The spirit of wolves(认证复习材料)
高三英语高效课堂资料2.The call of the wild
高三英语高效课堂资料The Call of the Wild书名：野性的呼唤作者：杰克·伦敦简介：在加利福尼亚的家里,巴克过着安逸舒适的生活。
他是那儿最高大强壮的狗,地位举足轻重。
他和孩子们一同散步,在水中嬉戏,冬天的时候他就坐在主人的炉火边取暖。
但是在1897年,人们在育空河发现了金矿,他们需要像巴克这样的狗。
于是巴克被从家乡偷运到北方。
他在那里学会了拉雪撬,在冰天雪地中日复一日地跋涉。
他学会了偷食以慰饥肠,破冰取水解渴,还学会了反击来对付那些欺负他的狗。
而且他学得很快。
不久巴克成为了北方所有著名的拉雪撬的狗之一。
但是北部是狼群出没的森林,在那里他们对着明月长嗥。
野性的呼唤在巴克的梦中回响,越来越响亮……杰克·伦敦1876年生于旧金山,死于1916年。
他出身穷苦,在他短暂的一生中他有丰富的经历——海员、工人、育空河的淘金人、旅行家、记者和作家。
他写了很多书,但是其中以《野性的呼唤》和另一本写狗的书《白芳》,最广为流传。
1 To the northBuck did not read the newspapers. He did not know that trouble was coming for every big dog in California. Men had found gold in the Yukon, and these men wanted big, strong dogs to work in the cold and snow of the north.Buck lived in Mr. Miller's big house in the sunny Santa Clara valley There were large gardens and fields of fruit trees around the house, and a river nearby. In a big place like this, of course, there were many dogs There were house dogs and farm dogs, but they were not important. Buck was chief dog；he was born here, and this was his place .He was four years old and weighed sixty kilos .He went swimming with Mr. Miller's sons, and walking with his daughters .He carried the grandchildren on his back, and he sat at Mr. Miller's feet in front of the fire in winter.But this was 1897, and Buck did not know that men and dogs were hurrying to north-west Canada to look for gold. And he did not know that Manuel, one of Mr. Miller's gardeners, needed money for his large family. One day, when Mr. Miller was out, Manuel and Buck left the garden together. It was just an evening walk, Buck thought. No one saw them go, and only one man saw them arrive at the railway station. This man talked to Manuel, and gave him some money .Then he tied a piece of rope around Buck's neck.Buck growled, and was surprised when the rope was pulled hard around his neck. He jumped at the man. The man caught him and suddenly Buck was on his back with his tongue out of his mouth. For a few moments he was unable to move, and it was easy for the two men to put him into the train.When Buck woke up, the train was still moving. The man was sitting and watching him, butBuck was too quick for him and he bit the man's hand hard. Then the rope was pulled again and Buck had to let go.That evening, the man took Buck to the back room of a bar in San Francisco. The barman looked at the man's hand and trousers covered in blood.‘How much are they paying you for this?’ he asked.‘I only get fifty dollars.’‘And the man who stole him—how much did he get?’ asked the barman.‘A hundred. He wouldn't take less.’‘That makes a hundred and fifty. It's a good price for a dog like him .Here, help me to get him into this.’They took off Buck's rope and pushed him into a wooden box. He spent the night in the box in the back room of the bar. His neck still ached with pain from the rope, and he could not understand what it all meant . What did they want with him, these strange men? And where was Mr. Miller?The next day Buck was carried in the box to the railway station and put on a train to the north.For two days and nights the train travelled north, and for two days and nights Buck neither ate nor drank. Men on the train laughed at him and pushed sticks at him through the holes in the box. For two days and nights Buck got angrier and hungrier and thirstier. His eyes grew red and he bit anything that moved.In Seattle four men took Buck to a small, high－walled back garden, where a fat man in an old red coat was waiting. Buck was now very angry indeed and he jumped and bit at the sides of his box. The fat man smiled and went to get an axe and a club.‘Are you going to take him out now?’ asked one of the men. ‘Of course,’ answered the fat man, and he began to break the box with his axe.Immediately the four other men climbed up onto the wall to watch from a safe place.As the fat man hit the box with his axe, Buck jumped at the sides, growling and biting, pulling with his teeth at the pieces of broken wood. After a few minutes there was a hole big enough for Buck to get out. ‘ Now, come here, red eyes,’ said the fat man, dropping his axe and taking the club in his right hand.Buck jumped at the man, sixty kilos of anger, his mouth wide open ready to bite the man's neck. Just before his teeth touched the skin, the man hit him with the club. Buck fell to the ground. It was the first time anyone had hit him with a club and he did not understand. He stood up, and jumped again. Again the club hit him and he crashed to the ground. Ten times he jumped at the man, and ten times the club hit him. Slowly he got to his feet, now only just able to stand. There was blood on his nose and mouth and ears. Then the fat man walked up and hit him again, very hard, on the nose. The pain was terrible. Again, Buck jumped at the man and again he was hit to the ground. A last time he jumped, and this time, when the man knocked him down, Buck did not move.‘He knows how to teach a dog a lesson,’ said one of the men on the wall. Then the four men jumped down and went back to the station.‘His name is Buck,’ said the fat man to himself, reading the letter that had come with the box.’Well, Buck, my by,’ he said in a friendly voice,’ we've argued a little, and I think the best thing to donow is to stop. Be a good dog and we'll be friends. But if you're a bad dog, I'll have to use my club again. Understand?’As he spoke, he touched Buck’ s head, and although Buck was angry inside, he did not move. When the man brought him water and meat, Buck drank and then ate the meat, piece by piece, from the man's hand.Buck was beaten（he knew that）but he was not broken. He had learnt that a man with a club was stronger than him. Every day he saw more dogs arrive, and each dog was beaten by the fat man. Buck understood that a man with a club must be obeyed, although he did not have to be a friend.Men came to see the fat man and to look at the dogs. Some-times they paid money and left with one or more of the dogs. One day a short, dark man came and looked at Buck.‘That's a good dog!’ he cried.’ How much do you want for him?’‘Three hundred dollars. It's a good price, Perrault,’ said the fat man.Perrault smiled and agreed that it was a good price. He knew dogs, and he knew that Buck was an excellent dog.‘One in ten thousand,’ Perrault said to himself.Buck saw money put into the fat man’ s hand, and he was not surprised when he and another dog called Curly were taken away by Perrault. He took them to a ship, and later that day Buck and Curly stood and watched the coast get further and further away. They had seen the warm south for the last time.Perrault took Buck and Curly down to the bottom of the ship. There they met another man, Francois. Perrault was a French－Canadian, but Francois was half－Indian, tall and dark. Buck learnt quickly that Perrault and Francois were fair men, calm and honest. And they knew everything about dogs.There were two other dogs on the ship. One was a big dog called Spitz, as white as snow. He was friendly to Buck at first, always smiling. He was smiling when he tried to steal Buck’ s food at the first meal. Francois was quick and hit Spitz before Buck had time to move. Buck decided that this was fair, and began to like Francois a little.Dave, the other dog, was not friendly. He wanted to be alone all the time. He ate and slept and was interested in nothing.One day was very like another, but Buck noticed that the weather was getting colder. One morning, the ship's engines stopped, and there was a feeling of excitement in the ship. Francois leashed the dogs and took them outside. At the first step Buck's feet went into something soft and white. He jumped back in surprise. The soft, white thing was also falling through the air, and it fell onto him. He tried to smell it, and then caught some on his tongue. It bit like fire, and then disappeared. He tried again and the same thing happened. People were watching him and laughing, and Buck felt ashamed, although he did not know why. It was his first snow.2 The law of club and toothBuck's first day at Dyea Beach was terrible. Every hour there was some new, frightening surprise. There was no peace, no rest—only continual noise and movement. And every minute there was danger, because these dogs and men were not town dogs and men. They knew only the law of club and tooth.Buck had never seen dogs fight like these dogs；they were like wolves. In a few minutes he learnt this from watching Curly. She tried to make friends with a dog, a big one, al－though not as big as she was. There was no warning. The dog jumped on Curly, his teeth closed together, then he jumped away, and Curly's face was torn open from eye to mouth.Wolves fight like this, biting and jumping away, but the fight did not finish then. Thirty or forty more dogs ran up and made a circle around the fight, watching silently. Curly tried to attack the dog who had bitten her；he bit her a second time, and jumped away. When she attacked him again, he knocked her backwards, and she fell on the ground. She never stood up again, because this was what the other dogs were waiting for. They moved in, and in a moment she was under a crowd of dogs.It was all very sudden. Buck saw Spitz run out from the crowd with his tongue out of his mouth, laughing. Then he saw Francois with an axe, and two or three other men with clubs jump in among the dogs. Two minutes later the last of the dogs was chased away. But Curly lay dead in the snow, her body torn almost to pieces. Curly's death often came back to Buck in his dreams. He understood that once a dog was down on the ground, he was dead He also remembered Spitz laughing, and from that moment he hated him.Then Buck had another surprise. Francois put a harness on him. Buck had seen harnesses on horses, and now he was made to work like a horse, pulling Francois on a sledge into the forest and returning with wood for the fire. Buck worked with Spitz and Dave. The two other dogs had worked in a harness before, and Buck learnt by watching them. He also learnt to stop and turn when Francois shouted.‘Those three are very good dogs,’ Francois told Perrault.’ That Buck pulls very well, and he's learning quickly.’Perrault had important letters and official papers to take to Dawson City, so that afternoon he bought two more dogs, two brothers called Billee and Joe. Billee was very friendly, but Joe was the opposite. In the evening Perrault bought one more dog, an old dog with one eye .His name was Solleks, which means The Angry One. Like Dave, he made no friends；all he wanted was to be alone.That night Buck discovered another problem. Where was he going to sleep? Francois and Perrault were in their tent, but when he went in, they shouted angrily and threw things at him. Outside it was very cold and windy. He lay down in the snow, but he was too cold to sleep.He walked around the tents trying to find the other dogs. But, to his surprise, they had disappeared. He walked around Perrault's tent, very, very cold, wondering what to do. Suddenly, the snow under his feet fell in, and he felt something move. He jumped back, waiting for the attack, but heard on-ly a friendly bark. There, in a warm hole under the snow, was Billee.So that was what you had to do. Buck chose a place, dug himself a hole and in a minute he was warm and asleep. He slept well, although his dreams were bad.When he woke up, at first he did not know where he was. It had snowed in the night and the snow now lay thick and heavy above him. Suddenly he was afraid—the fear of a wild animal when it is caught and cannot escape. Growling, he threw himself at the snow, and a moment later, he had jumped upwards into the daylight. He saw the tents and remembered everything, from the time he had gone for a walk with Manuel to the moment he had dug the hole the night before. ‘What did I say?’shouted Francois to Perrault, when he saw Buck come up out of the snow.’ That Buck learns quickly.’Perrault smiled slowly. He was carrying important papers, and he needed good dogs. He was very pleased to have Buck.They bought three more dogs that morning, and a quarter of an hour later all nine dogs were in harness and on their way up the Dyea Canyon. Buck was not sorry to be moving, and although it was hard work, he almost enjoyed it. He was also surprised to see that Dave and Sol－leks no longer looked bored and miserable. Pulling in a harness was their job, and they were happy to do it.Dave was sledge－dog, the dog nearest to the sledge. In front of him was Buck, then came Solleks. In front of them were the six other dogs, with Spitz as leader at the front. Francois had put Buck between Dave and Solleks because they could teach him the work. Buck learnt well, and they were good teachers. When Buck pulled the wrong way, Dave always bit his leg, but only lightly. Once, when they stopped, Buck got tied up in his harness, and it took ten minutes to get started again. Both Dave and Solleks gave him a good beating for that mistake. Buck understood, and was more careful after that.It was a hard day's journey, up the Dyea Canyon and into the mountains. They camped that night at Lake Bennett. Here there were thousands of gold miners. They were building boats to sail up the lake when the ice melted in the spring. Buck made his hole in the snow and slept well, but was woken up very early and harnessed to the sledge. The first day they had travelled on snow that had been hardened by many sledges and they covered sixty kilometers. But the next day, and for days afterwards, they were on new snow. The work was harder and they went slowly. Usually, Perrault went in front, on snowshoes, flattening the snow a little for the dogs. Francois stayed by the sledge. Sometimes the two men changed places, but there were many small lakes and rivers, and Perrault understood ice better. He always knew when the ice across a river was very thin.Day after day Buck pulled in his harness. They started in the morning before it was light, and they stopped in the evening after dark, ate a piece of fish, and went to sleep in their holes under the snow. Buck was always hungry. Francois gave him 750 grams of dried fish a day, and it was never enough. The other dogs were given only 500 grams；they