Local Complement C3 Expression is Upregulated in

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C++常见的编译错误中英对应翻译

C++常见的编译错误中英对应翻译对于刚学编程，刚接触C++的新手来说，编译运行报错是最头疼的一件事，爆出一堆英文，英语差一点的又不知道什么意思，所以也不知道如何去改，在此，我给大家传一份常见错误中英文对照表及简单解释，希望可以帮到大家：fatal error C1003: error count exceeds number; stopping compilation中文对照：（编译错误）错误太多，停止编译分析：修改之前的错误，再次编译fatal error C1004: unexpected end of file found中文对照：（编译错误）文件未结束分析：一个函数或者一个结构定义缺少“}”、或者在一个函数调用或表达式中括号没有配对出现、或者注释符“/*…*/”不完整等fatal error C1083: Cannot open include file: 'xxx': No such file or directory中文对照：（编译错误）无法打开头文件xxx：没有这个文件或路径分析：头文件不存在、或者头文件拼写错误、或者文件为只读fatal error C1903: unable to recover from previous error(s); stopping compilation中文对照：（编译错误）无法从之前的错误中恢复，停止编译分析：引起错误的原因很多，建议先修改之前的错误error C2001: newline in constant中文对照：（编译错误）常量中创建新行分析：字符串常量多行书写error C2006: #include expected a filename, found 'identifier'中文对照：（编译错误）#include命令中需要文件名分析：一般是头文件未用一对双引号或尖括号括起来，例如“#include stdio.h”error C2007: #define syntax中文对照：（编译错误）#define语法错误分析：例如“#define”后缺少宏名，例如“#define”error C2008: 'xxx' : unexpected in macro definition中文对照：（编译错误）宏定义时出现了意外的xxx分析：宏定义时宏名与替换串之间应有空格，例如“#define TRUE"1"”error C2009: reuse of macro formal 'identifier'中文对照：（编译错误）带参宏的形式参数重复使用分析：宏定义如有参数不能重名，例如“#define s(a,a) (a*a)”中参数a重复error C2010: 'character' : unexpected in macro formal parameter list中文对照：（编译错误）带参宏的形式参数表中出现未知字符分析：例如“#define s(r|) r*r”中参数多了一个字符‘|’error C2014: preprocessor command must start as first nonwhite space中文对照：（编译错误）预处理命令前面只允许空格分析：每一条预处理命令都应独占一行，不应出现其他非空格字符error C2015: too many characters in constant中文对照：（编译错误）常量中包含多个字符分析：字符型常量的单引号中只能有一个字符，或是以“\”开始的一个转义字符，例如“char error = 'error';”error C2017: illegal escape sequence中文对照：（编译错误）转义字符非法分析：一般是转义字符位于' ' 或" " 之外，例如“char error = ' '\n;”error C2018: unknown character '0xhh'中文对照：（编译错误）未知的字符0xhh分析：一般是输入了中文标点符号，例如“char error = 'E'；”中“；”为中文标点符号error C2019: expected preprocessor directive, found 'character'中文对照：（编译错误）期待预处理命令，但有无效字符分析：一般是预处理命令的#号后误输入其他无效字符，例如“#!define TRUE 1”error C2021: expected exponent value, not 'character'中文对照：（编译错误）期待指数值，不能是字符分析：一般是浮点数的指数表示形式有误，例如123.456Eerror C2039: 'identifier1' : is not a member of 'identifier2'中文对照：（编译错误）标识符1不是标识符2的成员分析：程序错误地调用或引用结构体、共用体、类的成员error C2041: illegal digit 'x' for base 'n'中文对照：（编译错误）对于n进制来说数字x非法分析：一般是八进制或十六进制数表示错误，例如“int i = 081;”语句中数字‘8’不是八进制的基数error C2048: more than one default中文对照：（编译错误）default语句多于一个分析：switch语句中只能有一个default，删去多余的defaulterror C2050: switch expression not integral中文对照：（编译错误）switch表达式不是整型的分析：switch表达式必须是整型（或字符型），例如“switch ("a")”中表达式为字符串，这是非法的error C2051: case expression not constant中文对照：（编译错误）case表达式不是常量分析：case表达式应为常量表达式，例如“case "a"”中“"a"”为字符串，这是非法的error C2052: 'type' : illegal type for case expression中文对照：（编译错误）case表达式类型非法分析：case表达式必须是一个整型常量（包括字符型）error C2057: expected constant expression中文对照：（编译错误）期待常量表达式分析：一般是定义数组时数组长度为变量，例如“int n=10; int a[n];”中n为变量，这是非法的error C2058: constant expression is not integral中文对照：（编译错误）常量表达式不是整数分析：一般是定义数组时数组长度不是整型常量error C2059: syntax error : 'xxx'中文对照：（编译错误）‘xxx’语法错误分析：引起错误的原因很多，可能多加或少加了符号xxxerror C2064: term does not evaluate to a function中文对照：（编译错误）无法识别函数语言分析：1、函数参数有误，表达式可能不正确，例如“sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c));”中表达式不正确2、变量与函数重名或该标识符不是函数，例如“int i,j; j=i();”中i不是函数error C2065: 'xxx' : undeclared identifier中文对照：（编译错误）未定义的标识符xxx分析：1、如果xxx为cout、cin、scanf、printf、sqrt等，则程序中包含头文件有误2、未定义变量、数组、函数原型等，注意拼写错误或区分大小写。

软件体系结构描述语言

ADL实例 — Rapide
• 该层次的非形式化是严重的问题吗？
体系结构描述语言的必要性
• 体系结构是降低开发成本的关键
– 开发焦点转移到粗粒度系统成分
• 形式化的体系结构模型是需要的 • 体系结构描述语言(ADLs)作为一种可能的解决方案被提出
ACME Aesop ArTek C2 Darwin LILEANNA MetaH Rapide SADL UniCon Weaves Wright
END input
UniCon的语法 (3)
• UniCon配置
USES p1 PROTOCOL Unix-pipe USES sorter INTERFACE Sort-filter CONNECT sorter.output TO p1.source USES p2 PROTOCOL Unix-pipe USES printer INTERFACE Print-filter CONNECT sorter.input TO p2.sink
• 实现 (implementation)
– 连接件类型
• 协议 (protocol)
– 预定义的角色和属性集合 – 为每个角色预定义的属性集合
• 实现 (implementation)
– 构件类型和连接件类型的实例化 (uses) – 实例的配置 (connect)
UniCon的语法 (2)
• UniCon构件演员
对以下成分进行显式规约构件components?接口连接件connectors配置configurations?期望的特性构件连接件和配置的特定方面工具支持区分adls?模型化配置的方法隐式的配置implicitconfiguration内嵌的配置inlineconfiguration显式的配置explicitconfiguration?关联体系结构和实现的方法实现约束implementationconstraining实现无关implementationindependent?相关符号体系高层设计符号体系模块连接语言mil面向对象符号体系编程语言形式化规约语言adl构件?定义构件是计算或数据存储单元构件是计算和状态的场所?所有的adls支持构件建模?不同的术语构件component接口interface进程process构件分类范畴?接口interfaces模型化要求的required和提供的provided服务?类型types相同的功能能被复用和多重实例化multipleinstances?语义semantics方便分析强制约束体系结构不同层次细化的映射?约束constraints确保符合预期的构件使用使用边界和构件之间的依赖?演化evolution作为设计元素的构件演化通过子类型化和细化进行支持?非功能属性nonfunctionalproperties使能运行时行为的模拟分析约束处理器规约和项目管理adls比较

