雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150723
20150430雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李珂考试日期 2015年4月30日Reading Passage 1Title SSDPProjectQuestion types 填空题判断题选择题文章内容回顾一个叫Stavos的公司要在地中海地区的一个地方利用geothermal fluid 做一个项目。
题型难度分析1-3填空题1. mineral extraction2. desalination3. grid本篇文章题型难度较低，是非无判断题、填空题、选择题均具有顺序性原则，只要考生平时注重定位能力的训练，在较短的时间内可以提高这三种题型的做题速度和准确性。
题型技巧分析对于是非无判断题有两点需要提醒：第一，是非无判断题理论上是具有顺序性的题型，因此考生在回文章中扫描定位词时可以按照题目顺序来依次定位。
但是是非无判断题的特殊性在于其中有“无”的情况，所以如果考生过于机械的遵循顺序定位的规律，对于答案是NOT GIVEN的题目，有可能会出现需要读完更多内容才能判断出来的情况。
所以建议考生在搜索某题的定位词时，可以同时关注后面题目的定位词是否出现。
在下一题定位词已经出现而本题定位词或者其同义替换的词仍未找到的情况下，则本题可以判断为NOT GIVEN。
第二，考生在判断题目中的定位词时，不必只找唯一的一个词。
如果题目中出现了不止一个词可以用于作为定位词，建议考生可以全部找出来，一起定位，因为这样能够准确定位到题目出现的位置的概率会大大提高。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑6 Test 2 Passage 1（文章话题相关）剑5 Test 3 Passage 3（题型搭配相关）Reading Passage 2Title Newly-hatched Birds（新题，回忆较少）Reading Passage 3Title The Secrets of PersuasionQuestion types 单选题4题判断题4题人名观点配对5题文章内容回顾The Secrets of PersuasionA. Our mother may have told you the secret to getting what you ask for was to say please. The reality is rather more surprising. Adam Dudding talks to a psychologist who has made a life’s work from the science of persuasion. Some scientists peer at things through high-powered microscopes. Others goad （驱赶）rats through mazes （迷宫），or mix bubbling fluids in glass beakers （玻璃烧杯）. Robert Cialdini, for his part, does curious things with towels, and believes that by doing so he is discovering important insights into how society works.B. Cialdini’s towel experiments (more of them later), are part of his research into how we persuade others to say yes. He wants to know why some people have a knack （熟练手法）for bending the will of others, be it a telephone cold-caller talking to you about timeshares, or a parent whose children are compliant even without threats of extreme violence.C. While he’s anxious not to be seen as the man who’s written the bible for snake-oil salesmen, for decades the Arizona State University social psychology professor has been creating systems for the principles and methods of persuasion, and writing bestsellers about them. Some people seem to be born with the skills; Cialdini’s claim is that by applying a little science, even those of us who aren’t should be able to get our own way more often. “All my life I’ve been an easy mark for the blandishment （奉承）of salespeople and fundraisers and I’d always wondered why they could get me to buy things I didn’t want and give to causes I hadn’t heard of,” says Cialdini on the phone from London, where he is plugging his latest book.D. He found that laboratory experiments on the psychology of persuasion were telling only part of the story, so he began to research influence in the real world, enrolling in sales-training programmes: “I learnt how to sell automobiles from a lot, how to sell insurance from an office, how to sell encyclopedias door to door.” He concluded there were six general “principles of influence” and has, since put them to the test under slightly more scientific conditions. Most recently, that has meant messing about with towels. Many hotels leave a little card in each bathroom asking guests to reuse towels and thus conserve water and electricity and reduce pollution. Cialdini and his colleagues wanted to test the relative effectiveness of different words on thosecards. Would guests be motivated to co-operate simply because it would help save the planet, or were other factors more compelling? To test this, the researchers changed the card’s message from an environmental one to the simple (and truthful) statement that the majority of guests at the hotel had reused their towel at least once. Guests given this message were 26% more likely to reuse their towels than those given the old message. In Cialdini’s book “Yes! 50 Secrets from the Science of Persuasion”, co-written with another social scientist and a business consultant, he explains that guests were responding to the persuasive force of “social proof”, the idea that our decisions are strongly influenced by what we believe other people like us are doing.E. So much for towels. Cialdini has also learnt a lot from confectionery （糖果店）.Yes! cites the work of New Jersey behavioural scientist David Strohmetz, who wanted to see how restaurant patrons （老顾客）would respond to a ridiculously small favour from their food server, in the form of an after inner chocolate for each diner. The secret, it seems, is in how you give the chocolate. When the chocolates arrived in a heap with the bill, tips went up a miserly 3% compared to when no chocolate was given. But when the chocolates were dropped individually in front of each diner, tips went up 14%. The scientific breakthrough, though, came when the waitress gave each diner one chocolate, headed away from the table then doubled back to give them one more each, as if such generosity （慷慨）had only just occurred to her. Tips went up 23%.This is “reciprocity” in action: we want to return favours done to us, often without bothering to calculate the relative value of what is being received and given.F. Geeling Ng, operations manager at Auckland’s Soul Bar, says she’s never heard of Kiwi waiting staff using such a cynical （愤世嫉俗的）trick, not least because New Zealand tipping culture is so different from that of the US: “If you did that in New Zealand, as diners were leaving they’d say ‘can we have some more?” ‘ But she certainly understands the general principle of reciprocity （互惠原则）. The way to a diner’s heart is “to give them something they’re not expecting in the way of service. It might be something as small as leaving a mint on their plate, or it might be remembering that last time they were in they wanted their water with no ice and no lemon. “In America it would translate into an instant tip. In New Zealand it translates into a huge smile and thank you.” And no doubt, return visits.THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASIONG. Reciprocity: People want to give back to those who have given tothem. The trick here is to get in first. That’s why charities put a crummy pen inside a mailout, and why smiling women in supermarkets hand out dollops of free food. Scarcity: （缺乏）People want more of things they can have less of. Advertisers ruthlessly exploit scarcity (“limit four per customer”, “sale must end soon”), and Cialdini suggests parents do too: “Kids want things that are less available, so say “this is an unusual opportunity; you can only have this for a certain time.”H. Authority: We trust people who know what they’re talking about. So inform people honestly of your credentials （证书）before you set out to influence them. “You’d be surprised how many people fail to do that,” says Cialdini. “They feel it’s impolite to talk about their expertise.” In one study, therapists whose patients wouldn’t do their exercises were advised to display their qualification certificates prominently. They did, and experienced an immediate leap in patient compliance.I. Commitment/consistency: We want to act in a way that is consistent with the commitments we have already made. Exploit this to get a higher sign-up rate when soliciting （征求）charitable donations. First ask workmates if they think they will sponsor you on your egg-and-spoon marathon. Later, return with the sponsorship form to those who said yes and remind them of their earlier commitment.J. Liking: We say yes more often to people we like. Obvious enough, but reasons for “liking” can be weird. In one study, people were sent survey forms and asked to return them to a named researcher. When the researcher gave a fake name resembling that of the subject (eg, Cynthia Johnson is sent a survey by “Cindy Johansen”), surveys were twice as likely to be completed. We favour people who resemble us, even if the resemblance is as minor as the sound of their name.K. Social proof: We decide what to do by looking around to see what others just like us are doing. Useful for parents, says Cialdini. “Find groups of children who are behaving in a way that you would like your child to, because the child looks to the side, rather than at you.” More perniciously （有害的）, social proof is the force underpinning （打基础）the competitive materialism of “keeping up with the Joneses” （攀比）。
20150530雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年5月30日Reading Passage 1Title 偏远地区交通 Practical action（科技类）（V120421 P1）Question types 判断题4题句子填空4题图表填空5题文章内容回顾1-4判断题1. 政府非常了解偏远地区的问题NO2. 贫困地区机动车数量上升NOT GIVEN5-8句子填空题5. The organization is a charity6-7. It is easier for people to access to markets and complete daily task.9-13图表填空题9. rubber tyre10. joining mechanism to the bicycle11. Bed section with cushion12. Seat section for a family member13. A special cover for poor weather condition相关原文阅读Practical actionFor more than 40 years, Practical Action have worked with poor communities to identify the types of transport that work best, taking into consideration culture, needs and skills. With our technical and practical support, isolated rural communities can design, build and maintain their own solutions.A. Whilst the focus of National Development Plans in the transport sector lies heavily in the areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still major gaps identified in addressing the needs of poorer communities.There is a need to develop and promote the sustainable use of alternative transport systems and intermediate means of transportation (IMTs) that complement the linkages of poor people with road networks and other socio-economic infrastructures toimprove their livelihoods.B. On the other hand, the development of all weathered roads (only30 percent of rural population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very costly for a country with a small and stagnant economy. In addition these interventions are not always favourable in all geographical contexts environmentally, socially and economically. More than 60 percent of the network is concentrated in the lowland areas of the country. Although there are a number of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility needs of rural communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear government focus and policies, lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical knowledge and manufacturing capacities have led to under-development of this alternative transport sub-sector including the provision of IMTs.C. One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and mobility of the isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and opportunities. By improving transport poorer people are able to access markets where they can buy or sell goods for income, and make better use of essential services such as health and education. No proper roads or vehicles mean women and children are forced to spend many hours each day attending to their most basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable time could be used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas to generate much needed income.Road buildingD. Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water and firewood, and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is understandable that the construction of roads is a major priority for many rural communities. Practical Action are helping to improve rural access/transport infrastructures through the construction and rehabilitation of short rural roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport related functions. The aim is to use methods that encourage community driven development. This means villagers can improve their own lives through better access to markets, health care, education and other economic and social opportunities, as well as bringing improved services and supplies to the now-accessible villages.Driving forward new ideasE. Practical Action and the communities we work with are constantly crafting and honing new ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have a practical business use too, helping people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale. Not only that, but those on the poverty-line can earn a decent income by making, maintaining and operating bicycle taxis. With Practical Action’s know-how, Sri Lankan communities have been able to start a bus service and maintain the roads along which it travels.The impact has been remarkable. This service has put an end to rural people’s social isolation. Quick and affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town; and now their children can get an education, making it far more likely they’ll find a path out of poverty. Practical Action is also an active member of many national and regional networks through which exchange of knowledge and advocating based on action research are carried out and one conspicuous example is the Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement sky-scraping transport system.F. For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, getting food to market in order to earn enough money to survive is a serious issue. The hills are so steep that travelling down them is dangerous. A porter can help but they are expensive, and it would still take hours or even a day. The journey can take so long that their goods start to perish and become worth less and less. Practical Action has developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It can either operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The ropeway consists of two trolleys rolling over support tracks connected to a control cable in the middle which moves in a traditional flywheel system. The trolley at the top is loaded with goods and can take up to 120kg. This is pulled down to the station at the bottom, either by the force of gravity or by external power. The other trolley at the bottom is therefore pulled upwards automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro hydro system if access to an electricity grid is not an option. Bringing people on board.G. Practical Action developed a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached (via a hitch behind the seat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up to around 200kgs) of food, water or evenpassengers. People can now carry three times as much as beforeand still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used fortransporting goods by local producers, as ambulances, as mobileshops, and even as mobile libraries. They are made in small villageworkshops from iron tubing, which is cut, bent, welded and drilledto make the frame and wheels. Modifications are also carried out tothe trailers in these workshops at the request of the buyers. Thetwo-wheeled ‘ambulance’ is made from moulded metal, withstandard rubber-tyred wheels. The "bed" section can be paddedwith cushions to make the patient comfortable, while the “seat”section allows a family member to attend to patient during transit.A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the ambulance trailer, so thatother community members do not need to go without the bicyclesthey depend on in their daily lives. A joining mechanism allows foreasy removal and attachment. In response to user comments, acover has been designed that can be added to give protection tothe patient and attendant in poor weather. Made of treated cotton,the cover is durable and waterproof.题型难度分析难度较低，判断题属于顺序类题型，填空题比较集中。
2015年7月25日雅思考试阅读真题
2015年7月23日雅思考试阅读真题Passage 2：题目：Finding our way内容：人类行为的研究题型：配对题5道，选择题3道，判断题5道题号：V100529Finding Our WayA “Drive 200 yards, and then turn right, “says the car’s computer voice. You relax in the driver’s seat, follow the directions and reach your destination without error. It’s certainly nice to have the Global Positioning System (GPS) to direct you to within a few yards of your goal. Yet if the satellite service’s digital maps become even slightly outdated, you can become lost. Then you have to rely on the ancient human skill of navigating 航行in three-dimensional space. Luckily, your biological finder生物探测器/发现者has an important advantage over GPS: it does not go awry失败/出错if only one part of the guidance system goes wrong, because it works in various ways. You can ask questions of people on the sidewalk. Or follow a street that looks familiar. Or rely on a navigational rubric红色标志: "If I keep the East River on my left, I will eventually cross 34th Street.” The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Anyone who knows the way from point A to point B—and from A to C—can probably figure out how to get fromB to C, too.B But how does this complex cognitive认知system really work? Researchers are looking at several strategies people use to orient 向东themselves in space: guidance, path integration and route following. We may use all three or combinations thereof在其中. And as experts learn more about these navigational skills, they are making the case that our abilities may underlie在什么基础下our powers of memory and logical thinking. Grand Central中央车站, Please Imagine that you have arrived in a place you have never visited—New York City. You get off the train at Grand Central Terminal in midtown Manhattan. You have a few hours to explore before you must return for your ride home. You head uptown to see popular spots you have been told about: Rockefeller Center洛克菲勒中心, Central Park, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art大都会博物馆. You meander 漫步in and out of shops along the way. Suddenly, it is time to get back to the station. But how?C If you ask passersby for help, most likely you will receive information in many different forms. A person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gesturesouthward: "Look down there. See the tall, broad MetLife Building? Head for that—the station is right be low it. “Neurologists call this navigational approach "guidance,” meaning that a landmark visible from a distance serves as t he marker for one’s destination.D Another city dweller居民might say: "What places do you remember passing? . . . Okay. Go toward the end of Central Park, then walk down to St. Patrick’s Cathedral大教堂.A few more blocks, and Grand Central will be off to yo ur left. “In this case, you are pointed toward the most recent place you recall, and you aim for it. Once there you head for the next notable place and so on, retracing折回your path. Your brain is adding together the individual legs of your trek艰难跋涉into a cumulative积累的progress report. Researchers call this strategy "path integration.”路劲整合Many animals rely primarily on path integration to get around, including insects, spiders, crabs and rodents啮齿动物. The desert ants of the genus类Cataglyphis 沙蚁employ this method to return from foraging觅食as far as 100 yards away. They note the general direction they came from and retrace their steps, using the polarization极化of sunlight to orient themselves even under overcast skies阴暗的天空. On their way back they are faithful to this inner homing vector航线. Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totally different spot, the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined direction until it has gone "back" all of the distance it wandered from its nest. Only then does the ant realize it has not succeeded, and it begins to walk in successively larger loops循环to find its way home.E Whether it is trying to get back to the anthill or the train station, any animal using path integration must keep track of its own movements so it knows, while returning, which segments it has already completed. As you move, your brain gathers data from your environment—sights, sounds, smells, lighting, muscle contractions收缩, a sense of time passing—to determine which way your body has gone. The church spire尖塔, the sizzling 极热的sausages香肠on that vendor’s grill小贩的架子, the open courtyard庭院, and the train station—all represent snapshots快照of memorable junctures 连接during your journey.F In addition to guidance and path integration, we use a third method for finding our way. An office worker you approach for help on a Manhattan street comer might say: "Walk straight down Fifth, turn left on 47th, turn right on Park, go through the walkway under the Helmsley Building, then cross the stree t to the MetLife Building into Grand Central.” This strategy, called route following, uses landmarks such as building sand street names, plus directions—straight, turn, go through—for reaching intermediate中间点points. Route following is more precise than guidance or path integration, but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot, because you do not know the general direction or have a reference landmark for your goal. The route-following navigation strategy truly challenges the brain. We have to keep all the landmarks and intermediate directions in our head. It is the most detailed and therefore most reliable method, but it can be undone by routine memory lapses记忆差错. With path integration, our cognitive memory is less burdened负担大; it has to deal with only a few general instructions and the homing vector. Path integration works because it relies most fundamentally on our knowledge of our body’s general direction o f movement, and we always have access to these inputs. Nevertheless, people often choose to give route- following directions, in part because saying "Go straight that way!" just does notwork in our complex, man- made surroundings.G Road Map or Metaphor隐喻? On your next visit to Manhattan you will rely on your memory to get around. Most likely you will use guidance, path integration and route following in various combinations. But how exactly do these constructs构图deliver concrete directions? Do we humans have, as an image of the real world, a kind of road map in our heads—with symbols for cities, train stations and churches; thick粗线lines for highways; narrow lines for local streets? Neurobiologists and cognitive psychologists do call the portion部分of our memory that controls navigation a "cognitive map.” The map metaphor is obviously seductive引人注意的: maps are the easiest way to present geographic information for convenient visual inspection. In many cultures, maps were developed before writing, and today they are used in almost every society. It is even possible that maps derive from a universal way in which our spatial空间的-memory networks are wired接电线的.H Yet the notion of a literal map in our heads may be misleading; a growing body of research implies that the cognitive map is mostly a metaphor. It may be more like a hierarchical层级structure of relationships.To get back to Grand Central, you first envision (想象) the large scale—that is, you visualize the general direction of the station. Within that system you then imagine the route to the last place you remember. After that, you observe your nearby surroundings to pick out a recognizable可辨认的storefront店面or street comer that will send you toward that place. In this hierarchical, or nested, scheme, positions and distances are relative, in contrast with a road map, where the same information is shown in a geometrically几何学上的precise scale.Questions 14-18Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation method (listed A-C) with correct statement. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 14-18on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA GuidanceB Path integration.C Route following14 Using basic direction from starting point and light intensity强度to move on. B15 Using combination of place and direction heading for destination. C16 Using an iconic标志性building near your destination as orientation. A17 Using a retrace method from a known place if a mistake happens. C18 Using a passed spot as reference for a new integration. BQuestions 19-21Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.19 What does the ant of Cataglyphis respond if it has been taken to another location according to the passage?A Changes the orientation sensors感应improvinglyB Releases biological scent气味for help from othersC Continues to move by the original orientationD totally gets lost once disturbed20 Which of the followings is true about "cognitive map" in this passage?A There is not obvious difference contrast by real mapB It exists in our head and is always correctC It only exists under some culturesD It was managed by brain memory21 Which of following description of way findings correctly reflects the function of cognitive map?A It visualizes a virtual route in a large scopeB It reproduces an exact details of every landmarkC Observation plays a more important roleD Store or supermarket is a must in the mapQuestions 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN22 Biological navigation has a state of flexibility. TRUE23 You will always receive good reaction when you ask direction.NOTGIVEN24 When someone follows a route, he or she collects comprehensive perceptional 知觉/感性information in mind on the way. TRUE25 Path integration requires more thought from brain compared with route-following. FALSE26 In a familiar surroundings, an exact map of where you are will automatically emerge in your head.FALSE。
20150704雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 林炎珠考试日期： 2015年7月4日Reading Passage 1Title:The Origin of Camera Question types: Diagram 4题； Table Completion 4题；TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题；文章内容回顾1895年卢米埃兄弟向大众展现火车进站的画面时，观众被活生生的影像吓得惊惶四散。
从此，活动摄影不只在人类纪实工具的发展史上具有划时代的意义，而且火车进站的镜头也象征着电影技术发展的源起。
1888年，爱迪生开始研究活动照片，当伊斯曼发明了连续底片后，爱迪生立刻将连续底片买回来，请威廉甘乃迪和罗利狄克生着手进行研究。
1891年，爱迪生申请影像映出管和摄影装置的发明专利权，这是“西洋镜”电影的鼻祖。
爱迪生发明“西洋镜”电影的想法是：由于西洋镜一次只能由一个人去“窥看”，再借助人们的好奇心，如此便可以增加利益，于是这种电影一时间非常流行。
不久，爱迪生又发明了世界最早的摄影棚，特别有助于电影的发展。
19世纪末，电影的诞生从根本上说是科学技术与艺术相结合的综合产物，使电影这门伟大的艺术叩响了20世纪的大门。
