习。
给大家一个小的建议，大家复习的时候一定要踏踏实实的打好我们的基础，复习比较晚的同学也不要觉得时间不够，因为最后的成绩不在于你复习了多少遍，而是在于你复习的效率有多高，所以在复习的时候一定要坚持，调整好心态，保证自己每天都能够有一个好的学习状态，不要让任何事情影响到你，做好自己！在此提醒大家，本文篇幅较长，因为想讲的话实在蛮多的，全部是我这一年奋战过程中的想法、经验以及走过的弯路，希望大家看完可以有所帮助。
最后结尾处会有我在备考中收集到的详细资料，可供各位下载，请大家耐心阅读。
东华理工大学材料与化工初试科目：(101)思想政治理论(204)英语二（302）数学二(813)材料科学基础或(830)无机化学或(831)化工原理(813)材料科学基础参考书：《无机材料科学基础》，陆佩文主编，武汉工业大学出版社，1996年跟大家先说一下英语的复习吧。
学英语免不了背单词这个难关，词汇量上不去，影响的不仅是考试成绩，更是整体英语能力的提升；背单词也是学习者最感到头痛的过程，不是背完了转身就忘，就是背的单词不会用，重点单词主要是在做阅读的时候总结的，我把不认识不熟悉的单词全都挑出来写到旁边，记下来反复背直至考前，总之单词这一块贵在坚持，背单词的日程一定要坚持到考研前一天。
2018年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题827_材料科学基础
827华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：材料科学基础适用专业：材料科学与工程；材料工程(专硕)共8 页一、填空题：（每空0.5 分，共20 分）1、金属材料的（1 ）和（2 ）是决定材料性能的基本依据，金属材料的热处理是在明晰材料（3 ）的前提下来设计热处理工艺。
2、晶界本身的强度与温度有关。
一般情况下，若晶粒的熔点为T，则当温度低于T/2 时，晶界强度（4 ）晶内强度；当温度高于T/2 时，晶界强度（5 ）晶内强度，晶粒形成粘滞流动，使材料形成蠕变变形。
3、碳钢经奥氏体化后经过冷至C 曲线中珠光体和马氏体线之间的区域保温将形成贝氏体，保温温度接近珠氏体转变温度时，形成的组织是（6 ）；保温温度接近马氏体转变温度时，形成的组织是（7 ），等温淬火热处理希望获得的组织是（8 ）。
4、下图立方晶系中，ABC 面和ADEF 面的晶面指数分别为（9 ）和（10 ），这两个面所在晶带轴指数为（11 ）。
5、置换固溶体的溶解度与原子尺寸因素、（12 ）因素、原子价因素和晶体结构有关。
6、室温下Fe 的晶体结构类型为（13 ），它的晶格常数为0.2863nm，原子半径为（14 ）。
7、α-Fe 转变为γ-Fe 时，体积会（15 ），这是因为（16 ）；γ-Fe 的（17 ）间隙比（18 ）间隙大，奥氏体中碳原子位于（19 ）间隙中。
8、组元A、B 在液态和固态都无限互溶，它们形成的相图称为（20 ）相图。
如平衡分配系数K0<1，则可判断组元（21 ）的熔点较高。
9、刃型位错既可以作（22 ）运动，又可以作（23 ）运动；而螺型位错只能作（24 ）运动。
10、冷变形金属低温回复时，主要是（25 ）密度下降；高温回复时，主要发生（26 ）过程。
11、金属再结晶后的晶粒大小与（27 ）、原始晶粒大小、（28 ）和杂质等有关。
东华理工大学813材料科学基础2016-2018年考研专业课真题试卷
三、比较题（共 2 题，每题 10 分，共 20 分）
（1）试分析比较晶子学说和无规则网络学说。
（2）如果液态中形成一个边长为 a 的立方体晶核时，其自由焓G 将写成什么形
式？求出此时晶核的临界立方体边长 aK 和临界核化自由焓Ga，并与形成球形晶核时
进行比较，那一种形状的G 大，为什么？
四、计算题（共 2 题，每题 20 分，共 40 分）
C2 两种配料，已知 C1 中 B 含量是 C2 中 B 含量的 1.5 倍，且在高温熔融冷却析晶时，
图一
图二
六、案例分析及应用题（共 1 题，共 20 分）
氧化铝瓷件需要被银，已知 1000℃时 ( Al2O3.S ) ＝1.00mN/m , ( Ag，L) =0.92mN/m; ( Ag.L / Al2O3.S ) =1.77mN/m, 问液态银能否润湿氧化铝瓷件表面？可以用什么方法改善它
一、简答题（共 2 题，每题 10 分，共 20 分） （1）详细写出鲍林规则的内容，并举例说明第三规则的应用。 （2）氧化铝瓷件中需要被银，已知 1000℃时γ（Al2O3(S)）=1.0×10-3N/m，γ（Ag (L)）
=0.92×10-3N/m， γ（Ag (L) /Al2O3(S)）=1.77×10-3N/m，问液态银能否湿润氧化铝瓷件 表面？用什么方法改善它们之间的湿润性？
（1）有两种不同配比的玻璃，其组成如下（质量百分比）：
序号
Na2O
Al2O3
SiO2
1
10
20
70
2
20
10
70
试用玻璃结构参数说明两种玻璃高温下粘度大小？
（2）具有不一致熔融二元化合物的二元相图（如下图）在低共熔点 E 发生如下析
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码：821;科目名称：《土力学》；（A卷）适用专业（领域）名称：岩土工程一、名词解释题：（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1.土的固结度2.前期固结应力3.有效应力4.主动土压力5.土的抗剪强度二、填空题：（共5小题，每空1分，共10分）1.土的不均匀系数Cu越大，颗粒级配曲线越__________。
2.依据被土颗粒吸附的牢固程度，吸着水分为__________和__________，其中影响土的性质的是___________。
3.测定土的颗粒组成的常用方法有__________和__________。
4.土颗粒矿物成分分为原生矿物和次生矿物两大类，其中次生矿物主要为黏土矿物，常见的黏土矿物有______________、______________和_________________。
5.粘性土的抗剪强度定律的表达式___________________________。
三、单项选择题：（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1.土的物理指标中，可由实验直接测定的三个指标是_______。
A.孔隙比、密度、含水率B.密度、含水率、比重C.孔隙比、比重、密度2.在通常的工程结构压力作用下，土体的压缩变形主要是由_______引起。
A.孔隙体积的减少B.孔隙中水的变形C.土颗粒的变形D.土颗粒和孔隙中水的变形3.某土的液性指数I L大于1，则该土处于________。
A.流塑状态B.可塑状态C.半干硬状态4.土体圧缩曲线e-p是在_______下得到的。
A.三轴条件B.无侧限试验条件C.有侧限试验条件5.土的一维固结微分方程表示了______的关系。
A.固结度与时间B.孔隙水压力与时间和深度C.孔隙水压力与时间6.有M、N两厚度及物理性质相同的饱和粘土层，其应力分布也相同，但M土层为双面排水，N土层为单面排水，则M、N两土层达到同一固结度所需时间之比为_____。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 840 ; 科目名称：《综合英语》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称：学科教学（英语）Part I Reading Comprehension (50%，2.5*20)In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AThe bag is one of the most simple and useful things in the world. It is a container made of paper or cloth. It has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. Some of them are used in the United States today.One is “bagman”. It describes a go-between. The go-between sees to it that money is passed — often illegally — from one person to another. Another widely-used expression is to “let the cat out of the bag”. It is used when someone tells something that was supposed to be secret. No one can explain how the cat got into the bag. But