c#3.0中英文

C#Version 3.0 SpecificationSeptember 2005Notice© 2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Microsoft, Windows, Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++ are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries/regions.Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.Table of Contents目录26. Overview of C# 3.0 （C# 3.0 概述）................................................................ . (5)26.1 Implicitly typed local variables 隐型局部变量(Implicity typed local variables) (5)26.2 Extension methods 扩展方法................................................................... .. (6)26.2.1 Declaring extension methods 声明扩展方法................................................................... . (6)26.2.2 Importing extension methods 导入扩展方法................................................................... . (7)26.2.3 Extension method invocations 扩展方法的调用................................................................... .. (7)26.3 Lambda expressions Lambda表达式................................................................... (8)26.3.1 Lambda expression conversions Lambda 表达式转换 (10)26.3.2 Type inference 类型推导................................................................... .. (11)26.3.3 Overload resolution 重载决议................................................................... .. (13)26.4 Object and collection initializers 对象和集合的初始化器 (14)26.4.1 Object initializers 对象初始化器................................................................... . (14)26.4.2 Collection initializers 集合初始化器................................................................... .. (16)26.5 Anonymous types 匿名类型................................................................... .. (17)26.6 Implicitly typed arrays 隐型数组(Implicitly typed arrays).............................................................. . (18)26.7 Query expressions 查询表达式................................................................... (19)26.7.1 Query expression translation 查询表达式的转换................................................................... . (20)26.7.1.1 where clauses where子句................................................................... .. (21)26.7.1.2 select clauses select 子句................................................................... .. (21)26.7.1.3 group clauses group子句................................................................... . (21)26.7.1.4 orderby clauses orderby 子句................................................................... (22)26.7.1.5 Multiple generators 多重产生器(generator) ......................................................... .. (22)26.7.1.6 into clauses info 子句................................................................... (23)26.7.2 The query expression pattern 查询表达式模式................................................................... . (23)26.7.3 Formal translation rules 正式的转换规则................................................................... (24)26.8 Expression trees 表达式树................................................................... .. (26)26. Overview of C# 3.0 (C# 3.0概述)C# 3.0 (“C# Orcas”) introduces several language extensions that build on C# 2.0 to support the creation and use of higher order, functional style class libraries. The extensions enable construction of compositional APIs that have equal expressive power of query languages in domains such as relational databases and XML. The extensions include:C# 3.0 (“C# 魔兽(Orcas)”) 引入了几个构建在C# 2.0上的语言扩展，用来支持创建和使用更高级的函数式(functional或译：泛函)类库。

常见汇编错误中英对照

missing single or double quotation mark in string 找不到单引号或双引号
empty (null) string 没有字符串
nondigit in number 没有总数
invalid type expression 无效的类型表达式
distance invalid for word size of current segment 当前区、段的大小命令无效
PROC, MACRO, or macro repeat directive must precede LOCAL PROC, MACRO, 或 macro repeat指令必须在LOCAL之前
cannot find cvpack.exe 找不到cvpack.exe
SEVERE 严重的错误
memory operand not allowed in context 内存操作数无法载入上下文环境
[ELSE]IF2/.ERR2 not allowed : single-pass assembler [ELSE]IF2/.ERR2不允许单独汇编
expression too complex for .UNTILCXZ .UNTILCXZ表达式太复杂
can ALIGN only to power of 2 仅能对齐到2的幂
forced error 强制错误
forced error : value equal to 0 标准等于零
forced error : value not equal to 0 标准不等于零
statement too complex 声明太复杂
identifier too long 标识符太长

UL 认证证书说明书

Certificate Number 20171128-E135493Report ReferenceE135493-A36-ULIssue Date2017-NOVEMBER-28Bruce Mahrenholz, Director North American Certification ProgramUL LLC Issued to:VICOR CORP25 FRONTAGE RDANDOVER, MA 01810-5424 UNITED STATESThis is to certify thatrepresentative samples ofPower Supplies for Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical Business Equipment See Addendum.Have been investigated by UL in accordance with the Standard(s) indicated on this Certificate.Standard(s) for Safety:UL 60950-1, (Information Technology Equipment - Safety - Part 1: General Requirements)CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 60950-1-07, (Information Technology Equipment - Safety - Part 1: General Requirements) Additional Information:See the UL Online Certifications Directory at /database for additional informationOnly those products bearing the UL Certification Mark should be considered as being covered by UL's Certification and Follow-Up Service.The UL Recognized Component Mark generally consists of the manufacturer’s identification and catalog number, model number or other product designat ion as specified under “Marking” for the particularRecognition as published in the appropriate UL Directory. As a supplementary means of identifying products that have been produced under UL’s Component Recognition Program, UL’s Recognized Component Mark: , may be used in conjunction with the required Recognized Marks. The Recognized Component Mark is required when specified in the UL Directory preceding the recognitions or under “Markings” for the individual recognitions.Recognized components are incomplete in certain constructional features or restricted in performancecapabilities and are intended for use as components of complete equipment submitted for investigation rather than for direct separate installation in the field. The final acceptance of the component is dependent upon its installation and use in complete equipment submitted to UL LLC.Look for the UL Certification Mark on the product.Certificate Number 20171128-E135493Report ReferenceE135493-A36-ULIssue Date2017-NOVEMBER-28Bruce Mahrenholz, Director North American Certification ProgramUL LLC This is to certify that representative samples of the product as specified on this certificate were tested according to the current UL requirements.DC-DC ConverterModel: Low Voltage 3814 VIA BCM and VIA NBM Series(see Additional Information or Miscellaneous Enclosure 7-01 for Model nomenclature)UL TEST REPORT AND PROCEDUREThis is to certify that representative samples of the products covered by this Test Report have been investigated in accordance with the above referenced Standards. The products have been found to comply with the requirements covering the category and the products are judged to be eligible for Follow-Up Service under the indicated Test Procedure. The manufacturer is authorized to use the UL Mark on such products which comply with this Test Report and any other applicable requirements of UL LLC ('UL') in accordance with the Follow-Up Service Agreement. Only those products which properly bear the UL Mark are considered as being covered by UL's Follow-Up Service under the indicated Test Procedure.The applicant is authorized to reproduce the referenced Test Report provided it is reproduced in its entirety.UL authorizes the applicant to reproduce the latest pages of the referenced Test Report consisting of the first page of the Specific Technical Criteria through to the end of the Conditions of Acceptability.Any information and documentation involving UL Mark services are provided on behalf of UL LLC (UL) or any authorized licensee of UL. Prepared by: James C. Powley Reviewed by: Lesley GreenLow Voltage VIA BCM and VIA NBM Model Matrix: AAA3814cddewwxxyzz Example: BCM3814V60E15A3T01。