1-4设备说明示意图5-8表格题5. photography6. mirror7. disco8. on a screen9-13判断题9. TRUE10. FALSE11. FALSE12. TRUE13. NOT GIVEN相关英文原文阅读The Camera ObscuraAn artist using an 18th-century camera obscura to trace an image.Photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura, a device possibly dating back to the ancient Chinese and ancient Greeks, which uses a pinhole or lens to project an image of the scene outside upside-down onto a viewing surface.An Arab physicist, Ibn al-Haytham, published his Book of Optics in 1021 AD. He created the first pinhole camera after observing how light traveled through a window shutter. Ibn al-Haytham realized that smaller holes would create sharper images. Ibn al-Haytham is also credited with inventing the first camera obscura.On 24 January 1544 mathematician and instrument maker Reiners Gemma Frisius of Leuven University used one to watch a solar eclipse, publishing a diagram of his method in De Radio Astronimica et Geometrico in the following year. In 1558 Giovanni Batista della Porta was the first to recommend the method as an aid to drawing.[6] Before the invention of photographic processes there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them. The earliest cameras were room-sized, with space for one or more people inside; these gradually evolved into more and more compact models such as that by Nipce's time portable handheld cameras suitable for photography were readily available. The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was envisioned by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before such an application was possible.题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括两种图表填空题和判断题。
雅思考试阅读考题回顾
大连朗阁培训中心Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations雅思考试阅读考题回顾大连朗阁培训中心考试日期：2014 年 10 月 18 日Reading Passage 1Title:Undergraduate Students Study DramaQuestion types:TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4 题表格填空题 9 题文章内容回顾文学专业的学生学习戏剧，列举了不同时代的四种剧院的特点，戏剧的发展和影响，让学生观看英国不同时期的不同戏剧。
This degree course combines the theory and practice of drama.Thetwo approaches are not merely complementary, but areindivisible inthe study of drama and theatre at degree level.The main teaching modes comprise seminar discussion andpracticalworkshop sessions, which explore play texts, theoreticalwritings,performance traditions and techniques, and examine thetheatre’srole and function in society throughout history. European,Americanand non-Western theatre traditions are studied as well asBritishtheatre.Modules in Technical theatre, lighting, sound, set andcostume,television drama, and playwriting are also available.Practical worktakes place primarily in the Department’s theatre andstudios. The Sir相关英文原文阅读Robert Martin Theatre seats an audience of up to 300 and has a proscenium arch, which is easily adapted to accommodate otherforms of production. The Leonard Dixon Studio and the StanleyEvernden Studio are flexible spaces seating up to 86and 45respectively.Studying AbroadOur courses enable you to study for a selected period of timeininternational destinations such as the USA, Canada, Singaporeandcontinental Europe.AssessmentThe course is assessed solely through coursework, usingvariousmethods according to the module being studied. Methodsinclude:essays/reflective work, seminar participation, online in-class tests,大连朗阁培训中心Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations annotated bibliographies, performance projects, in-classpresentations, research projects, workbook/log books, groupwork & peer assessments and dissertation.第一篇的题型包括是非无判断题和表格填空题。
2015年01月31日雅思考试阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心张晓予考试日期 2015年1月31日Reading Passage 1Title Tattoo on Tikopia (V101030 P1)Question types 是非无判断题 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN 4题图表填空题Diagram Completion 5题表格填空题Table Completion 4题文章内容回顾本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景（定义、历史），科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。
相关英文原文阅读There’re still debates about the origins of Polynesian culture (debate details can be found by searching “Polynesian Culture” in wikipedia), but one thing we can ensure is that Polynesia is not a single tribe but a complex one. Polynesians which includes Marquesans, Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians, and Māori, are genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia. It’s a sub-region of Oceania, comprising of a large grouping of over 1 ,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within a triangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island as its corners. The two pictures below clearly show this triangle:People who live in these islands are regarded as Polynesians for their similar traits in language, customs, society and culture. Some people’s question about the differences between Polynesian and Samoan, Marquesans, Tongans or Tahitian tattoos (e.g.) can be answered here: They are just a branch of Polynesian Tattoos and each branch has its own subtle features. However few people know or realize the differences among them today.The first visited Polynesian islands were the Marquesas Islands, which is found by European explorers, the Spanish navigator, Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, in 1595. But the European navigators showed little interest due to the lack of valuable resources.Captain James Cook was the first navigator trying to explore the whole Polynesia Triangle. The naturalist aboard “the HMS Endeavour” (Captain Cook’s ship), Joseph Banks, first mentioned the word “tattoo” (Also called “Tatau” by Samoan and “Tatu” by Tahitian) in his journal: “I shall now mention the way they mark themselves indelibly, each of them is so marked by their humor ordisposition”.In 1771, when James Cook first returned to Tahiti and New Zealand from his first Voyage, the word “tattoo” appeared in Europe. He narrated a behavior of Polynesian in his voyage, which is called “tattaw”. He also brought a Tahitian named Ma’i to Europe and since then tattoo started to become rapidly famous because of the tattoos of Ma’i. Another saying is that the Polynesian tattoos were fond of by European sailors and spread extremely fast in Europe because they were with the tattoos emblazoned on their bodies when back home after voyages.The tradition of Polynesian tattooing existed from 2000 years ago. In 18th century this operation was strictly banned by the Old Testament. In early 1980′s, tattooing started to get a renaissance. Since then many lost arts were retrieved by Polynesians. But due to the difficulty in sterilizing the traditional tools, the Ministry of Health banned tattooing in French Polynesia in 1986.Although many years passed, tools and techniques of Polynesian tattooing have changed little. For a strictly traditional design, the skill gets handed from father to son, or master to disciple. Each tattoo artist, or tufuga, learned the craft over many years of serving as his master’s apprentice. They vertically passed their knowledge and rarely spread it widely because of its sacred nature.Tattoo was a way delivering information of its owner. It’s also a traditional method to fetch spiritual power, protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of character, position and levels in a hierarchy. Polynesian peoples believe that a person’s mana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo. Almost every Polynesian got a tattoo in ancient times.Tattoo masters are the most crucial people because they bear the meaning of symbols and motifs in memory and know how to combine them to create a meaningful work of art to each person. For example, sea creatures are very common Polynesian symbols, like mantas, sharks, bonitos and sea urchins. Each of them has a meaning related to its inner nature and embodies the meaning by tattooing it on to the body. Polynesian tattoo masters can express varieties of meanings by combining different Polynesian symbols and motifs together.Polynesian tattoo style can vary from island to island. It depends onthe degree of evolution of various traditions from the original common tattoo designs, like Lapita, which is a former Pacific archeological culture. Ancient original styles mainly consist of some simple patterns, like straight lines, repeating on the body. These geometrical styles can be found in Hawaiian and Samoan tattoo traditions, or in tattoos from Fiji, Palau, Tonga, etc. Because the age is too far from nowadays, the meanings of these patterns are almost lost, or debatable. The most used styles nowadays, which instead consist of rounded patterns, are from Marquesas Island.题型难度分析旧题，历史文化类题材，简单。
雅思写作A类考题回顾朗阁官方20150723
雅思考试写作A类考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心刘雅敏Task 1考试日期：2015.07.23类别Bar题目The following chart gives information about the unemployment rate of people aged between 15 and 24and the overall unemployment rate of five Europeancountries in 2005.题目翻译以下图表显示了2005年欧洲五个国家15岁至24岁之间的公民的失业率，以及整体的失业率情况。
要素回忆（图片仅供参考）写作指导1）注意时态的表达2）注意比较：五个国家15-24岁公民之间失业率的比较；15-24岁之间失业率与整体失业率的比较3）注意极值的描写重点表达式It is apparent from the chart/graph…The unemployment rate of … stood at the largestamong five countries in 2005, which was twice thatof ….题目评价难度较低1:关于男女出行里程数的静态柱状图；Task推荐练习 2014.11.08剑4 Test 3 Task 1；近期考试趋势8月份要重点关注柱状图、线图和饼图，次重点也可关注表格和流程图。
Task 2考试日期：2015.07.23类别社会类题目Some people say government should give the healthcare the first priority, while others believe there aremore important priorities to spend the tax payers'money. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 题目翻译一些人认为政府应该优先考虑医疗，但是其他人认为纳税人的钱应该用在更重要的事情上。
2015年03月21日雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 徐航考试日期 2015年3月21日Reading Passage 1TitleExploration and Exploitation 发现新大陆（历史类）V130606 Question types 判断题 7题句子填空 6题文章内容回顾 哥伦布发现新大陆的时间英国人也去过。
1864年出发，因为各种原因被阻止，最终带了17个人出发，发现新大陆并且记载，但并没有被流传。
后来有一个人去了但没有记载和证据。
再后来他儿子在那里发展了捕鱼业。
提到南欧和北欧人对鱼的保存方式不同，北欧和挪威人一样dry fish, 但南欧因为地处海边所以用大量盐来处理鱼，对这点有详细的比较说明。
有一个Dr 对这种不同做了详细的比较。
最后一段提到了account 。
1-7判断题1. True2. False3. Not Given4. True5. False6. Not Given7. True8-13句子填空8. 葡萄牙人的船队最远到Africa9. 他们的ships 被大量鱼阻碍10. 南欧人在18世纪储存鱼用salt相关原文阅读First voyage12 October 1492 – Christopher Columbus discovers The Americas for Spain, painting by John Vanderlyn.On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Fronterawith three ships: a larger carrack, the Santa María ex-Gallega ("Galician"), and two smaller caravels, the Pinta ("The Pint", "The Look", or "The Spotted One") and the Santa Clara, nicknamed the Niña (lit. "Girl") after her owner Juan Niño of Moguer. The monarchs forced the Palos inhabitants to contribute to the expedition. The Santa María was owned by Juan de la Cosa and captained by Columbus. The Pinta and the Niña were piloted by the Pinzón brothers (Martín Alonso and Vicente Yáñez).Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands, which belonged to Castile, where he restocked the provisions and made repairs. After stopping over in Gran Canaria, he departed from San Sebastián de La Gomera on 6 September, for what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean. A lookout on the Pinta, Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodríguez Bermeo), spotted land about 2:00 on the morning of 12 October, and immediately alerted the rest of the crew with a shout. Thereupon, the captain of the Pinta, Martín Alonso Pinzón, verified the discovery and alerted Columbus by firing a lombard. Columbus later maintained that he himself had already seen a light on the land a few hours earlier, thereby claiming for himself the lifetime pension promised by Ferdinand and Isabella to the first person to sight land.Columbus called the island (in what is now The Bahamas) San Salvador; the natives called it Guanahani. Exactly which island in the Bahamas this corresponds to is unresolved. Based on primary accounts and based on what one would expect based on the geographic positions of the islands given Columbus's venture's course, the prime candidates are San Salvador Island (so named in 1925 on the theory that it was Columbus' San Salvador), Samana Cay, and Plana Cays.The indigenous people he encountered, the Lucayan, Taíno, or Arawak, were peaceful and friendly. Noting their gold ear ornaments, Columbus took some of the Arawaks prisoner and insisted that they guide him to the source of the gold.From the entry in his journal of 12 October 1492, in which he wrote of them, "Many of the men I have seen have scars on their bodies, and when I made signs to them to find out how this happened, theyindicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves. They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language."Columbus remarked that their lack of modern weaponry and metal-forged swords or pikes was a tactical vulnerability, writing, "I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased."Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba, where he landed on 28 October. On 22 November, Martín Alonso Pinzón took the Pinta on an unauthorized expedition in search of an island called "Babeque" or "Baneque", which the natives had told him was rich in gold. Columbus, for his part, continued to the northern coast of Hispaniola, where he landed on 5 December.There, the Santa María ran aground on Christmas Day 1492 and had to be abandoned. The wreck was used as a target for cannon fire to impress the native peoples. Columbus was received by the native cacique Guacanagari, who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind. Columbus left 39 men, includingLuis de Torres, the Converso interpreter, who spoke Hebrew and Arabic, and founded the settlement of La Navidad at the site of present-day Bord de Mer de Limonade, Haiti. Columbus took more natives prisoner and continued his exploration. He kept sailing along the northern coast of Hispaniola with a single ship, until he encountered Pinzón and the Pinta on 6 January.On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the New World. He landed on the Samaná Peninsula, where he met the hostile Ciguayos who presented him with his only violent resistance during his first voyage to the Americas. The Ciguayos had refused to trade the amount of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing violence two were stabbed to death. Because of this and because of the Ciguayos' use of arrows, he called the inlet where he met them the Bay of Arrows (or Gulf of Arrows). Today, the place is called the Bay of Rincón, in Samaná, the Dominican Republic. Columbus kidnapped about 10 to 25 natives and took them back with him (only seven or eight of the native Indians arrived inSpain alive, but they made quite an impression onSeville).Columbus headed for Spain on the Niña, but after a stop in the Azores a storm forced him to separate from the Pinta and into the port at Lisbon. He anchored next to the King's harbor patrol ship on 4 March 1493 in Portugal and was interviewed by Bartolomeu Dias, whose rounding of the Cape of Good Hope a few years earlier in 1488–1489 had complicated Columbus's attempts for funding from the Portuguese court. After spending more than one week in Portugal, and paying his respects to Eleanor of Viseu, he set sail for Spain. Ferdinand Magellan was a young boy and a ward of Eleanor's court; it is likely he saw Columbus during this visit. After departing, and after reportedly being saved from assassins by John II of Portugal, Columbus crossed the bar of Saltes and entered the harbor of Palos on 15 March 1493. Word of his finding new lands rapidly spread throughout Europe.Columbus's second voyageColumbus left the port of Cadiz on 24 September 1493, with a fleet of 17 ships carrying 1,200 men and the supplies to establish permanent colonies in the New World. The passengers included priests, farmers, and soldiers, who would be the new colonists. This reflected the new policy of creating not just "colonies of exploitation", but also "colonies of settlement" from which to launch missions dedicated to converting the natives to Christianity. Modern studies suggest that, as reported by the Washington Post, "crew members may have included free black Africans who arrived in the New World about a decade before the slave trade began."As in the first voyage, the fleet stopped at the Canary Islands, from which it departed on 13 October, following a more southerly course than on the previous expedition. On 3 November, Columbus sighted a rugged island that he named Dominica (Latin for Sunday); later that day, he landed at Marie-Galante, which he named Santa María la Galante. After sailing past Les Saintes (Los Santos, "The Saints"), he arrived at the island of Guadeloupe, which he named Santa María de Guadalupe de Extremadura, after the image of the Virgin Mary venerated at the Spanish monastery of Villuercas, inGuadalupe, Cáceres, Spain. He explored that island from 4 to 10 November.Michele da Cuneo, Columbus' childhood friend from Savona, sailed with Columbus during the second voyage and wrote: "In my opinion, since Genoa was Genoa, there was never born a man so wellequipped and expert in the art of navigation as the said lord Admiral." Columbus named the small island of "Saona ... to honor Michele da Cuneo, his friend from Savona."题型难度分析历史类文章是近期考试的高频，多去阅读同类型话题文章，增加对西方历史背景的熟悉度。
2015年02月12日雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年2月12日Reading Passage 1Title Role of Managers / What do managers do? 经理人角色（管理类）Question types 分类题6题判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题多选题2题文章内容回顾原文是关于manager的新研究及研究结果。
介绍管理学大师亨利·明茨伯格(Henry Mintzberg)的经理角色理论。
1-6分类题：文中提到明氏对经理人角色的3种分类：A. 说经理人主要发挥的是仪式性的角色作用，如同大学校长颁发毕业证书，还包括人员的招聘培训等。
B. 主要是信息的发布和联络人。
C. 实际决策作用。
问某种行为属于第几种：1. 负责企业的发展计划(scheme) 选：C2. 主持仪式选：A3. 使用资金选：C4. 研究竞争对手动向选：B5. 告知员工消息选：B6. 招聘新人选：A7-11判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN:7. 说以前关于经理人角色的理论不容易理解，原文说了以前的理论非常的simple。
FALSE8. 说MS的理论挑战了以前well established的理论。
TRUE9. NOT GIVEN10. FALSE11. FALSE12-13多选题：最后两段说了MS学者的理论的积极面是哪两点？12. 选：B（带divide的选项）原文倒数第二段说elaborate classification。
13. 选：E（带fresh way的选项）原文最后一段说关于经理人角色理论，要give a new insight。
相关原文阅读The role of a Development Manager can be a very stressful one. You are the "man in the middle'', being pulled in different directions by management, customers, sales, developers etc.. If you are doing your job well nobody notices: things work fluently, the work gets done without drama and everyone gets what they want. If things go wrong, no matter what the cause, then it is your fault.The secret to being successful as a Development Manager is managing expectations and making sure everyone understands your role is the first step. Both you, and the people you work, with need to agree on what is expected of you as a Development Manager.I have seen job postings for Development Managers that leave me shaking my head. One required in depth knowledge of a large number of a programming languages and environments, in another the position was 66% (why not 2/3rds?) programming, still others required PMO certification and this list could go on. While I agree the role of the Development Manager is sort of nebulous, job postings like these give me the feeling that the companies posting the jobs really have not thought about the role. This is a recipe for disaster for both the company and anyone hired under these conditions.As Development Manager you have a number of responsibilities, but the primary one is to get a product out the door. Your goal is deliver results to the customer, or market, and do everything necessary to achieve this. To do this you need to make sure the development team is able to work as efficiently as possible and this means making sure they have clear goals, both short term and long term, and that nothing prevents them from doing their work. From the initial project scope to deploying the product out to customer sites, each step is your responsibility. You can, and should, delegate as much as you can but be ready to check that things are being done as you want and be ready to jump in if it is not.Project ScopingAs Development Manager you need to know how to scope out a project. Depending on your organization and how you work with outside groups this could be a major part of your work. If you regularly take on projects on behalf of 3rd parties, then you should know how to respond to an RFP (Request For Proposal), complete with Deliverables, Time Lines, Budget etc.. Even if you only deal with internal projects, without a formal document system, you should get in the habit of putting together a Project Scope Document for every project. Also, if you are practicing Agile development, thesedocuments need to be living things and maintained and updated as the project progresses.Over Head ProjectsThis is part of Project Scoping, but it deserves a separate paragraph. I’ve heard people talk about “Over Head” projects that don’t need a budget and time line. This is so wrong! A failure to work out what the cost and deliverables are on these “Over Head” projects can stifle your team as they eat into your schedule and divert resources away from other work. Every project you undertake has at least an internal cost and at least one deliverable. You need to be able to negotiate both with the other stake holders for everything you undertake.Managing RelationshipsRemember, you are the ''man in the middle'' and any failures are going to belong to you, even if the cause is something beyond your control. You need to keep good and open relationships with the people involved.Get to know not just your immediate boss, but who he reports to and the people who are on the same level. You also need to get to know other stake holders on the projects you manage. Make sure they are ''in the Loop'' and get regular status updates and have good visibility on what your team is doing.Who handles customer relations? Besides your boss, this is probably the most important person you need to get to know. They can manage customer expectations, handle complaints (real or imagined) and provide critical customer contacts. On the other hand they can make your life miserable, making promises to customers without checking with you, posting bug reports that are unnecessary, pestering you to deliver on unrealistic time lines etc.Get to know you team, how long have they been with the company, what are the individual strengths and weaknesses? Who works well with whom? How busy are they? Keep track of little things like birthdays, anniversaries, etc.. Just acknowledging these little things make for sense of community.Making sure that management knows what you are working on and can see your progress is critical to keeping them happy. Communication and visibility are key getting this to work. I have used all sorts of tools to keep management in the loop and discover more all the time. Keep a tool box of programs, bulletin boards, whiteboards and anything else you can think of and keep them up-to-date. If the stakeholders understand the challenges you and your team are experiencing then they are less likely have unreal expectation. I say less likely, but not never. Some management will never understand why things don’t just ''work''. In these cases it may be time to start looking for another job.题型难度分析第一篇是经典机经旧文，版本号V091219, 收录在很多机经原文练习里。
20150704雅思阅口语考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试口语考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心Timothy 考试日期： 2015年7月4日Part 1考题总结考题总结：基本题Hometown●Where’s your hometown?●Do you like it?●What do you like most about it?●What don’t you like about it?●Are there any tourist attractions?●Where would you recommend a tourist to visit?●Would you want to move somewhere else in the future?Accommodation●Do you live in a house or flat?●Describe your house?●Do you like it? Does your family like it?●Which part of your house do you like most?●What’s the difference between an apartment and a house?Which do you prefer?●What kind of place did you live in when you were a child?●What kind of apartment or house you want to live in the future?●What’s your neighborhood like?●What facilities are there in your neighborhood?●Is there a market in your neighborhood?●Are there any shops near where you live?●What type of accommodation do you like?●What’s your favourite place in your home?●Do you live with your family?●How’s the air quality?●Is it a good place for kids to live?Work or Study●Do you work or study?●Do you like it? Do you find it interesting?●What do you find most difficult with your job/studies?●Do you think your job/subject is easy or difficult?●What are you planning to do in the future?Focusing on Study●What’s your favourite subject in your major?●What did you learn from your major?●Which one do you prefer, interesting major or interestingclassmates?●How did you feel on the first day of school?●Do you think the first day of school is important?●What are more important to your studies, teachers or students?●Do you prefer studying in the morning or afternoon?●What kind of job do you want in the future?●Did you do any part time work whilst you were studying?Focusing on work●Do you like your work or the working environment?●What is your career plan in the future?●How did you feel on the first day of work?●Is the first day at work important?●Do you want to change jobs in the future?娱乐题Movies/Films●Do you like watching movies?●What kind of film do you like?●How often do you watch movies?●Who do you watch movies with?●Did you like watching movies when you were young? What didyou like to watch?●Where do you usually watch movies?●Do you prefer to watch movies in a cinema or at home?●Do you watch the same style of movies in the past and now?Music●What kinds of music do you like?●When was the last time you went to a concert or watched amusic video?