there is an old story about it.Long ago tradesmen sold things in large cloth bags. One day a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up a cloth bag with something moving inside it. He said it was a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a cat — not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out. He was trying to trick her. And now everybody knew it.The phrase “to be left holding the bag” is as widely used as the expression “to let the cat out of the bag”. This expression makes the person left holding the bag responsible for an action, often a crime or misdeed. That person is the one who is punished. The others involved in the act escape. Where the expression came from is not clear. Some say that General George Washington used it during the American Revolutionary War. One of Washington’s officers, Royall Taylor, used the expression in a play about Daniel Shay’s rebellion. The play was in 1787, after Taylor helped to put down Shay’s rebellion.Shay led a thousand war veterans in an attack on a federal building in Springfield, Massachusetts. Guns were in the building. Some of the protesters were farmers who had no money to buy seed. Some had been put in prison for not paying their debts. They were menwho fought one war against the king of England, and were now prepared to fight against their own government. Most of the rebels were captured. Shay and some of the officers escaped.In his play, Taylor describes Shay as disappearing, giving others “the bag to hold”.A bag is useful in many ways. Just be careful not “to let the cat out of the bag”, or someone may leave you “holding the bag”.1. According to the passage, a bagman refers to _________________.A) a person who travels around carrying his things in a bag B) a vagrant workerC) a person who delivers or collects money for criminals D) a homeless person2. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the story about “let the cat out of the bag”?A) The tradesman wanted to play a joke with the woman.B) The woman wanted to buy a cat.C) The tradesman kept a cat in a plastic bag.D) The tradesman lied to the woman that he had a live pig in the bag.3. What can we infer from the story “to be left holding the bag”?A) The person left holding the bag was completely innocent.B) The person left holding the bag took no responsibility for committing crimes.C) Many farmers protested against the government because they couldn’t pay their debts.D) Many protesters became the scapegoats for Shay and his officers.4. What does the last sentence of this passage mean?A) A bag has many different functions.B) People should often keep secret or they will be left to take the responsibility for everything.C) People should watch out and learn to take the responsibility for their actions.D) You will have to hold the bag if you let the cat out of it.5. The best title for this passage is ________________.A) Don’t Let the Cat Out of the Bag B) To Be Left Holding a BagC) Words and Their Stories: Bag Expressions D) Bag: A Useful ContainerText BTraditional plant breeding involves crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally．For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties．This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable．Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other．GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species—e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes．It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin, but what other effects may it have in this alien environment？We are already seeing this problem—adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow—but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable．It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA, but what side-effect would it have？In other words，is GM food safe to eat？