XPSPEAK 说明书

Using XPSPEAK Version 4.1 November 2000Contents Page Number XPS Peak Fitting Program for WIN95/98 XPSPEAK Version 4.1 (1)Program Installation (1)Introduction (1)First Version (1)Version 2.0 (1)Version 3.0 (1)Version 3.1 (2)Version 4.0 (2)Version 4.1 (2)Future Versions (2)General Information (from R. Kwok) (3)Using XPS Peak (3)Overview of Processing (3)Appearance (4)Opening Files (4)Opening a Kratos (*.des) text file (4)Opening Multiple Kratos (*.des) text files (5)Saving Files (6)Region Parameters (6)Loading Region Parameters (6)Saving Parameters (6)Available Backgrounds (6)Averaging (7)Shirley + Linear Background (7)Tougaard (8)Adding/Adjusting the Background (8)Adding/Adjusting Peaks (9)Peak Types: p, d and f (10)Peak Constraints (11)Peak Parameters (11)Peak Function (12)Region Shift (13)Optimisation (14)Print/Export (15)Export (15)Program Options (15)Compatibility (16)File I/O (16)Limitations (17)Cautions for Peak Fitting (17)Sample Files: (17)gaas.xps (17)Cu2p_bg.xps (18)Kratos.des (18)ASCII.prn (18)Other Files (18)XPS Peak Fitting Program for WIN95/98 XPSPEAKVersion 4.1Program InstallationXPS Peak is freeware. Please ask RCSMS lab staff for a copy of the zipped 3.3MB file, if you would like your own copyUnzip the XPSPEA4.ZIP file and run Setup.exe in Win 95 or Win 98.Note: I haven’t successfully installed XPSPEAK on Win 95 machines unless they have been running Windows 95c – CMH.IntroductionRaymond Kwok, the author of XPSPEAK had spent >1000 hours on XPS peak fitting when he was a graduate student. During that time, he dreamed of many features in the XPS peak fitting software that could help obtain more information from the XPS peaks and reduce processing time.Most of the information in this users guide has come directly from the readme.doc file, automatically installed with XPSPEAK4.1First VersionIn 1994, Dr Kwok wrote a program that converted the Kratos XPS spectral files to ASCII data. Once this program was finished, he found that the program could be easily converted to a peak fitting program. Then he added the dreamed features into the program, e.g.∙ A better way to locate a point at a noise baseline for the Shirley background calculations∙Combine the two peaks of 2p3/2 and 2p1/2∙Fit different XPS regions at the same timeVersion 2.0After the first version and Version 2.0, many people emailed Dr Kwok and gave additional suggestions. He also found other features that could be put into the program.Version 3.0The major change in Version 3.0 is the addition of Newton’s Method for optimisation∙Newton’s method can greatly reduce the optimisation time for multiple region peak fitting.Version 3.11. Removed all the run-time errors that were reported2. A Shirley + Linear background was added3. The Export to Clipboard function was added as requested by a user∙Some other minor graphical features were addedVersion 4.0Added:1. The asymmetrical peak function. See note below2. Three additional file formats for importing data∙ A few minor adjustmentsThe addition of the Asymmetrical Peak Function required the peak function to be changed from the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function to the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function. Calculation of the asymmetrical function using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function was too difficult to implement. The software of some instruments uses the sum function, while others use the product function, so both functions are available in XPSPEAK.See Peak Function, (Page 12) for details of how to set this up.Note:If the selection is the sum function, when the user opens a *.xps file that was optimised using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function, you have to re-optimise the spectra using the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function with a different %Gaussian-Lorentzian value.Version 4.1Version 4.1 has only two changes.1. In version 4.0, the printed characters were inverted, a problem that wasdue to Visual Basic. After about half year, a patch was received from Microsoft, and the problem was solved by simply recompiling the program2. The import of multiple region VAMAS file format was addedFuture VersionsThe author believes the program has some weakness in the background subtraction routines. Extensive literature examination will be required in order to revise them. Dr Kwok intends to do that for the next version.General Information (from R. Kwok)This version of the program was written in Visual Basic 6.0 and uses 32 bit processes. This is freeware. You may ask for the source program if you really want to. I hope this program will be useful for people without modern XPS software. I also hope that the new features in this program can be adopted by the XPS manufacturers in the later versions of their software.If you have any questions/suggestions, please send an email to me.Raymund W.M. KwokDepartment of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong KongTel: (852)-2609-6261Fax:(852)-2603-5057email: rmkwok@.hkI would like to thank the comments and suggestions from many people. For the completion of Version 4.0, I would like to think Dr. Bernard J. Flinn for the routine of reading Leybold ascii format, Prof. Igor Bello and Kelvin Dickinson for providing me the VAMAS files VG systems, and my graduate students for testing the program. I hope I will add other features into the program in the near future.R Kwok.Using XPS PeakOverview of Processing1. Open Required Files∙See Opening Files (Page 4)2. Make sure background is there/suitable∙See Adding/Adjusting the Background, (Page 8)3. Add/adjust peaks as necessary∙See Adding/Adjusting Peaks, (Page 9), and Peak Parameters, (Page 11)4. Save file∙See Saving Files, (Page 6)5. Export if necessary∙See Print/Export, (Page 15)AppearanceXPSPEAK opens with two windows, one above the other, which look like this:∙The top window opens and displays the active scan, adds or adjusts a background, adds peaks, and loads and saves parameters.∙The lower window allows peak processing and re-opening and saving dataOpening FilesOpening a Kratos (*.des) text file1. Make sure your data files have been converted to text files. See the backof the Vision Software manual for details of how to do this. Remember, from the original experiment files, each region of each file will now be a separate file.2. From the Data menu of the upper window, choose Import (Kratos)∙Choose directory∙Double click on the file of interest∙The spectra open with all previous processing INCLUDEDOpening Multiple Kratos (*.des) text files∙You can open up a maximum of 10 files together.1. Open the first file as above∙Opens in the first region (1)2. In the XPS Peak Processing (lower) window, left click on 2(secondregion), which makes this region active3. Open the second file as in Step2, Opening a Kratos (*.des) text file,(Page 4)∙Opens in the second region (2)∙You can only have one description for all the files that are open. Edit with a click in the Description box4. Open further files by clicking on the next available region number thenfollowing the above step.