Effect s of Diffe rent Debranni ng Degrees on the Qualities of Whea t Flour and Chinese
因果效应英文作文
因果效应英文作文I woke up late this morning and missed my bus to work. As a result, I had to take a taxi, which cost me a lot of money. 。
I forgot to bring my lunch to work today. Consequently, I had to buy an overpriced sandwich from the cafeteria.I didn't get enough sleep last night, so I felt really tired and unfocused at work today. As a result, I made alot of mistakes on my tasks.I received a bonus at work for my outstanding performance. As a result, I decided to treat myself to a fancy dinner at a nice restaurant.I accidentally spilled coffee on my shirt this morning. Consequently, I had to change into a different outfit before heading to an important meeting.I missed my morning workout today. As a result, I felt guilty and disappointed in myself for not sticking to my routine.I received a promotion at work. Consequently, I nowhave more responsibilities and a higher salary.I left my umbrella at home this morning. As a result, I got caught in the rain on my way to the office.I helped a colleague with a project at work. As a result, they offered to help me with my tasks in the future.I forgot to water my plants for a few days. Consequently, they started to wilt and look unhealthy.。
路西法效应 英语
路西法效应英语The Lucifer Effect refers to the psychological phenomenon where individuals exhibit extreme and harmful behavior when placed in certain situations. This term was coined by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo, who conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971. The study involved college students role-playing as guards and prisoners in a simulated prison environment. The experiment was meant to last for two weeks but had to be terminated after only six days due to the extreme and abusive behavior displayed by the "guards" towards the "prisoners."The findings from the Stanford Prison Experiment shed light on the power of situational and systemic influences on individual behavior. Zimbardo argued that the dynamics of the prison environment, including the power differentials, dehumanization, and lack of oversight, led the participants to engage in acts of cruelty and aggression that they wouldn't have exhibited under normal circumstances. This demonstrated how ordinary people can betransformed into perpetrators of evil given the right setof circumstances.The implications of the Lucifer Effect extend beyond the confines of the experiment and have been used to explain various real-world events and phenomena. For example, ithas been invoked to understand the behavior of soldiers in war, the actions of individuals in positions of authority, and the dynamics of abusive relationships. The concept highlights the importance of considering the impact ofsocial and environmental factors when trying to comprehend and address harmful behavior.In addition to its applicability in understanding individual behavior, the Lucifer Effect also hasimplications for social institutions and policies. By recognizing the power of situational forces in shaping behavior, it becomes crucial to design systems and environments that minimize the potential for abuse and harm. This could involve implementing oversight mechanisms, promoting a culture of empathy and respect, and fostering conditions that empower individuals to resist negative influences.路西法效应是指当个体置身于特定情境时表现出极端和有害行为的心理现象。
曼德拉效应英文介绍
曼德拉效应英文介绍曼德拉效应（Mandela Effect）是一个神经科学和心理学的概念，它描述了人们对与他们回忆中的事实存在差异的感觉。
以下是曼德拉效应及其相关内容的英文介绍：Definition:The Mandela Effect is a phenomenon where groups of people remember events, facts or details of an event differently from the way they actually occurred.Example:One of the most well-known examples of the Mandela Effect is when a large number of people recall Nelson Mandela dying in prison in the 1980s, when in fact, he was released from prison in 1990 and died in 2013.Possible Explanation:The Mandela Effect is often attributed to false memories or confabulation, where the brain fills in gaps in memories with plausible information that may not be accurate. Others attribute it to alternate timelines or universes, where events may have occurred differently in another dimension.Impact:The Mandela Effect has generated interest in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, leading to research into the reliability of human memory and perception. It has also contributed to skepticism towards the accuracy of historical records and the media.Examples of the Mandela Effect:Other examples of the Mandela Effect include:- The spelling of the children's book series "The Berenstain Bears" (many recall it as "Berenstein")- The existence of a movie called "Shazaam" starring comedian Sinbad (many remember it but it was never actually made)- The placement of the famous Monopoly man's monocle (he never had one) - The line from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" where the evil queen says, "Mirror, mirror on the wall" (the actual line is "Magic mirror on the wall")In conclusion, the Mandela Effect refers to the differences between people's memories and what actually occurred. While it may have different explanations, it has generated interest in the fields of psychology and neuroscience and caused people to reevaluate the accuracy and reliability of memories and historical records.。
禀赋效应英文解释
禀赋效应英文解释The Endowment Effect: A Psychological PhenomenonThe endowment effect is a cognitive bias that occurs when individuals place a higher value on an object they own compared to the same object they do not own. This psychological phenomenon has been extensively studied in various fields, including economics, psychology, and behavioral science. It is a significant concept that helps us understand how our perceptions and decision-making processes can be influenced by our sense of ownership and possession.The endowment effect was first observed in the 1970s by economists Richard Thaler and Daniel Kahneman. They conducted experiments where participants were randomly given a mug and then asked to indicate the minimum amount they would be willing to accept to sell the mug. Interestingly, the participants who were given the mug demanded a significantly higher price compared to the participants who were asked to indicate the maximum amount they would be willing to pay to acquire the same mug. This difference in valuation, despite the object being the same, is the essence of the endowment effect.One of the primary explanations for the endowment effect is the concept of loss aversion. Humans tend to be more averse to losing something they already possess than they are to gaining an equivalent item. In other words, the pain of losing an object is perceived as greater than the pleasure of acquiring the same object. This asymmetry in the perceived value of gains and losses is a fundamental principle of prospect theory, developed by Kahneman and Tversky, which has been widely used to explain various decision-making biases.Another factor that contributes to the endowment effect is the sense of ownership and the psychological attachment individuals develop towards the objects they possess. When we own something, we tend to see it as an extension of ourselves and invest emotional and cognitive resources into it. This sense of ownership can lead to a reluctance to part with the object, even if it would be financially or practically advantageous to do so.The endowment effect has significant implications in various domains, including consumer behavior, negotiation, and decision-making. In the realm of consumer behavior, the endowment effect can influence pricing strategies, product valuation, and customer satisfaction. For example, retailers may leverage the endowment effect by allowing customers to "try out" products, as this canincrease their perceived value and make them less willing to part with the item.In the context of negotiation, the endowment effect can impact the bargaining process. Individuals who own an object may demand a higher price to sell it compared to the price they would be willing to pay to acquire the same object. This can lead to negotiation deadlocks and impede the ability to reach mutually beneficial agreements.Moreover, the endowment effect has been observed in a wide range of contexts, including the valuation of public goods, such as environmental resources, and the allocation of personal and professional resources, such as time and effort. Understanding the endowment effect can help individuals and organizations make more informed decisions, mitigate biases, and improve their overall decision-making processes.It is important to note that the endowment effect is not a universal phenomenon, and its magnitude can be influenced by various factors, such as the type of object, the level of emotional attachment, and the context in which the decision is made. Researchers have also explored ways to reduce the endowment effect, such as encouraging individuals to consider alternative perspectives or to engage in more deliberative decision-making processes.In conclusion, the endowment effect is a fascinating psychological phenomenon that sheds light on the complex interplay between our perceptions, emotions, and decision-making processes. Understanding this bias can have significant implications for individuals, organizations, and policymakers, as it can help us make more informed and rational choices, navigate complex situations, and ultimately improve our overall well-being.。