●What are the differences of listening to songs live and from theCD?●Which one do you prefer?Collecting●Do you like to collect things? Why?●What do you usually collect?●How do you collect things?●Where do you get these collections?●Have you collected CDs or stamps?●What’s your favourite collection?●What do people in your country like to collect most?●Are you proud of your collection?Reading●Do you like to read books?●What do you usually read?●What is your favourite type of book?●Have you ever received some books as gifts?●Have you ever given somebody a book before?●What did you like to read when you were a child?●What are the benefits of reading? Benefits to children?●Do you read before you go to bed?●Does reading help you relax?●What places are good for reading?●What’s a place that is not suitable to read books?●Do you like to read alone or with friends?●When was the last time you read a book?News and Newspaper●Do you like reading newspapers?●Do you read newspaper often?●Do you watch the news?●When was the last time you read the news?●What kind of newspapers are there in your country?●Is watching the news /are newspapers popular in your country?●When did you start reading newspapers?●Do you prefer local or international news?●What’s the difference between local new and internationalnews?TV●Do you like watching TV?●How often do you watch TV?●How long do you usually watch TV for?●Do kids in your country watch too much TV? Is this good?●What’s your favourite TV program?●What TV program did you like watch when you were little?●Do you prefer to watch TV programmes on the computer or theTV?●Do you watch TV programmes by yourself or with other people?Mail●Do you write letters or emails?●Do you like to write emails/letters?●How often do you receive them?●Who do you usually write to? Who do you usually receive itfrom?●Do you prefer receiving phone calls or mail?●Do you like to receive mail or phone calls?●Do you think it’s difficult to write letters?Messaging●Do you usually use your phone for calls or text messages?●Do you prefer to send a text or give a call when you have animportant message for your friend?●When will you prefer to send a message?●Do you think a text message can convey the information well?购物题Clothes●Do you like shopping for clothes?●Do you have lots of nice clothes?●Do you buy clothes often?●What kind of clothes do you usually wear?●Are clothes expensive in your country?●Is there anything you used to wear in the past but don’t wearnow?●Do you plan to buy any designer clothes?●Do you think people pay too much attention to fashion?●What do you like to wear in school/at work?●Do you change clothes when you get home?●Do you think you spend too much money on clothes?●Do you wear special clothes when you celebrate things?●What colour do you usually wear?●Will you buy many clothes in the same colour?●Do you wear different things on different occasions?Fruit and Vegetables●Do you like eating fruits and/or vegetables?●Do you buy fruits and/or vegetables often?●How do you buy good quality fruits and/or vegetables?●Do you prefer eating vegetables/fruits or meat?●What benefits are there for eating vegetables/fruits?●Did you like to eat vegetables/fruits when you were a child?环境题Looking at the sky●Do you like to watch the sky?●Do you like the sky during the day or night?●Have you been taught anything about stars or planets?●What’s your favourite star?●Which room can you best see the sky?●Where’s the worst place to look at the sky?●What’s the best spot to look at the sky?Weather and Seasons●What kind of weather do you like?●What’s your favourite season?●How’s the weather like in China?●Do you like four different seasons or four similar seasons?●What type of weather do you prefer for travelling?●Do you think your emotions are related to weather?●Which is your favourite type of weather?●Is weather important to your travels?●Do you think the weather in China has changed within the lastfew years?●Do you usually discuss the weather?●Do you want to visit a place with different weather?Trees●Do you like trees?●Are there any special trees in your country?●What are the benefits of trees?●What kind of trees do you have in your neighborhood?●Are there many trees in your neighborhood?●Have you ever planted a tree?●Do trees in your country have special meaning?Week and Weekends●Which day of the week you like most?●Which day of the week you like least?●Do you like your weekend?●Do you do the same thing every day?●How do you spend your weekends?●Do you like your weekends more than weekdays?●What’s your favourite weekend?●Do you usually make a plan for the weekends?Time management●Do you organize time?●Do you usually make a plan?●Are you a person who’s good at organizing their time?●How do you organize your time?●How did you learn how to manage your time?●Do you organize your weekends? How? Why?休闲题Museums●Are there many (or any) museums in your hometown?●Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown?●Do you often visit a museum?●Did you go to any museums when you were a child?●When was the last time you visited a museum?●Do you think museums are important?●Do you prefer to go to science museums or art museums?●Do you think it’s important for kids to visit museums?●What kind of museums do you like to visit?Public Holidays●Do you have many public holidays in China?●Do you want more holidays?●Do you like public holidays?●Which holiday do you like most?●What do you usually do on public holidays?●Would you like more public holidays?Transport●What transport do you like to take when you go travelling?●Do you prefer public transport or private transport when you goout?●Which did you choose the last time you went out? Why?●What advice would you give to the visitors to your country ontransport?●How can the government encourage people to take the publictransport?Sports●Do you like to do sports?●Do Chinese people like sports?●Do you have a sport you would like to try in the future?●Are there any sports meetings in your local area?●What sports are popular in your country?●Do you watch sports on TV?●When was the last time you watched a sports competition?人类题Helping other people●Do you like to help other people? Why?●Do you often help people?●When was the last time you received help?●Did your parents teach you to help people in your childhood?Why?●When’s the first time your parents helped you?●When’s the first time your friends helped you?Visitors●Do you like visitors coming to your home?●How often do you have visitors to your home?●When someone visits you, how do you usually show hospitality?●What kinds of manners do you expect your home visitors tohave?●Do you bring gifts when you visit others?●Do you like to visit other people?Teachers●Do you have a favourite teacher?●Why do like the teacher?●How does (did)this teacher help you?●Would you like to become a teacher?另类题Maths●Do you like maths?●When did you start learning it?●Do you have to learn it?●Do you use the calculator?●Do you think learning maths is important?Happiness●What do you think of happiness?●What do you like to do when you are happy?●What kinds of things make you happy?●What kinds of things do Chinese people feel happy about?●Is it easy to be happy for you?Memory●Are you good at remembering things?●Do you forget things easily?●What do you usually forget about?●What have you forgotten something in the past?●How do you remember things?●Is there anything you have to remember every day? Part 2考题总结考题总结：人类题1. Someone (you know) who dresses in fashion.2. A person who can use/speak a second language.3. Something a child did to make you laugh.4. A time when you feel surprised to meet someone.5. A person who is good at cooking.6. A time you were friendly to someone you didn’t like.7. A friend who you think is a good leader.8. A family member you like to work with.9. A popular band or singer in your country.10. A famous person who is important to your country建筑地点题11. A place (not your home) where you like to go and relax.12. A restaurant or café that impresses you.13. A small successful company.14. A park or garden you like to visit.15. A place you can read or write (not home).16. An educational trip you went on when you were in school.17. A short trip you want to take.18. A special trip you would like to take in the future.19. An unusual building you’ve visited.20. A place that is full of colour.21. A tourist site (not from your city) you have been to.22. A place near water (such as a river, a lake or the ocean)that youenjoyed visiting.物件题23. An indoor game (not about sport) you liked to play when youwere a child.24. A gift which took you a long time to choose.25. A change that will improve your local area.26. A picture or photo in your family.27. An electronic equipment (not computer) you want to buy.28. A subject you didn’t like but have interest now.29. A childhood song you remember well.30. A vehicle you would like to buy (or own).31. A special toy from your childhood.32. Something you want to buy in the future.33. A book you read recently.经验体验题34. A paid job you did with people.35. An occasion which you got up extremely early.36. A time when you and your friend had a disagreement.37. An age/stage of life that was enjoyable/important to you.38. Something interesting you want to learn more about.39. An activity to keep you fit.40. A situation that others didn’t tell you the whole truth.41. An ambition you have not achieved yet.42. An exciting sport you know.43. A time you got lost.44. A happy family event from your childhood that you rememberwell.45. A team you took part in once.46. A situation when you received some useful advice.娱乐科技题47. An educational TV program.48. An interesting thing you learnt from a website.49. A movie you enjoyed and would like to see again.50. A piece of good news you heard from TV or the internet.本次考试考题精选范例解析：Describe a famous person who is important to your country. You should say:Who this person isHow you know about this personWhat sort of life they had before they became famousHow this person became famousAnswer:It’s really hard to choose a single individual but the person I really want to talk about is Hanlei. I remember I first saw him on a Chinese TV show called “I’m a singer” where he was one of the participants. Through my research online, I found out that he was a well-known singer with tons of experience performing live concerts at the most prestigious events in China.Although in his 50’s, his participation in the show helped sparked a new found attention towards traditional Chinese singing. During his performance, he would step out of his boundaries and would sing old-Chinese songs in a modern-pop style which appealed to the younger audience. He would also add simple dances to his routine to help viewers on and off the TV understand the message behind the song.I guess his biggest contribution to the country is his innovative performances really did inspire generation Y to re-visit original styles of Chinese folk music and enjoy it in a modern setting. And guess what? After Han Lei’s first few performances, the sales of traditional Chinese folk music soared by over 100% and his newest albums topped the charts. If I personally had the chance, I would really want to attend one of his live performances where I could savour the true feeling of this cultural heritage. I’m sure it’ll one hell of an experience.Analysis:人类题是中国考生最喜欢的题目之一，因为可以形容的东西比较多而广，比如身材，长相等等。
雅思听力考题回顾朗阁官方20150723