∙You can only have one description for all the files that are open. Edit with a click in the Description boxDescriptionBox 2∙To open a file that has already been processed and saved using XPSPEAK, click on the Open XPS button in the lower window. Choose directory and file as normal∙The program can store all the peak information into a *.XPS file for later use. See below.Saving Files1. To save a file click on the Save XPS button in the lower window2. Choose Directory3. Type in a suitable file name4. Click OK∙Everything that is open will be saved in this file∙The program can also store/read the peak parameter files (*.RPA)so that you do not need to re-type all the parameters again for a similar spectrum.Region ParametersRegion Parameters are the boundaries or limits you have used to set up the background and peaks for your files. These values can be saved as a file of the type *.rpa.Note that these Region Parameters are completely different from the mathematical parameters described in Peak Parameters, (Page 11) Loading Region Parameters1. From the Parameters menu in the upper window, click on Load RegionParameters2. Choose directory and file name3. Click on Open buttonSaving Parameters1. From the Parameters menu in the XPS Peak Fit (Upper) window, clickon Save Region Parameters2. Choose directory and file name3. Click on the Save buttonAvailable BackgroundsThis program provides the background choices of∙Shirley∙Linear∙TougaardAveraging∙ Averaging at the end points of the background can reduce the time tofind a point at the middle of a noisy baseline∙ The program includes the choices of None (1 point), 3, 5, 7, and 9point average∙ This will average the intensities around the binding energy youselect.Shirley + Linear Background1. The Shirley + Linear background has been added for slopingbackgrounds∙ The "Shirley + Linear" background is the Shirley background plus astraight line with starting point at the low BE end-point and with a slope value∙ If the slope value is zero , the original Shirley calculation is used∙ If the slope value is positive , the straight line has higher values atthe high BE side, which can be used for spectra with higher background intensities at the high BE side∙ Similarly, a negative slope value can be used for a spectrum withlower background intensities at the high BE side2. The Optimization button may be used when the Shirley background is higher at some point than the signal intensities∙ The program will increase the slope value until the Shirleybackground is below the signal intensities∙ Please see the example below - Cu2p_bg.xps - which showsbackground subtraction using the Shirley method (This spectrum was sent to Dr Kwok by Dr. Roland Schlesinger).∙ A shows the problematic background when the Shirley backgroundis higher than the signal intensities. In the Shirley calculation routine, some negative values were generated and resulted in a non-monotonic increase background∙ B shows a "Shirley + Linear" background. The slope value was inputby trial-and-error until the background was lower than the signal intensities∙ C was obtained using the optimisation routineA slope = 0B slope = 11C slope = 15.17Note: The background subtraction calculation cannot completely remove the background signals. For quantitative studies, the best procedure is "consistency". See Future Versions, (Page 2).TougaardFor a Tougaard background, the program can optimise the B1 parameter by minimising the "square of the difference" of the intensities of ten data points in the high binding energy side of the range with the intensities of the calculated background.Adding/Adjusting the BackgroundNote: The Background MUST be correct before Peaks can be added. As with all backgrounds, the range needs to include as much of your peak as possible and as little of anything else as possible.1. Make sure the file of interest is open and the appropriate region is active2. Click on Background in the upper window∙The Region 0 box comes up, which contains the information about the background3. Adjust the following as necessary. See Note.∙High BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data) ∙Low BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data) NOTE: High and Low BE are not automatically within the range of your data. CHECK CAREFULLY THAT BOTH ENDS OF THE BACKGROUND ARE INSIDE THE EDGE OF YOUR DATA. Nothing will happen otherwise.∙No. of Ave. Pts at end-points. See Averaging, (Page 7)∙Background Type∙Note for Shirley + Linear:To perform the Shirley + Linear Optimisation routine:a) Have the file of interest openb) From the upper window, click on Backgroundc) In the resulting box, change or optimise the Shirley + LinearSlope as desired∙Using Optimize in the Shirley + Linear window can cause problems. Adjust manually if necessary3. Click on Accept when satisfiedAdding/Adjusting PeaksNote: The Background MUST be correct before peaks can be added. Nothing will happen otherwise. See previous section.∙To add a peak, from the Region Window, click on Add Peak ∙The peak window appears∙This may be adjusted as below using the Peak Window which will have opened automaticallyIn the XPS Peak Processing (lower) window, there will be a list of Regions, which are all the open files, and beside each of these will be numbers representing the synthetic peaks included in that region.Regions(files)SyntheticPeaks1. Click on a region number to activate that region∙The active region will be displayed in the upper window2. Click on a peak number to start adjusting the parameters for that peak.∙The Processing window for that peak will open3. Click off Fix to adjust the following using the maximum/minimum arrowkeys provided:∙Peak Type. (i.e. orbital – s, p, d, f)∙S.O.S (Δ eV between the two halves of the peak)∙Position∙FWHM∙Area∙%Lorenzian-Gaussian∙See the notes for explanations of how Asymmetry works.4. Click on Accept when satisfiedPeak Types: p, d and f.1. Each of these peaks combines the two splitting peaks2. The FWHM is the same for both the splitting peaks, e.g. a p-type peakwith FWHM=0.7eV is the combination of a p3/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV anda p1/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV, and with an area ratio of 2 to 13. If the theoretical area ratio is not true for the split peaks, the old way ofsetting two s-type peaks and adding the constraints should be used.∙The S.O.S. stands for spin orbital splitting.Note: The FWHM of the p, d or f peaks are the FWHM of the p3/2,d5/2 or f7/2, respectively. The FWHM of the combined peaks (e.g. combination of p3/2and p1/2) is shown in the actual FWHM in the Peak Parameter Window.Peak Constraints1. Each parameter can be referenced to the same type of parameter inother peaks. For example, for four peaks (Peak #0, 1, 2 and 3) with known relative peak positions (0.5eV between adjacent peaks), the following can be used∙Position: Peak 1 = Peak 0 + 0.5eV∙Position: Peak 2 = Peak 1 + 0.5eV∙Position: Peak 3 = Peak 2 + 0.5eV2. You may reference to any peak except with looped references.3. The optimisation of the %GL value is allowed in this program.∙ A suggestion to use this feature is to find a nice peak for a certain setting of your instrument and optimise the %GL for this peak.∙Fix the %GL in the later peak fitting process when the same instrument settings were used.4. This version also includes the setting of the upper and lower bounds foreach parameter.Peak ParametersThis program uses the following asymmetric Gaussian-Lorentzian sumThe program also uses the following symmetrical Gaussian-Lorentzian product functionPeak FunctionNote:If the selection is the sum function, when the user opens a *.xps file that was optimised using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function, you have to re-optimise the spectra using the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function with a different %Gaussian-Lorentzian value.∙You can choose the function type you want1. From the lower window, click on the Options button∙The peak parameters box comes up∙Select GL sum for the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function∙Select GL product for the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function. 