莫扎特效应 英文作文
莫扎特效应英文作文英文：The Mozart effect is a term used to describe the idea that listening to classical music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, can enhance cognitive abilities such as spatial reasoning and memory. This theory gained popularity in the 1990s, and many parents began playing Mozart for their children in the hopes of improving their intelligence.However, the scientific evidence behind the Mozart effect is mixed. While some studies have shown a temporary improvement in cognitive abilities after listening to classical music, others have found no significantdifference between listening to Mozart and other types of music, or even silence.Personally, I find that listening to music can have a positive impact on my mood and productivity. When I need tofocus on a task, I often listen to instrumental music or classical music without lyrics. This helps me block out distractions and stay focused on my work.中文：莫扎特效应是一个术语，用于描述听古典音乐，特别是沃尔夫冈·阿马德乌斯·莫扎特的作品，可以增强空间推理和记忆等认知能力的理念。
环境效应英语作文
环境效应英语作文Title: The Impact of Environmental Factors。
Introduction:Environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping various aspects of our lives, from our health and well-being to the economy and the ecosystem. In this essay, we will explore the diverse effects of environmental factors and their significance in our daily lives.Health Implications:One of the most significant impacts of environmental factors is on human health. Pollution, both air, and water, poses a grave threat to public health. Air pollution, caused by industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and burning of fossil fuels, contributes to respiratory diseases such as asthma and lung cancer. Similarly, contaminated water sources lead to waterborne diseases likecholera and dysentery. Additionally, exposure to environmental toxins like lead and mercury can have long-term adverse effects on neurological development,especially in children.Economic Consequences:Environmental factors also have far-reaching economic implications. Natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires can cause extensive damage to infrastructure, homes, and agricultural lands, leading to significant economic losses. Moreover, industries that rely on natural resources, such as agriculture, forestry, and fishing, are vulnerable to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Climate change, driven by human activities, poses a serious threat to global economies through its impact on agriculture, water resources, and infrastructure.Ecosystem Stability:The health of the environment directly affects the stability of ecosystems. Deforestation, habitat destruction,and pollution disrupt delicate ecological balances, leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. For instance, the decline of pollinator populations due to habitat loss and pesticide use threatens global food security by impacting crop pollination. Furthermore, disruptions in marine ecosystems, such as coral reef degradation and overfishing, jeopardize the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on marine resources for food and income.Social Equity:Environmental factors often exacerbate existing social inequalities. Vulnerable populations, such as low-income communities and indigenous peoples, are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and pollution. They are more likely to live in areas with poor air quality, contaminated water sources, and inadequate access to healthcare services. Environmental justice movements advocate for equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, aiming to address these disparities and ensure that all communities have a clean and healthyenvironment.Mitigation and Adaptation:Addressing environmental challenges requires both mitigation and adaptation strategies. Mitigation efforts focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving natural resources, and transitioning to renewable energy sources to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Adaptation measures involve building resilience to environmental hazards through infrastructure improvements, disaster preparedness, and ecosystem restoration. Additionally, promoting sustainable practices such as recycling, conservation, and responsible consumption can help alleviate pressure on the environment and minimize negative impacts.Conclusion:In conclusion, environmental factors exert a profound influence on human health, economic prosperity, ecosystem stability, and social equity. Recognizing theinterconnectedness of environmental issues is essential for devising effective solutions to address these challenges. By taking collective action to protect and preserve our environment, we can create a healthier, more sustainable future for generations to come.。
The Effect of Cultural Differences on English
The Effect of Cultural Differences on English– Chinese Translation The culture has a profound influence on the establishment, development and changes of the nguage and culture are closely related.The difference between Chinese and Western cultures can be in the respective languages from different aspects reflected in translation process, and the semantic understanding and communication have a certain influence and interference.The geographical environment and historical background difference have an impact on E-C Translation.Due to the different regions, it has different natural conditions and geographical environment. Different geographical environment will cause the culture on the personality and differences, to form some unique cultural concepts. These cultural differences are reflected in English-Chinese translation, which produces certain effect. For example, China lies in the East Sea, near to the West Mountain, so in China," east wind" is the" spring wind"," West wind" is breeze. While the British geographical environment is contrast to China, the British standing close to the Atlantic to the west, the West wind signals the coming of the spring. “West wind” in the British heart is warm and pleasant. The famous British poet Shelley's" Ode to the west wind" is to eulogize warm wind “It’s a warm wi nd, the west wind, full of bird’s cries" (that is, the warm wind, the west warm wind, accompanied by singing birds). In English -Chinese translation should fully understand these differences, in order to better understand the text. Moreover, the weather in Britain is constantly changing, so people love to talk about the weather. “Lovely day, isn’t it?" (Good weather). On the part of the social customs, Europe, the United States and Chinese also existed many differences on translation; it also caused a certain impact. The same thing, different cultural background has quite different views. For example, the dragon is the ancient Chinese totem image, a symbol of good luck, honor, power and to make progress. We claim to be descendants of the dragon; it is a great and outstanding nation. The dragon is a metaphor for the emperor; the Phoenix is the metaphor of the queen. In Chinese, the dragon and Phoenix are commendatory words. But in English, dragon means evil. This is because of the" Bible" records, which against God devil Satan that is also called the Great Dragon. Dragon in the west is seen as a symbol of evil, in modern English, dragon is used to refer to “violent person" or" serious people ". For example, she is a bit of dragon around this place (She is a horizontal bossy person).The differences of religious culture, proverbs, and allusions have an influence on English-Chinese TranslationThe history, religious beliefs and stories from different sources of Chinese and Western culture will also cause certain effect to English Chinese translation. Most Chinese people believe in Buddhism, Buddhist cultureand ethics culture of the Confucian school is the mainstream of Chinese culture. While Britain and the United States are mostly Christian. The culture of “the Bible" and the Greek myth have a profound influence on American culture and social comparison. As the Chinese saying goes "bless you", means God bless you , the Westerners say God bless you; Chinese say" 天知道", the Westerners say God knows . There are many stories, proverbs, such as the Chinese idiom" in one"," city"," hollow", come from Chinese ancient literature. While the Westerners speak He’s a Shylock. ( 他是个守财奴), a Pandora s box ' (潘多拉之盒), That ' s all Greek to me. ( 我对此一窍不通). These Western proverbs, allusions, are derived from the works of Shakespeare and the myths of Greece and Rome. In the translation of these words, we should take into account of the full understanding of Chinese and Western religious cultural background and knowing its source so that we can appropriately translate the text.To sum up, the cultural differences between Chinese and English exit universally. In translation practice, we not only need to master two languages, but also get a full understanding of Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds and differences. With a deep understanding of the original work, we use translation skills to translate works precisely.。
莫扎特效应 英语作文