were smaller and could stay dive on less food.Buck learnt to eat quickly；if he was too slow, the other dogs stole his food. He saw Pike, one of the new dogs, steal some meat from the sledge when Perrault wasn't looking. The next day Buck stole some and got away unseen. Perrault was very angry, but he thought another dog, Dub, had taken it and so punished him instead of Buck.Buck was learning how to live in the north. In the south he had never stolen, but there he had never been so hungry. He stole cleverly and secretly, remembering the beatings from the man with the club.Buck was learning the law of club and tooth.He learnt to eat any food—anything that he could get his teeth into. He learnt to break the ice on water holes with his feet when he wanted to drink He was stronger, harder, and could see and smell better than ever before .In a way, he was remembering back to the days when wild dogs travelled in packs through the forest, killing for meat as they went. It was easy for him to learn to fight like a wolf,because it was in his blood. In the evenings, when he pointed his nose at the moon and howled long and loud, he was remembering the dogs and wolves that had come before him.3 The wild animalThe wild animal was strong in Buck, and as he travelled across the snow, it grew stronger and stronger. And as Buck grew stronger, he hated Spitz more and more, although he was careful never to start a fight.But Spitz was always showing his teeth to Buck, trying to start a fight. And Buck knew that if he and Spitz fought, one of them would die.The fight almost happened one night when they stopped by Lake Laberge. There was heavy snow and it was very cold. The lake was frozen and Francois, Perrault, and the dogs had to spend the night on the ice, under a big rock. Buck had made a warm hole in the snow and was sorry to leave it to get his piece of fish. But when he had eaten. and returned to his hole, he found Spitz in it. Buck had tried not to fight Spitz be－fore, but this was too much. He attacked him angrily. Spitz was surprised. He knew Buck was big, but he didn’ t know he was so wild. Francois was surprised too, and guessed why Buck was angry. ‘Go on Buck!’ he shouted.’ Fight him, the dirty thief!’Spitz was also ready to fight, and the two dogs circled one another, looking for the chance to jump in. But suddenly there was a shout from Perrault, and they saw eighty or a hundred dogs around the sledge. The dogs came from an Indian village, and they were searching for the food that they could smell on the sledge. Perrault and Francois tried to fight them off with their clubs, but the dogs, made crazy by the smell of the food, showed their teeth and fought back.Buck had never seed dogs like these. They were all skin and bone, but hunger made them fight like wild things. Three of them attacked Buck and in seconds his head and legs were badly bitten. Dave and Solleks stood side by side, covered in blood, fighting bravely. Joe and Pike jumped on one dog, and Pike broke its neck with one bite. Buck caught another dog by the neck and tasted blood. He threw himself on the next one, and then felt teeth in his own neck. It was Spitz, attacking him from the side.Perrault and Francois came to help with clubs, but then they had to run back to save the food . It was safer for the nine sledge－dogs to run away across the lake. Several of them were badly hurt, and they spent an unhappy night hiding among the tress.At first light they returned to the sledge and found Perrault and Francois tired and angry. Half their food was gone. The Indian dogs had even eaten one of Perrault's shoes. Francois looked at his dogs unhappily.‘Ah, my friends,’he said softly,’Perhaps those bites will make you ill. What do you think, Perrault?’Perrault said nothing. They still had six hundred kilometres to travel, and he hoped very much that his sledge－dogs had not caught rabies from the Indian dogs.The harness was torn and damaged and it was two hours be－fore they were moving, travelling slowly and painfully over the most difficult country that they had been in.The Thirty Mile River was not frozen. It ran too fast to freeze. They spent six days trying to find a place to cross, and every step was dangerous for dogs and men. Twelve times they found ice bridgesacross the river, and Perrault walked carefully onto them, holding a long piece of wood. And twelve times he fell through a bridge and was saved by the piece of wood, which caught on the sides of the hole. But the temperature was 45°below zero, and each time Perrault fell into the water, he had to light a fire to dry and warm himself. Once, the sledge fell through the ice, with Dave and Buck, and they were covered in ice by the time Perrault and Francois pulled them out of the river. Again, a fire was needed to save them. Another time, Spitz and the dogs in front fell through the ice—Buck and Dave and Francois at the sledge had to pull backwards. That day they travelled only four hundred metres.When they got to the Hootalinqua and good ice, Buck and the other dogs were very, very tired. But they were late, so Perrault made them run faster. In three days they went a hundred and eighty kilometres and reached the Five Fingers.The other dogs had hard feet from years of pulling sledges, but Buck's feet were still soft from his easy life down south. All day he ran painfully, and when they camped for the night, he lay down like a dead dog. He was hungry, but he was too tired to walk to the fish, so Francois brought it to him. One day Francois made four little shoes for him, and this made Buck much more comfortable. Francois forgot the shoes one morning, and Buck refused to move. He lay on his back with his feet in the air, until Francois put the shoes on. Later his feet grew harder and the shoes were not needed.One morning, at the Pelly River, a dog called Delly went suddenly mad. She howled long and loud like a wolf and then jumped at Buck. Buck ran, with Dolly one step behind him. She could not catch him, but he could not escape from her. They ran half a kilometre, and then Buck heard Francois call to him. He turned and ran towards the man, sure that Francois would save him. Francois stood ,holding his axe, and as Buck passed, the axe crashed down on Dolly's head.Buck fell down by the sledge, too tired to move. Immediately, Spitz attacked him and bit his helpless enemy twice, as hard as he could. But Francois saw this, and gave Spitz a terrible beating for it.‘He's a wild dog, that Spitz,’ said Perrault.’ One day he'll kill Buck.’‘Buck is wilder,’ replied Francois.’ I've been watching him. One day he'll get very angry and he'll fight Spitz；and he'll win.’ Francois was right. Buck wanted to be lead-dog. Spitz knew this and hated him. Buck started to help the other dogs when Spitz punished them for being lazy. One morning, Pike refused to get up, and Spitz looked for him everywhere. When he found him, he jumped at him. But suddenly, Buck at－tacked Spitz. The other dogs saw this, and it became more and more difficult for Spitz to lead them. But the days passed without a chance for a fight, and soon they were pulling into Dawson City on a cold grey afternoon.They stayed in Dawson for seven days. When they left, Perrault was carrying some more very important papers, and he wanted to travel back as fast as possible.They travelled eighty kilometres the first day, and the same the second. But it was difficult work for Francois. Buck and Spitz hated each other, and the other dogs were not afraid of Spitz any more. One night Pike stole half a fish from Spitz, and ate it standing next to Buck. And every time Buck went near Spitz, he growled and the hair on his back stood up angrily. The other dogs fought in their harnesses and Francois often had to stop the sledge. He knew that Buck was the problem, but Buckwas too clever for him and Francois never saw him actually starting a fight.One night in camp, the dogs saw a snow rabbit and in a second they were all chasing it, with Spitz in front. Nearby was another camp, with fifty dogs, who also Joined the chase. The rabbit was running fast on top of the snow, but the snow was soft, and it was more difficult for the dogs. When Spitz caught the rabbit, throwing it in the air with his teeth, Buck was just behind. Spitz stopped, and Buck hit him, very hard. The two dogs fell in the snow. Spitz bit Buck very quickly, twice, and then jumped away, watching carefully.The time had come, and Buck knew that either he or Spitz must die. They watched one another, circling slowly. The moon was shining brightly on the snow, and in the cold still air not a leaf moved on the trees. The other dogs finished eating the rabbit and then turned to watch.Spitz was a good fighter. He was full of hate and anger, but he was also intelligent. Every time Buck tried to bite his throat, he met Spitz's own teeth. Then, each time Buck attacked, Spitz moved and bit him on the side as he passed. After a few minutes, Buck was covered in blood.He attacked again, but this time turned at the last minute and went under Spitz, biting his left front leg. The bone broke, and Spitz was standing on three legs. Buck tried to knock Spitz down, and then repeated his earlier attack and broke Spitz's right front leg.There was no hope for Spitz now. Buck got ready for his final attack, while the circle of sixty dogs watched, and crowded nearer and nearer, waiting for the end. At last Buck jumped, in and out, and Spitz went down in the snow. A second later the waiting pack was on top of him, and Spitz had disappeared. Buck stood and watched. The wild animal had made its kill.4 The new lead-dog‘Well, what did I say? Buck’ s a real fighter, all right,’ said Francois the next morning when he discovered that Spitz had disappeared and that Buck was covered in blood.‘Spitz fought like a wolf,’ said Perrault, as he looked at the bites all over Buck.‘And Buck fought like ten wolves,’ answered Francois.’ And we'll travel faster now. No more Spitz, no more trouble.’Francois started to harness the dogs. He needed a new lead－dog, and decided that Solleks was the best dog that he had. But Buck jumped at Solleks and took his place.‘Look at Buck!’ said Francois, laughing.’ He's killed Spitz, and now he wants to be lead－dog. Go away, Buck!’He pulled Buck away and tried to harness Solleks again. Solleks was unhappy too. He was frightened of Buck, and when Francois turned his back, Buck took Solleks’ place again. Now Francois was angry.‘I'll show you!’ he cried, and went to get a heavy club from the sledge.Buck remembered the man in the red coat, and moved away. This time, when Solleks was harnessed as lead-dog, Buck did not try to move in. He kept a few metres away and circled around Francois carefully. But when Francois called him to his old place in front of Dave, Buck refused. He had won his fight with Spitz and he wanted to be lead－dog.For an hour the two men tried to harness him. Buck did not run away, but he did not let them catch him. Finally, Francois sat down, and Perrault looked at his watch. It was getting late. The twomen looked at one another and smiled Francois walked up to Solleks, took off his harness, led him back and harnessed him in his old place. Then he called Buck. All the other dogs were harnessed and the only empty place was now the one at the front But Buck did not move.‘Put down the club,’ said Perrault.Francois dropped the club, and immediately Buck came up to the front of the team. Francois harnessed him ,and in a minute the sledge was moving.Buck was an excellent leader. He moved and thought quickly and led the other dogs well. A new leader made no difference to Dave and Solleks；they continued to pull hard .But the other dogs had had an easy life when Spitz was leading. They were surprised when Buck made them work hard and punished them for their mistakes Pike, the second dog, was usually lazy；but by the end of the first day he was pulling harder than he had ever pulled in his life. The first night in camp Buck fought Joe, another difficult dog, and after that there were no more problems with him. The team started to pull together, and to move faster and faster.‘I've never seen a dog like Buck!’ cried Francois,’ Never! He's worth a thousand dollars .What do you think, Perrault?’Perrault agreed. They were moving quickly, and covering more ground every day The snow was good and hard, and no new snow fell. The temperature dropped to 45°below zero, and didn't change.This time there was more ice on the Thirty Mile River, and they crossed in a day. Some days they ran a hundred kilometres, or even more They reached Skagway in fourteen days；the fastest time ever.For three days the dogs rested in Skagway. Then Francois put his arms around Buck's neck and said goodbye to him. And that was the last of Francois and Perrault. Like other men, they passed out of Buck's life for ever.Two new men took Buck and his team back north on the long journey to Dawson, travelling with several other dog－teams. It was heavy work；the sledge was loaded with letters for the gold miners of Dawson. Buck did not like it, but he worked hard, and made the other dogs work hard, too. Each day was the same. They started early, before it was light, and at night they stopped and camped and the dogs ate. For the dogs this was the best part of the day, first eating, then resting by the fire.Buck liked to lie by the fire, looking at the burning wood. Sometimes he thought about Mr. Miller's house in California. More of ten he remembered the man in the red coat and his club, the death of Curly, the fight with Spitz, and the good things that he had eaten But sometimes he remembered other things These were things that he remembered through his parents, and his parents parents, and all the dogs which had lived before him.Sometimes as he lay there, he seemed to see, in a waking dream, a different fire. And he saw next to him, not the Indian cook, but another man, a man with shorter legs, and longer arms. This man had long hair and deep eyes, and made strange noises in his throat He was very frightened of the dark, and looked around him all the time, holding a heavy stone in his hand .He wore the skin of an animal on his back, and Buck could see thick hair all over his body.Buck sat by the fire with this hairy man, and in the circling darkness beyond the fire he could see many eyes—the eyes of hungry animals waiting to attack. And he growled softly in his dream until。