2. For the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function, each peak can have sixparameters∙Peak Position∙Area∙FWHM∙%Gaussian-Lorentzian∙TS∙TLIf anyone knows what TS or TL might be, please let me know. Thanks, CMH3. Each peak in the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function can have fourparameters∙Peak Position∙Area∙FWHM∙%Gaussian-LorentzianSince peak area relates to the atomic concentration directly, we use it as a peak parameter and the peak height will not be shown to the user.Note:For asymmetric peaks, the FWHM only refers to the half of the peak that is symmetrical. The actual FWHM of the peak is calculated numerically and is shown after the actual FWHM in the Peak Parameter Window. If the asymmetric peak is a doublet (p, d or f type peak), the actual FWHM is the FWHM of the doublet.Region ShiftA Region Shift parameter was added under the Parameters menu∙Use this parameter to compensate for the charging effect, the fermi level shift or any change in the system work function∙This value will be added to all the peak positions in the region for fitting purposes.An example:∙ A polymer surface is positively charged and all the peaks are shifted to the high binding energy by +0.5eV, e.g. aliphatic carbon at 285.0eV shifts to 285.5eV∙When the Region Shift parameter is set to +0.5eV, 0.5eV will be added to all the peak positions in the region during peak fitting, but the listed peak positions are not changed, e.g. 285.0eV for aliphatic carbon. Note: I have tried this without any actual shift taking place. If someone finds out how to perform this operation, please let me know. Thanks, CMH.In the meantime, I suggest you do the shift before converting your files from the Vision Software format.OptimisationYou can optimise:1. A single peak parameter∙Use the Optimize button beside the parameter in the Peak Fitting window2. The peak (the peak position, area, FWHM, and the %GL if the "fix" box isnot ticked)∙Use the Optimize Peak button at the base of the Peak Fitting window3. A single region (all the parameters of all the peaks in that region if the"fix" box is not ticked)∙Use the Optimize Region menu (button) in the upper window4. All the regions∙Use the Optimize All button in the lower window∙During any type of optimisation, you can press the "Stop Fitting" button and the program will stop the process in the next cycle.Print/ExportIn the XPS Peak Fit or Region window, From the Data menu, choose Export or Print options as desiredExport∙The program can export the ASCII file of spectrum (*.DAT) for making high quality figures using other software (e.g. SigmaPlot)∙It can export the parameters (*.PAR) for further calculations (e.g. use Excel for atomic ratio calculations)∙It can also copy the spectral image to the system clipboard so that the spectral image can be pasted into a document (e.g. MS WORD). Program Options1. The %tolerance allows the optimisation routine to stop if the change inthe difference after one loop is less that the %tolerance2. The default setting of the optimisation is Newton's method∙This method requires a delta value for the optimisation calculations ∙You may need to change the value in some cases, but the existing setting is enough for most data.3. For the binary search method, it searches the best fit for each parameterin up to four levels of value ranges∙For example, for a peak position, in first level, it calculates the chi^2 when the peak position is changed by +2eV, +1.5eV, +1eV, +0.5eV,-0.5eV, -1eV, -1.5eV, and -2eV (range 2eV, step 0.5eV) ∙Then, it selects the position value that gives the lowest chi^2∙In the second level, it searches the best values in the range +0.4eV, +0.3eV, +0.2eV, +0.1eV, -0.1eV, -0.2eV, -0.3eV, and -0.4eV (range0.4eV, step 0.1eV)∙In the third level, it selects the best value in +0.09eV, +0.08eV, ...+0.01eV, -0.01eV, ...-0.09eV∙This will give the best value with two digits after decimal∙Level 4 is not used in the default setting∙The range setting and the number of levels in the option window can be changed if needed.4. The Newton's Method or Binary Search Method can be selected byclicking the "use" selection box of that method.5. The selection of the peak function is also in the Options window.6. The user can save/read the option parameters with the file extension*.opa∙The program reads the default.opa file at start up. Therefore, the user can customize the program options by saving the selectionsinto the default.opa file.CompatibilityThe program can read:∙Kratos text (*.des) files together with the peak fitting parameters in the file∙The ASCII files exported from Phi's Multiplex software∙The ASCII files of Leybold's software∙The VAMAS file format∙For the Phi, Leybold and VAMAS formats, multiple regions can be read∙For the Phi format, if the description contains a comma ",", the program will give an error. (If you get the error, you may use any texteditor to remove the comma)The program can also import ASCII files in the following format:Binding Energy Value 1 Intensity Value 1Binding Energy Value 2 Intensity Value 2etc etc∙The B.E. list must be in ascending or descending order, and the separation of adjacent B.E.s must be the same∙The file cannot have other lines before and after the data∙Sometimes, TAB may cause a reading error.File I/OThe file format of XPSPEAK 4.1 is different from XPSPEAK 3.1, 3.0 and 2.0 ∙XPSPEAK 4.1 can read the file format of XPSPEAK 3.1, 3.0 and 2.0, but not the reverse∙File format of 4.1 is the same as that of 4.0.LimitationsThis program limits the:∙Maximum number of points for each spectrum to 5000∙Maximum of peaks for all the regions to 51∙For each region, the maximum number of peaks is 10. Cautions for Peak FittingSome graduate students believe that the fitting parameters for the best fitted spectrum is the "final answer". This is definitely not true. Adding enough peaks can always fit a spectrum∙Peak fitting only assists the verification of a model∙The user must have a model in mind before adding peaks to the spectrum!Sample Files:gaas.xpsThis file contains 10 spectra1. Use Open XPS to retrieve the file. It includes ten regions∙1-4 for Ga 3d∙5-8 for Ga 3d∙9-10 for S 2p2. For the Ga 3d and As 3d, the peaks are d-type with s.o.s. = 0.3 and 0.9respectively3. Regions 4 and 8 are the sample just after S-treatment4. Other regions are after annealing5. Peak width of Ga 3d and As 3d are constrained to those in regions 1 and56. The fermi level shift of each region was determined using the As 3d5/2peak and the value was put into the "Region Shift" of each region7. Since the region shift takes into account the Fermi level shift, the peakpositions can be easily referenced for the same chemical components in different regions, i.e.∙Peak#1, 3, 5 of Ga 3d are set equal to Peak#0∙Peak#8, 9, 10 of As 3d are set equal to Peak#78. Note that the %GL value of the peaks is 27% using the GL sum functionin Version 4.0, while it is 80% using the GL product function in previous versions.18 Cu2p_bg.xpsThis spectrum was sent to me by Dr. Roland Schlesinger. It shows a background subtraction using the Shirley + Linear method∙See Shirley + Linear Background, (Page 7)Kratos.des∙This file shows a Kratos *.des file∙This is the format your files should be in if they have come from the Kratos instrument∙Use import Kratos to retrieve the file. See Opening Files, (Page 4)∙Note that the four peaks are all s-type∙You may delete peak 2, 4 and change the peak 1,3 to d-type with s.o.s. = 0.7. You may also read in the parameter file: as3d.rpa. ASCII.prn∙This shows an ASCII file∙Use import ASCII to retrieve the file∙It is a As 3d spectrum of GaAs∙In order to fit the spectrum, you need to first add the background and then add two d-type peaks with s.o.s.=0.7∙You may also read in the parameter file: as3d.rpa.Other Files(We don’t have an instrument that produces these files at Auckland University., but you may wish to look at them anyway. See the readme.doc file for more info.)1. Phi.asc2. Leybold.asc3. VAMAS.txt4. VAMASmult.txtHave Fun! July 1, 1999.。