The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out．Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or U.S. are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests．Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for ten weeks before being approved．There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people．The current position of the UK Government is that “There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.” In the U.S.，the American Food and Drug Administration (AFDA) is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods．6. Genetic engineering .A) involves crossing varieties of the same speciesB) is safe and fairly predictableC) is dangerous and entirely unpredictableD) covers the exchange of genes between different species7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A) The side-effect of adding human growth hormone to pigs is that pigs may acquire somediseases of human.B) Human intelligence gene functions differently in human DNA and in cabbage DNA.C) In the UK or U.S., a GM product cannot be approved before the results of its safetytests are provided.D) Tests show that GM foods have specific dangers to children or allergic people.8. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A) There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.B) The UK government and the U.S. government have different attitudes towards GMfoods.C) The AFDA in the U.S. was charged with concealing some research findings.D) The governments of the UK and the U.S. are protecting the GM foods.9. The possible title for the passage might be .A) Safe to Eat? B) GM Food NeedsC) Genetic Engineering D) A New Way of Breeding10. What’s the writer’s attitude towards GM food?A) Neutral. B) Positive. C) Negative. D) Indifferent. Text CFaces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child－or even an animal, such as a pigeon－can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so.But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types---- people are described with such terms.People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.11. The main idea of this passage is ____________.A) how to distinguish people’s facesB）how to describe people’s personalityC) how to distinguish people both inward and outwardD) how to differ good persons from bad persons12. The author is most probably a _________.A) behaviorist B) psychologist C) sociologist D) scientist13. Which of the following is NOT true?A) Different people may have different personalities.B) People differ from each other in appearance.C) People can learn to recognize faces.D) People can describe all the features of others.14. The reason why it is easier to describe a person’s personality in words than his face is that________.A) a person’s face is more complex than his personalityB) a person’s personality is easily distinguishedC) a person’s personality is very complexD) many words are available when people try to describe one’s personality15. W e learn from the passage that people classify a person into a certain type according to________.A) his way of acting and thinking B) his way of speaking and behavingC) his learning and behavior D)his physical appearance and hispersonalityText DIt is often helpful when thinking about biological processes to consider some apparently similar yet better understood non-biological process. In the case of visual perception an obvious choice would be colour photography. Since in many respects eyes resemble cameras, and percepts photographs, is it not reasonable to assume that perception is a sort of photographic process whereby samples of the external world become spontaneously and accurately reproduced somewhere inside our heads? Unfortunately, the answer must be no. The best that can be said of the photographic analogy is that it points up what perception is not. Beyond this it is superficial and misleading. Four