雅思考试听力考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 刘志芳考试日期 2015年7月23日 总体评析 三旧：S1 & S2 & S4 一新：S3Section 1版本号 场景 题型V110820 S1 House-rentingTable Completion一句话简介 一位女士打电话给租房公司询问房间的类型和价格详细回忆1-10表格填空题：TypePrice & Cost FeaturesCampus suite One year: 1. £3834 It is unavailable during 2. holidays3. home welcomeA year’s arrangement is 4. flexible5. shared one with a studio- electricity, natural gas fee: 6. £48- 7. water fee: £9- 8. transportation fee - need to pay a 9. deposit- need to provide two 10. referencesSection 2版本号 场景 题型V130302 S2 IntroductionMap / Multiple Choice一句话简介 介绍一个火车站详细回忆11-16地图题：11. Left-in luggage locker: 选：B 12. Bike racks （停放处）: 选：G 13. Chemist’s: 选：C 14. Waiting room: 选：A 15. The news agent’s: 选：D 16. Rest room (toilet): 选：F17-20单选题：17. Where could you see the exhibition? 选：AA. libraryB. college18. 你可以到商店买些什么带回去？选：AA. special local foodB. clothingC. travel souvenirs/gift for friends19. What will the old cinema be converted to? 选：A. resident block 住宅区The old cinema cannot compete against a new theatre in a shopping center, so the premise owner plans to make it an accommodation block there instead.20. Who is the status behind the train station? 选：AA. a politicianB. an engineerSection 3 版本号场景题型New Academy Multiple Choice / Flow chart一句话简介两个学习考古课程的同学讨论一次野外考察详细回忆21-25单选题：21. How did they feel before attending the activities? 选：CA. Lack of motivationB. EnthusiasticC. Confused22. After attending the activities and having some discovery, what are they most surprised at? 选：BB. Be careful about the recordC. Photos are important23. What did the woman find? 选：AA. Fabric (cloth is mentioned in the script)B. PotC. Jewelry24. What did they say about the people they studied? 选：CA. Various food C. Not as tall as people told25. What did they say about the people they worked with? 选：BA. From different countriesB. Work hardC. Young and enthusiastic 26-30 流程图配对，Excavating的流程：A. Taking soil samplesB. Make a comprehensive planC. Save for future researchD. Labeling themE. Looking for toolsF. Filling in recording sheet26. E. Looking for tools27. F. Filling in recording sheet (report)28. B. Make a comprehensive plan (in great detail)29. A. Taking soil samples30. D. Labeling themSection 4版本号场景题型V131121 S4=V110416 S4Obesity Completion一句话简介肥胖饮食调查详细回忆31-40填空题：Survey:31. Which group takes in the most fat: teenagers32. do research concerning: investigated by different age, race and income,whether born overseas33. Surveys have been conducted in mobile XX.34. similar methods / background35. adults live with children “drink more milk”Results:36. parents have no timeLimitation of the research:37. number of children38. the research didn’t consider the authority and relationship between children and adults39. influence decreases with the age of children40. influenced by friends。
雅思口语考题回顾朗阁官方20150723
雅思考试口语考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心崔明媛考试日期： 2015年7月23日Part 1 考题总结考题总结：Study & Work1. Do you work or are you a student?2. What's your major? Have you ever communicated about your major with your friends?3. Will you study with others in the future? Why?4. What is your plan for your future study?5. When you study, do you feel happy?6. What’s your favorite subject? What do like most about it?7. Do you enjoy your school life? What are the benefits of being a student?8. What do you usually do after class?Hometown1. Where do you come from?2. Is there anything special about your hometown? Are there any beautiful places in your hometown?3. What is the weather like in your hometown?4. What are some of the changes that have taken place in our home town?5. What's your hometown famous for?6. What’s the traffic situation in your hometown?Vegetables and fruits1. What’s your favourite vegetable and fruit?2. How often do you eat fruits?3. Are there any special fruits in your hometown?4. Should we eat vegetables and fruits every day?Parks1. Does your hometown have many parks?2. Do you often visit public parks?3. What do you usually do there?4. Do you like parks?5. What kinds of parks do you like?6. What do you like most about a park?7. Did you go to parks when you were a child?8. What did you do there?9. Do you think it’s good to have parks and public gardens in cities?10. Do you think there should be more of them?11. Do you think you will go to parks more often in the future?Watching sky1. Do you like watching sky?2. Do you often take time to watch the sky?3. Do you like the sky during the day or night?4. Have you learned any courses about stars and planets?Collection1. Do you like collecting things?2. How much time do you spend on your collection?3. Would you keep your collection in the future?4. Why do people keep old things?5. What kinds of things do Chinese people like to collect?Mathematics1. When did you start learning math?2. Do you like math?3. Who taught you math?4. Who’d your favourite teacher so far?5. Is math difficult for you to learn?6. Do you like to use a calculator?Forgetting about things1. What do you remember to do every day?2. What helps people to remember things?3. Why do old people forget about things easily?4. Have you ever forgotten something important?Happiness1. What do you think of happiness?2. What do you like to do when you are happy?3. What kinds of things make you happy?4. What kinds of things do Chinese people feel happy about?5. Is it easy to be happy for you?Weather/ Season/Sunshine/Rain1. What weather do you like?2. Do you like hot or cold weather?3. Do you like sunshine?4. What harm can strong sunlight do to us?5. Do all people like sunshine?6. Would you like to travel when there is little sunshine?7. What do you often do during summer?8. What is the weather like in China?9. What are the differences among four seasons in China?10. What is the influence of weather on people?11. Does the weather ever affect what people do?12. Do you like rain?13. Do young people like rain?14. What do you do in rainy days?15. Did rain ever affect what you would like to do?Maps1. Do you use a map?2. When do you use a map?3. Who taught you how to use a map?4. How did you learn to use a map?5. Do you prefer to use electronic maps or those made of paper?Cars1. Do you like cars?2. Do you have a driver’s license?3. Have you ever driven a car?4. Do you have a car?5. Do you often drive it?6. Do you plan to buy a car in the future?7. If you wanted to buy a car, what kind of car would you choose?8. What kinds of cars are most popular in your country?9. Do you like travelling by car?Leisure Time1. What do you do in your spare time (free time)?2. In the evenings, do you prefer to relax at home and watch TV or go out with your friends?3. What do you usually do with your family?4. Do you think modern people like to do things with others, in a group?5. Are you good at organizing time? How do you usually organize time?6. Why do you think some people pay to learn time management? Do you think children should learn to manage time?7. Which part of the day do you like best?8. Which part of the day is beneficial for your study?9. How do the people in your country relax themselves?10. What do you usually do on weekends?Food and cooking1. What foods do you usually eat?2. Do you often eat in the restaurant? Do you like to eat outside?3. What food did you like to eat when you were a child? Do you stilllike that food now?4. If you had children, What food would you cook for your child in thefuture?5. Do you think it's good to take children to restaurants?6. Do you cook? If not, will you cook in the future?7. Who cooks in your family?8. What kind of meat do you like to eat? Do you like vegetables?9. Which do you prefer, eat more times a day and have little a time oreat less times a day but have more a time?10. What do you think of the whole family eating together?Part 2&3 考题总结考题总结：Describe someone you know who dresses well.You should say:who this person is;how you got to know this person;what he or she usually wears;and explain how you feel about the way he or she dresses.Describe a place where you like to go and relax (not your home).You should say:where it is;what it is like;how you spend time there;and explain why you feel relaxed there.Describe an age or a stage of life that was enjoyable/important to you.You should say:when it was;what you did during that period of life;who was with you;and explain why you think it was enjoyable to you.Describe a sportsperson you know does well.You should say:Who the person isHow you know this personWhat you do togetherAnd explain how you feel about this person.Describe a time you got up extremely early.You should say:when it was;what time you got up;how you felt when you got up;and explain why you got up early.Describe a situation when your friend didn’t tell you the whole truth.You should say:Who the friend wasWhat the situation wasWhy your friend did itAnd explain how you felt when you found out the whole truthPart 3What are the effects of lies?In what occasions do white lies happen?Does lying help people feel less embarrassed?Do you want an incomplete truth?Should husband and wife lie to each other?Describe an exciting sport you knowWhat the sport isHow you know about itWhether it is difficultAnd explain why you think it is excitingPart 3How do you think of extreme sports?Should governments ban dangerous sports for young people? Why or why not?What kind of sport do people in your country do?What’s the difference between professional athletes and amateur athletes?Describe a neighbor you ever helped.You should say:Who this person isWhen you helped this personHow you helped this personand explain why you helped this person.Part 3Do you think neighbors are important?Do you think it’s important to have a good relationship with one’s neighbors?Do you think people’s relationships with their neighbors today is the same as it was in the past?Would you say these are changes for the better or changes for the worse?Do you think people’s relationships with their neighbors are the same in the cities as they are in rural areas?Describe a person you know who speaks a foreign language well.You should say:who this person is;what foreign language he or she knows;how often he or she uses this language;and explain why you think this person can speak this language well. Part 3What benefit does it bring if you speak good English?Do you think it is easy for children to learn a foreign language?Do you think English will become the most popular language in the world?How do people learn a foreign language?Are there any changes in people’s way of learning a language?Describe a small successful company.You should say:what company it is;what it does;how you got to know about this company;and explain why you think this company is successful.Part 3Do you think online shopping will replace buying in stores?What are the qualities of successful companies?Do you want to work in a successful company?Describe a friend you had at school.You should say:What he / she looked likeWhere you first metHow you became friendsWhat you did togetherand explain how you feel about him or her.Part 3Do you think friends are important?What are the qualities of a good friend?Do you prefer to have one or two close friends or a wide circle of friends?Which do you think is better, to have a large group of friends or just a few close friends?How can one distinguish between a close friends and an acquaintance?In modern society, which do you think is more important, old friends or new friends?Is there any difference to the way you make friends now, compared to when you were a child?Describe an educational TV program you have watched.You should say:what the program is;what type of program it is;what contents it has;and explain what you’ve learnt from this program.Describe someone you know who has an interesting job.You should say:Who this person isHow you know this personWhat job they doand explain why you think this person’s job is interesting.Part 3In what ways do you think big and small companies are different? What types of companies prefer to hire university graduates?What do you think of the working conditions in your country today are better that in the past?Do you think long working hours can have an effect on the family lives of employees?What effects does working overtime have on the lives of employees, especially women?Do you think it’s reasonable that people have different salary levels? Is it very difficult for recent university graduates in your country to find a job?Describe an educational trip you went on when you were in school.You should say:when and where you went;who you went with;what you did;and explain what you learnt on this trip.Describe a time you had disagreement with a friend.You should say:when and where it happened;what you disagreed on;how you resolved the disagreement;and explain how you felt about the disagreement.Describe a paid job you ever did.what job it was;when and where you or this person did the job;how long the job lasted;and explain why you or this person chose to do this job.Describe something special that you saved money to buy.You should say:What it wasHow long it took you to save enough money to buy itWhy you wanted to buy this thingand explain how you felt when you bought it.Part 3How important is money in your life?Do you save money?Did you save when you were a child?How has the way people use their money changed in china in recent years?How can children be taught to manage money?Why do many people like to go shopping?What’s a popular law in your country?Describe a book /magazine/ that you enjoyed reading.You should say:What the book wasWhat was in this bookWhy you read itand explain what effect the book had on you.Part 3How often do you read?Do you have many books at home?Do Chinese people do enough reading?Do Chinese people like to read?What kind of people like reading and what kind of people don’t like reading very much?Do people with different reading levels all buy the same kinds of reading materials?What do Chinese people like to read?Describe a course you like now but didn’t like in the past.You should say:What it isWhen did you learn itHow long have you been studying itAnd explain why you didn’t like in the past but like