连锁超市物流中英文对照外文翻译文献
互联网连锁企业物流管理外文翻译文献
互联网连锁企业物流管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)An internet-based logistics management system for enterprise chainsN. Prindezis, C.T. KiranoudisSchool of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University, 15780 Athens,GreeceReceived 13 September 2003; received in revised form 20 December 2003; accepted27 January 2004Available online 10 December 2004AbstractThis paper presents an Internet-Based Logistics Management System to coordinate and disseminate tasks and related information for solving the heterogeneous vehicle routing problem using appropriate metaheuristic techniques, for use in enterprise chain net works. Its architecture involves a JA V A Web applet equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. The system was developed in distributed software fashion technology for all computer platforms utilizing a Webbrowser, focusing on the detailed road network of Athens and the needs of the Athens Central Food Market enterprises. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Decision support system; e-Logistics; Transportation; Vehicle routing problem1.IntroductionEnterprise chains are the business model of the present and future regarding markets that involve small and medium company sizes. Clearly, grouping activities towards a focused target facilitates an understandably improved market penetration guaranteed by a successful trade mark of a leading company in the field. Several collaboration models that basically include franchising are introduced as a part of this integrated process. When such a network is introduced in order to exploit a commercial idea or business initiative and subsequently expanded as market penetration grows, several management issues arise regarding the operations of the entire network. Such a network is the ideal place for organizing and evaluating in a more centralized way several ordinary operations regarding supply chain and logistics Infact, tools developed for organizing management processes and operational needs of each individual company, can be developed in a more centralized fashion and the services provided by the tool can be offered to each network member to facilitate transactionsand tackle operations similarly. Web-based applications are an ideal starting place for developing such applications. Typically such systems serve as a central depot for distributing common services in the field of logistics. The commercial application is stored in a central server and services are provided for each member of the group. A prototype of such a server is described in a previous work (Prindezis, Kiranoudis, & Marinos-Kouris,2003). This paper presents the completed inter net system that is installed in the central web server of the Athens Central Food Market that deals with the integrated problem of distribution for 690 companies that comprise a unique logistics and retail chain of enterprises. The needs of each company are underlined and the algorithms developed are described within the unified internet environment. The problem solved and services provided for each company is the one involving distribution of goods through a heterogeneous fleet of trucks. New insights of the metaheuristics employed are provided. A characteristic case study is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for a real-world problem of distribution through the detailed road network of Athens.2. Distribution through heterogeneous vehicle fleetsThe fleet management problem presented in this paper requires the use of a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles that distribute goods through a network of clients (Tarantilis, Kiranoudis, & Vassiliadis, 2003, 2004).Therefore, the system was designed in order to automatically generate vehicle routes (which vehicles should de- liver to which customers and in which order), using rational, quantitative, spatial and non-spatial information and minimizing simultaneously the vehicle cost and the total distance travelled by the vehicles, subject to the following constraints:●each vehicle has a predetermined load capacity, typically different from all othervehicles comprising the fleet (heterogeneous nature),●the capacity of a vehicle cannot be exceeded,● a single vehicle supplies each customers demand,the number of vehicles used is predetermined.The problem has an obvious commercial value and has drawn the attention of OR community. Its great success can be attributed to the fact that it is a very interesting problem both from the practical and theoretical points of view. Regarding the practical point of view, the distribution problem involved definitely plays a central role in the efficiency of the operational planning level of distribution management, producing economical routes that contribute to the reduction of distribution costs, offering simultaneously significant savings in all related expenses (capital, fuel costs, driver salaries). Its Importance in the practical level, motivated in tense theoretical work and the development of efficient algorithms.For the problem by academic researchers and professional societies in OR/MS, resulting in a number of papers concerning the development of a number of Vehicle Routing Information Systems (VRIS) for solving the problem. The problem discussed is an NP-hard optimization problem, that is to say the global optimum of the problem can only be revealed through an algorithm of exponential time or space complexity with respect to problem size. Problems of this type are dealt with heuristic or metaheuristic techniques. Research on the development of heuristic algorithms (Tarantilis & Kiranoudis, 2001,2002a, 2002b) for the fleet management problem has made considerable progress since the first algorithms that were proposed in the early 60s. Among them, tabu search is the champion (Laporte, Gendreau, Potvin, & Semet,2000). The most powerful tabu search algorithmsare now capable of solving medium size and even largesize instances within extremely small computational environments regarding load and time. On the algorithmic side, time has probably come to concentrate on the development of faster, simpler (with few parameters) and more robust algorithms, even if this causes a small loss in quality solution. These attributes are essential if an algorithm is to be implemented in a commercial package. The algorithm beyond the system developed is of tabu search nature. As mentioned before, since the algorithms cannot reveal the guaranteed global optimum, the time that an algorithm is left to propose a solution to the problem is of utmost importanceto the problem. Certainly, there is a trade-off between time expected for the induction of the solution and its quality. This part was implemented in a straightforward way. If the system is asked by the user to produce a solution of very high quality instantly, then an aggressive strategy is to be implemented. If the user relaxes the time of solution to be obtained, that is to say if the algorithm is left to search the solution space more effciently, then there is room for more elaborate algorithms.The algorithm employed has two distinct parts. The first one is a generalized route construction algorithm that creates routes of very good quality to be improved by the subsequent tabu phase. The construction algorithm takes into account the peculiarities of the heterogeneous nature of fleet and the desire of the user to use vehicles of his own desire, owned or hired, according to his daily needs.The Generalized Route Construction Algorithm employed, is a two-phase algorithm where unrouted customers are inserted into already constructed partial solutions. The set of partial solutions is initially empty, and in this case a seed route is inserted that contains only the depot. Rival nodes to be inserted are then examined.All routes employed involve single unrouted customers. The insertion procedure utilizes two criteria c1(i,u,j) and c2(i,u,j) to insert a new customer u between two adjacent customers i and j of a current partial route. The first criterion finds the best feasible insertion point (i *,j *) that minimizes the Clark and Wright saving calculation for inserting a node within this specific insertion point,C1(i,u,j)=d(I,u)+d(u,j)-d(I,j) (1) In this formula, the expression d(k,l) stands for the actual cost involved in covering the distance between nodes k and l. The Clark and Wright saving calculation introduced in this phase serves as an appropriate strong intensification technique for producing initial constructions of extremely good quality, a component of utmost necessity in tabu improvement procedure.The second phase involves the identification of the actual best node to be inserted between the adjacent nodepair (i* ,j *) found in the first phase (Solomon, 1987).From all rival nodes, the one selected is the one that maximizes the expressionC2 (i*, u, j *)=[d(0,u)+d(u,0)]- C1(i*, u, j *) (2)where 0 denotes the depot node. The expression selected is the travelling distance directly from/to the depot to/ from the customer and the additional distance expressed by the first criterion. In all, the first phase of the construction algorithm seeks for the best insertion point in all possible route seeds and when this is detected, the appropriate node is inserted. If no feasible node is found, a new seed route, containing a single depot, is inserted.The algorithm iterates until there are no unrouted nodes. It must be stretched that the way routes are filled up with customers is guided by the desire of the user regarding the utilization of his fleet vehicles. That is to say, vehicles are sorted according to the distribution and utilization needs of the dispatcher. Vehicles to be used first (regarding to user cost aspects and vehicle availability) will be loaded before others that are of lower importance to the user. Typically, all users interviewed expressed the desire for the utilization of greater tonnage vehicles instead of lower tonnage, so vehicles for loading were sorted in descending order of capacity.For the subsequent aggressive part of the algorithm a tabu search metaheuristic was implemented. The basic components of this algorithm employed in this application are the neighbourhood definition, the short-term memory and the aspiration criterion.2.1. NeighbourhoodThe neighbourhood is defined as a blend of the most favorable local search moves that transforms one solution to another. In particular, in its tabu search iteration the type of move adopted is decided stochastically. A predefined probability level is assigned to each move type. After that, it is decided whether the move operation is performed within a single route or between different routes, once more stochastically. This time, for both operations, the probability level is assigned a value of 50%. Subsequently, the best neighbour that the selected move implies is computed. The move types employed are the 2-Opt move (Bell et al., 1983), the 1–1 Exchange move (Evans& Norback , 1985), the1–0 Exchangemove (Evans & Norback, 1985), on both single route and different routes.2.2. Short-term memoryShort-term memory, known as tabu list, is the most often used component of tabu search. Tabu list is imposed to restrict the search from revisiting solutions that were considered previously and to discourage the search process from cycling between subsets of solutions. For achieving this goal, attributes of moves, more precisely the reversals of the original ones, are stored in a tabu list. The reversal moves that contain attributes stored in tabu list are designated tabu and they are excluded from the search process. Regarding the tabu search variant implemented, these attributes are the nodes involved in the move (all the moves used in the this method can be characterized by indicating only two nodes) and the corresponding routes where these nodes belong to. The number ofiterations that arcs’mobility is restricted is known as tabu list size or tabu tenure. The management of the tabu list is achieved by removing the move which has been on the tabu list longest.2.3. Aspiration criterionThe aspiration criterion is a strategy for overriding the short-term memory functions. The tabu search method implemented, uses the standard aspiration criterion: if a move gives a higher quality solution than the best found so far, then the move is selected regardless its tabu status.Tabu Search algorithm terminates when the number of iterations conducted is larger than the maximum number of iterations allowed.3. Developing the internet-based application toolWeb services offer new opportunities in business landscape, facilitating a global marketplace where business rapidly create innovative products and serve customers better. Whatever that business needs is, Web services have the flexibility to meet the demand and allow to accelerate outsourcing. In turn, the developer can focus on building core competencies to create customer and shareholder value. Application development is also more efficient because existing Web services, regardless of wherethey were developed, can easily be reused.Many of the technology requirements for Web services exist today, such as open standards for business to-business applications, mission-critical transaction platforms and secure integration and messaging products. However, to enable robust and dynamic integration of applications, the industry standards and tools that extend the capabilities of to days business-to-business interoperability are required. The key to taking full advantage of Web services is to understand what Web services are and how the market is likely to evolve. One needs to be able to invest in platforms and applications today that will enable the developer to quickly and effectively realize these benefits as well as to be able to meet the specific needs and increase business productivity.Typically, there are two basic technologies to be implemented when dealing