莫扎特效应英语作文The "Mozart effect" is a widely known term in the realm of music and psychology. It refers to the idea that listening to classical music, specifically the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, can enhance cognitive function and intelligence. This concept gained popularity in the early 1990s after a study claimed that listening to Mozart's music could temporarily increase spatial-temporal reasoning skills. However, the validity and extent of the Mozart effect have been widely debated and scrutinized by researchers and experts in the field.“莫扎特效应”是音乐和心理学领域广为人知的一个词汇。
它指的是听古典音乐，特别是沃尔夫冈·阿玛多伊斯·莫扎特的作品，可以增强认知功能和智力的概念。
这个概念在20世纪90年代初变得流行，一项研究声称听莫扎特的音乐可以暂时增加空间-时间推理能力。
然而，莫扎特效应的有效性和程度一直受到研究人员和领域专家的广泛讨论和审查。
From a scientific perspective, numerous studies have attempted to replicate the original findings of the Mozart effect, but the results have been inconclusive. Some researchers have failed to find anysignificant correlation between listening to Mozart's music and improved cognitive abilities. This has led to skepticism about the actual existence and impact of the Mozart effect. Critics argue that the initial study may have been biased or flawed, and that the supposed benefits of listening to classical music may be overstated.从科学的角度来看，许多研究都试图复制莫扎特效应的最初发现，但结果并不一致。
自考英语二作文题目
1.The Impact of Technology on Education:Discuss how technological advancements have changed the landscape of education,both in terms of teaching methods and student engagement.2.The Role of Social Media in Modern Society:Explore the influence of social media on interpersonal relationships,information dissemination,and its impact on mental health.3.The Importance of Environmental Protection:Argue the significance of environmental conservation,the consequences of neglecting it,and the steps individuals and governments can take to protect the environment.4.The Challenges of Urbanization:Analyze the problems associated with rapid urban growth,such as overcrowding,pollution,and the loss of cultural heritage,and propose potential solutions.5.The Benefits of a Balanced Lifestyle:Discuss the advantages of maintaining a balance between work,leisure,and health,and how it can improve overall wellbeing.6.The Influence of Cultural Diversity:Reflect on how cultural diversity enriches societies,fosters creativity,and promotes understanding among different groups.7.The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence:Debate the moral implications of AI,including issues of privacy,job displacement,and the potential for AI to make autonomous decisions.8.The Significance of Lifelong Learning:Advocate for the importance of continuous education and how it can lead to personal growth,professional development,and societal progress.9.The Effects of Globalization on Local Economies:Examine the positive and negative effects of globalization on local businesses,cultural identities,and economic development.10.The Role of Volunteering in Community Development:Highlight the contributions of volunteers to community projects,the benefits for the volunteers themselves,and the impact on community cohesion.11.The Impact of Pandemics on Global Health and Economy:Discuss the effects of pandemics such as COVID19on public health systems,economies,and the need for international cooperation in combating such crises.12.The Importance of Mental Health Awareness:Address the prevalence of mental health issues,the stigma associated with them,and the importance of raising awareness and providing support.13.The Challenges and Opportunities of Remote Work:Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of working from home,including increased flexibility,potential isolation,and the need for effective communication.14.The Role of Education in Promoting Equality:Discuss how education can serve as a tool for social mobility,reducing inequalities,and fostering a more inclusive society.15.The Ethics of Genetic Engineering:Delve into the ethical considerations surrounding genetic modification,including potential benefits and risks,and the implications for future generations.。
mandela effect英语阅读
mandela effect英语阅读The Mandela Effect has been a topic of fascination and debate for many years now, but what exactly is it? Simply put, it refers to a phenomenon in which a large group of people share the same false memory of a particular event or fact. The term was coined by blogger Fiona Broome in 2010 after a conversation about the belief that Nelson Mandela had died in prison in the 1980s, when in reality he was released and went on to become President of South Africa.Step 1: Understanding the PhenomenonThe Mandela Effect is not limited to just one instance of a false memory; in fact, there are many examples that have been identified over the years. Some of the most well-known examples include the belief that the children's book series was called "The Berenstain Bears," when it is actually spelled "The Berenstein Bears." Another example is the collective memory that the famous line in "Field of Dreams"is "If you build it, they will come," when it is actually "If you build it, he will come."Step 2: Theories About the CauseThere are many different theories about what causes the Mandela Effect. Some people believe that it is evidence of alternate realities or universes, while others suggest thatit is a result of time travel. Others believe that it is a psychological phenomenon, caused by the power of suggestion or the collective unconscious.Step 3: The Importance of False MemoriesRegardless of the cause, the Mandela Effect is an important concept to consider. It shows us that our memories are not infallible and that we can be influenced by external factors. It also demonstrates the power of shared experience and the ways in which we can collectively shape our understanding of reality.Step 4: The Mandela Effect in Popular CultureThe Mandela Effect has become a popular topic of discussion in popular culture, with references to it appearing in TV shows, movies, and books. It has inspired countless articles and online forums, where people share their own experiences with false memories and try to make sense of this intriguing phenomenon.Overall, the Mandela Effect is a fascinating and complex phenomenon that continues to captivate people around the world. Whether it is evidence of alternate realities or simply a quirk of the human mind, it is a reminder of the importance of critical thinking and the need to question our assumptions about the world around us.。
the effect for 短句
the effect for 短句1. The effect for drinking too much caffeine is increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.2. The effect for studying late at night is decreased focus and reduced memory retention.3. The effect for excessive screen time is strained eyes and disrupted sleep patterns.4. The effect for skipping breakfast is decreased energy levels and difficulty concentrating.5. The effect for lack of exercise is weight gain and increased risk of chronic diseases.6. The effect for excessive sugar consumption is tooth decay and weight gain.7. The effect for excessive alcohol consumption is liver damage and impaired coordination.8. The effect for smoking cigarettes is increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease.9. The effect for poor time management is increased stress levels and missed deadlines.10. The effect for not wearing sunscreen is increased risk of skin cancer and premature aging.11. The effect for not drinking enough water is dehydration and fatigue.12. The effect for not getting enough sleep is decreased cognitive function and weakened immune system.13. The effect for constantly checking social media is decreased productivity and feelings of loneliness.14. The effect for excessive noise exposure is hearing loss and increased stress levels.15. The effect for not wearing a seatbelt while driving is increased risk of injury or death in accidents.16. The effect for excessive salt consumption is high blood pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.17. The effect for not practicing proper hand hygiene is increased risk of infections and illnesses.18. The effect for excessive use of pesticides is harm to the environment and potential health risks.19. The effect for excessive stress is increased risk of mental health disorders and physical ailments.20. The effect for not practicing safe sex is increased risk of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.21. The effect for not properly storing food is increased risk of food poisoning and spoilage.22. The effect for not wearing protective gear during sports or physical activities is increased risk of injuries.23. The effect for excessive consumption of processed foods is poor nutrition and increased risk of chronic diseases.24. The effect for not getting regular eye check-ups is increased risk of vision problems and eye diseases.25. The effect for not maintaining good oral hygiene is tooth decay and gum disease.26. The effect for excessive use of antibiotics is antibiotic resistance and decreased effectiveness in treating bacterial infections.27. The effect for prolonged exposure to air pollution is respiratory problems and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.28. The effect for not practicing good posture is increased risk of back and neck pain.29. The effect for excessive noise pollution is sleep disturbances and increased stress levels.30. The effect for not wearing protective clothing in extreme temperatures is increased risk of heat stroke or hypothermia.。
旁观者效应英语作文