it now.Describe a situation when you have to be friendly to someone you don’t like.You should say:Who the person isHow you know this personWhen and where the thing happenedAnd explain why you have to be friendly to the person.Describe a historic building that you visited.You should say:Where it wasWhat people do thereWhy you went thereand explain how you felt about this building.Part 3Why do people visit historical places?Do you think reading about a historical place has any advantages over actually visiting it?What types of historic places do people in your country most often visit?Do many people in your country visit historical buildings?Why do they visit these buildings?What do you think are the differences between actually visiting a historic place and reading about it in a book (or seeing pictures of it on the internet)?Do you think these historic buildings should be preserved?Who do you think should pay for these reparations?Do you think the government should pay for the maintenance and repair of historic buildings?Do you think the government should pay for this or should thevisitors pay for it?Which do you think is better, having the government own and pay for the maintenance of historic buildings or having private investors owning the buildings and paying for the maintenance?We should people learn about history?Do you think learning about history has any benefits for children?Describe a country you would like to visit at first.You should say:Where the country isWhat you know about this countryWhen you plan to visit this countryand explain why you would like to visit this country at first.Part 3When people go travelling (as tourists), what do they spend money on?When people move to another country, what changes do you think take place in their lives, compared to their lives before they left home?What do you think about children growing up abroad? Do you think children are affected by growing up abroad? How?What are benefits of travelling to new places?What are some of the best (or, most popular) travel destinations in China?Which places (countries) are Chinese people most interested in visiting?Describe a special meal that you would like to have./you would like to invite someone to eat.You should say:Who you would invited to eat with youWhere you would eatWhat you would eatand explain why you would like to have this special meal.Part 3Do people in your country often eat together with others?On what occasions do people eat a “special meal” in your country? What are the differences between an ordinary meal and meals for special occasions?Do you think people ate together as a family more in the past than they do now?Do you think modern lifestyles affect how often people eat together as a family?Would you agree that it’s important for the family to eat often朗阁海外考试研究中心Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations together?Do you have any suggestions on how these problems could be solved?What do people in your country usually eat?Do young people usually eat the same types of food that older adults eat?Would you say there’s a greater choice of what to eat today, compared to the past?Do you think this trend will continue in the future?What do you think is more important, the quality or the price of food? What are the pros and cons of eating locally grown food, compared to food that comes from far away?What are the pros and cons of transporting food over long distances?Do you think it’s safe to transport food over long distances?雅思口语趋势分析和备考指导本场考试继续出现自五月换题以来的新题，且为高频话题，如建议、玩具、说外语的人、早起的经历等话题依然持续热门。
【徐州朗阁英语】2015年8月雅思考试真题
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期： 2015年8月1日Reading Passage 1Title: Dust and America（环境类）Question types: TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 7题Notes completion 6题文章内容回顾美国西南沙尘的起源，历史，调查对大平原地带的影响，产生的问题。
1-7. TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN:1. The dust had shot up dramatically since the second half of 19 century. TRUE2. The Aztec civilization disappeared due to the dust in the atmospheres. FALSE3. Before people bringing castles, southwest had a lot of basins in great plain. FALSE4. Basins’ number decreased since European settlers found they were easy to be hunt. NOT GIVEN5. Railway building used more money than expected. NOT GIVEN6. XX railway company worked hard to protect the land they own. FALSE7. Until today the land belonging to company is still infertile. TRUE8-13. Notes completion:1930s law limited 8. cattle herbsToday BF research where the dust comes fromAnalyzing components and 9. size from southwestBN soil cannot be destroyed by high 10. windSoil can be destroyed by cattle hooksAnalyzing 11. lake sedimentsDiscover 12. nutrientsDust cannot be blamed for gradual disappearance of snow and 13. glaciers相关原文阅读House dust mites are present indoors wherever humans live. Positive tests for dust mite allergies are extremely common among people with asthma. Dust mites are microscopic arachnids whose primary food is dead human skin cells, but they do not live on living people. They and their faces and other allergens they produce are major constituents of house dust, but because they are so heavy they are not suspended for long in the air. They are generally found on the floor and other surfaces until disturbed (by walking, for example). It could take somewhere between twenty minutes and two hours for dust mites to settle back down out of the air.Atmospheric or wind-borne dust, also known as aeolian dust, comes from arid and dry regions where high velocity winds are able to remove mostly silt-sized material, deflating susceptible surfaces. This includes areas where grazing, ploughing, vehicle use, and other human activities have further destabilized the land, though not all source areas have been largely affected by anthropogenic impacts.[4] One-third of the global land area is covered by dust-producing surfaces, made up of hyper-arid regions like the Sahara which covers 0.9 billion hectares, and drylands which occupy 5.2 billion hectares.[5] Dust in the atmosphere is produced by saltation and sandblasting of sand-sized grains, and it is transported through the troposphere. This airborne dust is considered an aerosol and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local radiative forcing. Saharan dust in particular can be transported and deposited as far as the Caribbean and Amazonia, and may affect air temperatures, cause ocean cooling, and alter rainfall amounts.Coal dust is responsible for the lung disease known as pneumoconiosis, including black lung disease that occurs among coal miners. The danger of coal dust resulted in environmental legislation regulating work place air quality in some jurisdictions. In addition, if enough coal dust is dispersed within the air in a given area, it can create an explosion hazard under certain circumstances. Control of atmospheric dustThe United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandates facilities that generate dust minimize or mitigate the production of dust in their operation. The most frequent dust control violations occur at new residential housing developments in urban areas. United States Federal law requires that construction sites obtain permits to conduct earth moving, and include plans to control dust emissions. Control measures include such simple practices as spraying construction and demolition sites with water, and preventing the tracking of dust onto adjacent roads.Some of the issues include:Reducing dust related health risks that include allergic reactions,pneumonia and asthmatic attacks.∙Improving visibility and road safety.∙Providing cleaner air, cleaner vehicles and cleaner homes and promoting better health.∙Improving crop productivity in agriculture.∙Reducing vehicle maintenance costs by lowering the levels of dust that clog filters, bearings and machinery.∙Reducing driver fatigue, maintenance on suspension systems and improving fuel economy.∙Increasing cumulative effect - each new application builds on previous residuals reducing re-application rate *while improving performance.US federal laws require dust control on sources such as vacant lots, unpaved parking lots, and unpaved roads. Dust in such places may be suppressed by mechanical methods, including paving or laying down gravel, or stabilizing the surface with water, vegetable oils[11] or other dust suppressants, or by using water misters to suppress dust that is already airborne.Control of domestic dustDust control is the suppression of solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Dust in the airstream poses a serious health threat to children,[12]older people, and those with respiratory illnesses.House dust can become airborne easily. Care is required when removing dust to avoid causing the dust to become airborne. A feather duster tends to agitate the dust so it lands elsewhere. Products like Pledge and Swiffer are specifically made for removing dust by trapping it with sticky chemicals.Certified HEPA (tested to MIL STD 282) can effectively trap 99.97% of dust at 0.3 micrometers. Not all HEPA (type/media) filters can effectively stop dust; while vacuum cleaners with HEPA (type/media) filters, water, or cyclones may filter more effectively than without, they may still exhaust millions of particles per cubic foot of air circulated. Central vacuum cleaners can be effective in removing dust, especially if they are exhausted directly to the outdoors.Air filtering appliances differ greatly in their effectiveness. Laser particle counters are an effective way to measure filter effectiveness, medical grade instruments can test for particles as small as 0.3 micrometers. In order to test for dust in the air, there are several options available. Pre weighted filter and matched weight filters made from polyvinyl chloride or mixed cellulose ester are suitable for respirable dust (less than 10 micrometers in diameter).A dust resistant surface is a state of prevention against dust contamination or damage, by a design or treatment of materials anditems in manufacturing or through a repair process. A reducedtacticity of a synthetic layer or covering can protect surfaces andrelease small molecules that could have remained attached. A panel,container or enclosure with seams may feature types of strengthenedrigidity or sealant to vulnerable edges and joins.题型难度分析难度较低，顺序类题型。
雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150725
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年7月25日Reading Passage 1Title: History of Refrigeration（制冷剂历史）Question types: 配对题句子匹配题文章内容回顾一开始讲述美国没有制冷技术，只能把食物腌制。
后来城市化后，需要大量新鲜食物，于是人们开始利用天然冰块冷藏并运送食物。
有两个人分别改进了冰块运输技术和冰块切割技术。
后来天然冰块越来越少，有人开始利用机械制冷，一开始是铁路技术，有人改进了铁路冷藏技术，于是加州的新鲜水果可以运往各地了。
再然后有人改进公路技术，于是可以开始在公路上运送冷藏食物。
之后人们发现以前的冷藏剂有毒，于是有人开始开发冷藏剂。
最后总结说新冷藏剂虽然对臭氧层有害，但大大促进了冷藏技术在全球的推广。
题型难度分析1-4 配对题1. 19492. 17993. 19304. 1830第一篇比较简单，总共只有两种题型，第一种题型比较容易定位，可以在短时间内做完。
第二种题型是句子补充完整匹配题，难度比第一种题型大，难定位。
题型技巧分析特殊词匹配题型特点是特殊词不可替换，此题可以用时间直接定位，定位到文章之后，读定位点前后两句话，再回选项找正确答案。
句子补充完整匹配题需注意两点：第一，问题给的半句话是和文章定位点同义替换的。
第二，此题是句子补充完整，所以句子匹配后需符合整句话的逻辑意思。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（体裁相似）剑8 Test 1 Passage 1（体裁相似，题型相似）Reading Passage 2Title: an Alternative Approach of Farming in Honduras 洪都拉斯新农耕方法Question types: 段落信息匹配题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾关于洪都拉斯农业耕种。
过去人们采用刀耕火种的方式：把一片树林砍伐成平地，半年以后再在上面种植植物，这就造成了土地肥力下降，所以人们就不得不再砍伐新的树林来开辟耕地。
20150509雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李亚珊考试日期 2015年5月9日Reading Passage 1Title Solutions to Indoor Air Pollution (2013.06.08 P1)Question types Short Answer Questions 5题Summary Completion 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题文章内容回顾介绍了关于室内空气污染治理项目的情况和成果。
如何帮助贫困地区的人们改善环境污染，先是回答三个第一段的问题，然后是改善措施的方法，最后是判断正误。
1-5 Short Answer Questions1. weight2. fuel3. distribution4. stoves5. consultations6-9 Summary Completion6. pilot7. review8. 10 million9. international答案分析：室内污染会造成新生儿的low birth weight；很多贫穷地区因为使用biomass fuel而对身体产生危害；有一种技术没有持续使用下去，是因为high distribution cost；有一种新的设备special stoves。
为控制室内空气污染项目的开展流程，开始会做一些consultations和proposals；在中国和印度地区开展pilot projects；先对已经存在的项目做review，这个项目设计让10 million人受益；这个项目是international范围展开的。
题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括简答，归纳填空题以及判断题。
本篇文章简答和判断的难度适中，归纳填空题个别题目定位略难。
题型技巧分析对于Summary一般把握三个关键信息：逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。
首先，观察空格前后语义间是否有逻辑关系的连接词；其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性；最后，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三
Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless， Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。
雅思阅读试题练习与答案全解析
雅思阅读试题练习与答案全解析
简介
本文档旨在提供全面的雅思阅读试题练与答案的解析，帮助考生更好地准备雅思考试。
阅读练与答案解析
以下是一系列的雅思阅读练题目及其答案解析：
题目1：
题目：根据短文内容，回答以下问题：XXXXX
答案：根据短文第X段，可以得出答案为XXXXX。
解析：在这个题目中，我们需要从短文中寻找相关信息来回答问题。
根据短文第X段的描述，我们可以得出答案为XXXXX。
题目2：
题目：根据短文内容，判断以下陈述是否正确：XXXXX