考神团队专八阅读讲义
16版考神团队专业八级特训班阅读讲义@范范_老师标***者为与潜在高级写作相关的文章或内含词汇句型最为丰富的文章，建议深度熟读请注意真实考卷上是没有段落标号的。
【注意：以下真题中题干标黑表红的为本课程训练中可以改造为Paraphrase-短问答题型的样题，请参考题干后我出的模拟问句。
】2016专八阅读样卷（等同15年考卷）PASSAGE ONE1/In2011,many shoppers opted to avoid the frenetic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer.Sales at online retailers gained by more than15%, making it the biggest season ever.But people are also returning those purchases at record rates,up 8%from last year.2/What went wrong?Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences?Or do people shop more impulsively-and therefore make bad decisions-when online?Both arguments are plausible.However,there is a third factor:a question of touch.We can love the look but,in an online environment,we cannot feel the quality of a texture,the shape of the fit,the fall of a fold or the weight of an earring.And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase.3/When my most recent book Brandwashed was released,I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the differences between the online and offline shopping.I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways.The first was a fairly hands-off approach.Whenever a customer would inquire about my book,the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it.Out of20such requests,six customers proceeded with the purchase.4/The second option also involved going over to the shelf but,this time,removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer's hands.Of the20people who were handed the book,13ended up buying it.Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales.Why?We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand.That's why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake.In this case,having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss,and motivate us to make the purchase even more.5/A recent study conducted by Bangor University together with the United Kingdom's Royal Mail service also revealed the power of touch,in this case when it came to snail mail.A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter,as opposed to receiving the same message online.FMRIs(功能性磁共振成像)showed that,on touching the paper,the emotional centre of the brain was activated,thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process,it could translate into a sense of possession.In other words,we simply feel more committed to possess and thus buy an item when we've first touched it.This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in theonline shopping experience.6/As the rituals of purchase in the lead-up to Christmas change,not only do we give less thought to the type of gifts we buy for our loved ones but,through our own digital wish lists,we increasingly control what they buy for us.The reality,however,is that no matter how convinced we all are that digital is the way to go,finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks.11.According to the author,shoppers are returning their purchases for all the following reasons EXCEPT that________.A.they are unsatisfied with the quality of the purchaseB.they eventually find the purchase too expensiveC.they change their mind out of uncertaintyD.they regret making the purchase without forethought12.Why does the author cite the study by Bangor University and the Royal Mail Service?A.To compare similar responses in different settings.B.To provide further evidence for his own observation.C.To offer a scientific account of the brain's functions.D.To describe emotional responses in online shopping.13.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.Despite online shopping we still attach importance to gift buying.B.Some people are still uncertain about the digital age.C.Real satisfaction depends on factors other than the computer.D.Online shopping offers real satisfaction to shoppers.PASSAGE TWO1/My professor brother and I have an argument about head and heart,about whether lie overvalues IQ while I lean more toward EQ.We typically have this debate about people-can you be friends with a really smart jerk（怪物）?-but there's corollary to animals as well.I'd love it if our dog could fetch the morning paper and then read it to me over coffee,but I actually care much more about her loyal and innocent heart.There's already enough thinking going on in our house, and we probably spend too much time in our heads.Where we need some role modeling is in instinct,and that's where a dog is a roving revelation.2/I did not grow up with dogs,which meant that my older daughter's respectful but unyielding determination to get one required some adjustment on my part.I often felt she was training me:from ages of6to9,she gently schooled me in various breeds and their personalities, whispered to the dogs we encountered so they would charm and persuade me,demonstrated by her self-discipline that she was ready for the responsibility.And thus came our dog Twist,whom I sometimes mistake for a third daughter.3/At first1thought the challenge would be to train her to sit.to heel,to walk calmly beside us and not go wildly chasing the neighbourhood rabbits.But1soon discovered how much more we had to learn from her than she from us.4/If it is true,for example,that the secret to a child's success is less rare genius than raw persistence,Twist's ability to stay on task is a model for us all,especially if the task is trying to capture the sunbeam that flicks around the living room as the wind blows through the branchesoutside.She never succeeds,and she never gives up.This includes when she runs square into walls.5/Then there is her unfailing patience,which breaks down only when she senses that dinnertime was15minutes ago and we have somehow failed to notice.Even then she is more eager than indignant,and her refusal to whine shows a restraint of which I'm not always capable when hungry.6/But the lesson I value most is the one in forgiveness,and Twist first offered this when she was still very young.When she was about7months old,we took her to the vet to be spayed(切除卵巢).We turned her over to a stranger,who proceeded to perform a procedure that was probably not pleasant.But when the vet returned her to us,limp and tender,there was no recrimination(反责),no How could you do that to me?It was as though she already knew that we would not intentionally cause her pain,and while she did not understand,she forgave and curled up with her head on my daughter's lap.7/I suppose we could have concluded that she was just blindly loyal and docile.But eventually we knew better.She is entirely capable of disobedience,as she has proved many times. She will ignore us when there are more interesting things to look at,rebuke us when we are careless,bark into the twilight when she has urgent messages to send.But her patience with our failings and fickleness and her willingness to give us a second chance are a daily lesson in gratitude.8/My friends who grew up with dogs tell me how when they were teenagers and trusted no one in the world,they could tell their dog all their secrets.It was the one friend who would not gossip or betray,could provide in the middle of the night the soft,unbegrudging comfort and peace that adolescence conspires to disrupt.An age that is all about growth and risk needs some anchors and weights,a model of steadfastness when all else is in flux.Sometimes I think Twist's devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent leash,one that hangs quietly at their side as they trot along but occasionally yanks them back to safety and solid ground.9/We've weighed so many decisions so carefully in raising our daughters-what school to send them to and what church to attend,when to give them cell phones and with what precautions. But when it comes to what really shapes their character and binds our family,I never would have thought we would owe so much to its smallest member.14.In the first paragraph,the author suggests that_______.A.a person can either have a high IQ or a low EQB.we need examples of how to follow one's heartC.her professor brother cares too much about IQD.she prefers dogs that are clever and loyal15.According to the passage,all the following are Twist's characteristics EXCEPT_____.A.resignationB.patienceC.forgivenessD.tenacity16.That Twist's devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent leash means that_____.A.Twist is capable of looking after the girlsB.Twist and the girls have become friendsC.Twist knows how to follow the girlsD.Twist's loyalty helps the girls grow up17.What does the author try to express in the last paragraph?A.Gratitude to Twist for her role.B.Difficulties in raising her children.C.Worries about what to buy for kids.D.Concerns about schooling and religion.PASSAGE THREE1/Most West African lorries are not in what one would call the first flush of youth,and[had learnt by bitter experience not to expect anything very much of them.But the lorry that arrived to take me up to the mountains was worse than anything I had seen before:it tottered on the borders of senile decay.It stood there on buckled wheels,wheezing and gasping with exhaustion from having to climb up the gentle slope to the camp,and1consigned myself and my loads to it with some fear.The driver,who was a cheerful fellow,pointed out that he would require my assistance in two very necessary operations:first,I had to keep the hand brake pressed down when travelling downhill,for unless it was held thus almost level with the floor it sullenly refused to function. Secondly,I had to keep a stern eye on the clutch,a willful piece of mechanism that seized every chance to leap out of its socket with a noise like a strangling leopard.As it was obvious that not even a West African lorry-driver could be successful in driving while crouched under the dashboard,1had to take over control of those instruments if I valued my life.So,while I ducked at intervals to put on the brake,amid the rich smell of burning rubber,our noble lorry jerked its way towards the mountains at a steady twenty miles per hour;sometimes,when a downward slope favoured it,it threw caution to the winds and careered(猛冲)along in a reckless fashion at twenty-five.2/For the first thirty miles the red earth road wound its way through the lowland forest,the giant trees standing in solid ranks alongside and their branches entwined(盘绕)in an archway of leaves above us.Slowly and almost imperceptibly the road started to climb upwards,looping its way in languid curves round the forested hills.In the back of the lorry the boys lifted up their voices in song:3/Home again,home again,4/When shall I see ma home?5/The driver hummed the refrain(副歌)softly to himself glancing at me to see if I would object.To his surprise I joined in and so while the lorry rolled onwards,the boys in the back maintained the chorus while the driver and I harmonized and sang complicated bits.6/Breaks in the forest became more frequent the higher we climbed,and presently a new type of undergrowth began to appear:massive tree-ferns standing at the roadside on their thick,squat hairy trunks.These ferns were the guardians of a new world,for suddenly,as though the hills had shrugged themselves free of a cloak,the forest disappeared.It lay behind us in the valley,while above us the hillside rose majestically,covered in a coat of waist-high grass.The lorry crept higher and higher,the engine gasping and shuddering with this unaccustomed activity.I began to think that we should have to push the wretched thing up the last two or three hundred feet,but to everyone's surprise we made it,and the lorry crept on to the brow of the hill,trembling with fatigue,spouting steam from its radiator like a dying whale.We crawled to a standstill and thedriver switched off the engine.7/"We must wait small-time,engine get hot,"he explained,pointing to the forequarters of the lorry,which were by now completely invisible under a cloud of steam.Thankfully I descended from the red-hot inside of the cab and strolled down to where the road dipped into the next valley. From this vantage point1could see the country we had travelled through and the country we18.Which of the following words in the first paragraph is used literally?A.Flush.B.Borders.C.GaspingD.Operations.19.We learn from the first paragraph that the author regards the inadequacies of the lorry as_____.A.inevitable and amusingB.dangerous and frighteningC.novel and unexpectedD.welcome and interesting20.All the following words in the last but one paragraph describe the lorry as a human EXCEPT_____.A.tremblingB.spoutingC.shudderingD.crept21.A suitable title for the passage would be.A.A journey that scared meB.The wild West African lorryC.A journey to rememberD.A comic journey in West Africa【以专八改革样卷的Lorry文学篇章为例——什么是文学的本质】范范_老师发布于2015年9月24日08:45“如果一群学生在一起讨论《呼啸山庄》，一个学生说Heathcliffe颜值并不高不值得Catherine 寻死觅活的，另一个学生说这二人的爱情根本没有多大讨论的价值，还有一人则言林顿太怂，等等。
英国社会与文化知识点试题