江苏省无锡市英语小升初2024-2025学年复习试题与参考答案

2024-2025学年江苏省无锡市英语小升初复习试题与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1、Question: What time does the train leave for Shanghai?A. At 8:30.B. At 9:00.C. At 9:30.Answer: B.Explanation: The recording might state, “The train to Shanghai departs at 9 o’clock sharp.” Therefore, the correct answer is B, which corresponds to 9:00.2、Question: What does the speaker want to do this weekend?A. Go to the museum.B. Watch a movie.C. Play football.Answer: A.Explanation: The recording could contain a sentence like, “I’m pl anning to visit the history museum this weekend. It’s been a while since I’ve been there.” This indicates that the speaker’s intention is to go to the museum, making A the correct answer.3、 Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer.You will hear: Man: Hi, could you tell me where the nearest library is? Woman: Sure, it’s just down the street on the left, next to the park.Question: Where is the nearest library? A) Across the street from the park. B) Next to the park. C) On the right side of the street.Answer: B) Next to the park. Explanation: The woman clearly states thatthe library is “next to the park” in the conversation.4、 Listen to the short passage and fill in the missing word.You will hear: “Today is Saturd ay, and the weather is perfect for a picnic. The sun is shining brightly, and there’s a gentle breeze. My familyand I have packed a basket full of delicious food, including sandwiches, fruits,and drinks. We’re heading to our favorite spot by the river, w here we can enjoythe scenery and spend some quality time together.”Question: Fill in the blank: “Today is Saturday, and the weather is perfectfor a ________.”Answer: picnic Explanation: The passage describes a scenario where the family is planning a picnic due to the perfect weather conditions on a Saturday.5、Question: Listen to the short dialogue and choose the best answer.Dialogue: (A) Can you tell me the way to the library? (B) Yes, go straight and turn left at the first crossing.Answer: What does the man suggest the woman do?A)Turn right at the crossing.B)Go straight and turn left.C)Ask someone else for directions.Answer: BExplanation: The man is directing the woman to the library by saying “Yes, go straight and turn left at the first crossing.” This clearly indicates the woman should go straight and then turn left, so the correct answer is B.6、Question: Listen to the conversation and complete the sentence with the missing word.Conversation: (A) What’s your favorite subject, Tom? (B) Well, I like English very much, but my best subject is __________.Answer: Complete the sentence: “My best subject is _________.”Possible Answers: (Choose one that fits the context) A) Math B) Music C) ArtAnswer: A (Assuming the speaker mentions math as their best subject, but the actual answer may vary depending on the recording.)Explanation: The question is asking for the subject that Tom considers his best, following his statement that he likes English but has another subject he excels in more. Since the options are Math, Music, and Art, and without the actual recording, we can’t definitively say which one it is. However, if we assume a common answer based on general curriculum, Math is often cited as a challenging and rewarding subject that many students consider their best. But keep in mind, the actual answer would depend on the recording.7、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer. Question: What does the man want to do? A) Buy a book. B) Return a book. C) Borrowa book.Answer: B) Return a book. Explanation: In the dialogue, the man says, “Excuse me, I want to return this book.” This clearly indicates that he wantsto return a book, not buy or borrow one.8、Listen to the short passage and fill in the blank with the missing word. The sun is the_____source of energy for life on Earth.Answer: primary Explanation: The passage is discussing the sun’s roleas the main or primary source of energy for life on Earth. Therefore, the missing word that completes the sentence is “primary.”9、Listen to the short dialogue and choose the best answer.Question: What time does the train leave?A. At 8:15.B. At 8:30.C. At 8:45.Answer: BExplanation: In the dialogu e, one person says, “We need to catch the 8:30 train to be on time for the meeting.” The other person confirms, “Yes, let’s hurry. The 8:30 train leaves in ten minutes.” This clearly indicates that the train leaves at 8:30.10、Listen to the short passage and answer the question.Question: How many books does the speaker want to borrow from the library?A. Three books.B. Five books.C. Seven books.Answer: AExplanation: The passage states, “I’m planning to borrow a few books from the library for my research project. I need to read up on three main topics, so I’ll be taking out three books on those subjects.” This directly answers the question, stating that the speaker wants to borrow three books.11、Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer.Question: What time does the train leave for Shanghai?A. At 8:30.B. At 9:00.C. At 9:30.Answer: B. At 9:00. Explanation: In the dialogue, the speaker says, “The train leaves for Shanghai at 9 o’clock sharp.” This clearly indicates that the train departs at 9:00, so the correct answer is B.12、Listen to the short passage and answer the question.Question: How many books did the speaker buy in total?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.Answer: C. Four. Explanation: The passage states, “I went to the bookstore and bought three novels and a dictionary. So in total, I bought fourbooks.” This directly answers the question, indicating that the speaker purchased four books in total, making C the correct answer.二、选择题（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1.What is the plural form of ‘child’?A. childsB. childs’C. childrenD. childrensAnswer: CExplanation: The correct plural form of ‘child’ is ‘children’. Option A, ‘childs’, is incorrect as it is not a recognized plural form. Option B, ‘childs’‘, adds an apostrophe, which is not used to form plurals in English. Option D, ’childrens’, is also incorrect as it adds an unnecessary ‘s’ at the end.2.Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. I have many book and pencil.B. He likes to play the piano and sing.C. She eats apple and banana for breakfast.D. They watches TV every night.Answer: BExplanation: Option B, “He likes to play the piano and sing,” isgrammatically correct. It uses the correct subject-verb agreement and proper nouns (with articles where needed). Option A is incorrect because it lacks the correct plural form of ‘book’ (‘books’) and ‘pencil’ (‘pencils’). Option C is incorrect because it lacks the plural forms of ‘apple’ (‘apples’) and ‘banana’ (‘bananas’), and ‘the’ should precede ‘apple’ when referring to a specific type of fruit. Option D is incorrect because ‘they’ is a plural subject, so the verb should be ‘watch’ rather than ‘watches’.3、_____ is your birthday?A. WhenB. WhatC. Where Answer: A Explanation: The question is asking about the time of the year when someone’s birthday is, so the appropriate word to use is “when.” “What” is used to ask about things or information, and “where” is used to ask about locatio ns.4、_____ do you go to school?A. HowB. WhenC. Where Answer: A Explanation: While “how” can be used in many ways, one of its meanings is to inquire about the manner or means of doing something. In this context, “how” is used to ask about the method or mode of transportation the person uses to go to school. “When” asks about time, and “where” asks about location, neither of which are appropriate for this question.5、What is the correct spelling of the word “receive”?A. recieveB. recieveC. reciveD. receive Answer: D Explanation: The correct spelling of the word “receive” is “receive” with two “e”s and one “i” between them. Choices A, B, and C are misspellings of the word.6、Which of the following is a preposition?A. RunB. ToC. FastD. Happy Answer: B Explanation: A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. In this case, “to” is a preposition that indicates direction or destination. Choices A, C, and D are not prepositions; A is a verb, C is an adverb, and D is an adjective.7、What’s the meaning of the phrase “in the blink of an eye”?A. In a very short timeB. Very slowlyC. At a specific timeD. Never Answer: A Explanation: “In the blink of an eye” is an idiomatic expression that means something happens very quickly, in a very short period of time. So, the answer is A.8、Which of the following is a correct sentence structure in English?A. The cat sits on the mat quietly.B. Quietly, the cat sits on the mat.C. The mat, quietly, sits the cat on.D. Sits the cat, quietly, on the mat. Answer: A Explanation: In English, adverbs of manner (like “quietly”) typically come after the subjectand before the verb. Option A follows this rule correctly. Option B, although grammatically acceptable, changes the emphasis slightly and is less common in formal writing. Option C has an incorrect sentence structure, as it tries to place the adverb between the subject and the verb in a way that doesn’t make sense. Option D is incorrect because it starts with the verb, which is not the standard English sentence structure for declarative sentences.9、The_______is in the room. We can see it clearly.A. clockB. tableC. sofaD. book Answer: A Explanation: 根据句意“_____ 在房间里，我们可以清楚地看到它”和常识可知，钟表通常会被挂在墙上以便观看时间，因此可以清晰地看到它。

Unit2 Video time(含视频)(教学课件)-高中英语人教版(2019)必修第一册

Students can view the development of tourism dialectically.
教学环节
Lead in Before-watching While-watching Write an e-mail
Peer editing
Assignment
设计内容
马丘比丘关于是否继续发展旅游业的海报
设计目的
运用海报形式，创设马丘比丘征求意见的情景，生动有趣地引出本节课的写作目的和主要话题。
1. Words & Expressions
为学生看视频和文本扫清单词障碍，并熟练运用字典。
学生查字典，在语境中了解马丘比丘相关单词的
含义。
1.Watch video: 看马丘比丘的视频 2. Read for information: 基于文本和视频，学生回答马丘比丘的细节题
教学目标
语言能力
学习能力
文化意识
思维品质
1. Students use the dictionary to know the meaning of words, such as magnetic, civilization, ruins and other words related to Machu Picchu.
Discussion
Shouldn’t be stopped
Should be stopped
1. It can help the development of local economy, because XXX……
2. XXX……
3. ……
1. It’s not good for the local environment, because XXX……

编译运行时错误信息(英汉对照)