with internet-based applications; namely server-based and client-based. Both technologies have their strong points regarding development of the code and the facilities they provide. Server-based applications involve the development of dynamically created web pages. These pages are transmitted to the web browser of the client and contain code in the form of HTML and JA V ASCRIPT language. The HTML part is the static part of the page that contains forms and controls for user needs and the JA V ASCRIPT part is the dynamic part of the page. Typically, the structure of the code can be completely changed through the intervention of web server mechanisms added on the transmission part and implemented by server-based languages such as ASP, JSP, PHP, etc. This comes to the development of an integrated dynamic page application where user desire regarding problem peculiarities (calculating shortest paths, execute routing algorithms, transact with the database, etc.) is implemented by appropriately invoking different parts of the dynamic content of such pages. In server-based applications all calculations are executed on the server. In client-based applications, JA V A applets prevail. Communication of the user is guaranteed by the well-known JA V A mechanism that acts as the medium between the user and code.Everything is executed on the client side. Data in this case have to be retrieved, once and this might be the time-consuming part of the transaction.In server-based applications, server resources are used for all calculations and this requires powerful server facilities with respect to hardware and software. Client-based applications are burdened with data transmission (chiefly related to road network data). There is a remedy to that; namely caching. Once loaded, they are left in the cache archives of the web browser to be instantly recalled when needed.In our case, a client-based application was developed. The main reason was the demand from the users point of view for personal data discretion regarding their clients. In fact, this information was kept secret in our system even from the server side involved.Data management plays major role in the good function of our system. This role becomes more substantial when the distribution takes place within a large and detailed road network like this of a major complex city. More specifically, in order to produce the proposed the routing plan, the system uses information about:●the locations of the depot and the customers within the road network of the city(their co-ordinates attached in the map of the city),●the demand of the customers serviced,●the capacity of the vehicles used,●the spatial characteristics of road segments of the net work examined,●the topography of the road network,●the speed of the vehicle, considering the spatial characteristics of the road and thearea within of which is moved,●the synthesis of the company fleet of vehicles.Consequently, the system combines, in real time, the available spatial characteristics with all other information mentioned above, and tools for modelling, spatial, non-spatial, and statistical analysis, image processing forming a scalable, extensible and interoperable application environment.The validation and verification of addresses of customers ensure the accurate estimation of travel times and distances travelled. In the case of boundary in the total route duration, underestimates of travel time may lead to failure of the programmedrouting plan whereas overestimates can lower the utilization of drivers and vehicles, and create unproductive wait times as well (Assad, 1991). The data corresponding to the area of interest involved two different details. A more detailed network, appropriately for geocoding (approximately 250,000 links) and a less detailed for routing (about 10,000 links). The two networks overlapped exactly. The tool that provides solutions to problems of effectively determining the shortest path, expressed in terms of travel time or distance travelled, within a specific road network, using the Dijkstra’s algorithm(Winston,1993). In part icular, the Dijkstra’s algorithm is used in two cases during the process of developing the routing plan. In the first case, it calculates the travel times between all possible pairs of depot and customers so that the optimizer would generate the vehicle routes connecting them and in the second case it determines the shortest path between two involved nodes (depot or customer) in the routing plan, as this was determined by the algorithm previously. Due to the fact, that U-turn and left-,right-turn restrictions were taken into consideration for network junctions, an arc-based variant of the algorithm was taken into consideration (Jiang, Han, & Chen, 2002).The system uses the optimization algorithms mentioned in the following part in order to automatically generate the set of vehicle routes (which vehicles should deliver to which customers and in which order) minimizing simultaneously the vehicle costs and the total distance travelled by the vehicles This process involves activities that tend to be more strategic and less structured than operational procedures. The system helps planners and managers to view information in new way and examine issues such as:●the average cost per vehicle, and route,●the vehicle and capacity utilization,●the service level and cost,●the modification of the existing routing scenario by adding or subtractingcustomers.In order to support the above activities, the interface of the proposed system providesa variety of analyzed geographic and tabulated data capabilities. Moreover, the system can graphically represent each vehicle route separately, cutting it o? from the final routing plan and offering the user the capability for perceiving the road network and the locations of depot and customers with all details.4. Case studyThe system developed was used in the Central Food Market of Athens, Greece. The specific Market involves 2 an area of 320,000m in the south-west region of Athens greater area (Agios Ioannis Rentis, Athens, Greece) at the boundary of port of Pireaus, Greece. This Market is basically a hybrid of two submarkets; the first one involves fresh vegetables and fruits and the second one fresh meat. A Central Food Market is an organization that involves numerous small enterprises that sell and distribute fresh food products, chiefly fresh vegetables, fruits fish and meat. It is considered to be the place where supply and demand come together and where prices are determined in conditions of transparency and open exchange. Every day, the market is visited by thousands of operators and traders who consider it the best place in which to carry out their transactions. The market is used by companies specializing in the food sector, traditional retailers, the city markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets, hotel and catering establishments.The fresh vegetables and fruits market involves 690 small and medium enterprises that cover an area of 2 7,100m , while the Meat market involves 105 small 2 and medium enterprises that cover an area of 6050m . As a complementary area to the Markets, Athens Central Food Market has a Services and Warehouses Area, to serve the growing economic activity generated by the Food Unit. Cash& Carry, purchase centers, distribution and logistics, storage, handling and packaging, cold stores available for rent, motor vehicle services .Inshort, all the services operators required. The market need for effcient logistics requires specialization and investment (trucks, cold stores, etc.), in order to be competitive and provide the growing level of service demanded. Every day, this market complex offers a selection of fruits andvegetables, both in the range of products and varieties and in the sheer volume on offer, which makes it the largest fruit and vegetable market in Greece and one of the largest in Europe. Athens Central Market responds to the challenge of effciently and reliably serving the most important food sector in Greece, offering a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, meats, meat products in unrivalled conditions of hygiene and safety. The Meat Market is concerned not only with distribution but also with production. Many farmers participate directly in the Athens Central Market, as it actively promotes products with denomination of origin and quality certificates. Athens Central Market installations involve roughly 500 parking places.The application can be found at the internet address, through secure cookie entrance. The system was appropriately coded in the form of a java applet encapsulated in a Web page accessible by the users through the Web Server of the organization. There were several restrictions that were taken into consideration as user requirements. The application had to be compact, user-friendly, the data entered that would concern a specific enterprise could not be transparent to others, including the organization and full reports ready to use by truck drivers had to be generated.5. ConclusionsThis paper presented an system to coordinate and disseminate tasks and related spatial and non-spatial information for solving the heterogeneous vehicle routing problem using metaheuristic algorithms. This system used to automatically generate vehicle routing plans such that all customers demands were met, no constraints were violated and a combination of vehicle costs and distance travelled was minimized. The architecture of the system was based on an integrated JA V A Web Applet equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. The system that was developed in distributed software fashion technology for all Web browsers running on any platform, and it was successfully applied to the area of Greater Athens for the benefits of Athens Central Food Market enterprises.基于互联网的连锁企业的物流管理系统N. Prindezis，C.T. Kiranoudis化工学院，国立技术大学，15780雅典，希腊收到2003年9月13日，在经修订的形式收到的2003年12月20号，接受2004年1月27日可在线二〇〇四年十二月十日摘要本文介绍了一种基于Internet的物流管理系统，以协调和传播解决异构车辆路径问题采用适当的启发式技术，任务和相关信息，为企业的连锁网络作品的使用。
物流外文文献翻译(DOC)
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve completecontrol, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systemsapproach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including theintegration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. Theestablishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends tomajor aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
物流配送外文翻译文献
物流配送外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Logistics distribution1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditionalmanufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, V olkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not beachieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response to sales demand and timely replenishment. This is also a large-scale cross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage.3.4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel.This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it isnew to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented to manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects. "Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated. Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management. Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in the management of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in the fixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings. "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make astable and lasting.5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:（1）Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate andfast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc.link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.（2）Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "物流配送1 导言物流通常被认为是将恰当的产品以最低的成本，在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。
物流配送英文文献及翻译
物流配送中英文对照英文文献及翻译1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobileindustry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, T oyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization ofdistribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode ofend customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge toa reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gapbetween the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity isvery low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not be achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of。
物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译1. The Definition of LogisticsAfter completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.Three major functions of logistics(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics createdistribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “cutting into smaller parts”is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.3.International LogisticsAn increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.There are some future trends in internationalization:(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm(5) Increasing number of smaller firm(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.(7) Increasing multiple distribution channelsThe international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international tradinginvolved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations. Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are notgood enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:* The company does not specialize in logistics;* The company does not have sufficient resources;* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does nothave time to develop the required capabilities in–house;* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.6.Global LogisticsDeveloped countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.7.Logistics into the FutureLogistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth:Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accountingSecondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy. (1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturingsystem( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions wasredefined. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.物流的定义在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。