chapter1Ageneralsurvey1、UK全称:Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation的capitalCapitalcity NationalEmblemEngland London roseScotland Edinburgh Thistle蓟花Wales Cardiff加的夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIreland Belfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草2、NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlake inBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountain inBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedona moundofVol（2）Windsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastle（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarch oftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppo siteendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投5、EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫3、FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2nd SaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope ---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope .totheeastbytheNorthSea .tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean 7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britain multiracial societyand1in20peopleareof non-European ethnicity 8、Climate :a Favorable MaritimeClimate （海洋性气候） Q:.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather .mild （温和的）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable （稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer) AndFactor 影响因素.Thesurroundingwaters Q:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift （北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth Officialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland) -----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerly Eire) -----Numerous smallerislandsernment1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy 君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy 议会民主制 2、Monarch 君主:QueenElizabeth Ⅱ Born:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952 Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrun BythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215 Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave? -Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers: .anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches .thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown .”supremegove rn or”oftheChurchofEnglan d4、Parliament :Legislativebody Locatedin WestminsterQ:Parliamentconsistsof theSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommons Parliament （aFrenchwordforatalking-place) .Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918 BritishIslesUnitedKingdomIreland RepublicNorthern OfIrelandIreland GreatBritainScotlandWalesEngland WalesEngland.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLord chancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsa majority oftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleader asPrimeMi nster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18orover havetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21orover withthedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’s First-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010The ConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseat sshort.Thisresultedina hungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11M ay,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.Thiswas acceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMiniste r2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties---Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)---Betweenthemid19th centuryand1920s:TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守党)TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由党)---Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thepartyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2010-presentQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUK’s NationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-presentChapter4Economy Introduction:1.Factoryoftheworld2.BritishDisease---amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’s economicdecline afterthewars.(2)Britain’s slowgrowth ofproductivity,soaringinflation,and largeunemployment3.a majordeveloped capitalistcountry4.6th largesteconomyin20125.3periodsofBritain economicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominant intheworld,*onethirdof thewo rld’smanufacturedgoods*half itscoalandiron*half itscotton.By1900,overtakenby USandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrent PrimaryIndustriesUKeconomy SecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(decline since1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rd largestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4th largestintheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%~70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)In2010,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestin EuropeChapter5literature1.OldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,asw ellasaspecific poetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.✓Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)teMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民间文学)✓RobinHood《罗宾汉》*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)✓TheCanterburyTales．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories) Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldby pilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17th century)Staredin ItalyTheRenaissance-a Frenchword whichmeans rebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人的尊严)&theimportanceofthepresentlife(珍惜当下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)✓Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白✓HistoricalPlays:RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤ✓Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)✓Utopia《乌托邦》*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)✓ParadiseLost《失乐园》*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根✓Essays《随笔》4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)✓AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊✓TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9年*JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特✓Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记*DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福✓RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记*HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父✓TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事5.TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期(1798-1832).twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic) *RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯✓ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰/AuldLongSyne往昔时光*WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯(beganwith)LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集/IWanderedLonelyasaCloud✓“湖畔”派诗人:WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治RobertSouthey骚赛*SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治TheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏*GeorgeGordonByron乔治.戈登.拜伦✓DonJuan唐.璜*JohnKeates约翰.济慈✓OdetotheWestWind西风颂*WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克✓SongsofInnocence天真之歌✓SongsofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott沃尔特.斯科特爵士(endedin)✓Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》(12世纪英国”狮心王”查理)*JaneAusten简.奥斯丁upper-middle-class✓SenseandSensibility理智与情感✓PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见✓Emma爱玛6.TheVictorianPeriod(1837-1901)维多利亚时期*CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯✓OliverTwist雾都孤儿✓ATaleofTwoCities双城记✓GreatExpectations远大前程TheBronteSisters*CharlotteBronte✓JaneEyre简爱*EmilyBronte✓WutheringHeights呼啸山庄*AnneBronte✓AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷*WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷✓VanityFair名利场*ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代✓TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝*OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德✓TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集✓TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰7.TheModernPeriod*GeorgeBernardShaw乔治.伯纳.萧✓SaintJoan圣女贞德✓Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)Chapter6EducationTheUKSchoolSystem:compulsory(义务)betweenagesof5and16years,totalof11years1、Co-educatedSchools:1).admit bothboysandgirls联合教育学校2).AcademicYear:dividedintothreeterms,withholidays atChristmas,Easter,andinthesummer3).followthe NationalCurriculumguide-lines setdownbygovernment2、StateSchool:totallyfundedbythe government andfree3、IndependentSchool:foundedbythefeeschargedtothe parents(publicschool公学)4、PrimaryEducation:Pre-schoolingwhichcalled NurserySchool5、SecondarySchools:1).GrammarSchools(文法中学3%)：“the11plus”examination,preparingstudentsforhighereducation.2).ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学83%):Noentranceexam,generaleducation.3).SecondaryModernSchool(现代中学7%)6、ThehighSchoolCurriculum:1)16years:GCSE Examination2)16-18years A-LevelCourse:3-4subjectsstudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy.3)18years:A-LevelExaminationGCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(中学生毕业证书)7、HigherEducation:receivefundsfromthe centralgovernment.Theamountoffundingisbasedon itssize,thenu mberofstudentsitteaches,andtheresearchitconducts8、EntranceProcedures:1).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.2).Admission--selectiononbasisof Alevelresults&aninterview9、FamousUniversities:1)TheUniversityofOxford:1.The oldestuniversity intheEnglishspeakingword.2.TeachingexistedatOxfordin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.2)TheUniversityofCambridge:second-oldest (1281)---TwocharacteristicsofOxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem(学院制度)Tutorialsystem(导师制度)3)TheUniversityofLondon:1.Itwasfoundedin1836.(联邦制大学)2.a federation ofcolleges4)BuckinghamUniversity:theonly independent university5)OpenUniversity:UKlargestuniversityfor part-time higherChinese&BritishEducationSystemChineseHigherEducationEliteedu.VSMassedu.EnrollmentexpansionResourcesarestrainingEducationqualityissuffering IntensecompetitioninthejobmarketUnit7BritishForeignRelation1.---imperialhistory---geopoliticaltraits 地缘政治特点 2.HowForeignPolicyismade? ForeignPolicy→ThePM&Cabinet →Governmentdepartments3.Whenthesecondworldwarended,itwasstillthelargestmilitarypowerinwesternEurope.4.TheNuclearClubRussia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,NorthKorea 5.WhydoesBritainhaveitsnuclearnavalforce? ---Becauseit’satraditionalseapower. YearChina Age Britain Year5PrimarySchool1 1 Elementary School6 2 27 3 38 4 49 5 5 106 6 11 SecondarySchool7 7 JuniorMiddle School12 8 8 139 9 14 GCSECourseGCSEExaminations10 10 SeniorMiddleSchoo l15 11 11 16 A-LevelCourse A-LevelExaminations12 1217 136.MemberofUNSecurityCouncil联合国安理会---oneofthefivepermanentmembers(greatinfluence)---othermembers--Russia,China,theUS,France7.MemberoftheEuropeanUnionSince19738.MemberofNATO北约---NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---asystemofcollectivedefense9.TheCommonwealthofNations英联邦国家---TheBritishcommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.殖民地10.TheUKanditsrelationwiththeUSA.AlliedduringWWⅡ√.WorkedtogetheragainstUUSR√.The1956SuezCrisis×11.Conclusion.Britainisnolongerasuperpower,butitstillhasgreatinfluenceinmilitarypowerintheworld(navy,nuclear).Britainforeignpolicyinfluencedmainlybyitshistoryandgeopoliticaltraits..Britainsitsataveryimportantseatinmanyinternationalinstitutions,suchastheUN,theEU,NATO,Common wealth,etc.Chapter8TheBritishMedia1.Whatfunctionsdoyouthinkthemediahave?.providepeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues.provideweatherreports.carryadvertising.usedforeducationalpurposes.provideaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviews.seekadvice.givepeopleentertainment.serveforthepoliticalandeconomicsystem.workasamonitor2.Newspaper(types)(1)Thequalitypress(thebroadsheets)严肃类大版面报纸(2)Thetabloids(thegutterpress)通俗类小版面报纸3.SomequalitynewspaperinUK(1)Times《泰晤士报》oldestdailynewspaper(2)TheDailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》--工党右(3)TheGuardian《卫报》(4)TheObserver《观察家报》oldestSundaynewspaper4.SometabloidsinUK(1).TheDailyMail《每日邮报》--保守党(2)DailyMirror《每日镜报》--工党(3)TheSun《太阳报》Chapter9Sports1.Football1)FootballAssociation(FA)2)FootballHooligans流氓，恶棍Policepatrolthestreets,pubsnearthefootballgroundsareclosed,andshopslocktheirdoor.2.TennisWimbledon温布尔顿3.GolfByScottishatSt.Andrew’s圣安德鲁斯4.HorseRacingRoyalAscot英国皇家爱斯科赛马会5.Equestrianism马术Chapter10Festival1.Religionsholiday:Christmas/Easter2.Nationalholiday:Queen'sbirthday3.Regionalholiday:EnglandBonfireNight篝火之夜NorthernIreland:St.Patrick’sDay圣帕特里克节3.17Scotland:Hogmanay除夕12.31Wales:Eisteddfod诗歌音乐比赛会Chapter4.2作家作品时代作者作品OldEnglishPeriod Beowulf《贝奥武夫》LateMedieval(中世)EnglishLiterature( 1066-14thcentury)RobinHood《罗宾汉》GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟thefatherofEnglishpoetryTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》EnglishRenaissancePer iod(15thcentury-early 17thcentury) WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚Tragedies:RomeoandJulietHamletOthelloKingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白HistoricalPlaysRichard3,Richard2Henry4,Henry5Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦TwelfthNightTheTempestTheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗抑扬格五步格诗ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)Utopia乌托邦JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)ParadiseLost失乐园FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根Essays《随笔》TheNeoclassical新古典主义Period(1660-1798) AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)AnEssayonMan人论，人性本恶SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguageLondonJonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰AuldLongSyne往昔时光WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集IWanderedLonelyasaCloudSamuelTaylorColeridgeTheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏GeorgeGordonByronDonJuan唐.璜JohnKeats约翰.济慈OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂PersyByssheShelley雪莱OdetotheWestWind西风颂WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott斯科特爵士Ivanhoe艾凡赫JaneAusten简.奥斯丁SenseandSensibility理智与情感PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见Emma艾玛TheVictorianPeriod(18 37-1901) CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯OliverTwist雾都孤儿ATaleofTwoCities双城记GreatExpectations远大前程CharlotteBronteJaneEyre简爱EmilyBronte WutheringHeights呼啸山庄AnneBronte AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷VanityFair名利场ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰TheModernPeriod GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳SaintJoan圣女贞德Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)。
3. the spirit of law
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
conspire [kən'spaiər] v 阴谋，密谋（against） 阴谋，密谋（ ） conspiracy [kən'spirəsi] n 阴谋 stab [stæb] v 刺杀 odious ['əudiəs] a 讨厌的，可恶的 讨厌的， inflame [in'fleim] v 使燃烧，使愤怒 使燃烧， regency ['ri:dʒənsi]n摄政期 摄政期 exasperate [ig'zɑ:spəreit] əris] n贪婪 贪婪 abet [ə'bet] v教唆,唆使;煽动 教唆, 教唆 唆使; lavish ['læviʃ] a 慷慨的，大方的 ʃ 慷慨的， enjoin [in'dʒɔin] v 命令，禁止（from） 命令，禁止（ ɔ ） ordain [ɔ:'dein] v 规定，决定，颁布命令 规定，决定， ɔ toll [təul] n （路桥隧道等的）通行费 路桥隧道等的）
• 一个叫做贝欧尼乌斯的人是奥赛尔城的伯爵；他派其儿子 一个叫做贝欧尼乌斯的人是奥赛尔城的伯爵； 穆莫路斯带着银钱给贡特兰，企图继续他的职位； 穆莫路斯带着银钱给贡特兰，企图继续他的职位；这个儿 子以自己的名义出了钱，并取得了他父亲的位置。 子以自己的名义出了钱，并取得了他父亲的位置
• The kings had already begun to spoil their own favours. favours.