The Bystander Effect: A Phenomenon That Impacts Our Responses to EmergenciesThe bystander effect, also known as the responsibility dispersion effect, refers to a psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer assistance in an emergency situation when there are multiple witnesses present. This effect was first identified in a study conducted by John Darley and Bibb Latané in 1968, which involved an experiment where participants were observed to react differently to an emer gency depending on whether they were alone or in a group.The key aspect of the bystander effect is the perception of responsibility among individuals. When a person is alone and witnesses an emergency, they feel a sense of urgency and responsibility to intervene. However, when multiple people are present, the perception of responsibility is diluted among the group. Each individual assumes that someone else will take action, leading to a collective failure to intervene.This effect can have serious consequences in real-life scenarios. For example, in cases of emergencies such as accidents or crimes, the bystander effect can lead to delayed responses or even complete ignorance of the situation. This can result in further harm or even fatalities.To overcome the bystander effect, it is important to recognize our own responsibility and to act when needed. We should not rely on others to take action but should instead take the initiative ourselves. Additionally, promoting a culture of mutual assistance and cooperation can help reduce the impact of the bystander effect. By working together, we can ensure that emergencies are responded to promptly and effectively.旁观者效应，也被称为责任分散效应，是指一种心理现象，当多个目击者在场时，个体在紧急情况下提供援助的可能性降低。
关于马太效应的英语作文
关于马太效应的英语作文题目，The Matthew Effect in Education: A Phenomenon of Cumulative Advantage。
The Matthew Effect, derived from a verse in the Bible, has been widely discussed in various fields, particularlyin education. This phenomenon suggests that those who already possess certain advantages are more likely to accumulate further advantages, while those who lack such advantages may fall further behind. In the realm of education, the Matthew Effect manifests in various ways, influencing students' academic performance, opportunities for advancement, and long-term success.One of the primary manifestations of the Matthew Effect in education is evident in academic achievement. Research indicates that students who start with a solid foundation of knowledge and skills tend to excel further compared to their peers who struggle initially. For instance, students from socioeconomically advantaged backgrounds often haveaccess to better resources, including quality education, tutors, and educational materials. As a result, they are more likely to perform well academically, leading to higher grades, accolades, and eventually, better educational opportunities.Furthermore, the Matthew Effect influences the distribution of opportunities in education. Students who demonstrate early success, whether academically or through extracurricular activities, are often rewarded with opportunities for enrichment programs, scholarships, and leadership roles. These opportunities not only enhancetheir educational experience but also position them for future success. On the contrary, students who struggle academically may be overlooked for such opportunities, perpetuating the cycle of disadvantage.Moreover, the Matthew Effect has implications for long-term success beyond the classroom. As students progress through their educational journey, those who have accumulated advantages early on are more likely to continue thriving in higher education and eventually in theircareers. This is because the skills, experiences, and networks they develop along the way contribute to their overall success trajectory. Conversely, students who face persistent challenges in their academic journey may encounter barriers to accessing higher education orsecuring desirable employment opportunities.Addressing the Matthew Effect in education requires a multifaceted approach aimed at leveling the playing field and providing equitable opportunities for all students. Firstly, it is essential to ensure equal access to quality education, regardless of socioeconomic status or background. This may involve increasing funding for schools in underserved communities, providing targeted support for at-risk students, and implementing policies that reduce disparities in resource allocation.Additionally, promoting inclusivity and diversity in educational settings can help mitigate the effects of the Matthew Effect. Embracing diverse perspectives, cultures, and learning styles fosters an environment where all students feel valued and supported in their academicpursuits. Moreover, implementing inclusive teaching practices that cater to the diverse needs of students can help address individual learning challenges and promote equitable outcomes.Furthermore, providing comprehensive support systemsfor students, including academic tutoring, mentoring programs, and access to mental health services, can empower them to overcome obstacles and reach their full potential. By investing in holistic support structures, educational institutions can address the underlying factorscontributing to the Matthew Effect and promote a more equitable learning environment.In conclusion, the Matthew Effect is a prevalent phenomenon in education that underscores the importance of addressing inequalities and providing equitable opportunities for all students. By acknowledging the disparities that exist within the educational system and implementing targeted interventions to support disadvantaged students, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable learning environment where everystudent has the opportunity to succeed. Through collective efforts from educators, policymakers, and stakeholders, we can mitigate the impact of the Matthew Effect and pave the way for a brighter future for all.。
celebrity effect英语作文
Celebrity Effect: A Double-edged SwordIn the modern era, the influence of celebrities is undeniable. They are not just figures in the entertainment industry but also trendsetters and role models for millions of fans worldwide. The "celebrity effect" refers to the significant impact that these public figures have on popular culture, fashion, and even social norms. However, this effect is a complex phenomenon, often carrying both positive and negative consequences.On the positive side, celebrities can use their influence for good. Many have leveraged their fame to raise awareness for important issues like social justice, environmental protection, and mental health. They have the power to bring attention to issues that might otherwise go unnoticed, mobilizing their followers to take action. Additionally, they often set positive examples by promoting healthy lifestyles, charitable deeds, and inclusive values. However, the celebrity effect is not without its downsides. The intense scrutiny and pressure that celebrities face can lead to unhealthy behaviors and even mental health issues. This, in turn, can have a negativeimpact on their fans, who may idolize them and emulatetheir unhealthy habits. Furthermore, the constant media attention surrounding celebrities can lead to the glorification of shallow and superficial values, such as fame and wealth, over more meaningful pursuits.The commercialization of celebrity culture is another concerning aspect of the celebrity effect. Brands often pay huge sums to endorse their products, leveraging the popularity and likability of celebrities to sell their goods. This can lead to a culture of consumerism and materialism, where people are constantly encouraged to buy the latest fashion trends or gadgets associated with their favorite stars.Moreover, the celebrity effect can also lead to the creation of false ideals and unrealistic expectations. Fans may strive to emulate the perfect lives portrayed by celebrities on social media, unaware that these images are often carefully staged and edited. This can lead tofeelings of inadequacy and dissatisfaction with their own lives.It is important to recognize the celebrity effect as a powerful force that can shape public opinion and behavior. While celebrities can be agents of positive change, it is crucial to remain critical of the messages they promote and the values they uphold. Fans should strive to be informed consumers, understanding that the lives of celebrities are not always as glamorous or perfect as they appear.In conclusion, the celebrity effect is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has both positive and negative impacts on society. While celebrities can use their influence for good, it is important to remain mindful of the potential downsides and to promote a more balanced and critical approach to celebrity culture.**名人效应：一把双刃剑**在现代社会，名人的影响力不容忽视。
鲶鱼效应可以有效促进竞争英语作文