物流配送外文文献及翻译
1、 INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to theright place at the right time for the least cost、 Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions、Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking wasthe emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition、Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of botha cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage、 The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by、China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growthover the past three years、 Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the restof the world、 As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the、 In particular in the automobileglobal consumer brands have established operations thereindustry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers、 Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011,、 InChina is expected to surpass Japan to become the wor ld’s second largest auto marketorder to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed、Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment、China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure、 This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies、Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most globalOEMs, is an emergent consideration in China、 Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise inthe joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management e xperiences and methods from the OEMs、All these factors increase the、difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers2、 The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2、1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goodsin general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective、 United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, r etail and warehouse-type three types、2、2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role inthe process of 、2、3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities、Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers、 Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-techinformation network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system、2、4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms、3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3、1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers、 With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development、However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role,the process of distribution of the low level of modernization、China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow、Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability、 And domestic retailers in this、area has just started, or have not yet started3、2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center、Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing,"、 The which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name onlyother has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low、 Uniform distribution logistics center can notbe achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not、materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths3、3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database、Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days、 And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high、 Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation、Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development、The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses o f the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response t o sales demand and timely replenishment、This is also a large-scalecross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage、3、4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel、This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks、Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it is new to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated systemof systems、4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented t o manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects、"Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated、Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management、Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in themanagement of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in thefixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings、 "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make a stable and lasting、5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development ofthird-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:(1)Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services、 If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role、 Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities、 Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing、 Itis produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book、 Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy、 Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect、The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction、 The aim ofLean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services、Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system、 It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information、In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness、the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage、 Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key、 As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics、 Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the、 Value analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantageof the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities、Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities、 Basic activities of supporting activities is to assistthe revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other、 Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logisticsenterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics、 Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, d oes not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc、 link、 Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play、 Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities、Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses、(2)Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development、Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity、Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength、Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics、 Integrated logistics virtualization technology as ameans of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service、Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization、Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources、 Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environmentre-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics、 Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors、 "1 导言物流通常被认为就是将恰当的产品以最低的成本,在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。
连锁企业物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
连锁企业物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)An internet-based logistics management system forenterprise chains.Developing the internet-based application toolWeb services offer new opportunities in business landscape, facilitating a global marketplace where business rapidly create innovative products and serve customers better. Whatever that business needs is, Web services have the flexibility to meet the demand and allow to accelerate outsourcing. In turn, the developer can focus on building core competencies to create customer and shareholder value. Application development is also more efficient because existing Web services, regardless of where they were developed, can easily be reused.Many of the technology requirements for Web services exist today, such as open standards for business to-business applications, mission-critical transaction platforms and secure integration and messaging products. However, to enable robust and dynamic integration of applications, the industry standards and tools that extend the capabilities of to days business-to-business interoperability are required. The key to taking full advantage of Web services is to understand what Web services are and how the market is likely to evolve. One needs to be able to invest inplatforms and applications today that will enable the developer to quickly and effectively realize these benefits as well as to be able to meet the specific needs and increase business productivity.Typically, there are two basic technologies to be implemented when dealing with internet-based applications; namely server-based and client-based. Both technologieshave their strong points regarding development of the code and the facilities they provide. Server-based applications involve the development of dynamically created web pages. These pages are transmitted to the web browser of the client and contain code in the form of HTML and JA V ASCRIPT language. The HTML part is the static part of the page that contains forms and controls for user needs and the JA V ASCRIPT part is the dynamic part of the page. Typically, the structure of the code can be completely changed through the intervention of web server mechanisms added on thetransmission part and implemented by server-based languages such as ASP, JSP, PHP, etc. This comes to the development of an integrated dynamic page application where user desire regarding problem peculiarities (calculating shortest paths, execute routing algorithms, transact with the database, etc.) is implemented by appropriately invoking different parts of the dynamic content of such pages. In server-based applications allcalculations are executed on the server. In client-based applications, JA V A applets prevail. Communication of the user is guaranteed by the well-known JA V A mechanism that acts as the medium between the user and code.Everything is executed on the client side. Data in this case have to be retrieved, once and this might be the time-consuming part of the transaction.In server-based applications, server resources are used for all calculations and this requires powerful server facilities with respect to hardware and software. Client-based applications are burdened with data transmission (chiefly related to road network data). There is a remedy to that; namely caching. Once loaded, they are left in the cache archives of the web browser to be instantly recalled when needed.In our case, a client-based application was developed. The main reason was the demand from the users point of view for personal data discretion regarding their clients. In fact, this information was kept secret in our system even from the server side involved.Data management plays major role in the good function of our system. This role becomes more substantial when the distribution takes place within a large and detailed road network like this of a major complex city. More specifically, in order to produce the proposed the routing plan, the system uses information about:●the locations of the depot and the customers within the road networkof the city (their co-ordinates attached in the map of the city),●the demand of the customers serviced,●the capacity of the vehicles used,●the spatial characteristics of road segments of the net work examined, ●the topography of the road network,●the speed of the vehicle, considering the spatial characteristics of theroad and the area within of which is moved,●the synthesis of the company fleet of vehicles.Consequently, the system combines, in real time, the available spatial characteristics with all other information mentioned above, and tools for modelling, spatial, non-spatial, and statistical analysis, image processing forming a scalable, extensible and interoperable application environment. The validation and verification of addresses of customers ensure the accurate estimation of travel times and distances travelled. In the case of boundary in the total route duration, underestimates of travel time may lead to failure of the programmed routing plan whereas overestimates can lower the utilization of drivers andvehicles, and create unproductive wait times as well (Assad, 1991). The data corresponding to the area of interest involved two different details. A more detailed network, appropriately for geocoding (approximately250,000 links) and a less detailed for routing (about 10,000 links). The two networks overlapped exactly. The tool that provides solutions to problems of effectively determining the shortest path, expressed in terms of travel time or distance travelled, within a specific road network, using the D ijkstra’s algorithm(Winston,1993). In particular, the Dijkstra’s algorithm is used in two cases during the process of developing the routing plan. In the first case, it calculates the travel times between all possible pairs of depot and customers so that the optimizer would generate the vehicle routes connecting them and in the second case it determines the shortest path between two involved nodes (depot or customer) in the routing plan, as this was determined by the algorithm previously. Due to the fact, that U-turn and left-,right-turn restrictions were taken into consideration for network junctions, an arc-based variant of the algorithm was taken into consideration (Jiang, Han, & Chen, 2002).The system uses the optimization algorithms mentioned in the following part in order to automatically generate the set of vehicle routes (which vehicles should deliver to which customers and in which order) minimizing simultaneously the vehicle costs and the total distance travelled by the vehicles This process involves activities that tend to be more strategic and less structured than operational procedures. The system helpsplanners and managers to view information in new way and examine issues such as:●the average cost per vehicle, and route,●the vehicle and capacity utilization,●the service level and cost,●the modification of the existing routing scenario by adding orsubtracting customers.In order to support the above activities, the interface of the proposed system provides a variety of analyzed geographic and tabulated data capabilities. Moreover, the system can graphically represent each vehicle route separately, cutting it o? from the final routing plan and offering the user the capability for perceiving the road network and the locations of depot and customers with all details.一个基于互联网的连锁企业的物流管理系统发展基于互联网的应用工具Web服务提供的商业景观的新机会，促进全球市场在业务快速推出创新的产品和客户提供更好的服务。