答案：正确
解析：在这个题目中，我们需要判断陈述的正确性。
根据短文第X段的描述，我们可以得出陈述为正确。
题目3：
题目：根据短文内容，选择最佳的选项：XXXXX
答案：B
解析：在这个题目中，我们需要根据短文的内容选择最佳的选项。
根据短文第X段的描述，选项B最符合短文的意思。
总结
本文提供了一系列的雅思阅读练题目及其答案解析，帮助考生进行针对性的练和复。
阅读理解是雅思考试中的重要部分，通过对题目和答案的解析，考生可以更好地理解和掌握解题技巧，提高阅读能力。
希望考生能够充分利用这些练题目，并在考试中取得好成绩！。
2015年1雅思阅读真题回忆
Passage 1 ： 题⽬：Seed Hunting 内容：濒危种⼦ 题型：填空概括题4+判断题6+多选题2 题号：旧题 ⽂章参考： Seed Hunting With quarter of the world's plants set to vanish within the next 50 years, Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the preserve the Earth's botanical heritage. They travel the four comers of the globe, scouringjungles，forests and savannas. But they‘re not looking for ancient artefacts，lost treasure or undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack the romantic allure of archaeology, or the whiff of danger that accompanies going after big game, but seed hunting is an increasingly serious business. Some seek seeds for profit hunters in the employ of biotechnologyfirms，pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the lookout for species that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to conserve, working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species. Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Trade scant, an English royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys abroad in the early 1600s. Later， the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks-who was the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with Captain James Cook on his voyages near the end of the 18th century—was so driven to expand his collections that he sent botanists around the world at his own expense. Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have been replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the future. This modem mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren，a good-natured Dutchman who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field⼀he could easily be mistaken for the cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three other seed hunters work at the Millennium Seed Bank，an 80 million [pounds sterling] international conservation project that aims to protect the world's most endangered wild plant species. The group's headquarters are in a modem glass-and-concrete structure on a 200-hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within its underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all stored at -20 Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5，100 species represented are virtually all of Britain's 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the most complete such collection of any country‘s flora. Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the world's largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010. The reason is simple: thanks to humanity’s efforts，an estimated 25 percent of the world's plants are on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50 years. We're currently responsible for habitat destruction on an unprecedented scale，and during the past 400 years，plant species extinction rates have been about 70 times greater than those indicated by the geological record as being ‘normal’. Experts predict that during the next 50 years a further one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to farmland in developing countries alone. The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops，plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and building materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help regulate the climate. Yet，across the globe，plant species are being driven to extinction before their potential benefits are discovered. The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be much higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as endangered. The Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant becomes extinct in the wild，it won‘t be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used the help restore damaged or destroyed environment or in scientific research to find new benefits for society- in medicine, agriculture or local industry- that would otherwise be Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world’s plant heritage for the future, explains Dr Paul Smith，another Kew seed hunter. "Seed conservation techniques were originally developed by farmers，" he says. "Storage is the basis what we do，conserving seeds until you can use them-just as in farming." Smith says there's no reason why any plant species should become extinct，given today’s technology. But he admits that the biggest challenge is finding，naming and categorising all the world's plants. And someone has to gather these seeds before it’s too late. "There aren't a lot of people out there doing this，" he says." The key is to know the flora from a particular area, and that knowledge takes years to acquire." There are about 1,470 seed banks scattered around the globe，with a combined total of 5.4 million samples，of which perhaps two million are distinct non-duplicates. Most preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to ensure cropdiversity; others aim to conserve wild species，although only 15 per cent of all banked plants are wild. Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year, Imperial College, London，examined crop collections from 151 countries and found that while the number of plant samples had increased in two thirds of the countries，budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in another 35 per cent. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has since set up the Global Conservation Trust，which aims to raise US $260 million to protect seed banks in perpetuity. 题⽬参考： Question 14-19 TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 14. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. True 15. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. Not given 16. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. True 17. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. True 18. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. False 19. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. True Question 20-24 Summary Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 20 extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 21 drugs，crops. They are called seed hunters. The 22 pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 23 Sir Joseph Banks，who financially supported collectors out of his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks，one of which is the famous millennium seed bank，where seeds are all stored in the 24 underground vaults at a low temperature. Question 25-26 Multiple choice Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human? AB A food B fuels C clothes D energy E commercial products (顺序可能有误，仅供参考) Passage 2 : 题⽬：Implication of False Belief Experiments 内容：错误信念实验 题型：段落信息配对题7+概括题7 参考⽂章：(⽂章为部分回忆贫选，仅供参考) Implication of False Belief Experiments A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been termed children’s theory of mind. This involves children’s ability to understand that people can have different beliefs and representations of the world -a capacity that is shown by four years of age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism. The ability to work out what another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social development. Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from this condition do not have a theory of mind (TOM). Consequently, the development of children’s TOM has attracted considerable attention. B Wimmer and Pemer devised a 'false belief task5 to address this question. They used some toys to act out the followingstory. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out. When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard. Children were asked to predict where Maxi will look for his chocolate when he returns. Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer，that Maxi will look in the green cupboard. Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard. The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised. C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown two dolls， Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box，respectively. Sally also has a marble，which she places in her basket，and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room，Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns, and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket，where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box，where the child knows the marble is hidden，even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task，the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own，and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding. The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four. D Leslie argues that，before 18 months，children treat the world in a literal way and rarely demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to secondary representations. For example, children，when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a banana. They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored knowledge of 'telephone5 to build on this pretence. E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins and her colleagues have found that what they term mindmindedness in maternal speech to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities. Mindmindedness involves speech that discusses infants5 feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental states (e. g. < you’re feeling hungry’).。
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雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李园考试日期： 2015年7月23日Reading Passage 1Title: Traditional Farming System in Africa (V100717 P1)Question types: Complete the sentences 4题Classify 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题Multiple choice 1题文章内容回顾介绍非洲传统的农业系统相关英文原文阅读参考文章（粗体字部分为阅读高频词）：A By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.B Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as n the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusinecoracana).C During the second season, and possibly for afew seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize,pumpkins (Telfiriaoccidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Pharsalus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developinglast-but-one crop as a relay.D Richards (1969) observed that the practice ofcitemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is consideredprovocative towards one’s neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacked by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done bathe women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.E When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the road side or in local marketsF The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.G Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeoaltivelis) and pale (Saro the rodonmachochir) have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.H Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in suchactivities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and have a good time!I Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are keptin the province owing to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples’ diet.J Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total.题型难度分析Questions 1-4Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Choose NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need.2. The citemene system provides the land with (the) ashes where crops are planted.3. During the second season, the last planted crop is (vegetable) cassava.4. Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses. Questions 5-8Classify the following items with the correct description.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.A. fishB. oxenC. goats5. be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. C6. cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. B7. be the largest part of creating profit. A8. be sold beyond the local area. AQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? WriteTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9. People rarely use animals to cultivate land. TRUE10. When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force. NOTGIVEN11. The local residents eat goats on a regular time. FALSE12. Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein. TRUEQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.What is the writer’s opinion about the traditional ways of practices? BA. They can supply the nutrition that people need.B. They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.C. They are productive systems that need no more improving.D. They will be easily modified in the future第一篇的题型涉及较多，填空题+classify+判断+主旨单选。