鲶鱼效应可以有效促进竞争英语作文The Catfish Effect stimulates competition in various fields, propelling individuals to achieve greater accomplishments. This phenomenon describes the notion that if a small entity enters a larger competitive environment, it can motivate the established players to work harder and achieve better results. This effect can be observed in different domains such as sports, education, technology, and business.In sports, the Catfish Effect is often witnessed when a talented newcomer emerges and challenges the established athletes. The presence of this new talent motivates the existing players to train harder, improve their skills, and maintain their position at the top. The competition created by the Catfish Effect drives athletes to push beyond their limits, breaking records and achieving remarkable feats.Similarly, in the field of education, the Catfish Effect can enhance competition among students. When a new student with exceptional abilities joins a class, it inspires others to strive for excellence. The existing students realize the need to work harder, study more rigorously, and actively participate in academic activities to maintain their academic standing. This competitive environment fosters a culture of continuous improvement and enhances overall academic performances.The Catfish Effect is also evident in the realm of technology. When a small startup with an innovative idea enters an industry dominated by established companies, it often disrupts the market. The established companies recognize the potential of the new entrant and are motivated to innovate and develop better products or services in order to maintain their market share. This healthy competition drives technological advancements, benefiting consumers with improved offerings.Moreover, in the world of business, the Catfish Effect fuels healthy competition among companies. When a new player emerges with a unique value proposition or a disruptive business model, it compels existing companies to reassess their strategies and find ways to stay competitive. Established companies may invest in research and development, improve their products or services, or enhance customer experiences to successfully counter the competition andretain their market position.In conclusion, the Catfish Effect is a catalyst for competition in various domains. It motivates individuals and entities to step up their game, work harder, and strive for excellence. This effect has a positive impact on sports, education, technology, and business, fostering innovation and enhancing overall performances. The presence of new players creates an environment of healthy competition, pushing everyone to reach their full potential.。
不同效应的启示作文
不同效应的启示作文英文回答，Different effects of inspiration.Inspiration can come in many forms and can have different effects on individuals. Some people may feel motivated and energized by a particular source of inspiration, while others may feel overwhelmed or even discouraged. It's important to recognize the different effects of inspiration and how they can impact our mindset and behavior.For some people, inspiration can be a powerful driving force that pushes them to take action and pursue their goals. Whether it's a powerful speech, a moving piece of art, or a personal achievement, these individuals are able to harness the positive energy of inspiration and use it to fuel their own determination and drive. This can lead to increased productivity, creativity, and a sense of purpose in their lives.On the other hand, some individuals may feelintimidated or inadequate when faced with a particularly inspiring example. This can lead to feelings of self-doubt and a lack of confidence in their own abilities. Instead of feeling motivated, they may feel overwhelmed by the seemingly unattainable standards set by others. In these cases, it's important for individuals to reframe their perspective and see inspiration as a source of guidance and encouragement rather than a comparison or competition.中文回答，不同的启示效应。
瞬间定未来的英语作文
In the realm of English composition,writing about the future can be both an exciting and challenging task.It requires a blend of imagination,creativity,and a touch of foresight.Heres a detailed English essay that captures the essence of how a single moment can define the future.The Moment That Shapes TomorrowHave you ever stopped to consider the power of a single moment?Its a curious thought, that the course of our lives can be altered by a mere instant.This essay delves into the profound impact that a moment can have on the trajectory of our future.The Power of DecisionsDecisions are the cornerstone of our existence.Every choice we make,no matter how trivial it may seem,has the potential to set in motion a chain of events that can shape our destiny.Imagine a student deciding to skip a class this small decision could lead to missing a crucial piece of information that might have been vital for an exam.The ripple effect of such a choice can be farreaching,affecting grades,career prospects,and even personal growth.The Role of SerendipityWhile decisions play a significant role,theres also the element of chance.Serendipity,or the occurrence of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way,can also define our future.Consider the story of a person who misses a bus,only to meet a lifechanging mentor at the bus stop.This chance encounter could lead to new opportunities, friendships,or even a change in career path.The Butterfly EffectThe concept of the butterfly effect in chaos theory suggests that small causes can have large effects.When applied to our lives,it means that even the most insignificant action can lead to significant outcomes.A kind word to a stranger might brighten their day and inspire them to pay it forward,creating a wave of positivity that could influence countless lives.The Importance of TimingTiming is another critical factor in how a moment can define the future.Being at the right place at the right time can open doors that would otherwise remain closed.For instance, an aspiring artist who happens to be in the vicinity when a renowned gallery owner is scouting for new talent might get a chance to showcase their work,catapulting their career to new heights.The Role of PreparednessWhile we cannot control every moment,we can prepare ourselves to make the most of them.Being prepared means having the skills,knowledge,and mindset to seize opportunities when they arise.Its about being vigilant and proactive,ready to act when fate presents us with a chance to shape our future.ConclusionIn conclusion,the future is not a distant reality that unfolds without our input.It is a canvas that we paint with every decision,every chance encounter,and every moment of serendipity.The future is not set in stone it is fluid,dynamic,and entirely within our grasp.It is in these fleeting moments that we have the power to define our tomorrow.This essay explores the multifaceted nature of how a single moment can influence our future,emphasizing the importance of decisions,serendipity,timing,and preparedness in shaping our destiny.。
旁观效应英文作文
旁观效应英文作文英文：The bystander effect is a psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when there are other people present. I have personally experienced this phenomenon when I witnessed a car accident on the street. Instead of rushing to help the victims, I found myself looking around to see if anyone else was taking action. It was as if I was waiting for someone else to step in and take charge. This feeling of hesitancy and reluctance to take action is a common occurrence in situations where there are multiple bystanders.One classic example of the bystander effect is the case of Kitty Genovese, a young woman who was brutally murdered in New York City in 1964. Despite her screams for help, none of the 38 witnesses who heard her cries intervened or called the police. This tragic incident brought the bystander effect to the forefront of public awareness andsparked research into the psychological and social factors that contribute to this behavior.The bystander effect is often attributed to thediffusion of responsibility, where individuals feel less accountable for taking action because they assume that someone else will do so. This diffusion of responsibility can lead to a collective inaction, as each bystander looksto others to take the lead. Additionally, social influence and the fear of embarrassment or making a mistake in frontof others can also play a role in inhibiting proactive behavior in a group setting.中文：旁观效应是一种心理现象，当有其他人在场时，个体更不愿意提供帮助。
剑8Test4阅读PASSAGE2解析
剑8Test4阅读PASSAGE2解析READING PASSAGE 2篇章结构解题地图 难度系数：★★★☆解题顺序：MULTIPLE CHOICE→MATCHING→YES/NO/NOT GIVEN友情提示：MATCHING是本篇亮点，这个题型看似很简单，但是简单中又透着难。
它的存在时刻提醒我们不能望文生义，不能想当然。
必背词汇 1. counter-productive adj. 产生相反效果的sending young offenders to prison can be counter-productive. 把少年犯送进监狱会适得其反。
Increases in taxation would be counter-productive. 多征税会产生相反的效果。
2. disorder n. 失调，混乱A number of stadiums were closed because of crowd disorder. 有几座体育馆因为人潮混乱而关闭了。
Everything was in disorder, but nothing seemed to be missing. 一切都乱糟糟的，但是好像没丢东西。
3. resistance n. 抵抗力Aids lowers the body’s resistance to infection. 艾滋病降低了身体的抗感染能力。
To improve body's resistance is also an important measure to prevent influenza.提高身体的抵抗力也是预防流行性感冒的重要手段。
4. potent adj. 有效的，强有力的Politeness is the most potent rebuke to insolence. 礼貌是对傲慢最有效的谴责。
The treaty requires them to get rid of their most potent weapons. 条约要求他们销毁其最具杀伤力的武器。