物流外文文献翻译精选文档
物流外文文献翻译精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of percent, the average flow of goods from days to days, stock % lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits ofmutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over toothers, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regionalbranches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
物流外文文献 中译英 英译中
一、英译汉Unit1 Exercise1（1）flow of goods 货物流通（2）point of consumption 消费地（3）requirements of consumers 消费需求（4）time and place utility 时间与地点效用（5）military logistics 军事物流（6）production logistics 生产物流（7）third-party logistics 第三方物流（8）supply chain management 供应链管理（9）inbound logistics 进货物流（10）outbound logistics 出货物流Unit2 Exercise2（1）infant formula 婴幼儿配方奶粉（2）specialized technical test 专业技术测试（3）mad-cow disease 疯牛病（4）foot-and-month disease 手足口病（5）agenda item 议程项目（6）U.S. bottoms 美国货船（7）Federal Transition Administration 美国联邦公共交通总署（8）cargo preference rules 货物优先规则Unit3 Exercise3（1）per-captia income 人均收入（2）inherent incentives 内在激励（3）technological leapfrogging 技术跨越（4）stepchild model 继子模式（5）routinely stockpile 例行库存（6）outright theft 公然盗窃（7）corrupt practice 腐败行为（8）excess manufacturing capacity 产能过剩（9）hazardous wastes 危险废物（10）fraudulent price 价格欺诈二、汉译英Unit1 Exercise1（1）增值过程value adding process（2）出货量batch size（3）追踪追寻track and tracing（4）正向货流forword flow of goods（5）逆向货流reverse flow of goods（6）文件流documentation flow（7）处理退货handling returns（8）订单处理order processing（9）废物处理salvage scrap disposal（10）内部运作perform in-houseUnit2 Exercise2（1）空运垄断Air carrier monopoly （2）施加压力keep the pressure on（3）移民部门immigration agents（4）双边协定bilateral agreements（5）价格均衡rate equalize（6）政府抵制governments' boycott （7）海上禁运maritime blockade（8）全球配额global quota（9）四四二分成the 40/40/20 split（10）坚强后盾the strong backingUnit3 Exercise3（1）过期食品outdated food（2）兽医用品veterinary products（3）完税价格dutiable value（4）货币储备reserves of currency（5）优惠汇率preferential exchanges rates （6）产业政策industrial policy（7）发展重点development emphasis （8）机场重建airport reconstruction （9）游牧人口nomadic populations （10）伦理困境ethical dilemma。
物流外文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related inFormation to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of inFormation. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users areactively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As athird-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in: 1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core1energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and theUnited States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is astrategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the establishedlevel of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal,logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price atthe right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and inFormation constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the useof modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspectsof inFormation sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit oftheir own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency ofmutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in thecompetition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies. 4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practicalbusiness, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal inFormation system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of inFormation technology, logisticsand human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but inpractical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional Form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of Foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domesticlogistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and spaceutility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of thedensity problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computerinformation network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises mustincrease investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trendsin the development ofenterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of anefficient global third party logistics inputs required For increasingthe capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”,军事后勤保障的原意,在二战结束后的第二面。
连锁超市配送系统【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文The Distribution Systems of SupermarketChainsMaterial Source:《The Service Industries Journal》Author: Alan C. McKinnon This article considers the benefits supermarket chains may achieve from setting up their own distribution systems and attempts to explain differences in distribution strategies. These differences appear to be closely related to differences in the way chains have grown, management investment preferences and turnover composition, taken in conjunction with total sales, branch size and geographical extent of the business.The investigation of structural change within the tertiary sector can be seriously constrained by the way in which service activities are classified. This is particularly true of wholesaling and retailing. The traditional distinction between wholesaling and retailing has become blurred as firms have extended their control along the distributive channel to encompass both these activities. In most trades the integration of retail and wholesale functions has been achieved mainly as a result of multiple retailers dealing direct with producers and assuming responsibility for the storage and movement of supplies 'upstream' of the shop. Using statistics currently available, however, it is not possible to measure the extent to which retailers have taken on wholesale functions. Investment and employment data for multiple retailers are presented in highly aggregate form and fail to distinguish between their warehousing and retailing operations.The nature and location of investment and employment clearly differs between shops and warehouses. Although these two spheres of activity are closely inter-related, their growth potential can also differ significantly. The scale of the retail operation is largely determined by the volume and spatial distribution of consumer expenditure. Even if the level of retail activity remains constant a multiple can vary the demands placed upon its own storage and delivery system by altering the allocation of flows between distributive channels. A multiple retailer can, for example, increase its dependence on its own system of distribution by requiringmore manufacturers to deliver supplies in bulk loads to its warehouse(s) rather than in small consignments direct to branch stores (Pettit, 1983). The pressures on multiples to vary their reliance on their own distribution systems are often quite independent of the factors affecting the scale and character of their retail operations.THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF RETAILERS' WAREHOUSESBetween 1938 and 1982, multiple retailers increased their share of grocery sales from 24 per cent to 65 per cent (Jefferys, 1950; Institute of Grocery Distribution, 1983). In the 1950s and 1960s, while their share of the grocery market was expanding, supermarket chains channeled an increasing proportion of their supplies through their own warehouses (usually referred to as 'central warehouses'). By 1967, grocery multiples were directing, on average, about 60 per cent of their supplies through their own warehouses (Pettit, 1983). This proportion changed little between 1967 and 1972 (Thorpe et. al., 1973) but during the 1970s it declined, partly as a result of the development of superstores capable of receiving supplies in bulk loads direct from producers and partly because of the disproportionately large growth of some chains, such as Tesco and Asda, whose dependence on central warehouses was much less than the average for grocery multiples. In terms of the volume of business handled, the retailer's central warehouse has already become the most important node in the grocery distribution system. It is estimated that, overall, supermarket chains possess (or rent) around 850,000 square meters of warehouse floor space, roughly one square meter for every 3.2 square meters of retail floor space in their shops.REASONS FOR MULTIPLE RETAILERS DEVELOPING THEIR OWN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSMultiple retailers have several motives for channeling supplies through their own warehouses. These motives will be considered fewer than eight headings:1 Buying Terms: By receiving goods in bulk loads into their warehouses multiple retailers can qualify for bulk discounts (usually of 1-2 per cent of selling price). These discounts are never large enough, however, to finance multiples' warehouse and transport operations, which are estimated to average around3 per cent of turnover (Thorpe and Shepherd, 1977). To justify incurring the additional distribution costs, the multiple retailers must, therefore, benefit from centralized delivery in other ways. These are listed below.2. Minimum order restrictions: In some cases, distribution via central warehouse is made necessary by a manufacturer's refusal to deliver less than a certain amount direct to the store. Some alternative channel is needed, therefore, to provide small branch stores with supplies in amounts of less than this. (Larger chains often wield sufficient bargaining power, however, to force manufacturers into waiving minimum drop-size restrictions for their smaller branches.)3. Product availability: By holding large central stocks and operating their own store delivery, retailers can reduce the risk of 'stock-outs"(i.e., shops being out of stock in particular products). By offering more frequent deliveries, they can reduce lead times and accelerate the replenishment of fast-moving lines.4. Stock control: The profitability of retailing is critically dependent on the rate of 'stock-turn'. This is defined as the ratio of annual sales to the value of stocks held at the end of the financial year. It is important, therefore, not only to maximize sales, but also to minimize stock levels. The centralization of inventory reduces the total volume of stock that must be held to ensure a given level of service (Maister, 1976). In addition to this, stockholding can be more easily monitored and controlled when it is centralized (Millar, 1983). Where delivery is direct from the manufacturer, it is usually the store manager who decides how much to order. This dispersal of responsibility for ordering is particularly inefficient in a trade, such as the grocery trade, where product lines abound and differ greatly in their turnover rates.5. Use of shop space: By relieving shops of the need to hold large amounts of stock, much of the space otherwise used for storage can be used as selling space; thereby raising the productivity of the retail floor space .It is more cost-effective to concentrate stocks in central warehouses located in peripheral areas where site costs are lower.6. Labour costs: These costs comprise around 50 per cent of average supermarket operating costs (Dawson, 1982). According to one large supermarket chain these labour costs can be disaggregated as follows:Management 10 per centCustomer service 10 per centCheckout 30 per centGoods handling (i.e. unloading vehicles, shelf filling, price marking)40 per centPersonnel/miscellaneous 10 per centOf these activities, management and goods handing, together representingaround half the total labour costs, can benefit most from centralized distribution. In the case of management, less of the manager's time need be spent meeting sales representatives, drawing up orders and processing invoices. Madigan (1980) describes the case of one supermarket at which 79 separate calls were made by salesmen, taking up 26 hours of the manager's time and requiring the processing of 79 invoices. Goods handling can also be rationalized by the arrival of supplies in fewer, larger loads. The scope for rationalization of this type was indicated by a survey of deliveries to a supermarket in Edgware. Fifty per cent of this supermarket's supplies arrived in the form of large consolidated loads from a central warehouse and took 45 minutes to off-load. The remainder came in 132 small drops directly from suppliers and took in total around 25 hours to unload. The GLC Freight Unit (Greater London Council, 1975) also quotes an example of a supermarket receiving 60 per cent of its throughput from a central warehouse in five consolidated deliveries (average load size = 740 cases). The remaining 40 per cent was received in 95 direct deliveries from suppliers (average load size = 26 cases). The extent of possible cost and time savings from consolidation has been indicated by Kirby (1975). He notes that one order of 500 packs is 31 