simple experiments should make the matter plain.In the first a person is asked to match a pair of black and white discs, which are rotating at such a speed as to make them appear uniformly grey. One disc is standing in shadow, the other in bright illumination. By adjusting the ratio of black to white in one of the discs the subject tries to make it look the same as the other. The results show him to be remarkably accurate, for it seems he has made the proportion of black to white in the brightly illuminated disc almost identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched discs, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, and the person things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of theexternal world than could the camera.In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a colour card the colours of two pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are coloured an equal shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility.In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food ones less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is determined by more than just the stimulus.The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature, people are deprived for considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called ‘autistic’ perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than any normal percept.16. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that _______.A. colour photography is a biological processB. vision is rather like colour photographyC. vision is a sort of photographic processD. vision and colour photography are very different17. In the first experiment, it is proved that a person _______.A. makes mistakes of perception and is less accurate than a cameraB. can see more clearly than a cameraC. is more sensitive to changes in light than a cameraD. sees colours as they are in spite of changes in the light18. The second experiment shows that ________.A. people see colours according to their ideas of how things should lookB. colours look different in a dim lightC. cameras work less efficiently in a dim lightD. colours are less intense in larger objects19. What does “to equalize the brightness” (Line 1, Para. 4) mean?A. To arrange the pictures so that the equally bright ones are together.B. To change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright.C. To describe the brightness.D. To move the pictures nearer or further away.20. The group of experiments, taken together, proves that human perception is _______.A. unreliableB. mysterious and unpredictableC. less accurate than a cameraD. related to our knowledge, experience and needsPart II Translation ( 50 Points)Section A :For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.（30%）1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。
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东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：813;科目名称：《材料科学基础》；（A 卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：
080502材料学温馨提醒：请考生把答案写在答题纸上，并标注题号。
第五题的辅助线绘制在试题的原图上。
一、名词解释（共5题，每题4分，共20分）
（1）光电效应
（2）晶态结构与无定型结构
（3）弗伦克尔缺陷与肖特基缺陷
（4）均匀成核与非均匀成核
（5）本征扩散与非本征扩散
二、简答题（共2题，每题10分，共20分）
（1）列举一种铁电材料并简述其晶体结构特征以及铁电效应。
（2）试述微晶学说与无规则网络学说的主要观点。
三、分析与证明题（共2题，每题10分，共20分）
（1）半导体材料二氧化钛的非化学计量缺陷的浓度与周围气氛的性质、压力大小相关，如果增大周围气氛的分压，非化学计量化合物TiO 2-x 的电导率将发生怎样的变化？增大还是减小？为什么？
（2）液-固相变过程在液相中形成边长为a 的立方体晶核时，系统的自由焓 G 将写成什么形式？求出立方体“临界核胚”的边长a*和临界核化自由焓ΔG*。
与形成球形晶核（假设临界核坯半径为r p ，临界核化自由焓ΔG p ）相比较，哪一种形状核胚的临界核化自由焓更大，为什么？
四、计算题（共2题，每题20分，共40分）
（1）计算CaTiO 3晶体中O 2-的电价是否饱和？
（2）已知MgO 多晶材料中Mg 2+的本征扩散系数D 本征和非本征扩散系数D 非本征分别为：D 本征＝0.29exp(-486000/RT)cm 2/s ，D 非本征＝1.2×10－5exp(-254500/RT)cm 2/s 。
试求：
1)在Mg 2+的lnD~1/T 图中，由非本征扩散转变为本征扩散的转折温度；2)欲使Mg 2+在MgO 中的扩散直至MgO 熔点2800ºC 时仍为非本征扩散，三价杂质离子的浓度范围是多少？
五、相图题（共1题，每题30分，共30分）
某学生进行PbO-TiO 2-ZrO 2系统试验，某日下午用高温炉熔融由PbO 、TiO 2和ZrO 2
东华理工大学2018年考研专业课初试真题精都考研（）——全国100000考研学子的选择。