编译时错误信息错误代码及错误信息错误释义error 1: Out of memory 内存溢出error 2: Identifier expected 缺标识符error 3: Unknown identifier 未定义的标识符error 4: Duplicate identifier 重复定义的标识符error 5: Syntax error 语法错误error 6: Error in real constant 实型常量错误error 7: Error in integer constant 整型常量错误error 8: String constant exceeds line 字符串常量超过一行error 10: Unexpected end of file 文件非正常结束error 11: Line too long 行太长error 12: Type identifier expected 未定义的类型标识符error 13: Too many open files 打开文件太多error 14: Invalid file name 无效的文件名error 15: File not found 文件未找到error 16: Disk full 磁盘满error 17: Invalid compiler directive 无效的编译命令error 18: Too many files 文件太多error 19: Undefined type in pointer def 指针定义中未定义类型error 20: V ariable identifier expected 缺变量标识符error 21: Error in type 类型错误error 22: Structure too large 结构类型太长error 23: Set base type out of range 集合基类型越界error 24: File components may not be files or objectsfile 分量不能是文件或对象error 25: Invalid string length 无效的字符串长度error 26: Type mismatch 类型不匹配error 27: error 27: Invalid subrange base type 无效的子界基类型error 28: Lower bound greater than upper bound 下界超过上界error 29: Ordinal type expected 缺有序类型error 30: Integer constant expected 缺整型常量error 31: Constant expected 缺常量error 32: Integer or real constant expected 缺整型或实型常量error 33: Pointer Type identifier expected 缺指针类型标识符error 34: Invalid function result type 无效的函数结果类型error 35: Label identifier expected 缺标号标识符error 36: BEGIN expected 缺BEGINerror 37: END expected 缺ENDerror 38: Integer expression expected 缺整型表达式error 39: Ordinal expression expected 缺有序类型表达式error 40: Boolean expression expected 缺布尔表达式error 41: Operand types do not match 操作数类型不匹配error 42: Error in expression 表达式错误error 43: Illegal assignment 非法赋值error 44: Field identifier expected 缺域标识符error 45: Object file too large 目标文件太大error 46: Undefined external 未定义的外部过程与函数error 47: Invalid object file record 无效的OBJ文件格式error 48: Code segment too large 代码段太长error 49: Data segment too large 数据段太长error 50: DO expected 缺DOerror 51: Invalid PUBLIC definition 无效的PUBLIC定义error 52: Invalid EXTRN definition 无效的EXTRN定义error 53: Too many EXTRN definitions 太多的EXTRN定义error 54: OF expected 缺OFerror 55: INTERFACE expected 缺INTERFACEerror 56: Invalid relocatable reference 无效的可重定位引用error 57: THEN expected 缺THENerror 58: TO or DOWNTO expected 缺TO或DOWNTO error 59: Undefined forward 提前引用未经定义的说明error 61: Invalid typecast 无效的类型转换error 62: Division by zero 被零除error 63: Invalid file type 无效的文件类型error 64: Cannot read or write variables of this type 不能读写此类型变量error 65: Pointer variable expected 缺指针类型变量error 66: String variable expected 缺字符串变量error 67: String expression expected 缺字符串表达式error 68: Circular unit reference 单元UNIT部件循环引用error 69: Unit name mismatch 单元名不匹配error 70: Unit version mismatch 单元版本不匹配error 71: Internal stack overflow 内部堆栈溢出error 72: Unit file format error 单元文件格式错误error 73: IMPLEMENTATION expected 缺IMPLEMENTA TION error 74: Constant and case types do not match 常量和CASE类型不匹配error 75: Record or object variable expected 缺记录或对象变量error 76: Constant out of range 常量越界error 77: File variable expected 缺文件变量error 78: Pointer expression expected 缺指针表达式error 79: Integer or real expression expected 缺整型或实型表达式error 80: Label not within current block 标号不在当前块内error 81: Label already defined 标号已定义error 82: Undefined label in preceding statement part 在前面未定义标号error 83: Invalid @ argument 无效的@参数error 84: UNIT expected 缺UNITerror 85: ";" expected 缺“；”error 86: ": " expected 缺“：”error 87: "," expected 缺“，”error 88: "(" expected 缺“（”error 89: ")" expected 缺“）”error 90: "=" expected 缺“=”error 91: ":=" expected 缺“:=”error 92: "[" or "(." Expected 缺“[”或“(.”error 93: "]" or ".)" expected 缺“]”或“.)”error 94: "." expected 缺“.”error 95: ".." expected 缺“..”error 96: Too many variables 变量太多error 97: Invalid FOR control variable 无效的FOR循环控制变量error 98: Integer variable expected 缺整型变量error 99: Files and procedure types are not allowed here 该处不允许文件和过程类型error 100: String length mismatch 字符串长度不匹配error 101: Invalid ordering of fields 无效域顺序error 102: String constant expected 缺字符串常量error 103: Integer or real variable expected 缺整型或实型变量error 104: Ordinal variable expected 缺有序类型变量error 105: INLINE error INLINE错误error 106: Character expression expected 缺字符表达式error 107: Too many relocation items 重定位项太多error 108: Overflow in arithmetic operation 算术运算溢出error 112: CASE constant out of range CASE常量越界error 113: Error in statement 表达式错误error 114: Cannot call an interrupt procedure 不能调用中断过程error 116: Must be in 8087 mode to compile this 必须在8087模式编译error 117: Target address not found 找不到目标地址error 118: Include files are not allowed here 该处不允许INCLUDE文件error 119: No inherited methods are accessible here 该处继承方法不可访问error 121: Invalid qualifier 无效的限定符error 122: Invalid variable reference 无效的变量引用error 123: Too many symbols 符号太多error 124: Statement part too large 语句体太长error 126: Files must be var parameters 文件必须是变量形参error 127: Too many conditional symbols 条件符号太多error 128: Misplaced conditional directive 条件指令错位error 129: ENDIF directive missing 缺ENDIF指令error 130: Error in initial conditional defines 初始条件定义错误error 131: Header does not match previous definition 和前面定义的过程或函数不匹配error 133: Cannot evaluate this expression 不能计算该表达式error 134: Expression incorrectly terminated 表达式错误结束error 135: Invalid format specifier 无效格式说明符error 136: Invalid indirect reference 无效的间接引用error 137: Structured variables are not allowed here 该处不允许结构变量error 138: Cannot evaluate without System unit 没有System单元不能计算error 139: Cannot access this symbol 不能存取符号error 140: Invalid floating point operation 无效的符号运算error 141: Cannot compile overlays to memory 不能编译覆盖模块至内存error 142: Pointer or procedural variable expected 缺指针或过程变量error 143: Invalid procedure or function reference 无效的过程或函数调用error 144: Cannot overlay this unit 不能覆盖该单元error 146: File access denied 不允许文件访问error 147: Object type expected 缺对象类型error 148: Local object types are not allowed 不允许局部对象类型error 149: VIRTUAL expected 缺VIRTUALerror 150: Method identifier expected 缺方法标识符error 151: Virtual constructors are not allowed 不允许虚构造函数error 152: Constructor identifier expected 缺构造函数标识符error 153: Destructor identifier expected 缺析构函数标识符error 154: Fail only allowed within constructors Fail标准过程只能用于构造函数error 155: Invalid combination of opcode and operands 操作数与操作符无效组合error 156: Memory reference expected 缺内存引用指针error 157: Cannot add or subtract relocatable symbols 不能加减可重定位符号error 158: Invalid register combination 无效寄存器组合error 159: 286/287 instructions are not enabled 未激活286/287指令error 160: Invalid symbol reference 无效符号指针error 161: Code generation error 代码生成错误error 162: ASM expected 缺ASMerror 166: Procedure or function identifier expected 缺过程或函数标识符error 167: Cannot export this symbol 不能输出该符号error 168: Duplicate export name 外部文件名重复error 169: Executable file header too large 可执行文件头太长error 170: Too many segments 段太多运行错误信息运行错误分为四类：１、1-99为DOS错误；２、100-149为I/O错误。

C++常见编译的英语提示的翻译

Ambiguous operators need parentheses -----------不明确的运算需要用括号括起 Ambiguous symbol ''xxx'' ----------------不明确的符号 Argument list syntax error ----------------参数表语法错误 Array bounds missing ------------------丢失数组界限符 Array size toolarge -----------------数组尺寸太大 Bad character in paramenters ------------------参数中有不适当的字符 Bad file name format in include directive --------------------包含命令中文件名格式不正确 Bad ifdef directive synatax ------------------------------编译预处理ifdef有语法错 Bad undef directive syntax ---------------------------编译预处理undef有语法错 Bit field too large ----------------位字段太长 Call of non-function -----------------调用未定义的函数 Call to function with no prototype ---------------调用函数时没有函数的说明 Cannot modify a const object ---------------不允许修改常量对象 Case outside of switch ----------------漏掉了case 语句 Case synta

Chapter02 Functions

volatile while
Not allowed, because an identifier is a token
7 Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
format_string plain characters – displayed directly unchanged on the screen, e.g. “This is C” conversion specification(s) – used to convert, format and display argument(s) from the argument_list escape sequences – control the cursor, for example, the newline ‘\n’
equal
10 Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
printf
To display the value of a variable or constant on the screen printf(format_string,argument_list);
Need to make up your own variable names, e.g. lengths: a, b, c angles: a, b, g
For programming in C, the situation is similar choose the variable names, consist of entire words rather than single characters easier to understand your programs if given very descriptive names to each variable