per cent cheaper and 47 per cent quicker to assemble and unload than five orders of 100 packs.7. Security: It is widely acknowledged that the loss of stock through theft (euphemistically termed 'shrinkage') correlates closely with the number of separate deliveries to the shop and 'number of times the back door is opened'. By greatly reducing the number of deliveries and making it possible to supervise the delivery operation more closely, the centralization of deliveries can significantly reduce pilferage.8. Product range: Many suppliers are too small to be able to offer direct delivery economically. This is particularly true in the recently developed frozen food industry. By making it possible for the small supplier to deliver in bulk to a central warehouse, the multiple retailers are able to include more specialized goods and lesser brands in his product range.V ARIATIONS IN THE PROPORTION OF CENTRALISED DELIVERIES BETWEEN CHAINSDespite the numerous advantages of centralized delivery, firms differ widely in the proportion of turnover they channel through their central warehouse(s). This is a variation that many people within the trade find baffling. Walters (1976)lightheartedly suggests that there are as many views on why this should be so as there are retailers. The variation is sometimes ascribed rather vaguely to differences in 'business philosophy' or 'trading behavior', expressions that need clarification.Thorpe et. al. (1973) identify eight factors thought to influence the choice of distribution strategy: number, dispersal, size of branch stores, growth history, commodity mix, vertical integration, sales density and site costs. They do not adequately explain the role of these factors, however, and represent the relationships between them and the level of centralized delivery in a series of graphs, several of which show trends that are neither self-evident nor substantiated by empirical evidence. These variables will be considered fewer than five major headings:1. Number and size of shops: There is no significant relationship between the number of shops in a chain and the proportion of centralized deliveries. The number of shops and their sizes (measured in turnover) will together determine the aggregate turnover that will have to exceed a certain threshold level to justify the establishment of a central warehouse. As all the retailers surveyed were large enough to operate at least one central warehouse, it is not possible here to comment on the minimum viable size of a centralized delivery system but above a possible lower size limit, there is no significant relationship between the degree of centralization and turnover.The relationship between the proportion of centralized delivery and sizes of shop in the chain is complicated by the fact that most chains comprise shops varying widely in size (measured both in floor space and turnover). Despite this, most chains claim to standardize the proportion of supplies each store receives from the central warehouse. While the shop size profile is likely to influence the level at which this proportion is standardized, in the absence of shop floor space and turnover data it is not possible to test this relationship. Nevertheless, it should be noted that some chains, notably those that include superstores, do vary the proportion of warehouse delivery with shop size.2. Spatial distribution of shops: Thorpe et al. (1973) suggest that the level of centralized delivery falls with increasing dispersal of branch stores. Although not made explicit, this suggestion is probably based on the reasoning that more dispersed chains would be more costly to supply from a central warehouse (for a given level of service). This would be particularly so where shops lay beyond the daily range of a delivery vehicle. Deliveries beyond this range, however, are very exceptional. Most chains with a centralized grocery delivery system have all their。
连锁超市物流论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
1.3农村连锁超市的物流和分配策略
A.选择合适的分配方式
连锁超市的物流和分配有四种方式：自己运送、第三方物流、公共运送以及供应商运送。由于农村地区、农民及农产品的特殊情况，中国零售业的发展和未来合伙重组的开展联系在一起。因此，对农村连锁超市来说，采用公共运送模式更合适。近年来，连锁超市建立了各自的的分配系统来有效利用物流资源，第三方物流和第四方物流逐渐发展起来。因此，复合型分配模式对中国农村连锁超市更合适。中小型超市由于资金欠缺，建立自己的分配系统有一些困难。即使他们有能力建立自己的分配系统，也很难产生规模效应。薄弱的连锁超市应该通过融资联合建立分配中心，管理连锁超市的所有分配业务。这样不仅能达到物流资源的最有配置，提高物流运作的效率，也能减少投资成本。它可以提供联合采购。同时，超市也应该把更多注意力放在与第三方物流公司的合作上。对于那些鲜活商品、冰冻商品，超市可以不统一分配。分配中心可以外包给第三方物流公司，以此达到快速反馈及及时运送。有分配中心的超市可以通过委员会和委托人发展公共运送。如果他们购买少量商品，他们应该委托分配中心给予共同运送。大型的资金雄厚的连锁超市，为了追求物流和分配的高效，可以建立自己的分配中心，达到每个分部的具体需求。他们可以接受中小型连锁超市的佣金，来实施共同运送。诚然，大型连锁超市有时也有大量的物流业务，即使他们有自己的分配中心和分配系统。他们仍需要和第三方第四方物流公司在一些运作方面进行合作，尤其是在长距离运输、地区仓库及其它业务区域。外包的优势很明显，不仅可以解决供应链的库存、运输问题，同时也可以解决采购问题，管理超市和供应商之间的关系。
快递行业中英文对照外文文献翻译
快递行业中英文对照外文文献翻译文献信息：文献标题：Why Customers Intend to Use E_press Delivery Services（客户为何打算使用快递服务）文献作者：S Setiyawati，B Haryanto文献出处：《Social Science Electronic Publishing》,20__,3(2):56- 81 字数统计：英文 2718 单词，15832 字符；中文 4805 汉字外文文献：Why Customers Intend to Use E_press Delivery ServicesAbstract The aim of this research was to better understand the effects of products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitude towards customer&rs;s intention.This research was guided by four research questions: What product quality has a positive influence on e_press delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use e_press delivery services? What positive effect on brand imagee_presses delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use e_press delivery services? The methodology employed was survey of 100 customers plus in-depth interviews with courier service operators.Interviews and survey were conducted from August to October 20__.This research was used SEM techniques for data analyze.The results confirmed there was no relationship between products quality, price reasonableness and attitude.Furthermore, brand image has influence attitude.The mediating role effects of costumer&rs;s attitude for product quality, price reasonableness and brand image towards customer&rs;s intention offer new insight into antecedents on costumer&rs;s intention in a highinfluence.This study presents an original contribution to understanding brand image effect and its attributes either directly or through attitude towards customer&rs;s intention is determine.Keywords: Product Quality, Price Reasonableness, Brand Image, Attitude, Customer&rs;s Intention 1.Introductionpetitive advantage is likely to depend on market orientation, which means fosters behaviors that lead to customer&rs;s perception of superior value.Market orientation implies to customer&rs;s needs and delivering solutions and services that meet customer&rs;s needs, which indicates customer orientation.The phenomenon of attitude and intention to use e_press delivery service part of orientation to the customers is an interesting issue to be studied.Previous studies show inconsistency attitudes and intentions models relating to e_press delivery services (Li Petrick, 2021).This is due each study is based on the object and different settings.These conditions provide opportunities to design an alternative model capable of elaborating phenomenon to be observed.The alternative model is built based on five variables: products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitudes which e_plain its influence on intention to use e_press delivery services.Thus, prediction models of individual behavior intention can bee_plained as follows: Product quality needs to be e_amined because these variables effectively to influence customer attitude (Stank et al.,20__3; Richey et al., 20__7; Rafid Jaafar, 20__7).However, different findings on influence customer behavior and product quality services performed by Mentzer et al.(20__1) indicating customer perceptions about product quality is very relative and changeable nature because of individual psychological influence.1.1.Problem StatementConceptualization of variables to be studied, namely: product quality, pricereasonableness, brand image and attitude influence intention to use e_press delivery services.To encourage practices this study addresses the follog questions:Is product quality has a positive influence on e_press delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use e_press delivery services? What positive effects on brand image e_press delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use e_press delivery services? 1.2.Research Objectives The general purpose of this study is to look at the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image and attitude influence on intention.Especially, this study aims to figure product quality has apositive influence on attitude; price reasonableness positive influence attitude; brand image positive influence attitude; and attitude positive effect on the customers&rs; intent to use e_press delivery services.1.3.Research ContributionsThe contribution of this study is to offer a new roach that is more prehensive, namely elaborate dimensions of product quality, brand image, price reasonableness, and attitude to assess the e_tent of its significance to customer&rs;sintent to use e_press delivery services; contribute to the science of management.Especially to understand the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image, attitude to assess the e_tent its significance to customer&rs;s intent on e_press delivery services.Then, show main factors that e_plain highest variation incustomer&rs;s intent on e_press delivery services pany will help policymakers to reform corporate marketing service significantly and qualified; a pioneer in customer&rs;s intent perspective to use e_press delivery services.The findings of study will fill chasms theoretical to e_plore role of attitudes that decide customer&rs;s intent to use e_press delivery services and mainstreaming for further studies in marketing services.2.Research Framework and HypothesesThe roach used in assessing the influence of attitudes and intentions of customers are TRA of Fishbein Ajzen (2021) and TPB developed by Ajzen (20__1) with adding the perceived behavioral control as a determinant of behavioral intention.Dimensions intention to behave customers essentially determined by three factors: a person&rs;s attitude toward behavior, the degree of social pressure one feels about the behavior and the degree of acceptance of control perceived in behavior.The third ponent of this belief interacts and be a decisive intention that determines a person&rs;s behavior.In a study of the influence of the attitudes and intentions of customers in using e_press delivery services, the proposed research model as follows: 2.1.Product Quality Positively Influence on Attitude Customers use e_press delivery services for reasons of timeliness submissions (Kannan Tan, 20__2; Cakravastia Takahashi, 20__4), at petitive prices (Bienstock Royne, 2021; Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7) reliable, safety and shipment security (O_ford Economic Forecasting, 2021).Parasuraman et al.(20__5); Goode Harris (20__4) said that service quality is a significant predictor of attitudes (Cronin Taylor, 1992) affects intention to behave.Indicate that intentions better than customer&rs;s attitude towards products / services quality.The degree of intent describes customer state while attitude is perceived by degree assessment of products / services quality provided by providers.In accordance opinions by Fawcett et al.(1996); Colonna (1997) about product quality attributes this study used the Global E_press Association Standard (20__), namely: Global Reach; Reliability; Transparency; Speed and Security are predicted to affect positive attitude.Based on these results, products / services quality included in model and proposed the first hypothesis as follows: H1: Product quality positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.2.Price Reasonableness Positively Influence on AttitudePrice is an important variable for positive attitudes towarde_press delivery services formation.Prices give positive or negative consumer perception (Zeithaml, 1988; Gerrard Cunningham, 20__4) to assess a product, both products services, and goods.Colgate Hedge (20__1) conclude behavioral effect on the price of customer attitudes about products / services (Peng Wang, 20__6) price (e_pensive) and pricing policy cannot be trusted.Based on Imran et al.(2021) studied price reasonableness will be assessed by a customerin accordance with service quality, both significantly with a positive attitude.Different studies Chitty et al.(20__7) high-quality services would be considered good even pay more e_pensive than low-quality services so that services (Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7) is difficult to reposition price.Basedon the research above, follog hypothesis is advanced: H2: Price reasonableness positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.3.Brand Image Positively Influence on AttitudeBased on research Aaker (20__4); Anisimova (20__7); BlombackA_elsson (20__7); Martenson (20__7); Da Silva Syed Alwi (2021)e_plained that brand image is customer attitudes perception when considering a particular brand, an image can be brand assured.The brand image role elaborating memories, belief and preference of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand (Hsieh et al., 20__4; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__).Keller Lehmann (20__3) e_plain that brand image and attitudeaffect customer&rs;s intention.Nguyen LeBlanc (1998) indicated attitude is more influential than a brand image on intention.Hsieh et al.