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ORIGINAL PAPEREffects of Different Debranning Degrees on the Qualities of Wheat Flour and Chinese Steamed BreadQin Lin &Luoning Liu &Ying Bi &Zaigui LiReceived:8October 2009/Accepted:4February 2010/Published online:9March 2010#Springer Science+Business Media,LLC 2010Abstract Five Chinese wheat cultivars (Anhwei Bai Mai,Gao You 503,Ji Mai 20,Ji Nan 17,and Xi Nong 979,abbreviated as AHBM,GY503,JM20,JN17,and XN979,respectively)were milled after debranning at different degrees.The flour characteristics and qualities of steamed bread made from these flours were evaluated to study the effect of debranning degree.The results showed that the yields of flour of all samples were increased with the augment of debranning degree.The starch damage contents were decreased to a suitable scope for Chinese steamed bread (CSB)making,while the ash contents increased in most of the cases.The effects of debranning on the characteristics of flour were correlated with hardness of wheat cultivars and debranning degree.For AHBM and JM20,the qualities of steamed bread made from unpearled wheat were better than pearled ones.At the same time,for GY503,JN17,and XN979, 5.0%debranning degree improved the characteristics of flour and qualities of CSB.Keywords Debranning degree .Kernel hardness .Flour characteristics .Chinese steamed bread Abbreviations AHBM Anhwei Bai Mai GY 503Gao You 503JM 20Ji Mai 20JN 17Ji Nan 17XN 979Xi Nong 979ANOV A Analysis of variance B Three break streams M Three reduction streams CSB Chinese steamed breadIntroductionDebranning is a technology that sequentially and control-lably removes outer layers from wheat kernels by abrasion and friction.Debranning can simplify break and reduction steps of conventional milling (Dexter and Wood 1996;Mousia et al.2004;Shi 1995;Zhang 1996).There have been many reports on the effects of debranning.These studies indicated that flour character-istics (e.g.,ash,pericarp content,etc.;Dexter and Wood 1996;Mousia et al.2004;Shi 1995;Zhang 1996),thermal properties (Mousia et al.2004),and performance of bread baking (Zhang 1996)were changed after debranning.It was said that debranning improved bread-making properties especially for hard wheat because debranning can decrease damaged starch to a suitable scope (Zhang 1996).Sun (2006)said that ash contents were increased but bran speck was decreased during debranning.With debranning,devel-opment time,falling number,and other parameters of flour improved and the flour was more suitable for bread making.The effects of debranning are varied with wheat cultivars (Sun et al.2007).Even at the same debranning condition,the extent of debranning is different with different cultivars.The debranning degrees also affect the characteristics of flour which determine the qualities of products (Gys et al.Q.LinSchool of Food Science &Engineering,Shanghai Institute Of Technology,Shanghai 200235,People ’s Republic of ChinaL.Liu :Y .Bi :Z.Li (*)Laboratory of Cereal Science,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering,China Agricultural University,Box 112,East Campus,Beijing 100083,People ’s Republic of China e-mail:lizg@Food Bioprocess Technol (2012)5:648–656DOI 10.1007/s11947-010-0335-32004).So far,there have been few reports about that, especially for Chinese wheat cultivars and Chinese steamed bread(CSB).CSB is the staple food particularly in the northern part of China.The flour for CSB making represents up to70%of the total flour output in China (Huang et al.1995,1996;Wang1999).In milling factory,debranning degree is usually0.0% (unpearled milling)or5.0%(debranning milling).In this study,five Chinese wheat cultivars were milled after debranning.The debranning degrees were controlled as about0.0%,2.5%,5.0%,and7.0%.The effects of different debranning degrees on the qualities of various flours and northern-style Chinese steamed bread were investigated. Materials and MethodsMaterialsFive Chinese wheat cultivars,Anhwei Bai Mai(AHBM),Ji Mai20(JM20),Gao You503(GY503),Ji Nan17(JN17), and Xi Nong979(XN979),were used.Most of the cultivars are mainly used for CSB processing in different areas of China.The protein contents and wet gluten contents of these samples were11.35%,10.55%,11.39%, 10.36%,and11.34%and28.6,30.6,31.0,32.3,and23.3, respectively.The moisture of samples before milling was 11.4%.The kernel hardness was shown in Table1. DebranningAll the samples were debranned by a Satake debranner VCW5A at Satake Flour Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.(Beijing, China).The debranning degrees were determined by the electric current which determined the pressure of debranning and debranning degree.Debranning at about0-,70-,90-,and 110-A electric current resulted in removing the bran layer about 0.0%,2.5%,5.0%,and7.0%(%of kernel weight),respectively. The debranning degree was adjusted and affirmed by the ratio of the weight of bran layers to the weight of whole lingAll the samples were milled using a Bühler MUL20B laboratory-scale mill operating at65%relative humidity (RH),22°C.The Bühler mill,which is a six-pass roller mill, consists of three break and three reduction rolls.Each of them was followed by two siftings(above and below sifting, respectively).Flour was separated into six different flour fraction streams(first,second,third break,and reduction), respectively.The three reduction streams(M)were mixed to get the top(first)flour,while the three break streams(B)were mixed to get the second flour.The sizes of the hole in the sifting for each flour were M1(0.7mm,150µm),M2 (0.6mm,132µm),M3(0.53mm,132µm)and B1(150mm, 150mm),B2(132mm,132mm),B3(132mm,132mm).The purity of flour was higher in the reduction streams than in the break streams.It was also decreased from the first to the third of reduction and break streams,respectively.Flour CharacteristicsAll results were expressed on14%moisture basis.The moisture and the ash contents were determined according to AACC method44-15A and08-12,respectively.The kernel hardness was tested by the SKCS4100kernel hardness analyzer(Pertern Co.Ltd.,Sweden).The bran speck content which affected the ratio of bran speck in flour was measured by Flourscan F2000 (Branscan Co.Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan).The content was shown with the ratio of area of bran speck to total area of flour.Falling number was measured according to AACC method56-81B(AACC2000).Starch damage was measured following AACC76-31 with starch damage assay kit(Megazyme International Ireland Ltd.,Wicklow,Ireland).Pasting properties were determined with Rapid Visco-Analyzer(Newport Science Instruments and Engineering) according to LS/T6101-2002(Yan et al.2001).Extensograph and Farinograph testing followed AACC methods54-10and54-21(AACC2000),respectively.Table1Kernel hardness for different degrees of debranning(%)(hardness index,Hi)Degrees of debranning AHBM JM20GY503JN17XN979037.43±1.45a69.30±1.48a74.16±0.35a77.23±0.24a77.55±0.57a 2.525.36±1.02b64.46±0.08b72.53±0.54b74.71±1.29b74.07±0.96c 5.023.67±0.25c59.57±1.36d70.68±0.10c71.78±0.18c71.54±0.56d 7.021.58±0.18d62.38±1.28c72.19±0.28b74.62±0.57b74.77±1.48bValues for a particular column differ significantly when followed by different letters(P<0.05)The values are presented as the mean±SDFood Bioprocess Technol(2012)5:648–656649Particle size was determined with a laser diffraction particle size analyzer HELOS(Japan Laser Co.,Ltd., Tokyo,Japan).Northern-Style Chinese Steamed Bread PreparationCSB was prepared according to the modified national standard of China GB/T17320-1998B(Huang et al.1993; Sun et al.2007).Dry yeast,2g(Mauripan,Harbin Mauripan Yeast Co.,Ltd.,Harbin)was dispersed in water (30°C).Flour(M or B)180g was mixed with yeast/water (80%of Farinograph water absorption)in a flour mixer (JHMZ200,East Fude Technology Development Center, Beijing,China).Mixing time,addition of water,and proof time were adjusted based on the performance of dough and results of a large number of experiments(Huang et al. 1993).The mixing time was3/4of Farinograph dough development time.Dough was fermented for60min at 30°C and85%RH,and then the same flour(14%moisture basis,20g)was added.Flour and dough were remixed by hand until the dough became cohesive.The dough was divided into three pieces and shaped by hand to round, long,and straight dough piece(height55mm)with smooth surface.The dough pieces of soft,medium,and hard wheat were proofed for30,30,and15min,respectively.The breads were steamed for20min in a steamer.Sensory EvaluationCSB was cooled to room temperature.The weight,volume, height,and bottom width of CSB were determined according to the National Standard of China(China State Bureau of Technical Supervision,P.R.China1998).The quality scoring system was based on GB/T17320-1998B, with some modifications on the textural parameter descrip-tions(Huang et al.1995).The scores(points)were assigned as follows:specific volume(volume/weight),15;height,5; skin color,10;skin structure,10;exterior appearance,10;interior structure,15;elasticity,10;toughness,10;sticki-ness,15;taste,5;and quality score,100.The panel consisted of11trained members(five men and six women) from different provinces of the northern China.Four samples,including a standard sample(the debranning degree was0.0%),were evaluated each day.Statistical AnalysisEach treatment was prepared randomly on different days in two replicates.Statistical analysis of the data was per-formed using SAS9.0statistical software.One-way ANOV A was used to analyze the data to ascertain whether the different debranning degrees significantly affected the flour characteristics and CSB qualities.Means were compared using the Duncan test at the95%significance level.Results and DiscussionYield of Milling ProcessThe yields of the total and the M flour were increased with the increasing of debranning degrees,while yields of the B flour were decreased at the same