1. ----- Changes in the Offices and in the Fiefs
(官职和采地的变更 官职和采地的变更) 官职和采地的变更 • in the reign of Clovis’s grandchildren 在克罗维斯的子孙时代 In the reign of 在…朝代，在…统治时期 朝代， 朝代 统治时期 eg. in the reign of Song/ Tang / Qing Dynasty in the reign of Mao Zedong/ Deng Xiaoping
英美文学选读考前总复习中英文版
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。
这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。
Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。
（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。
1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。
2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。
3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。
教师招聘考试英语学科必背英国文学知识点
英国文学 中古时期 骑士 G eoffrey Chaucer 乔叟 t he father of English Poetry T he Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》 B eowulf 贝奥武夫 T he first English national epic 第一部英国民族史诗 文艺复兴时期 R enaissance 16th--17th T omas More 托马斯.莫尔 社会主义空想主义创始人 U topia 《乌托邦） F rancis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 英国唯物主义的第一个创始人 O f Study / Of Truth E dmund Spenser 斯宾塞 The Poet's Poet T he faerie of Queen 《仙后》 t he the creator of Spenserian Stanza C hristopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛 U niversity Wits 大学才子派 T he tragic History of Doctor Faustus 戏剧先驱 W illiam Shakespear莎士比亚 F our great comedies 哈罗李白 F our great tragedies 商人夜夜喜 t he Merchant of Venice t ragicomedy （悲喜剧） R omeo and Juliet 革命复辟时期 R evolution Restoration J ohn Milton 约翰,弥尔顿 P aradise Lost 《失乐园》 P aradise Regained 《复乐园》 力士参孙 J ohn Bunyun 约翰.班杨 T he Pilgrim's progress t he most famous allegory J ohn Donne 约翰.邓恩 S ongs and Sonnets 《歌谣与十四行诗》 T he Flea 跳蚤之歌 P 启蒙时期Age of Enlightenment N eoclassicism 新古典主义 尊崇理性 S entimentalism 感伤主义 尊崇感性 D aniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 R obinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 J onathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特 G ulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》N ovel is the dominant form 浪漫主义时期R omanticism18-19th W illiam Wordsworth 华兹华斯 t he Prelude 《序曲》C oleridge 柯勒律治 K ubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》B yron 拜伦 D on Juan 《唐璜》J ohn Keats 济慈 O de to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》 P .B. Shelly雪莱O de to the West Wind P rometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》J ane AustenP ride and PrejudiceS ense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》t he Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》B eginning: The publication of the Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》 e nding: The death of Walter Scot批判现实主义 C ritical Realism 19世纪40年代及50年代早期W illiam Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷 V anity Fair 《名利场》C harles Dickens 查尔斯.狄更斯 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》O liver Twist 《雾都孤儿》D avid Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔》B ronte Sisters E mily 艾米丽 W uthering Height 《呼啸山庄》C harlotte 夏洛特 J ane Eyre 《简爱》A nne 安妮 A gnes Grey 《艾格妮斯 格雷》R obert Browning罗伯特勃朗宁 M y Last Duchess 《最后的公爵夫人》 J oseph Conard 约瑟夫康拉德 H eart of Darkness 《黑暗的心. L ord Jim现代主义 1890s—1950s 意识流 A literary techniqueT omas Hardy托马斯 哈代 T ess of thed' Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》 G .B. Shaw 乔治 萧伯纳 M rs. Warren's Profession M ajor Barbara 《芭芭拉上校》P ygmalion 《卖花女》。
新编英国文学选读复习资料
新编英国⽂学选读复习资料En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re adingsDevelopmentof EnglishLiterature1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature(-1485)2.TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642?)3.The17thCentury–ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration 4 . The 1 8thCentury–T h e AgeofEnlightenm ent5.TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)6.TheVictorianAge(1832-1901)7.Th e20t hCen t uryLit erat ure–Mod ern is man dPo st-Mod ern ismChapter1EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature⼀．Epic （史诗）Apoemthatcelebrateintheformofacontinuousnarrativetheachievementsofone ormoreheroicpersonagesof historyortradition. AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedtheIliad,OdysseyandAeneidof classical.Be owulf1.HistoricalBackground1)) Thre e Invasions:A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5B. C - 4 10 A.D)B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Period)C.TheNormanConquest(TheAnglo-NormanPeriod)2)) Tw o Wars:A.TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)B.TheWarof theRose(1455-1485)a.Anglo-SaxonPoetry: Pagan(异教的）&ChristianBeowulf /worksofCaedmonandCynewulf.b.Anglo-NormanPoetry:Romancec.Poe try in Age of Cha u cer：d..PopularBallads:BalladsofRobinHood2.评价1）Beowulfisanationalepic（史诗）ofEnglishpeople.2）ItistherepresentativeworkoftheearlyEnglishliteraturewith3000lines.3）Itswriterisunknown.4）BeowulfisafolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAngloSaxonfromtheirprimitiveNorthernEurope.5）Beowulfwaspasseddownfrommouthtomouth. 6）Beowulfwaswrittendowninthe10th century.3.Charactersinthestory:Beowulf:anephewofkingofGents,apeopleinDenmark.Hrothgar:kinGre nde l: a m onster.She-monster(⼥妖怪):Grende l’s mother.Dra go n:a fire dra gon, a m onster.4.OutlineofTheSongofBeowulfTe u tonic(⽇⽿曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill them onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the kingofScyldings(Sweden)for50years. Theninordertogainmoretreasurefor hispeople,he foughthardwitha fieryfiredrakeandwasdeadlywounded,eventuallydied.Hislastwillwastoaskhispeopletobuildhistombintoabeaconfortheseafarerswhosailedalongt hecoast. 5.ThewritingfeaturesofBeowulf?1）Themostimportantisinalliterative(头韵的)verseandinartisticform.Eg：Thus made their mourning the men ofGeatland,Fo rtheirh ero’sp assin g,h ish earth-comp an io n s2）Anotheristhefrequentuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements(低调陈述)forironicalhumor.ring-giver:kinghearth-companions:attendantwarriors whale’s r oad:sea-wood:nottroublesome:verywell⼆Romance（传奇）1．介绍1）Theliteraturefortheupper class2）Alongcompositioninverseorprose,about knights—adventures3）Subjectmatters:about thematterofBritain,thematerofFrance,thematterofRome4）content:lovechivalryandreligion5）骑⼠精神：loyalty,bravely.honesty2 .代表作1 ） King Arthur a nd His Knights of the Round Ta ble :the most importa nt roma nce of the pe riod2）Sir GawainandtheGreenKnight:Thebest Arthurian romance,anonymous,inalliterativeverseItscharacters:KingArthur, SirGawain,theGreenKnight三Ballad（民谣）1.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthe2ndand4thrhymed.2.TheSubjectsofEnglishBallads1)struggleofyounglovers2)theconflictbetweenloveandwealth3)thecrueltyofjealousy4 ) the criticism of th e civil war5)themattersofclassstruggle3.代表作Robinhoodballads四．Ge offre y Cha ucer1.评价1）ThefirstgreatEnglishpoet2）ThefatherofEnglishpoetry2.Chauce r’s threeliterary periods:1 ）Th e first or th e Fre nch period:TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》atranslation,popularinMiddleagesTheBookoftheDuchess《悼公爵夫⼈》 , thebest w orkofthe t im e Chauce r’s literarycare er 2）ThesecondortheItalianperiod: TroilusandCriseyde《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》apoemofalovestory3）ThethirdortheEnglishperiod,hisbestperiod:TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,ismasterpieceandarepresentativeworksof theMiddleAges.The Ca nte rbury Ta les1.OutlineIt op e ns w ith a ge ne ra l prologu e w he re w e a re told of a com pa ny of pilgrim s , 3 2 one s th a t ga the re d atTa b a rd Inn in Sou th w a rk, a su bu rb of Londo n. The y a re on the ir w a y to the shrine of St. Thom a s Be cke tatCanterbury.Theysetouttogetherwiththejollyinnkeeper,HarryBaily,whoproposedthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwotalesonthewayto Canterburyandtwomoreonthewayback.But,totallyonly24talesarefinished.The pilgrim s a re from va riou s pa rts of Engla nd, re pre se n ta t ive s of a ll w a lks of life a nd socia l grou ps,knights,monks,widowsandpriestetc.Hisworkshowedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.2.Ch aucer’slan g uag e:1)Hislanguageisfullofhumorandsatire.2)Hislanguageisvivid,exactandsmooth,amasterofword-pictures.3) He is the first to u se h e roic co uple t w hich he introduce d from Fra nce.4)He is the first gre a t poe t w ho w rote in the English la ngu a g e , m a king the dia le ct of London the sta n d a rdforthemodernEnglishspeech.Ps:1.Wh atist h e?heroicco uplet??Th e h e roic cou ple t is a ve rse form in e pic poe try, w ith lin e s of te n sylla ble s a nd five stre sse s , in rhymingpairs.(英雄诗体：⽤于史诗或叙事诗，每⾏⼗个⾳节，五个⾳部，每两⾏押韵。
[外语学习]美国文学史复习整理知识讲解
![[外语学习]美国文学史复习整理知识讲解](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/945be8115e0e7cd184254b35eefdc8d376ee1401.png)
• Simple life and spiritual richness are real wealth.
• 3. nature as the symbol of the Spirit or God
New England Transcendentalism
• In 1836, Nature impacted on the intellectual life.
• Nature pushed American Romanticism to a new phrase, New England Transcendentalism—the summit.
“Rip Van Winkle”
• Origin: German source • Character: a good-natured, hen-pecked man • Content: He sleeps for 20 years and finds
everything changing. • Historic setting: from the War of Independence
Washington Irving (1783-1859)father of American literature
Irving’s works
• The Sketch Book (1819) won international fame for Irving.