(20__4) indicate the pany&rs;s brand perception big influence on buying behavior.Noted that brand image positively influence attitude and intention to use a particular product.Vahid Aidin (20__) indicating that it cannot predict actual behavior of products / services selection, due to various reasons, particularly situational reasons.Based on research above, follog hypothesis is advanced: H3: Brand image positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.4.Attitudes Influence on IntentionsAttitude consistently affect on intentions (Tarkianen Sundqvist, 20__5).Customers&rs; positive attitude tends to realize intention (Ajzen, 1991).Based on research (Rosenberg Hod, 1995; Fishbein Ajzen, 2021) attitude predisposes behavior.A multi-dimensional as hierarchical sequence model of cognitive, affective and conative (Rosenberg Hod, 1995).Chang (2021) is used to determine attitude effect by intention.Focus of this study aims to describe the model predictions about attitudes and intentions on e_press delivery services are to e_plain individual&rs;s desire degree to determine attitude on e_press delivery services customer.Based on research Anoraga (20_) indicate intention based one_perience and motivational factors influence behavior (Ajzen, 20__1).Intention described attitude directing behavior and subjective norms and refers to individual&rs;s perception that benefits against certain behaviors (Werner, 20__4) and increasing the intention to use the services.Results of research Webb Sheeran (20__6) indicate that the intention is the determinant of behavior, in addition to the PBC can predict directly to behavior or mediate relationship between intention and behavior.Based on these studies proposed hypothesis therefore is: H4: Attitude to use e_press delivery services mediates the relationship between product quality, price reasonableness, and brand image on customer&rs;s intention to use e_press delivery services.Based on these descriptions, research model on attitudes and intentions customers using e_press delivery services in Jakarta this basic framework can be arranged as shown in Figure 1 as follows: Figure 1.The conceptual model3.MethodsThe results are justified scientifically from source and truth, and then research methods are designed to provide a clear and structured basis instruments used to test a hypothesis.In order to achieve these objectives, this chapter will discuss scope, sling techniques, operational definition and measurement of variables, and statistical methods.3.1.The Scope of ResearchThis study was designed as an e_ploratory research to e_plain a phenomenon (Maholtra, 20__7).The research was conducted in Jakarta using survey techniques and data collected are cross-sectional.3.2.Sling TechniquesThe target population in this study is customers who intend to choose e_press delivery service for shipments / packages / documents in Jakarta chosen as study setting are e_pected to limit a scope of study so that results are relatively homogeneous.Non-probabilistic sle taken with follog criteria: (1) sle must have knowledge of courier / courier service / mail / e_press delivery services intended use; (2) Sle never use a delivery service and intend to use e_pressdelivery service at PT.Nugraha path Ekakurir (JNE) during August to October 20__.The determined number of sles of 100 respondents, thus meeting the minimum eligibility criteria for consideration data analysis aspects of Structural Equation Model / SEM (Hooper et al., 2021).3.3.Operational Definition and Measurement of Variables3.3.1.Product Quality Product quality is defined as an individual&rs;s perception of product superiority (Aaker, 1997).In this study variable product quality adopted from Global E_press Association (20__).Product quality variable was measured with dimension (a) Global Reach (knog its wide range) measured using five indications: (1) unlimited range; (2) reach to all corners; (3) a broad range; (4) reach to corner and (5) spread range; (b) Reliability (knog of reliable service) were measured using five indications: (1) timely service; (2) reliable services; (3) consistent; (4) tested services; (5) ministry assured.; (c) Transparency was measured using five indications: (1) service is transparent; (2) service is open; (3) services are easily tracked; (4) service is easily detected and (5) e_plicit service.(d) Speed (fast delivery) was measured using 5 indications (1) fast delivery; (2) timely delivery; (3) delivery smoothly; (4) delivery efficient and (5) delivery reliable.(e) Security was measured using five indications: (1) safe delivery;(2) delivery is guaranteed; (3) are not damaged; (4) shipment is not lost, and (5) shipments protected.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.2.Reasonableness PricePrice is defined as an individual&rs;s quality perception.The price factor is a sacrifice that must be paid to get some product type (Zeithaml, 1988; Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7).This variable was measured by using 5 price reasonablenessindicators (Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__): (1) reasonable rates; (2) reasonable rates; (3) affordable rates; (4) reasonable rates, and (5) usual fare.Each item wasmeasured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.3.Brand ImageBased on the earlier studies, the researcher determined that this variable was measured by using brand image attributes.Brand image is elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand.So the brand image is measured using 5 indications (Hsieh et al.20__): (1) popular brands image (2) superior brand image.(3) a good brand image.(4) brand image has a good reputation.(5) brand image has a good impression.Each item was measured using a 5-point scale Linkert from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.4.Positive Attitude towards E_press Delivery ServicesAttitude is defined as a degree of evaluation like or dislike of a person against an object or product (Ajzen, 1991).This means that if a customer has a positive attitude towards a product, the customer tends to manifest intention.Attitude measure multi- dimensional (Rosenberg Hod, 1995) as a construct in a hierarchical manner described through a cognitive, affective and conative sequence.In this study, e_press delivery services attitude is measured by using a 5 attitude indications, namely: (1) Glad to e_press delivery services; (2) Likes to e_press delivery services; (3) e_cited to e_press delivery services; (4) Hy on the e_istence of e_press delivery services, and (5) Think positive to e_press delivery services.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.5.Intention to use E_press Delivery ServicesIntention to use e_press delivery services (Fishbein Ajzen, 2021)is measure of confidence, motivation; attitudes to direct behavior, subjective norm; intention to act, and perception of behavioral control.This variable was measured by using 5 indications: (1) It will usee_press delivery services; (2) Want to use e_press delivery services; (3) Tendency to use e_press delivery services; (4) Willingness to use to use e_press delivery services; (5) Regarding use of these services in the future.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.4.ConclusionInfluence between variables in structural equation modeling, in general, does not support the results of previous studies, such as product quality and price reasonableness is not consistent with thestudy (Cronin Taylor, 1992) that product quality perceived and services are predictors of positive attitudes and behavior intention antecendent subscribers.The findings further showed no consistent also with findings (Keaveney, 1995; Colgate Hedge, 20__1) that price reasonableness influence positive attitude customers.However, results of studies on price reasonableness in line with (Mittal et al., 1998; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__) studies indicatingprice does not affect customer&rs;s purchase intention.The findings indicate that brand image positively influences attitudes.These results support previous studies (Aaker, 20__4) that quality perception shows superior differentiation of products or services and customers to the brand and think selectively used services.These results are consistent findings (Hsieh et al., 20__4; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__) that brand image elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand, then brand image and perception of corporate image influence on intention and purchase behavior brand, in line with studies (Blomback A_elsson, 20__7; Ogba Tan, 2021; Matthiesen Phau, 2021) brand image influence positive customers attitude.Good customer perception will ear when the brand has a unique advantage / superior, good reputation, popular, nice and provide the best service (Aaker, 1997; Kotler Keller, 20__).This shows brand image directly describes product quality.The study showed mediating role attitudes towards an intention to use e_press delivery services to sharpen study (Rosenberg Hod, 1995) that a construct ofcognitive, affective and conative able to e_plain desireindividuals to determine a positive attitude.Construction positive attitude (Ehigie, 20__6) is a critical factor closely related to customer e_pectations, perceived services quality.Similar findings (Donio et al., 20__6; Brunner et al., 2021) which affect-laden of a brand that a positive attitude will enhance customer intention to use e_press delivery services.中文译文：客户为何打算使用快递服务【摘要】：^p本研究的目的是更好地了解产品质量、价格合理性、品牌形象和态度对客户意向的影响。
物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
连锁经营运作体系超市连锁研究外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处: Medics D. The study on retail chain enterprise management operation system [J]. European Management Journal, 2015, 12(3): 31-41.原文The study on retail chain enterprise management operation systemMedics D.AbstractRetail is one of the most important industries of the third industry; it is closely related to a country's economy and people's life. Since the reform and opening, profound changes have taken place in China's retail business. Some retail enterprises to introduce chain mode of operation, and achieved great success. Called the third circulation revolution, chain operation, in the world of retail enterprises have become the dominant mode of operation and organization way, it will also change of retail enterprises have a huge and far-reaching influence.Keywords: Chain operation; Retail enterprise; Operation system1 IntroductionIn today's world of business development, chain operation has become an important business management form; it is more serious especially in the retail business. In sales of the top of the world's large retail stores, noting have is not a chain store. As the market competition is intense, business failures are common. But statistics show that the chain business enterprise failure rate is very low. Chain operation of commodity sales, has accounted for a country over a third of the total social retail, in the United States has reached to 70%.Chain operation has the advantages of the industry consensus. Since the 1960 s, some emerging industrialized countries and regions have introduced chain operation, promote the development of the business trend.2 Related concepts in this paper2.1 The definition of chain operationChain management refers to the same kind of goods and services of a number of enterprises, under the leadership of the core enterprise or headquarters, the standardized management, achieve economies of scale and operation form and organization form. Chain system branch distribution around like a chain formed a strong sales network. Usually, we set up in this business form of business enterprise is called the chain. Chain management is the essence of the principle of the modern industrial production application in the retail industry, to implement the standardization ofbusiness activity, specialization, unification; this is an important prerequisite for its economic benefits. On the one hand, advanced marketing techniques can be large-scale promotion and realize resources sharing in numerous stores; On the other hand, the cost of investment and risk and can be Shared in a wide range of shops, so as to reduce the unit cost of goods. Therefore, chain operation has other business form incomparable superiority.2.2 Three forms of chain operationRegular chain and chain, retail chain, is the sense of the chain. It is to point to in the same stage of circulation, by the same headquarters, with the same capital, unified leadership, directly engaged in the same type of goods and services more than son home retail enterprise form. All formal chain of the main features is: unity, unified management, centralized management, decentralized sales. Store chain system of personnel, labor, and marketing share all orders according to the headquarters. The main body of the chain is not branch, tightness of the highest in the three forms.Also is called voluntary chain free chain. Japan under the voluntary chain is defined as: "scattered around many retailers, both maintained their independence, and concluded the permanent chain relationship and make the purchase of goods and business together, and sharing in order to achieve scale economy. The purpose of the shop is characterized by voluntary chain members of ownership, management. Accounting is independent, is the body of the chain members shop rather than headquarters. Members of the shop on the premise of maintain their independence, through consultation resources together, work together, unified purchase, unified management, joint activities, decision management policy consultation, marketing strategy, development plan, etc. Headquarters is the nature of the service, not for the purpose of profit.Franchise chain, also called contract franchising chain or contract. Refers to the franchisees to have trademarks (including service marks), trade name, products, patents and proprietary technology, management pattern and so on in the form of a franchise contract awarded to the franchisee to use, as stipulated in the contract by the franchisee, engaged in business activities in franchisees uniform business mode.3 Retail enterprise chain-like management operation characteristicsChain management as a modern form of business organization not only has the scale operation of mass production advantages, at the same