time(Table2).It seems that the increasing extent of yield of the M flour efficiency was ascended with the augment of the kernel hardness of wheat.With the augment of debranning degrees,the portion of endosperm got into the M flour was more for the harder wheat,while more outer layers were moved off for the softer wheat during debranning.It was explained that the hard wheat resists penetration into the endosperm during the final stages of debranning(Dexter and Wood1996).As shown in Table1,the hardness of kernel decreased with the increasing of debranning degree,but rebounded when it was over-debranned(7.0%).It may be caused by the fact that both pericarp and endosperm were harder than the aleuroneTable2Yields of wheat fractions for different degrees of debranning(%)Degrees of debranning Flour grade AHBM(%)JM20(%)GY503(%)JN17(%)XN979(%)0M48.81±1.35c55.02±1.25d56.02±1.31d57.90±1.02c58.54±0.98d B18.40±1.24d17.41±0.45e17.74±0.85e17.30±0.35d13.75±0.12e 2.5M54.82±1.08b61.20±1.03c64.02±1.11c66.40±1.43b66.63±0.86cB16.41±0.45d15.40±0.56f16.39±0.72f13.80±0.34e12.89±0.35ef 5.0M58.35±1.43a65.30±1.45b68.34±1.26b67.60±1.18ab71.89±0.78bB15.95±0.52d15.14±0.56f14.97±0.58g13.54±0.16e12.15±0.56fg 7.0M59.65±0.89a67.35±1.04a70.97±1.39a70.67±1.42a74.18±0.45aB15.64±0.14d14.86±0.77f14.22±0.42h12.83±0.11e11.48±0.23gValues for a particular column differ significantly when followed by different letters(P<0.05)The values are presented as the mean±SD650Food Bioprocess Technol(2012)5:648–656layer.The hardness of debranned kernel showed good correlation with the yield of flour,especially M flour.Values of R 2were 0.89–0.97in different debranning degrees.Ash and Bran Speck ContentWhen the debranning degrees were 2.5–5.0%,the ash contents were the highest for most samples (Table 3),especially for B flour which increased.Previous studies had indicated that the outer layers of the bran were stripped away sequentially during debranning (Dexter and Wood 1996;Zhang 1996).Thus,the increasing of ash contents in B flour might be caused by the bran which was only partially removed,and part of aleurone layer was exposed when the debranning degrees were 2.5–5.0%.The exposed aleurone layers were easily broken and mixed into the B flour (Sun et al.2007).When debranning degree increased to 7.0%,the ash contents of flour decreased slightly because most of bran has been removed.The bran speck contents diminished with debranning in most cases (Table 3),especially for M flour.The bran layers were removed in the process of debranning,resulting in the decreasing of bran speck contents.However,for B flour,various cultivars showed different change characters.The bran speck of AHBM and JN17decreased with the increasing of debranning degree,but it was the opposite for the other three samples.Particle Size,Falling Number,and Starch Damage For AHBM,JM20,and JN17,the flours were shifted into larger particle sizes compared with the unpearled ones (Table 4,average particle size).The largest particle size was found when debranning degree was 2.5%or 5%.However,for GY503and XN979,the results were not affected so significantly.The particle size distribution is determined by the physical properties of wheat (Dexter and Wood 1996;Gaines 1985),especially the kernel hardness (Campbell et al.2001;Mousia et al.2004;Mehri and Francis 2008).The correlations (R 2)between the hardness of five wheat cultivars and the particle sizes of M flour were 0.64,0.55,and 0.67for debranning degree 2.5%,5.0%,and 7.0%,respectively.Moreover,debranning influenced the shape and size of the grains and their physical properties (density,hardness).It increased the extent of pericarp removal and decreased the grain hardness.However,for different types of wheat,the amount of pericarp and hence hardness after debranning were different.For AHBM,JM20,and JN17,lower hardness made the break more readily and particles did not need to be reduced further in size for separating from the bran layers (Mousia et al.2004).The particle size was decreased when the debranning degrees were over 2.5%.T a b l e 3A s h a n d b r a n s p e c k c o n t e n t s f o r d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n g (%)D e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n gF l o u r g r a d eA HB MJ M 20G Y 503J N 17X N 979A s h (%)B r a n s p e c k (%)A s h (%)B r a n s p e c k (%)A s h (%)B r a n s p e c k (%)A s h (%)B r a n s p e c k (%)A s h (%)B r a n s p e c k (%)M 0.59±0.01d 0.32±0.01a 0.59±0.01f 0.11±0.01b 0.65±0.01e 0.21±0.01d 0.75±0.01b 0.37±0.01a 0.56±0.01f 0.24±0.01c B 0.55±0.01e 0.24±0.01b 0.59±0.01f 0.14±0.01b 0.63±0.01e 0.14±0.01f 0.73±0.01c 0.31±0.01b 0.60±0.01e 0.20±0.01c d 2.5M 0.63±0.03a b 0.24±0.03b 0.68±0.02c 0.11±0.03b 0.69±0.02d 0.28±0.02a b 0.67±0.03d 0.15±0.02d 0.64±0.03d 0.29±0.02b B 0.65±0.02a 0.17±0.02c 0.83±0.02b 0.24±0.03a 0.81±0.03b 0.25±0.02c 0.87±0.03a 0.29±0.02b 0.86±0.03a 0.54±0.03a 5.0M 0.63±0.02a b 0.25±0.02b 0.64±0.03e 0.22±0.02a 0.61±0.03f 0.17±0.02e 0.66±0.02e 0.16±0.01d 0.57±0.02f 0.15±0.02d B 0.65±0.01a 0.15±0.01c 0.87±0.02a 0.27±0.02a 0.830.02±a 0.26±0.02b c 0.88±0.02a 0.25±0.02c 0.80±0.02b 0.49±0.02a 7.0M 0.61±0.01c d 0.25±0.02b 0.66±0.02d 0.23±0.00a 0.610.01±f 0.19±0.00d e 0.63±0.01f 0.24±0.01c 0.52±0.01g 0.20±0.00c d B 0.62±0.01b c0.19±0.01c 0.87±0.01a 0.25±0.00a 0.720.01±c 0.29±0.01a0.76±0.01b 0.29±0.01b 0.72±0.01c0.53±0.01a V a l u e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c o l u m n d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y w h e n f o l l o w e d b y d i f f e r e n t l e t t e r s (P <0.05)T h e v a l u e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ±S DFood Bioprocess Technol (2012)5:648–656651The falling number of M flour in most samples was increased with the ascending debranning degrees (Table 4).However,when the debranning degree was 2.5%,the falling number was decreased a little for JM20,GY503,and XN979.It was similar to the former results (Henry et al.1987).Gys et al.(2004)reported that debranning significantly reduced alpha -amylase activities,which meant the falling number was increased.The falling number was determined by the degree of starch damage,susceptibility of starch to enzyme attack,and the flour particle size distribution (Finney 1985).It had been known that debranning removed some portion of aleurone layers with high alpha-amylase content.Therefore,alpha-amylase activity was reduced with the augment of debranning.In addition,Gys et al.(2004)assumed that the reduction in alpha-amylase activity in fully debranned wheat was caused partially by the reduction in exogenous alpha-amylases.The starch damage contents were decreased with the augment of debranning degrees for all the samples (Table 4),especially for JM20,JN17,and XN979.The starch damage contents were decreased to a more suitable range which was suggested to be 3.00–8.00%(Wei 2002)when debranning degrees were 5%or 7%.Similar results were obtained by Sun et al.(2007)that the increasing of debranning resulted in lower starch damage content.Damaged starch hydrates easily and is more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis.A certain level of damaged starch is beneficial because of the increase of baking absorption (Antoine et al.2004).Several studies have shown that flour had the best baking performance when the starch damage was from 4.5%to 8%(Dexter and Wood 1996;Gaines 1985;Guo 2003).Thus,our results indicated that all samples trend to best baking performance with the increase of debranning degree.RV A ResultsThe pasting properties of flour with different debranning degrees are shown in Table 5.In most of the cases,or the M flour,the peak viscosity and trough viscosity were increased,while those of B flour were decreased slightly with debranning.Previous studies had indicated that the pasting properties of flour are related to protein content,particle size distribution,alpha -amylase content,and starch damage,and lower alpha -amylase activity resulted in higher values (Mousia et al.2004;Wei 2002).In addition,debranning did not only remove the portion of the aleurone layer with high alpha -amylase content but also made the broken aleurone layer more easily be mixed into the B flour.As the result,the alpha -amylase activity was increased a little for the B flour.Therefore,the values of peak viscosity and trough viscosity were decreased in B flour.T a b l e 4P a r t i c l e s i z e ,f a l l i n g n u m b e r ,a n d s t a r c h d a m a g e f o r d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n g (%)D e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n g F l o u r g r a d e A H B M J M 20G Y 503J N 17X N 979P a r t i c l e s i z e (μm )F a l l i n g n u m b e r (s )S t a r c h d a m a g e (%)P a r t i c l e s i z e (μm )F a l l i n g n u m b e r (s )S t a r c h d a m a g e (%)P a r t i c l e s i z e (μm )F a l l i n g n u m b e r (s )S t a r c h d a m a g e (%)P a r t i c l e s i z e (μm )F a l l i n g n u m b e r (s )S t a r c h d a m a g e (%)P a r t i c l e s i z e (μm )F a l l i n g n u m b e r (s )S t a r c h d a m a g e (%)M72.95±1.28c415±19b c5.79±0.11a b 76.34±1.30b 595±2a b8.00±0.25a 69.79±2.95a650±20d e7.72±0.30a 69.29±1.25c519±23d8.96±0.78b58.38±2.23a 411±0d9.65±0.89a bB66.37±2.21d e 407±22c4.51±0.32d65.57±1.05d 636±6a8.18±0.35a 63.52±0.85d679±26c d e 7.72±0.25a 65.55±1.36d622±15a b c 9.64±0.68a61.04±1.56a 481±5a9.74±0.82a2.5M89.21±1.05a473±19a5.45±0.45b81.26±1.35a 472±33c7.46±0.56b 66.46±2.21b