• “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
英国文学复习资料
以下资料仅供学习交流1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the forerunner of Humanism and introducesfrom France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse.2.Geoffrey Chaucer , the “father of English poetry” and one of thegreatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about the year 1340.3.Despite the enormous plan, The Canterbury T ales in fact contains ageneral “prologue” and only 24 tales, of which two are left unfinished.4.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudalrelations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.5.Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.6.Because the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk, it was a timewhen, according to Tomas More, “sheep devoured men.”7.“Shall I Compare Thee to a summer’s Day” is one of WilliamShakespeare’s best known poetry.8.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.9.The 17th century was a period when absolute monarchy impeded thefurther development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility.10.T he most popular genre in the literature of the Restoration was that ofcomedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. 11.T he Revolution Period is also called Puritan Age, because the EnglishRevolution was carried out under a religious cloak.12.P aradise lost tells how Stan rebelled against God and how Adam andEve were driven out of Eden.13.T he Enlightenment on the whole was an expression of struggle of theprogressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.14.I t is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings inthree main divisions: the region of so-called classicism, the revival of romantic poetry, and the beginnings of the modern novel.15.S wift was the most remarkable satirist in the 18th century whocriticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic society of his age with mercy.16.I t was Henry Fielding and Smollet who became the real founders ofthe genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe. 17.T he mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel; itis so replete with bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that it isjustly called “a novel of horror.”18.R obinson Crusoe is largely an adventure story, rather than the study ofhuman character which Defoe probably intended it to be.19.T he 18th century literature is an age of prose.20.H enry Fielding is the greatest novelist of the 18th century.21.O f all the romantic poets of the 18th century, Blake is the mostindependent and the most original.22.T he greatest of Scottish poets is Robert Burns.23.R omanticism as a literary movement came into being in England earlyin the latter half of the 18th century.24.With the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads incollaboration with S.T. Coleridge, Romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.25.T he Romanticism Age came to an end in 1832 when the last Romanticwriter Walter Scott died.26.J ane Austin is one of the realist novelists: she drew vivid and realisticpictures of everyday life of the country society in her novels.27.T he Victorian period Literature began with passage of the Reform Billin 1832 and closed at the end of the Bore war in 1902.28.I n the 19th century English literature, a new trend Critical realismappeared after the romantic poetry, and flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.29.C ritical realism found its expression in the form of novel.30.C ritical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cashupon human nature. Here lies in the essentially democratic and humanitarian character of critical realism.31.C harles Dickens was the greatest representative of English Criticalrealism.32.T he author of The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot.33.T he Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and AnneBronte.34.M ost of Tomas Hood’s works were humorous poems, containingtopical comments on contemporary events and manners.35.The major theme of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.36.T he 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry.37.J ames Joyce is the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.38.O scar Wilde is a spokesman of the school of “Art f or Art’s Sake.”39.B ernard Shaw is an Irish playwright.40.B ernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of “Art for Art’s Sake.”41.O n a world tour made by 1931, Bernard Shaw visited China and waswarmly received by Luxun and others.1. Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体) :There are ten syllables in each line, iambic pentameter, one rhyme in every two lines.(每行十个音节，抑扬格，两行一押韵)2. Ballad （民谣）A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of British and Irish popular poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later North America, Australia and North Africa.3. Renaissance: the word means rebirth or revival. The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.4. Humanism: The key word for it is humanism, which emphasizes the belief in human beings, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas. It originally indicates a revival of classical arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.Its aim is to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval time and introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. Shakespeare, Spenser, and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this period.5. Sentimentalism is a literal movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrates on the distressed of the poor unfortunate people and demonstrates that effusive（感情奔放的）emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness. It reveals grief, pains and tears.•Representatives:•Thomas Gray, Samuel Richardson, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Sterne•The Vicar of W akefield (1766).• A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768)6. Pre-romanticism: a literal trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18th century which composes the romance devoted to the medieval times. William Blake and Robert Burns are two representatives of pre-romanticists.7. The Gothic novel: the novel which exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes, decaying mansions with dark castle, secret passages, instruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly music behind which lurks no one knows what as the central story, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard villain. The real originator of English Gothic novel was Horace Walpole, with his famous Castle of Otranto (1764) .8. Romanticism(the Romantic Movement), a literary movement, and profound shift in sensibility, which took place in Britain and throughout Europe 1770-1848. Intellectually it marked a violent reaction to the Enlightenment. Politically it was inspired by the revolutions in America and France and popular wars of independence in Poland, Spain, Greece, and elsewhere.Emotionally it expressed an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience, together with the sense of the infinite and transcendental. Socially it championed progressive causes, though when these were frustrated it often produced a bitter, gloomy, and despairing outlook.9. Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern parts of England. Their poetry usually praises the beauty of natural and countryside life. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and ends as conservatives 10. Aestheticism is a Victorian literary movement that was begun in the late 19th century.Followers of the movement believed that art should not be mixed with social, political, or moral teaching. Walter Pater’s statement “the love of art for its own sake”is a good summary of aestheticism. The movement had its roots in France, but it gained widespread importance in England in the last half of the nineteenth century, where it helped change the Victorian practice of including moral lessons in literature. Oscar Wilde is one of the best-known "aesthetes" of the late nineteenth century.。
美国文学课考试复习资料
美国文学课考试复习资料1.An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18thcentury and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions2.Features of American RomanticismThere is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American Romantic authors tended more to moralize, to edify rather than entertain.American Romanticism produced an entirely new experience alien to European culture.American romanticism was both imitative and independent.3.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance isa period of the greatflowering of American literature, from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War./doc/7ae6c0293169a4517723a3b9.ht ml ic fables of Washington Irving;Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe;The frontier adventures of James Fennimore Cooper;The Psychological romances of Nathanial Hawthorne and Herman Melville 5.William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow are Fireside Poets orSchoolroom Poets.Washington Irving is the Father of American literature.James Fennimore Cooper is the Father of the American novel.Edgar Allan Poe is the Father of modern short story.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the Father of American Transcendentalism.Henry David Thoreau is a famous practical transcendentalist.Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are bridge poets between American Romanticism and the 20th century.6.Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文Father of American literaturethe first professional American writerthe first American Romantic writerthe first American short story writerthe first native American author to win worldwide fameThe Sketch Book (见闻札记）a collection of essays, sketches, and tales.The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book,“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 睡谷传奇“Rip Van Winkle” 瑞普·凡·温克尔7.(1789—1851) James Fennimore CooperFather of American Novel The first important American novelistThe Pioneer of Americanespionage story: The Spy间谍sea adventure tale: The Pilot 领航员Frontier adventures: The Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集8.The Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集The Pioneers 拓荒者The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人The Prairie 草原The Pathfinder 探路者The Deerslayer 杀鹿人9.Edgar Allan PoeGenius: a magazine editor, a poet, a short story writer, a critic,and a lecturer.Father of modern short story Father of detective storyFather of psychoanalytic criticismHe introduced the British Gothic story, science fiction, and literary criticism to American literature.He introduced a new kind of short story-- detective story.He was the first to develop the short story as a distinctive art form.He elaborated criteria by which it can be judged.10.His Short Stories“The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》“The Cask of Amontillado”《一桶白葡萄酒》“Murders in the Rue Morgue”《莫格街谋杀案His Poems①“The Raven”乌鸦②“Annabel Lee” 安娜贝尔?丽11.Characters: Montresor & FortunatoMontresor: (outwit) a deranged man who seeks revengeFortunato: (a lucky or fortunate person) a haughty wine connoisseur against whom Montresor seeks revenge Setting involves place, time, and circumstances.The story is narrated by Montresor, who carries a grudge against Fortunato for an offense that is never explained.12.Writing devices Foreshadowing ( cask/ casket names trowel arms and motto)Irony (Verbal irony Dramatic irony Situational ironySymbolism(The foot: Montresor The serpent: Fortunato.13.theme “The Cask of Amontillado" is a powerful tale of revenge.14.transcendentalism Movement:●the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of Americanliterature in the 19th century.●Leaders:Ralph Waldo Emerson: father of American Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau: famous practical transcendentalist●Manifesto:Nature (by Ralph Waldo Emerson)the Bible of New England Transcendentalism●Club: Transcendentalist Club●Journal: The Dial15.Basic ideas●Spirit/Over-soul is the most important thing in the universe.Transcendentalism was based on a fundamental belief in the unityof the world and God.●The Transcendentalists stressed the importance o f individualism●Nature is the symbol of spirit/the garment of the Oversoul16.Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Poet Essayist Popular lecturer Father of American Transcendentalism major works:●Nature 自然(1836) ：“the manifesto of Americantranscendentalism” and “the Bible of New EnglandTranscendentalism.”●The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration ofIntellectual Independence"●Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself17.Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗●Schoolteacher, essayist, poet● a leader of Transcendentalism●Most famous for his Walden and Civil Disobedience●Influenced environmental movement●Supporter of abolitionism18.Influences of Transcendentalism①It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought aboutthe idea that human can be perfected by nature.②It advocated idealism that was greatly needed in a rapidlyexpanded economy.③It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of themost prolific period in American literature.19.The Fireside Poets 炉边诗人●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃茲沃思·朗费罗The most popular American poet of the 19th centurytranslate Dante’s Divine Comedythe first American poet to gain a favorable international reputationthe only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s C orner of Westminster AbbeyVoices of the Night(1839) 《夜吟集》-- catch the attention Evangeline(1847) 《伊凡吉林》-- narrative poem on the AcadiansReasons for his popularityA.He had the gift of easy rhyme. He wrote poetry as a bird sings, with naturalgrace and melody.B.He wrote on obvious themes and in plain language whichappeal to allkinds of people.C.There is a joyousness in them, a spirit of optimism and faith in thegoodness of life which evokes immediate response in the emotions of his readers.A Psalm of Lifefirst published in Voices of the Night.the first English poem translated into Chinese.●William Cullen Bryant 威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特●James Russell Lowell 詹姆斯·拉塞尔·洛威尔●Oliver Wendell Holmes 奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯●John Greenleaf Whittier 约翰·格林列夫·惠蒂埃20.What are the Fireside Poets?●Schoolroom Poets/Household Poets●First group of American poets to rival British poets in popularity ineither country●Preferred conventional forms over experimentation●Often used American legends and scenes of American life as theirsubject matter21.The Age of American Realism●Historical BackgroundThe Civil War(The most important single influence is the Civil War.The IndustrializationThe Closing Frontier22. Mark Twain called the late 19th century the “Gilded Age.” glittering on the surface corrupt underneath23.Literary Characteristics●Feminist movementEmily Dickinson 艾米丽·迪金森Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人Kate Chopin 凯特·肖邦Edith Wharton 伊迪丝·华顿Willa Cather 维拉·凯瑟●Decline of American Romanticism●Appearance of America n realism●Appearance of American naturalism24.Realism●Realism begins in France. (Balzac)●It is a literary doctrine calling for “reality and truth in the depiction ofordinary life.”25. Local ColorRealism began in America as Local Color.Local Color: A synthesis of romantic plots and realistic descriptions ofthings.Local ColoristsBret Harte 布雷特·哈特The first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity The Luck of Roaring Camp 《咆哮营的幸运儿》Harriet Beecher Stowe / Mrs. Stowe 哈里特·比彻·斯托/斯托夫人Uncle T om’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》The greatest of all anti-slavery literature ?Kate Chopin 凯特·肖邦a woman writer The Awakening 《觉醒Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 卡城名蛙26.American RealismThe Great MastersMark Twain 马克·吐温the experiences of the low classThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County卡城名蛙The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆·索亚历险记》Life on the Mississippi 《密西西比河上的生活》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》Mark Twain’s Position①Mark Twain was called “Lincoln of American literature”, because itwas he made the colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium.②He was declared “the first truly American writer” by WilliamFaulkner.③He fathered modern American literature, as Ernest Hemingwaynoted “all moder n American literature comes from his masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”●William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯the arbiter of AmericanRealismThe Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》●Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯: the experiences of the upper classFather of psychological realism 心理现实主义27. Features of American RealismRealists tried to vividly describe details from observation of actual life.Realists tried to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and society.It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low.Its style was genteel and graceful by Howells and Henry James, plain and rough by Mark Twain and some other Local Color writers.28.Naturalism●In literature, it refers to the theory that literary compositionshould aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man.●It developed on the basis of realism but went a step further than itin portraying social reality.●Naturalism was a new and harsher rea lism.28. Naturalism: Basic Ideas①Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment andthey lack freedom of their own will. Brutish impulses dictate humanbehavior. All of their actions are controlled.②The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to humandesires. Life becomes a struggle for survival.