time has dispersed flexible managementadvantage. The formation of its advantages is depending on the chain as a characteristic.3.1 The size of the retail chain businessEconomies of scale exist is the root cause of the production and business activities "inseparable", under certain conditions, the enterprise's long-term average cost with the expansion of production or business operations, and it is an economy of scale. Otherwise, the scale is not the economy; the emergence of economies of scale is the inevitable result of social production development. Due to economies of scale is a common requirement for economic benefits of all economic activity, so the enterprise is a kind of pursuit of economies of scale inherent impulse. With the enlargement of the scale, cost reduction, profits rise, enable enterprises to compete with scale, to secure their own market position. Chain management is the use of the principle of economies of scale in the field of circulation. This mode of operation of scale economy characteristics embodied in the chain with the enterprise's expansion, expanding market share, reduced operating costs, so as to establish the scale operation of enterprises advantage.3.2 Retail chain enterprise's specializationDivision of labor theory the founder of the British is classical economics Adam Smith in his book "the wealth of nations, suggests that the main argument is that division of labor can improve labor productivity. Specifically, division of labor through the following ways to improve the labor productivity: first, the division of professional producers will make labor production activities focused on less standardized operation, can quickly improve production quantity. Second, laborer is fixed on a post job, not only proficient skills, but also saves the time of the loss due to change jobs. Third, the division of labor workers to save the manufacturing cost of material and Labor tools. Fourth, the professional division of labor made possible the adoption of advanced technology and equipment. Fifth, complex labor to professional division of labor, reduces the complexity of the management, improve the management efficiency. Chain management on the one hand, the circulation field independent functions organically unify, on the other hand, within the enterprise executes more detailed division of labor and specialization. Chain of specialized division of labor embodied in multiple levels: first, is based on the operating procedures and operating features of chain formed by the division of sports, namely chain enterprise procurement, inventory, distribution, management, sales promotion, the professional division of labor, make the circulation enterprises to adapt to the needs of the development of social production, to expandscale, high efficiency of commodity procurement organization. Second, based on chain organization structure mode and the management pattern, implements the enterprise internal division of professional, divided by the function of headquarters and branch, has realized the decision making and operations, decision-making and management of the division of labor. Third, chain post division of labor; this is the deepening of professional division of labor. Main jobs are to identify skills, quantitative work achievement, make whole enterprise human resource allocation in the best state. Chain is mainly through the standardized management of professional division of labor.3.3 Retail chain principles of standardizationMeans for continuous production, sales forecast quality of the goods and set both reasonable and ideal state, condition and can be repeated operation management system. Set, in general, the best quality of the specifications of the goods is easy, but to ensure continuous production and sales enterprise basic not the best quality goods. Because the operation process, operation methods, such as operation condition requirements of too high, not easy to get the workers to maintain and abide by, no matter how hard work, the operator can't realization of the expected quality of commodity production and sales. As chain operation, therefore, in the judgment of standardization, to ensure its operation process, operation methods, such as operation condition can be continued to perform, homework personnel can according to the operation standard to carry out the continuous operation. That way, you can provide the desired quality goods to customers, also can provide the goods in a standard time, can reduce customer of waiting time, also can reduce the manufacturing cost and cost of sales, because of efficient service, speed up the flow of traffic.4 Retail chain enterprises operating efficiencyDue to the scale of chain enterprise and efficient operations, forming chains competition dominance of strong position and circulation, so it is to create conditions and multi-channel profit sources may, also has the obvious overall efficiency advantage.4.1 Scale sales profitChain enterprises can realize large-scale sales, which mean that it than the chain to achieve more sales profit. Sales profit obtained is not only a high market share, many stores still rely on low-cost replenish stock, so that the chain enterprises to realize the general market price under the high profits. As the market is driven by competition, chain enterprises to implement below marketaverage sales price, and will get the supplier on the sales promotion with all the aspects of support, low market prices, organized the implementation of modern marketing make sales scale based on a strong competitive position, high turnover of goods and the consumer benefit sharing basis, it is the rationality of the franchising sales profit.4.2 Profits of wide-area market channelsThe development of chain stores more is a wide area of market possession, the final channel network set up allowing into goods and services to scale up. Because the chain has been investing in scale, high efficiency and high market share of the final channel, from commercial and service industry and other industry specialization analysis, who want to enter and use this channel, which will pay, the channel profit is generated. Channel profit form is typically comes into play, stores, advertising, sales promotion, etc. For chain channel profit is the return on investment, is reasonable, but must be controlled within a reasonable limit. Chain is to compound chain, subjectivity chain to chain compound together with other function to enhance the attraction for consumers, subjectivity chain will continue to increase the channel profit. In addition, the chain enterprise reasonable use network channels all sorts of function will produce more profits, as some chain enterprise in each year from chain stores recycled goods packing can increase the non-operating income of millions, and implement the green marketing at the same time.译文零售企业连锁经营运作体系研究摘要零售业是第三产业中最重要的产业之一，它与一国的经济和人民生活息息相关。
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中英文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)摘要：自从“一万村”市场项目开展以来，连锁超市就开始在农村地区发展起来。
物流和分配是连锁超市运作过程中的纽带，在超市的平稳运作中起到重要作用。
本土超市涌现出的很多问题，现在逐渐成为超市发展的瓶颈。
在这篇论文中，作者将会分析现今存在于中国农村超市的物流和分配方面的问题，然后提供一些相应策略解决这个问题。
关键词：农村地区，货品分配，策略规划，物流，连锁超市。
1 介绍自从“一万村”市场项目开展以来，连锁超市作为一个新的运作系统及销售模式，开始在广阔的农村地区发展。
这些连锁超市带领农民提高消费水平、缩小城乡差异、提升农村地区和农村市场现代流通的发展。
连锁超市在农民中很受欢迎。
然而，物流和分配是连锁超市的核心，却仍非常薄弱。
分配的优势是超市运作成本、利润及相关合伙人附加利润的关键。
在当前经济危机的形势下，解决农村超市物流及分配方面的问题，对农村市场的发展、经济的发展以及建设一个社会主义新农村都非常关键。
1.1农村连锁超市物流及分配的一些概念和特点分配是一个经济活动，是企业家基于消费者需求，用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地点储存货物，并且把这些货物运送到在合理经济框架内的其他客户。
它包含购买、储存、分类、货物处理、递送及其它活动。
它是一个物流活动的方式，结合了特别的、完整的业务流程。
在农村地区，农民和农产品独特，所以，与城市物流分配相比，有着一些不同的特点。
1.2农村地区的主要物流和分配问题A．低均匀分布率和高运作成本根据商务部调查，自从“一万村”市场项目开展以来，农村连锁超市的覆盖率已经达到超过60%，但是分配率却只有40%。
这个数字不仅低于国内连锁超市60%的平均运送率，也大大低于国外连锁超市高于80%的运送率。
均匀分配有利于统一采购。
商店不能得益于连锁。
这就会导致高物流成本。
B．不合理的物流和分配模式，导致信息读取效率不高最近，农村连锁超市的物流和分配渠道主要由分配中心、农产品和供应市场合作社、第三方物流和分配系统组成。
事实上，这三种分配方式也同样面临着高物流成本的问题。
许多连锁超市没有建立自己的分配中心，因而不能满足分配服务的需求。
即使一些连锁超市建立了自己的分配中心，也仍然存在很大问题。
大多数农村超市规模较小，缺少建立分配中心的资金，因此，一些分配中心不能满足超市分配的需求。
农村连锁商店分布较广，单个的连锁超市分配还是比较有限。
收入比分配中心的建立和运作成本还要低。
C．分配中心的延后建立、低下技术水平、低分配水平农村连锁超市的分配中心改造和扩大都是基于原来的仓库，这并不能满足连锁超市的服务需求。
这些分配中心只能用来当仓库、储存及运输，缺少了深层的货品加工容量、信息加工以及反馈功能。
这些基础设施不够，也缺少了机械化的检测、加工、冰冻、冷藏、包装及其它设备。
电脑信息管理系统也远远不够，导致了不能及时进行与供应商、总部以及分部的数据交换。
很难有效地管理物流信息，所以所有功能的协作及整合程度仍然非常低。
D．不充分的信息共享系统农村连锁超市的信息系统构建是相对落后的。
电子订货系统、电子数据互换系统以及增值网络系统都还没有使用。
决策和信息管理系统也远远不够。
很难在连锁超市、分配中心和供应商之间进行信息交流。
所有这些都导致了不及时的采购及补充，进而导致供应缺口。
很难在总部和分部之间得到及时的运作指引、销售、管理、货物运送和调动。
此外，关于产品和服务的信息不能及时得到反馈。
没有体现当地特色和农民需求的产品配送可能会影响连锁超市的发展。
E．小规模企业，缺少主导企业农村市场的消费潜力是巨大的，但是农民的购买力却有限。
他们不会在短时间内接受设计好的产品。
同时，也存在很多问题。
比如，需求分散、农村物流运作的高成本、小规模、设施不够、资金欠缺、没有主导企业。
很难达到物流、分配、管理以及经济规模效应。
分配中心缺少专业的人才，尤其是那些熟悉中国农村市场的物流专业人才。
雇员总体素质较差，大多数操作员对物流不了解，对物流的运作原则、业务分部接口、运作流程、行业标准、服务标准和现代信息技术运用更是知之甚少。
在这种背景下，物流人才在农村地区尤其稀缺，迫切需要培养懂农村、农民，并且能抓住当代农村物流发展特征的物流人才。
1.3农村连锁超市的物流和分配策略A. 选择合适的分配方式连锁超市的物流和分配有四种方式：自己运送、第三方物流、公共运送以及供应商运送。
由于农村地区、农民及农产品的特殊情况，中国零售业的发展和未来合伙重组的开展联系在一起。
因此，对农村连锁超市来说，采用公共运送模式更合适。
近年来，连锁超市建立了各自的的分配系统来有效利用物流资源，第三方物流和第四方物流逐渐发展起来。
因此，复合型分配模式对中国农村连锁超市更合适。
中小型超市由于资金欠缺，建立自己的分配系统有一些困难。
即使他们有能力建立自己的分配系统，也很难产生规模效应。
薄弱的连锁超市应该通过融资联合建立分配中心，管理连锁超市的所有分配业务。
这样不仅能达到物流资源的最有配置，提高物流运作的效率，也能减少投资成本。
它可以提供联合采购。
同时，超市也应该把更多注意力放在与第三方物流公司的合作上。
对于那些鲜活商品、冰冻商品，超市可以不统一分配。
分配中心可以外包给第三方物流公司，以此达到快速反馈及及时运送。
有分配中心的超市可以通过委员会和委托人发展公共运送。
如果他们购买少量商品，他们应该委托分配中心给予共同运送。
大型的资金雄厚的连锁超市，为了追求物流和分配的高效，可以建立自己的分配中心，达到每个分部的具体需求。
他们可以接受中小型连锁超市的佣金，来实施共同运送。
诚然，大型连锁超市有时也有大量的物流业务，即使他们有自己的分配中心和分配系统。
他们仍需要和第三方第四方物流公司在一些运作方面进行合作，尤其是在长距离运输、地区仓库及其它业务区域。
外包的优势很明显，不仅可以解决供应链的库存、运输问题，同时也可以解决采购问题，管理超市和供应商之间的关系。
B. 加强分配中心的构建以达到现代化决定分配中心的规模。
不同分部产品的数量和类型不同，因此，要综合分析物流市场以及未来发展需求，全面预测物流容量大小、物流中心合理的大小及规模，然后优化分配中心的规模、地点和功能。
完善分配中心的功能。
分配中心有许多服务功能，比如仓库、运输、采购、装卸、分配加工、分配、信息加工以及反馈。
农产品和其它商品可以和其相应信息一起加工。
信息来源于农民，他们可以提供大量高质量产品，保持不同功能的和谐。
加强硬件和软件的建设。
在硬件方面，自动化仓库、自动化分类机器、电子货梯、智能化输送机、数据收集装置及其它现代物流设备都应该逐渐使用，以达到加工运作的机械化及自动化。
为了满足一些鲜活商品、易腐烂商品的分配需求，分配中心也应该加快运送速度，提高效率，减少物流成本及采用有冰箱和保存功能的仓库。
在软件方面，我们必须注意物流信息系统的构建，以提高信息水平。
分配中心应该建立电脑化的管理信息系统，包括电子自动化订货系统、电子数据互换、销货点系统和信息反馈系统。
同时，也需要建立互联网联系供应商、分配中心和实体店之间的生产、供应和营销，这样一来，总体的购买、分类、加工、包装、储存、运输和其它分配运作才能紧密结合，保证物流分配中心的正常运作。
这些方法都会带来管理上的信息化和科学化。
C. 提高规模，建立严格的评估系统。
通过回顾、评估和分析财务状况、业务场所、人员素质、运作地位，没有能力或是有假冒伪劣商品行为的农村商店将不允许加入农村连锁超市。
满足标准的商店必须订立合同。
主导企业优先加入合同。
在合同中，分配率不能低于一个确切百分比。
如果一个农村商店的分配率一年中连续四个月或五个月都低于65%，其名单就会在特许经营资格书上剔除。
同时，为了提高连锁超市的整体分配率，每个农村商店的分配率必须达到某些要求。
D. 确立农产品基地，保证农产品供应的安全农产品易坏，季节性强。
为了保障质量和运送容量，它们的运输、包装和加工都会更加困难。
连锁超市可以通过与某一地区的政府部门合作，建立农产品加工基地，解决高质量农产品和附带当地产品。
对农民来说，农产品的分配渠道可以优化农村经济结构和产品结构，以此提高他们的经济收入。
对超市来说，不仅能减少购买成本，保障农产品质量及安全，也能从当地分部得到产品信息，与农民建立良好的合作关系，逐渐提高产品质量，发展特殊产品，并且深度开发农村市场。
建立一个现代的农业生产基地对解决超市购买农产品来说是个不可避免的选择。
E. 培养物流人才当前，由于农村连锁超市缺乏物流专业人才，发展农村物流业人才至关重要。
引进高素质人才可以解决这个问题，但是对已有员工的培训教育更重要。
连锁超市可以建立自己的员工教育培训中心，也可以把员工送往专业的物流公司或大学深造，提高他们的专业素养及水平。
通过这些方法，分配中心可以提高效率。
F. 配置特殊产品，发展自有品牌配置价格低廉的产品需要基于当地情况，考虑农民的消费心理、消费习惯以及消费水平。
价格低廉的产品和自有品牌产品可以定位。
对于有着密集人口和便利交通的农村连锁超市来说，他们可以根据产品类型选择每天每月需要的产品。
对于在乡镇的超市，人口相对分散，他们应该选择适合农村消费水平的生活必备品。
他们必须实施严格的食品质量检测，防止假冒伪劣产品流入市场，以保证食品安全，创造一个舒适的消费环境，满足农民消费者的最大需求。
他们同样需要发展和培养自我品牌产品优势，扩大市场份额，提高服务质量和水平，来提升企业的竞争力。
The Study on Logistics and Distribution Strategy of China’s Rural Supermarkets AbstractSince “Ten Thousand Villages” market project was carried out,the chain supermarkets have been developing in therural areas. Logistics and distribution, the tie to various operating of chain supermarkets, play an important role on the smoothly operation of the supermarket.A lot of problems, which are from local markets, now is becoming the bottleneck of the development of supermarket. In this paper, the author analyzed the problems present in current logistics and distribution of China's rural supermarkets, and provided some strategies to the problem.Keywords-rural areas; distribution of goods; strategic planning; logistics；supermarket chains.I. INTRODUCTIONSince the “Ten Thousand Villages” market project was carried out, the chain supermarket, a new operating system and sale model, has been developed in the wide rural areas. These chain markets are guiding farmers to increase consumption, narrow the gap between urban and rural, promote the development of modern circulation inrural areas and rural market. It has been welcomed by farmers. However, logistics and distribution, the core of the chain supermarkets, are still very weak. The strength of distribution is the key to the super market’s operating cost, profit and related cooperator’s profit plus. Under the current situation of economic crisis, the answer to so lve the problems of the rural chain supermarkets’ logistics and distribution is important to develop the rural markets, develop the economics, and build socialist new countryside.II. THE CONCEPTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL CHAIN SUPERMARKETS’ LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTIONDistribution is an economic activity, that enterprises based on user needs reserve goods in the distribution centers or other locations by the most effective way, and send the goods to users in the region within the reasonable framework of economic,. It includes the purchase, storage, sorting, cargo handling, delivery and other activities. It is a logistics activities way which combine with the special, integrated business flow and logistics. Because rural areas, farmers and agricultural products are unique, they have some different characteristics compared with urban logistics distribution. Frequent orders for the rural chain supermarkets, many stores, high frequency of purchase orders, strict time limits for delivery; agricultural products are perishable and seasonal, which transportation, processing, preservation have high requirements for the logistics and distribution technology; It is lack of market demand in rural areas, farmers’ consumer environment and awareness have not yet mature, the Infrastructures of logistics are still poor, the store layout is fragmented, regional span is large, distribution paths are tortuous and long, therefore, the distribution is difficult; rural commodities are replaced