c619±25e7.50±0.38a 75.74±1.54a573±9c8.17±0.73c61.39±3.21a 407±10d9.25±0.78bB68.24±2.16d410±39c4.49±0.14d70.91±13.56c601±12a b 7.92±0.42a 65.33±2.03c d744±25a b7.70±0.48a 76.19±2.35a628±12a b9.32±0.59d61.15±3.01a 469±6a b c 9.44±0.70a b5.0M78.93±1.10b453±42a b5.44±0.30b68.67±2.35c d 604±26a b 6.73±0.29c 68.30±1.45a b669±35d e6.65±0.35b 74.27±2.21b576±22b c7.74±0.69d62.40±3.00a 451±6c8.05±0.82cB63.26±1.05e 438±24a b c 4.85±0.12c 66.56±2.58d 589±5b6.47±0.35c 66.34±1.56b c733±5a b c 6.46±0.56b 65.15±2.88d 633±18a 7.36±0.58e f58.47±3.12a 471±0a b7.97±0.80c7.0M79.25±1.03b 456±7a b5.91±0.32a68.06±2.89c d 609±7a b6.62±0.33c 64.78±0.42c d 682±15b c d 6.43±0.45b 67.58±1.36c d 498±13d e 7.14±0.72f53.25±1.24b 463±4a b c 7.12±0.79d B 68.21±1.25d419±13b c5.52±0.18b70.25±2.45c619±25a b 6.78±0.36c 66.88±0.23b c745±8a6.49±0.45b 65.17±1.29d460±13e7.54±0.77d e 58.79±2.25a 457±8b c7.69±0.98cV a l u e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c o l u m n d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y w h e n f o l l o w e d b y d i f f e r e n t l e t t e r s (P <0.05)T h e v a l u e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ±S D652Food Bioprocess Technol (2012)5:648–656Rheological PropertiesTable 6showed the rheological properties of flour with different debranning degrees.The results indicated that the development time was generally decreased with the increasing of debranning degrees,but there were some exceptions such as that of B flour of JM20.The development time reflected the dough strength.Lower values meant that the dough strength was reduced with the increasing of debranning degrees.The maximum resistances of M flour for all samples were increased with the augment of debranning degrees.However,for AHBM and JM20,the maximum resistance of B flour was increased,while the other three samples were decreased with the augment of debranning degrees.The maximum resistance had the highest correlation with the total score of steamed bread (Huang et al.1996;Maribel et al.2008).Thus,the increased maximum resistance might have positive effects on the qualities of CSB.It was concluded that the effects of debranning degree on the characteristics of flour were very complex and were related with wheat cultivars or flour types.Total yields of flour were increased with the increasing of debranning degree.The starch damage contents were reduced to suitable scopes.For the M flour,the peak viscosity and trough viscosity were increased,while these of B flour were decreased slightly with debranning.The development time of flour was decreased with the increase of debranning degrees generally.Quality Analysis of CSBSpecific volume (volume/weight)is an important factor for the quality of CSB.The specific volumes of all samples were reduced with debranning except for the B flour of XN979(Table 7).Extremely high content and strong gluten in flour will result in the decrease of specific volumes.The XN979is the strongest wheat.The specific volumes are lower than that of GM20,GY503,or JN17.After debranning,the ash and break contents of B flour were increased much and the strength of flour for XN979was decreased.Therefore,the processing characteristic for CSB was improved lightly.According to the results of Huang et al.(1996),the development time,stability,maximum resistance,extensi-bility,and peak viscosity had significantly positive corre-lation with specific volume too.Most parameters for dough strength (dough development time,stability,mixing tolerance,extensograph maximum resistance,and extensibility)significantly correlated with the individual components of steamed bread quality.As shown in Table 7and the surveys after the evaluations of CSB (results were not shown),suitableT a b l e 5P a s t i n g p r o p e r t i e s f o r d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n g (%)D e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n gF l o u r g r a d e A H B MJ M 20G Y 503J N 17X N 979P e a k v i s c o s i t y T r o u g h v i s c o s i t yP e a k v i s c o s i t y T r o u g h v i s c o s i t yP e a k v i s c o s i t y T r o u g h v i s c o s i t y P e a k v i s c o s i t y T r o u g h v i s c o s i t y P e a k v i s c o s i t y T r o u g h v i s c o s i t y(P a S )(P a S )(P a S )(P a S )(P a S )0M 2.97±0.04c 1.83±0.02d 2.97±0.04b 2.06±0.03b 2.83±0.04c d 1.76±0.02d 2.21±0.03d 1.56±0.01c 1.67±0.02e f 1.03±0.02c B 3.26±0.03a 2.04±0.03a 3.06±0.03a 2.20±0.04a 2.95±0.04b 1.86±0.02c 2.24±0.03b c d 1.62±0.01a b 1.92±0.02a 1.26±0.01a 2.5M 3.04±0.05b 1.96±0.03b 2.95±0.03b 2.04±0.03b c 2.74±0.03e 1.74±0.02d 2.24±0.02b c 1.64±0.02a 1.54±0.02g 0.94±0.01d B 3.28±0.03a 2.04±0.04a 2.82±0.04c 1.94±0.04d 2.78±0.04d e 1.73±0.03d 2.22±0.03c d 1.59±0.01b c 1.64±0.02f 1.03±0.02c 5.0M 2.95±0.05c 1.81±0.03d 2.94±0.03b 2.07±0.03b 2.87±0.03c 1.78±0.02d 2.24±0.03b c d 1.65±0.02a 1.84±0.02b 1.15±0.02b B 3.24±0.04a 2.03±0.03a 2.92±0.04b 1.98±0.03c d 2.84±0.08c d 1.75±0.02d 2.22±0.03c d 1.61±0.02a b 1.82±0.03b c 1.18±0.02b 7.0M 3.00±0.03b c 1.90±0.02c 2.94±0.03b 2.07±0.03b 3.06±0.04a 1.98±0.02a 2.38±0.03a 1.62±0.02a b 1.76±0.02c d 1.14±0.01b B 3.25±0.03a2.05±0.04a 2.83±0.03c 1.95±0.01d2.94±0.03b 1.92±0.02b2.27±0.03b 1.54±0.02c 1.72±0.02d e1.06±0.01cV a l u e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c o l u m n d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y w h e n f o l l o w e d b y d i f f e r e n t l e t t e r s (P <0.05)T h e v a l u e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ±S DFood Bioprocess Technol (2012)5:648–656653T a b l e 6R h e o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s f o r d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n g (%)D e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n g F l o u r g r a d eA HB MJ M 20G Y 503J N 17X N 979D e v e l o p m e n t t i m e (m i n )M a x i m u m r e s i s t a n c e (E U )D e v e l o p m e n t t i m e (m i n )M a x i m u m r e s i s t a n c e (E U )D e v e l o p m e n t t i m e (m i n )M a x i m u m r e s i s t a n c e (E U )D e v e l o p m e n t t i m e (m i n )M a x i m u m r e s i s t a n c e (E U )D e v e l o p m e n t t i m e (m i n )M a x i m u m r e s i s t a n c e (E U )M 2.5±0.1a 239±3d 7.2±0.2c 620±10c 4.4±0.4b 495±12d 4.7±0.2b c 450±15c 3.2±0.4d 355±14c B 1.8±0.0b 321±0b 17.3±0.3b 760±8a 7.3±0.2a 715±11a 6.4±0.1a 605±24a 6.2±0.2a 428±25a 2.5M 2.6±0.2a 277±0c 6.6±0.1c 690±5d 4.4±0.1b 520±25d 4.5±0.4c 568±19a 3.4±0.1d 290±22d B 1.6±0.2b 383±17a 24.2±0.4a 843±15d 6.4±0.2a 668±18b 6.1±0.2a 578±a 264.6±0.4b c 290±21d 5.0M 2.5±0.4a 298±8b c 7.9±0.2c 713±10b c 4.9±0.3b 593±7c 4.3±0.1c 585±34a 3.7±0.4c d 365±23b c B 1.6±0.2b 386±32a 27.2±0.1a 863±8c 5.3±0.4b 658±12b 5.9±0.2a b 520±14b 4.7±0.2b 345±19c 7.0M 1.8±0.1b 293±10c 7.2±0.1e 693±23a b 4.5±0.0b 593±8c 4.2±0.4c 490±13b c 3.2±0.1d 400±16a b B 1.7±0.0b 379±29a 25.4±0.2a 810±14a 6.5±0.1a 715±21a 6.1±0.3a 580±24a 5.4±0.3a b 410±21aV a l u e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c o l u m n d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y w h e n f o l l o w e d b y d i f f e r e n t l e t t e r s (P <0.05)T h e v a l u e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ±S DT a b l e 7C S B q u a l i t y f o r d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f d e b r a n n i n g (%)D e g r e e s o f D e b r a n n i n g F l o u r g r a d e A H B M J M 20G Y 503J N 17X N 979S p e c i f i c v o l u m eS k i n c o l o r (p o i n t )I n t e r i o r s t r u c t u r e (p o i n t )S p e c i f i c v o l u m e S k i n c o l o r (p o i n t )I n t e r i o r s t r u c t u r e (p o i n t )S p e c i f i c v o l u m e S k i n c o l o r (p o i n t )I n t e r i o r s t r u c t u r e (p o i n t )S p e c i f i c v o l u m e S k i n c o l o r (p o i n t )I n t e r i o r s t r u c t u r e (p o i n t )S p e c i f i c v o l u m e S k i n c o l o r (p o i n t )I n t e r i o r s t r u c t u r e (p o i n t )0M 1.92±0.01a 8.5±0.2b c 11.6±0.4a2.01±0.01d8.9±0.2a11.7±0.2a 2.00±0.01c 8.7±0.1a b c 12.6±0.4a b c1.95±0.04e7.5±0.1d11.3±0.5b c d1.91±0.04b8.5±0.5a11.5±0.4a bB 1.17±0.02d 9.3±0.3a11.3±0.2a 2.59±0.01a8.2±0.3b10.4±0.3a 2.36±0.02a8.6±0.2b c10.4±0.2d e2.40±0.01a7.9±0.4b c d 11.0±0.4d1.89±0.05b c 8.4±0.4b c10.1±0.3a b2.5M 1.73±0.05b 8.5±0.1b c11.2±0.3a2.05±0.0d8.7±0.4a11.5±0.4a 1.74±0.03f8.4±0.3c12.3±0.2a b c d2.02±0.02d8.6±0.5a12.6±0.2a b c1.84±0.03c8.1±0.2a b11.1±0.2a bB 1.10±0.01e 9.0±0.4a b 11.4±0.4a2.22±0.01c 8.0±0.4b10.5±0.4a 2.20±0.04b 7.8±0.2d10.7±0.1c d e2.30±0.01b 7.7±0.2c d11.3±0.2b c d 1.99±0.02a7.6±0.2c10.3±0.2a b5.0M 1.58±0.02c 8.6±0.6b c11.8±0.2a1.91±0.03e 8.8±0.3a11.7±0.5a1.81±0.02e9.1±0.2a13.3±0.5a1.86±0.04f8.6±0.1a b13.1±0.3a1.67±0.05d8.5±0.4a12.0±0.1a bB 0.90±0.03f 9.1±0.5a b11.4±0.4a 2.37±0.04b8.0±0.1b10.9±0.4a 1.99±0.01c7.8±0.2d10.0±0.4e2.22±0.04c7.7±0.4d11.2±0.5c d1.99±0.05a7.4±0.5c9.8±0.4b7.0M 1.57±0.02c 8.4±0.8c11.8±0.3a1.71±0.01f8.9±0.2a11.7±0.5a 1.70±0.01f9.0±0.2a b12.9±0.5a1.77±0.03g 8.4±0.4a b c12.8±0.5a b1.54±0.04e8.7±0.4a12.2±0.4aB 0.68±0.01g 8.9±0.4a b c11.2±0.2a 2.21±0.01c 7.9±0.4b11.4±0.2a 1.89±0.02d 8.3±0.2c10.8±0.4b c d e 1.93±0.05e7.9±0.4b c d 11.4±0.4b c d 1.95±0.06a b 7.3±0.1c11.1±0.2a bV a l u e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c o l u m n d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y w h e n f o l l o w e d b y d i f f e r e n t l e t t e r s (P <0.05)T h e v a l u e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ±S D654Food Bioprocess Technol (2012)5:648–656。