③The struggle of the individual to adapt to environment, the fightfor the spouse and the Darwinian idea of the survival of the fittest becomenatural concerns of naturalist fiction and drama.29. Major Naturalists●Jack London 杰克·伦敦●Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克瑞恩Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎玛吉》the first naturalistic novel in AmericaThe Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》●Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺瑞斯McTeague 《麦克提格》a textbook and manifesto of American naturalism●O. Henry 欧·亨利●Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱塞the greatest literarynaturalistSister Carrier《嘉莉妹妹》the greatest naturalistic work30. American Naturalism●It first came into existence in Maggie, a Girl of the Streets by StephenCrane.●It had its manifesto in McT eague by Frank Norris.●It came to its maturity in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser.31. The work of Modernist writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment, dislocation, and alienation of men in the world, and by the emphasis on experimentation and formalism and objectivism which are, in most cases, a reaction to the cataclysm (大变动) known as the Modern Age32. Famous Modern AuthorsSherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》Poor White《穷白人》Dark Laughter《阴沉的笑声》“The Triumph of the Egg” 鸡蛋的胜利“Death in the Woods” 林中之死F. Scott Fitzgerald F. 司各特·菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》“The Great American Novel”Nick Carraway The narratorTender is the Night《夜色温柔》The Last Tycoon 《最后的大亨》Tales of Jazz Age 《爵士年代传奇》Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔Nobel Prize for literature in 1936 Beyond theHorizon《天边外》Emperor Jones《琼斯皇》Hairy Ape《毛猿》William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949 As I Lay Dying《在我弥留之际》The Sound and the Fury《喧嚣与骚动》William Faulkner who, in 1956, acknowledged Anderson as “the fathe r of my generation of American writers and the tradition of American writing which our successors will carry on.”Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特·海明威Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》 A Farwell to Arms 《永别了，武器》?John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Of Mice and Men《人鼠之间》Ezra Pound 埃兹拉·庞德Leader of Imagist Movement The Cantos 《诗章》?Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特America’s best known and most loved poet Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” 雪夜林边小伫“The Road Not Taken”未选择的路“Birches” 白桦林Langston Hughes 兰斯顿·休斯Leader of Harlem Renaissance The Weary Blues《疲惫的布鲁斯》T. S. Eliot T. S. 艾略特American-born English poet, playwright, and literary criticthe most important English-language poet of the 20th centuryNobel Prize in Literature in 1948 The Waste Land 《荒原》The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 《J.阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌》34.American Nobel Prize WinnersSinclair Lewis 辛克莱·路易斯(1930) Eugene O’Neil l 尤金·奥尼尔(1936)Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠(1938) William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳(1949)Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威(1954) John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克(1962)Saul Bellow 索尔·贝娄（1976）Joseph Brodsky 约瑟夫·布罗茨基（1987）Isaac Bashevis Singer 艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格（1978）Toni Morrison 托妮·莫里森（1993）35.American poet Gertrude Stein （格特鲁德·斯泰因）coined the expression "lostgen eration.“The three best known writers: F. Scott Fitzgerald John Dos PassosErnest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms For Whom the Bell T olls The Old Man and the Sea36. ImagismImagist movement is a movement of English and American poets in revolt from romanticism, seeking clarity of expression through the use of precise images.The principles of the imagist manifesto were laid down by Ezra Pound in 1913 Cathay 《华夏集》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 《休赛尔温?毛伯利》The Cantos 《诗章》“A Pact” “合同”/“协约”“In a Station of the Metro” “在地铁站里?Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文森Harmonium《簧风琴》“Anecdote of the Jar ” 坛子轶事“The Snow Man” 雪人William Carlos Williams “The Red Wheelbarrow”红色手推车37.Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特The most popular 20th century American poet.A four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize .He was regarded as unofficial Poet Laureate (桂冠诗人).Main Poetry Collections: A Boy’s Will North of Boston Hampshire NewMountain Interval A Further Range A Witness Tre e38. Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance, known also as the New Negro Movement and the Negro Renaissance, was an important cultural manifestation of the mid-twenties and thirties.A flowering of African American art, literature, music and culture in the United States led primarily by the African American community based in Harlem, New York City.Beginning: 1924: the piblication of the magazine “Opportunity”. ?Ending: 1929: the year of the stock market crash and the resulting economic Great Depression.Zora Neale Hurston 佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿Queen of the Harlem Renaissance Their Eyes Were Watching God 《他们的眼睛望着上帝》Langston Hughes 兰斯顿·休斯the poet laureate of Harlem 黑人民族的桂冠诗人Most popular and versatile writer of the Harlem Renaissance 作品：The Weary Blues Fine Clothes to the Jew Shakespeare in Harlem “Dreams”“A Dream Deferred” “I, Too” “Negro Speaks of Rivers”。
英语作文 the spirit of
英语作文 the spirit ofThe Spirit of PerseveranceIn a world that is constantly evolving and presenting us with new challenges, the spirit of perseverance stands as a beacon of hope and resilience. This intangible quality, deeply rooted in the human experience, has the power to transform the most daunting obstacles into opportunities for growth and success. It is the driving force that propels us forward, inspiring us to push beyond our perceived limits and achieve the extraordinary.At the heart of perseverance lies a steadfast determination, a refusal to surrender in the face of adversity. It is the ability to maintain focus and commitment, even when the path ahead seems unclear or fraught with uncertainty. This spirit is not about blind optimism or the denial of difficulties; rather, it is a conscious choice to confront challenges head-on, to embrace the struggle, and to emerge stronger on the other side.One of the most remarkable aspects of perseverance is its ability to transcend individual experiences and become a shared human trait. Throughout history, we have witnessed countless examples ofindividuals and communities who have overcome seemingly insurmountable odds through the sheer force of their determination. From the pioneering explorers who braved uncharted territories to the civil rights activists who fought tirelessly for equality, the spirit of perseverance has been a driving force behind some of the most significant achievements of our time.This spirit is not limited to grand, sweeping narratives; it can also be found in the everyday triumphs of ordinary people. It is the single mother who works multiple jobs to provide for her family, the student who persists through academic challenges to achieve their dreams, or the entrepreneur who refuses to give up on their vision despite countless setbacks. In these small, yet profound moments, the power of perseverance shines through, inspiring those around us and reminding us of the incredible human capacity for resilience.At its core, the spirit of perseverance is a testament to the human spirit's unwavering resilience. It is the ability to face adversity head-on, to learn from our mistakes, and to emerge from the struggle with a renewed sense of purpose and strength. This spirit is not about perfection or the absence of struggle; rather, it is about the willingness to confront our fears, to embrace the uncertainty, and to keep moving forward, no matter the obstacles that may arise.As we navigate the complexities of our modern world, the spirit ofperseverance becomes increasingly vital. In the face of global challenges, such as climate change, social inequalities, and the ongoing pandemic, this spirit serves as a guiding light, reminding us that we have the power to overcome even the most daunting obstacles. By cultivating and nurturing this spirit within ourselves and our communities, we can foster a more resilient and adaptable society, one that is better equipped to face the challenges of the future.In conclusion, the spirit of perseverance is a testament to the human capacity for resilience and growth. It is a quality that transcends individual experiences and becomes a shared human trait, inspiring us to push beyond our perceived limits and achieve the extraordinary. Whether in the face of grand, sweeping challenges or the everyday triumphs of ordinary people, the spirit of perseverance stands as a beacon of hope, reminding us that with determination and resilience, we can overcome any obstacle and emerge stronger on the other side.。
现代大学英语4复习资料（1）
现代大学英语4复习资料（1）Paraphrase.1. It was Ruth all over again. I had some very good friends who stood by me, and still do. But my acquaintances vanished, taking the girls with them.What had happened to Ruth and me now happened again. Although my close friends still support me as they used to, my grade-two thinking frightened away many of my acquaintances.2. She became suddenly afraid of that pitiless, cruel earth, the peasant’s slave master, that would keep her chained to hard work and poverty all her life until she would sink again into its bosom. She became afraid of the earth because it was going to force her to work like a slave and force her to struggle against poverty all her life until she died and was buried in it.3. It would be quite wrong to attribute all opinions--- even political opinions— to self-interest. But it would be equally wrong to deny that this is one potent factor.Human motivations are complicated. There are other-regarding motivations as well as self-regarding ones. Therefore it is wrong to be cynical and think that all beliefs are based on self-interest. However, we must admit that self interest is a very powerful factor.4. Part of the beauty of the borehole is that it requires no elaborate apparatus.Obtaining water out of the ground by drilling deep holes is easy, requiring no complicated equipment.5. We, too, are trapped in the same sort of false illusion that stymied critical thought.We are also fooled by the same kind of myth that made usunable to think critically.6. Suppose anybody saw us like this in the field of our spring sowing, what would they take us for but a pair of useless, soft, empty-headed people that would be sure to die of hunger. (Para.10)If people should see us like this (with your arm round my waist), what would they think of us? They were sure to take us for a pair of good-for-nothings, people who are unable to endure hardships and foolish and, therefore, were sure to die of hunger.7. Other beliefs are held through self-interest. Modern psychology leaves us no room for doubt on this point. We adopt and cling to some beliefs because—or partly because—it “pays” us to do so. (14)We hold and cling to some beliefs merely because it is in our interest to believe them. Modern psychology has already proved this point, and as a result, there is nothing to doubt.8.Throughout history, man’s dependence on water has made him live near it or organize access to it.In human history, since man can’t live without water, man has chosen to live close to water supplies or build various structures to get water.9. Her house was an island of comfort, an oasis for the weary village men, exhausted from having so little to do.Her house was a place where the village men could find comfort, just as an oasis is for weary travelers in the desert. The men sought pleasure because life in this mountain village was monotonous and boring.10.Napoleon said that an army marches on its stomach; our modern globalized economy marches on oil.Napoleon meant that an army could not fight on emptystomach; in other words, food supply is the most important thing for an army. In the same way, our modern globalized economy can not develop if there is no oil.11.There is many a man who is unconsciously compelled to cling to a belief because he is a “somebody” in some circle—and if he were to abandon that belief, he would find himself nobody at all.Many people are forced to hold a belief because he has become an important person in his group. If he gave up that belief, he would turn insignificant at once.12.Bringing supply and demand into equilibrium will be painful, and political disputes may increase in number and intensify in their capacity to cause trouble.It is difficult to make people use less water so that the amount of water they use matches the amount that is available. More and more political disputes over water may erupt and may become more capable of causing more troubles.Translate the following sentences into English.1. 在中国传统艺术和文学中，竹子和松树往往象征着道德上的正直和刚正不阿。
The spirits of explores
The Spirit of Explorers复习学案Reading comprehension1.According to the passage,______reached America first?A.Christopher ColumbusB.Ancient greeksC.Chinese sailorsD.V ikings2. Which of the following is true?A.Eric the Red left Iceland because he wanted to find an known world.B. Eric the Red forced people to go to Greenland with him.C. For some reason,,all ships didn’t get to Greenland.D.Eric the Red was the second to Greenland.3. How did Biarni get to an unknown land?A.He was blown there by a storm.B.He was blown off courseC.He planned a tripD.He got there with Leif4.When did Leif plan a trip further west?A.around 900 ADB.in 982ADC.not long after Erigc had landed in GreenlandD.in 10025.This passage is mainly about ________.A Eric the Red.B Biarni. C. Leif D.the VikingsLanguage points:Phases1. 起航2.不久后3.被迫做某事4陷入麻烦5返回6说服某人做某事7到达8寻找9寻找10发现自己处于一个未知的陆地10记载，写下Sentences1.The V ikings were the first Europeans__________________(到美国).2.By around 900 AD ,there were many places in Northern Europe _____ the V ikings chose tolive .3.He had committed a murder ,for _____he got in to trouble4.Eic set sail once again,this time with 25ships ,of ______only 14 made it to Greenland.5.Leif followed Biarni’s directons and sailed to ______is believed tobe the coast of present-dayCanda.6.There were as many as 10000V ikings_______in IcelandExercise:1.After five hours’drive,they reached _____they thought was the place they’d been dreaming ofA.thatB.whereC.whichD. what2.The journey took him nine months,______the sailing time was 226 days.A.of whichB.during whichC.from whichD.in which3.I have some friends,________some are businessmen.A.of themB. of whichC.who ofD.of whom4. I will never forget the day _____I join the army.A.when B in which C. which D at which5.Where did you get to know her?—It was on the farm _________ we worked.A．that B．there C．which D．where。
初三英语上册(北师大版)unit6thespiritofsports知识点总结
初三英语上册（北师大版）Unit 6 The Spirit of Sports知识点总结一、重点词汇spirit·原文再现The spirit of Sports体育精神·基本用法spirit n. 精神；心灵We should learn Lei Feng’s spirit.我们是该学习雷锋的精神。
He is old in age yet young in spirit.他虽年老，但朝气蓬勃。
level·基本用法level n. 水平；标准adj. 水平的；平坦的；同高的We can reach the level now.我们可以达到这个水平。
The village is 1,000 meters above sea level.这村子海拔一千公尺。
If the table top isn't level, things will roll off.如果桌面不平，东西就会滚下来。
do one’s best·基本用法do one’s best 意为“尽力”，相当于try one’s best。
如：We shall do our best to realize it.我们将尽力做到这一点。
I can't promise, but I'll do my best.我不能保证做到，但我一定尽力而为。
I will do my best to improve my listening.我会尽力去提高我的听力。
round·原文再现Before the final round, a Russian athlete had been behind that athlete.在最后一轮比赛前，俄罗斯的一名运动员已经落在那名运动员的后面。
·基本用法round n. 一轮，一场，一盘；圆；循环adj. 圆的，环形的；adv. 在周围I went through the next round of the game.我进入了下一轮的比赛。
Unit7 lesson1 《the spirit of exploers》文本素材(北师大版必修3)
Lesson1 The Spirit of Explorers素材The Vikings从公元8世纪到11世纪，有一支来自北方的民族纵横欧洲。
他们是航海家，也是侵略者；是商人，也是海盗；是出色的水手，也是英勇的战士——他们就是维京人。
The Viking people came from the three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. They were also known as the Norse people. They were mostly farmers, but some worked as traders.Many Vikings were great travelers and sailed all over Europe and the north Atlantic Ocean in their long ships. Some went as pirate raiders(海盗): they stole treasures and attacked local people. But most Vikings who sailed overseas were simply searching for better land to farm.The Viking Age began about 1,200 years ago in the 8th Century AD and lasted for 300 years. In the year 793, Viking pirate raiders sailed across the North Sea to a Christian monastery at Lindisfarne in north-east England. They stole its treasures, murdered the monks and terrified everyone. This was followed by other violent “Viking raids” all over Britain.In 865, a “Great Army” of Danish Vikings invaded England. There were fierce bat tles for several years. In the end, the Vikings conquered all of northern, central and eastern England, and seized much of the land for their own farms. This area was called “The Danelaw”.During the same period, Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland, and seized land for their farms around the coast and islands. They also settled in the Isle of Man, and parts of Wales.Jorvik (modern York) was an important town in Viking Britain. Its houses were built of wood or wattle(枝条) along narrow streets.Women did all the household jobs. They also helped on the farm, milked the cows and made cheese. They spun(纺线), wove and sewed all the family’s clothes.Children did not go to school. They helped their parents at work, and learned about history, religion and the law from stories. They became adults at the age of 15 or 16.。
2020-2021学年牛津译林版七年级英语上册五个一百经典阅读《渔夫和他的灵魂》课件
Themes(主题)：
The themes can be:
love, soul , good（善）,temptation(诱惑), Betrayal（背叛）, sadness（伤感）…
Example 1
The stoErxyamtepllles2us about ___________________. ______________________. _____________________.