frequently; many products of the chain supermarkets in rural areas are big package supply based on individual store distribution center to dismantle zero and sorting.III. THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL SUPERMARKETSA. The lower rate of uniform distribution and higher operating costAccording to the commerce department survey, the coverage of rural chainsupermarkets has reached more than 60% since “Ten Thousand Villages” market project was carried out while the distribution rate is just 40%.This is not only lower than 60% of the average delivery rate of domestic chain supermarkets, but also much lower than the rate of foreign chain supermarkets which is more than 80%. .Uniform distribution leads to unified procurement. The stores can’t get advantages of chains. This will lead to the high logistics cost.B. The unreasonable logistics and distribution patterns of reading information efficientlyRecently, our rural chain supermarkets’ logistics and distribution channels are mainly consists of distribution centers, rural food and supply-marketing cooperatives, third-party logistics and distribution system. Actually, these three kinds of distribution ways are facing to the same problem of high logistics costs. Many chain supermarkets have not established their own distribution center and could not met the needs of the distribution services. Even though some chain supermarkets have established their own distribution centers, there are still many problems. Most rural supermarkets are small and lack of funds to build distribution centers, therefore a number of distribution centers can not meet the demands on supermarket distribution. The rural chain stores spread widely and the limited amount of single chain supermarkets distribution. The income is less than the cost of distribu tion centers’ construction and operation.C. Delayed construction, poor technology, low distribution level of distribution centersThe distribution centers of rural chain supermarkets are transformed and expanded mostly on the basis of the original warehouse, which can not meet the service needs of chain supermarkets. These distribution centers can only be used for warehousing, storage and transportation. They are lack of deep processing capacity of goods, information processing and feedback functions. The basic facilities are inadequate and lack of mechanized equipments and testing, processing, freezing, cold storage, packaging and other equipments. Computer information management systems are also far from perfect which lead to the weakness of timely exchange of data with suppliers,headquarters and branches. It is difficult to manage the logistics information effectively, so that the level of all functions’ coordination and integration is still very low.D. Inadequate information-sharing systemThe information system construction of rural chain supermarkets is relatively backward. Electronic ordering systems, electronic data interchange systems and value-added network systems have not been used. Decision-make and information management systems are far from perfect. It is difficult to communicate information among chain supermarkets, distribution centers and suppliers. All these lead to the untimely procurement and replenishment, resulting in supply gap. It is difficult to get timely operational guidance, sales, management, goods delivery and transfer between head office and the branches. In addition, information on products and services can not be feedback in time. Distribution products that do not reflect local characteristics and farmers’ need will be affect ing the development of chain supermarkets.E. Small-scale enterprises, lacking of leading enterprisesWhile the consumption of the rural market is potential, farmers’ spending power is poor. They do not accept designed products in the short time. Moreover, there are a lot of problems such as dispersion demand, high cost of rural logistics operation, small-scale, inadequate facilities, insufficient funds and without leading enterprises. It is difficult to achieve in logistics, distribution, management, and economies of scale.F. Distribution center with unqualified personnel, lack of logistics talents who are familiar with the rural market Distribution center came out late in China and was lack of professionals. The qualities of employments are generally low. Most operators do not have enough logistics knowledge with understanding little about operation principles , business segment interface, operating processes, industry standards, service standards and modern information technical application. In this background, logistics talents are specially lack of in rural areas. There is an urgent need to develop enough talented persons who understand rural, farmers and grasp the features of modern rural logistics.IV. THE LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY OF RURALCHAIN SUPERMARKETSA. Selecting the appropriate distribution waysThe logistics and distribution of chain supermarkets have four distribution ways which are self-delivery, third-party logistics, common delivery and supplier delivery. Because of the special properties of rural areas, farmers and agricultural products, the development of China's retail industry is bound to carry out corporate restructuring in the future. Therefore it is more suitable for rural chain supermarkets to adopt a common distribution model. The third-party logistics and fourth-party logistics have been developed greatly in recent years, while chain supermarkets build their own distribution system in the use of logistics resources. It is important to learn to utilize third-party logistics and fourth-party logistics services. Therefore, mixed-distribution model is more suitable for China's rural chain supermarkets. Small and medium-scale supermarkets have difficulty to establish their own distribution systems with the shortage of funds. I t’s also very difficult to produce economies of scale even if they are able to create distribution systems. The various forces of the weak chain supermarkets should be combined to establish distribution centers through cofinancing and manage all distribution businesses of all chain supermarkets. It can not only achieve the optimal allocation of logistics resources to improve the efficiency of logistics operations, but also reduce the investment burden or cost. It can be provided for the joint procurement of materials. At the same time, supermarkets should also pay more attention on the cooperation with third-party logistics companies. For those fresh goods, frozen goods that supermarkets do not want to uniform distribution, The distribution center can be outsourcing to third-party logistics companies in order to achieve rapid response and timely delivery. The supermarkets which have distribution centers can develop the common distribution by means of commission and trustee. They could entrust the distribution center for co-distribution if they purchase fewer goods. Large chain supermarkets with strong capital, in pursuit of the efficiency of logistics and distribution to enable to meet the specific requirements of each branch, tend to establish their own distribution centers. They can accept commissions of small and medium supermarket chain supermarketsto carry out a common distribution. Of course, large chain supermarkets sometimes have a huge amount of logistics business, even if they have there own distribution centers and distribution systems. They also need to cooperate with third party and fourth-party logistics companies in some operational aspects, especially in the long-distance transport, regional warehouses and other business areas. The advantages of outsourcing are obvious. Not only can solve the inventory of supply chains, transportation problems, but also help to resolve the issues of procurement, and manage the relationships between supermarkets and suppliers.B. Strengthen the construction of distribution centers to achieve the modernizationDetermine the size of distribution centers. With the number and types of the various branches’ goods, through a comprehensive analysis of the logistics market as well as future development needs, fully prediction of the size of the logistics capacity, the reasonable size and scale of distribution centers, then the size, location and function aspects of distribution centers will be optimized. Perfect the function of distribution centers. Distribution centers have many service functions, such as warehousing, transportation, procurement, handling, distribution processing, distribution, information processing and feedback. Agricultural products and other commodities can be processed with the products and services’ i nformation from farmers who are able to provide a wealth of high-quality products, maintain low out rates and the harmonization of various functions. Strengthen the construction of hardware and software. On the hardware side, the automated warehouses, automatic sorting machines, electric lifts, automatic conveyors, data collection devices and other modern logistics equipments should be gradually used to achieve the mechanization and automation of processing operation. To meet the distribution needs of some fresh perishable goods, the distribution center should accelerate the delivery speed, improve efficiency, reduce logistics cost and adopt a warehouse with the functions of refrigerator and preservation. On the software side, we must pay attention to the construction of logistics information system to improve information level. Distribution centers should establish computerized management information systems, including electronic automated ordering system, electronic data interchange, point ofsale systems and information feedback system. It is also need to be building an internet to connect with the production, supplication, marketing of the suppliers, distribution centers and shopping malls, so the whole purchasing, sorting, processing, packaging, storage, transportation and other distribution operations can be closely integrated to ensure the proper functioning of the logistics distribution center. All these ways can bring the management to be informational and scientific. C. Increasing their sizes and chains, establishing a strict access system. Through the review, evaluation and analysis of farm shops’ financial strength, business premises, personnel qualities, operational status, the farm shops which have no power or behavior of operating fake and shoddy goods will be refused to join in the farm chain supermarkets, the farm shops to meet the standards can only join in the contract. Leading enterprises are preferential to join in the contract in which the distribution rate should not be less than a certain percentage, if farm shops’ distribution rate has been below 65% for four consecutive months or five months throughout the year, they will be canceled the franchise qualifications. In the same time, the distribution rate of each farm shop must be of certain requirements to improve the overall distribution rate of chain supermarkets.D. Establishing agricultural production base to ensure thesecurity of agricultural products supplicationAgricultural products are perishable and seasonal, their transportation, packaging and processing are more difficult to guarantee quality and delivery capacity. The chainsupermarkets can establish agricultural products processing bases, through the cooperation with government in regional areas, to deal with high-quality agricultural and sideline native products bought from farmers. For farmers, the distribution channels of agricultural products can be changed to optimize the rural economic structure and product structure and increase their income. For supermarkets, it can not only reduce purchasing cost, ensure quality and safety of agricultural products, but also get product information in the local branches to strengthen the relationship with farmers, improve product quality continuously, develop special products, and explorethe rural markets more in-depth. To build a modern agricultural production base is the inevitable choice for solving the problems of agricultural products bought in local and supermarket development.E. Training and paying attention to the cultivation of logistics professionalsAt present, it is important to develop talents of rural logistics industry, the rural supermarket distribution centers are lack of logistics professionals. This can be enhanced by the introduction of qualified people, but the education and training to their own staff are more important. Chain supermarkets can set up their own training center for staff education and training as well as send them to a professional logistics company or a college to improve their professional quality and technical level. In these ways, the distribution centers can increase their efficiency.F. Configuring special goods, developing owned brands.Configuring inexpensive goods needs to be based on local conditions. The farmers’ consumption psychology, habit a nd level need to be taken into account. The cheaper goods and owned brand products can be positioned. For farm chain shops in the county with dense population, the convenient traffic, they can choose the consumer goods mainly and daily supplement in the type of goods. For farm chain shops in the township, town and village with population dispersed, they should choose the necessities suitable for rural consumption level. They must carry out stringent checks on the quality of goods to prevent counterfeiting drug products entering the market to ensure product safety, create a comfortable environment for consumption to meet the maximum needs of farm consumers. And they also need to develop and cultivate their own brand advantages, so as to expand further markets, attract consumers, expand market shares and improve service quality and levels to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.摘要：本文的目的是介绍绿色物流领域及描述通过组合优化制定中出现的一些问题。