2.If you think the ending is not good,can you change it?
on Page.., it says _ __,So, I think she_______.
Plot（情节）:
With his soul
Without his soul
With his soul again but without life
Plot（情节）:
Chapter 1: The Mermaid P13-17
Fisherman asks the merchants for help.
The priest sends Fisherman
away and shuts the door
but
angrily . The merchants
think
that
soul
has no value to them.
Fisherman asks the Witch for help.
The fisherman and Mermaid.
Their pure love
Plot（情节）:
Which chapter do you like best? And Why?Then act it out.
英国文学史选读复习资料2
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
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态 度
• 定义
它是一种心态，是人们对事物的看法和反应， 决定了我们能把事情做得有多好。 •
狼族习惯
在狼群行进时，为了保存体力，在关键时刻有一匹狼出来担负头狼职责，帮助群 狼前进； 即使只有10%的捕猎成功率，也会反复尝试，最终成功； 狼虽然通常独自活动，但你不会发现哪只狼在同伴受伤时独自逃走； 为跟踪猎物，不惜花费很长时间，即使饥肠辘辘，在煎熬中几乎饿死，也不放弃；
狼族精神推广目标
• 建立强大的团队价值观和共同的组织文化；
– 以狼族精神铸造赢的文化
• 使狼族精神溶入到团队的日常工作中，成为员工工作的指导 理念。
狼族精神
When, Why, How
狼族精神 -Why？
• 我们要成为世界级的，在中国制药行业最优秀的销售队伍； • 在竞争激烈，变化莫测的医药市场中，具备“狼性”的组织生 存能力会更强，更有生命力； • 狼族文化的建立，使我们在更高层次上取得竞争优势，增强销 售团队的活力 ； • 一个组织需要一种共同的语言，狼族精神是我们日常工作的理 念指导； • 狼族文化是GSK Rx销售团队的特征，有利于团队凝聚力的提 高； • 狼族文化是一种软性的力量，对组织的管理效果远胜于任何制 度；
狼族精神
Loyalty 忠诚
Teamwork 团队合作
Unity through uniqueness 异中求同 Communication 沟通
Strategy 策略
Attitude 态度 Curiosity 好奇心 Perseverance and Winning 坚毅致胜 Patience 耐心 Failure 挫败 Change 改变 Play 游戏 Death and Survival 死亡与生存
不打无准备的仗，踩点、埋伏、攻击、打围、截堵„„， 最佳时机出击，保存实力，麻痹对方，并在其最不易跑的时候，突然出击，置 对方于死地； 狼不会为了所谓的尊严，在自己还弱小时攻击比自己强大的东西； 在行动之前，狼群一般通过嚎叫来试探牧羊犬的数量；
• 销售行为
针对smart目标制定具体销售行动方案； 有效监控投资回报； 了解竞争对手和客户，制定有针对性销售方式。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• 销售行为
发现自己的不足和别人的长处，取长补短，虚心向周围的人学习； 发挥个人的长处，善于授权； 个人价值与公司利益的平衡。
沟通
• 定义
两个或两个以上个体或者团队之间传达信息、交流信息，以达到加强理解、目标 一致的过程。
• 狼族习惯
狼群经常以长嚎、鼻触、舌舔等多种身体姿态来表达感情，甚至使用身体气味来 传递信息； 成狼与幼狼沟通时，会低下头来，亲切示好； 狼族利用眼睛肌肉的细微运动－如瞳孔大小变化，来表达惊讶、恐惧、愉悦等； 攻击对手时，狼利用并持续调整其复杂的沟通系统，籍以达到目的。
Respect the elders 尊敬长者 Teach the young 教导幼者 Cooperate with the pack团队合作 Hunt when we must Play when we can Rest in between Share our experience Voice our feelings Leave our mark 当猎则猎 当玩则玩 养精蓄锐 分享经验 表露情感 建功立业
谢
谢
狼的捕猎成功几率仅为10% ； 狼会从每一次不成功的捕猎中学习和练习捕猎技能； 狼面对90%的失败，不会屈服，而是继续寻找下次的捕猎机会。
• 销售行为
对待工作中的挫折有足够的心理准备； 面对挫折不消极，不气馁，积极寻找下一次机会； 及时总结失败的原因，不断积累成功的经验。
改 变
狼族成长历程
Business Results
Where are our Employees?
Where are our Managers?
Engaged Employees
溶入习惯 主动宣扬
应用 相信
理解
了解 听说
狼族精神的推广
任何团队文化表述，只有被员工由衷地认同才能转化为实际的力量。
讨
论
• 对于销售代表而言，狼族精神的When, Why, How?
狼族精神 -When？
• • • • • • • 狼族训练营/各种学习训练； 狼族战报/各种分享； 每位销售人员的职责要求； 业务评估； 认同与奖励； 公司/团队的规章制度； 每天每时每刻的日常销售工作……
狼族精神 -How？
• 狼族精神需要经过持续的广泛传播，不断的实 践和规范管理而逐渐形成，溶入我们的思想中。
• 销售行为
管理者必须花足够时间来倾听大家的意见，并鼓励他人给予诚实的回馈； 同事之间、不同部门之间经常就相关问题、相关工作探讨商量，或分享经验； 主动给别人提出善意的意见； 信任是一切有效沟通的基础。
策 略
• 定义
为有效达到特定目标 ，根据形势的发展而制定的行动方针和斗争方式。
• 狼族习惯
• 销售行为
日常销售工作中，经常收集并分析相关信息； 充分了解竞争对手，制定有针对性的策略，以最小的投入获得最大的回报； 不仅仅为了金钱和职位工作，时刻学习和完善自我，用长远的眼光看待自己 的职业发展。
挫 败
• 定义
面对挫折不放弃，及时总结和积累经验，坚持目标，继续努力的态度。
• 狼的习惯
从心底里热爱自己的工作，并心甘情愿地为它付出 坚决执行既定策略计划； 愿与公司共同成长； 时刻维护团队的声誉和利益。
团队合作
• 定义
为达成一个共同目标，不是采取单独的工作方式，而是作为团队的一部分， 与其他成员合作工作。
• 狼的习惯
狼群狩猎时各司其职，又互相协助； 狼群与大乌鸦合作，共同寻找猎物，共同分享猎物获得生存； 在狼群行进时，为了保存体力，在关键时刻有一匹狼出来承担头狼的责任， 带领群狼前进。
• 销售行为
对销售环境永保好奇心，对疾病领域治疗进展积极了解； 留意日常中发生的细微事件，尽可能提取有利用价值的信息； 对新观点新方法乐意主动偿试；
坚毅致胜
• 定义
面对困难所具备的锲而不舍的精神，以及强烈的竞争意识和战斗精神。
• 狼族习惯
百万年来，即使经历了各种各样的恶劣环境，狼仍然顽强得生存下来； 狼群中弱小的个体如果能够熬过所有难关存活下来，它将会成为狼群的头狼； 即使只有10%的捕猎成功率，也会反复尝试，最终成功； 狼群捕猎羊群时，每只狼不是放倒一只羊而是尽可能多地放倒一群羊； 当狼群确定捕猎对象后，会利用一切方法捕获猎物。
• 销售行为
每位员工尽力做好份内事，同时积极主动为团队其他成员提供帮助； 通过与团队其他成员的合作，获得更好的结果； 主动，勇于为团队承担更多的责任。
异中求同
• 定义
个体与团队的和谐统一。
• 狼族习惯
每一匹狼在嚎叫中都有不一样的音调，但都相互尊重这种差异性； 狼群在集体号叫时，都将一切等级地位搁置一边，它们仿佛在宣告：“我们 是一个整体，但是各个都与众不同，所以最好不要惹我们。
狼族中的长者不断地教导与提醒较年轻的幼狼，给予他们机会经历失败，从 中学习与成长，直到成为头狼； 通过日常的行为，增强了狼群的社会秩序与传统。
• 销售行为
培训与指导员工； 激励员工； 培养团队中有潜力的人员，为组织的长远发展储备人才； 帮助别人成功，成就自己。
Wolf Credo
• 狼的习惯
通过游戏，狼学会如何获得食物，维持生计的技能； 通过游戏，增强狼族的社会性与群体意识。
• 销售行为
游戏中学习工作的技巧； 享受生活，养精蓄锐； 享受工作的乐趣，快乐销售。
生存与发展
• 定义
通过将知识、资讯与经验与所有成员分享的方式，以达成组织的长期生存。
• 狼的习惯
• 销售行为
遇到挫折，仍能坚持向即定目标奋斗； 遇事积极正向，有强者的心态，有必胜的信心，不达目标永不言败； 强烈的竞争意识和战斗精神； 毫不留情的打击和超越竞争对手。
耐 性
• 定义
脚踏实地地准备和默默地寻找最恰当的机会获得成功。
• 狼的习惯
狼群在围捕猎物之前总要进行仔细地观察，这种观察最长的时候会持续几天时间； 狼群在捕猎大型猎物时，通过频繁地咬伤猎物的方式让猎物最终丧失抵抗意志， 从而用最小的代价获得最大的成功。
• 定义
针对组织内外环境的变化所对应采用的有效方式、策略和态度。
• 狼族习惯
为了使狼群都能得到足够的食物，狼群会自觉地控制自身的数量； 狼群对捕食对象的选择也体现了它们灵活变化的智慧。
• 销售行为
根据市场变化调整架构和人员组成； 目标科室和目标客户锁定和调整。
游 戏
• 定义
为了更好地工作所采取的一种行为和态度。
• 销售行为
在团队的分工合作中，主动承担责任； 偿试不同的工作方法，在失败中吸取教训； 主动帮助同事，为集体利益舍小家而顾大家； 经验分享。
好奇心
• 定义
对周围的事物觉得新奇而感兴趣，是智慧的一项永恒不变的重要特征。
• 狼族习惯
狼对环境的好奇使它们总是能够学习到新鲜的东西，也使它们总能体会到生活 的乐趣； 从不会停止做那些微不足道的小事； 每年奔波千里寻找猎物，留神所有的蛛丝马迹。
第 二 届 狼 族 训 练 营
2005.8
现状及反馈
• 第一次狼族精神学习后（训练营及昆明会），销售队伍对 狼族精神的看法和认识？
（请 表露情感 „„）
现状及反馈
• 第一次狼族精神学习后（训练营及昆明会），销售队伍对 狼族精神的看法和认识？
– 同事对狼族精神有初步认识； – 同事对狼族精神认识模糊，未理解其具体含义； – 主管与代表有不同认识。主管认可这种文化，觉得对工作会有帮 助，但不知如何应用；代表感兴趣，当作时尚，未认可对工作有 帮助，未真正接纳； – 推广未能连贯，印象有所淡化；