BLAST相关术语及参数详解

Alignm‎e nt: 序列比对。

将两个或多个‎序列排在一起‎，以达到最大一‎致性的过程（对于氨基酸序‎列是比较它们‎的保守性），这样可以评估‎序列间的相似‎性和同源性。

Algori‎t hm: 算法。

在计算机程序‎中包含的一种‎固定过程。

Bit score: 二进制。

二进制值S＇源于统计性质‎被数量化的打‎分系统中产生‎的原始比对分‎数S。

由于二进制值‎相对于打分系‎统已经被标准‎化，它们常用于比‎较不同搜索之‎间的比对分数‎。

BLOSUM‎:模块替换矩阵‎。

在替换矩阵中‎，每个位置的打‎分是在相关蛋‎白局部比对模‎块中观察到的‎替换的频率而‎获得的。

每个矩阵被修‎改成一个特殊‎的进化距离。

例如，在BLOSU‎M62矩阵中‎，是使用一致性‎不超过62%的序列进行配‎对来获得打分‎值的。

一致性大于6‎2%的序列在配对‎时用单个序列‎表示，以避免过于强‎调密切相关的‎家族成员。

Conser‎v ation‎:保守。

指氨基酸或D‎N A（普遍性较小）序列某个特殊‎位置上的改变‎，并不影响原始‎序列的物理化‎学性质。

Domain‎:结构域。

蛋白质在折叠‎时与其他部分‎相独立的一个‎不连续的部分‎，它有着自己独‎特的功能。

DUST: 一个低复杂性‎区段过滤程序‎。

E value: E值。

期望值。

在一个数据库‎中所搜索到的‎打分值等于或‎大于S的不同‎比对的个数。

E值越低，表明该打分值‎的显著性越好‎。

Filter‎i ng: 过滤，也叫掩蔽（maskin‎g）。

指对那么经常‎产生乱真的高‎分数的核苷酸‎或氨基酸序列‎区域进行隐藏‎的过程。

Gap: 空位。

在两条序列比‎对过程中需要‎在检测序列或‎目标序列中引‎入空位，以表示插入或‎删除。

为了避免在比‎对时出现太多‎的空位，可以在收入空‎位的同时，从比对的打分‎值中减去一个‎固定值（空位值）。

在多余的核苷‎酸或氨基酸周‎围引入空位时‎，也要对比对的‎打分值进行罚‎分。

C'C++中的错误信息中英对照

C/C++编译出错的时候有错误提示。

很多情况下即使知道某行代码有错误也不知如何纠正；但如果知道错误提示的意思，就可以对症下药，找到问题的切入点。

下面是笔者从网上收集的一些错误提示语句的中英文对照，仅供参考：Ambiguous operators need parentheses——不明确的运算需要用括号括起Ambiguous symbol ''xxx'' ——不明确的符号Argument list syntax error ——参数表语法错误Array bounds missing——丢失数组界限符Array size toolarge——数组尺寸太大Bad character in paramenters ——参数中有不适当的字符Bad file name format in include directive——包含命令中文件名格式不正确Bad ifdef directive synatax——编译预处理 ifdef有语法错Bad undef directive syntax ——编译预处理 undef有语法错Bit field too large——位字段太长Call of nonfunction——调用未定义的函数Call to function with no prototype——调用函数时没有函数的说明Cannot modify a const object ——不允许修改常量对象Case outside of switch——漏掉了 case 语句Case syntax error Case ——语法错误Code has no effect ——代码不可述不可能执行到Compound statement missing{ ——分程序漏掉"{"Conflicting type modifiers ——不明确的类型说明符Constant expression required——要求常量表达式Constant out of range in comparison——在比较中常量超出范围Conversion may lose significant digits ——转换时会丢失意义的数字Conversion of near pointer not allowed——不允许转换近指针Could not find file ''xxx''——找不到XXX 文件Declaration missing ;——说明缺少"；"Declaration syntax error ——说明中出现语法错误Default outside of switch Default ——出现在switch语句之外Define directive needs an identifier——定义编译预处理需要标识符Division by zero——用零作除数Do statement must have whileDowhile ——语句中缺少 while部分Enum syntax error——枚举类型语法错误Enumeration constant syntax error ——枚举常数语法错误Error directive :xxx ——错误的编译预处理命令Error writing output file写输出文件错误Expression syntax error ——表达式语法错误Extra parameter in call ——调用时出现多余错误File name toolong——文件名太长Function call missing——函数调用缺少右括号Fuction definition out of place——函数定义位置错误Fuction should return a value——函数必需返回一个值Goto statement missing label Goto——语句没有标号Hexadecimal or octal constant too large——16进制或 8 进制常数太大Illegal character ''x'' ——非法字符 xIllegal initialization——非法的初始化Illegal octal digit ——非法的 8 进制数字Illegal pointer subtraction——非法的指针相减Illegal structure operation——非法的结构体操作Illegal use of floating point ——非法的浮点运算Illegal use of pointer——指针使用非法Improper use of a typedefsymbol ——类型定义符号使用不恰当Inline assembly not allowed——不允许使用行间汇编Incompatible storage class——存储类别不相容Incompatible type conversion——不相容的类型转换Incorrect number format ——错误的数据格式Incorrect use of default Default——使用不当Invalid indirection——无效的间接运算Invalid pointer addition——指针相加无效Irreducible expression tree——无法执行的表达式运算Lvalue required——需要逻辑值 0 或非 0 值Macro argument syntax error ——宏参数语法错误Macro expansion too long——宏的扩展以后太长Mismatched number of parameters in definition——定义中参数个数不匹配Misplaced break——此处不应出现break语句Misplaced continue——此处不应出现 continue语句Misplaced decimal point ——此处不应出现小数点Misplaced elif directive——不应编译预处理 elifMisplaced else——此处不应出现 elseMisplaced else directive——此处不应出现编译预处理 elseMisplaced endif directive——此处不应出现编译预处理 endifMust be addressable——必须是可以编址的Must take address of memory location——必须存储定位的地址No declaration for function ''xxx'' ——没有函数 xxx 的说明No stack——缺少堆栈No type information——没有类型信息Nonportable pointer assignment ——不可移动的指针（地址常数）赋值Nonportable pointer comparison——不可移动的指针（地址常数）比较Nonportable pointer conversion——不可移动的指针（地址常数）转换Not a valid expression format type——不合法的表达式格式Not an allowed type——不允许使用的类型Numeric constant too large——数值常太大Out of memory——内存不够用Parameter ''xxx'' is never used——能数 xxx 没有用到Pointer required on left side of> ——符号>的左边必须是指针Possible use of ''xxx'' before definition——在定义之前就使用了 xxx （警告）Possibly incorrect assignment ——赋值可能不正确Redeclaration of ''xxx'' ——重复定义了 xxxRedefinition of ''xxx'' is not identical —— xxx的两次定义不一致Register allocation failure——寄存器定址失败Repeat count needs an lvalue——重复计数需要逻辑值Size of structure or array not known——结构体或数给大小不确定Statement missing ;——语句后缺少"；"Structure or union syntax error ——结构体或联合体语法错误Structure size too large——结构体尺寸太大Sub scripting missing ] ——下标缺少"]"Superfluous & with function or array——函数或数组中有多余的"&"Suspicious pointer conversion——可疑的指针转换Symbol limit exceeded——符号超限Too few parameters in call ——函数调用时的实参少于函数的参数不Too many default cases Default——太多(switch语句中一个)Too many error or warning messages ——错误或警告信息太多Too many type in declaration——说明中类型太多Too much auto memory in function——函数用到的局部存储太多Too much global data defined in file——文件中全局数据太多Two consecutive dots——两个连续的句点Type mismatch in parameter xxx ——参数xxx类型不匹配Type mismatch in redeclaration of ''xxx'' ——xxx 重定义的类型不匹配Unableto create output file ''xxx'' ——无法建立输出文件 xxxUnable to open include file ''xxx'' ——无法打开被包含的文件 xxxUnable to open input file ''xxx'' ——无法打开输入文件 xxxUndefined label ''xxx''——没有定义的标号 xxxUndefined structure ''xxx'' ——没有定义的结构 xxxUndefined symbol ''xxx'' ——没有定义的符号xxxUnexpected end of file in comment started on line xxx ——从 xxx 行开始的注解尚未结束文件不能结束Unexpected end of file in conditional started on line xxx ——从 xxx 开始的条件语句尚未结束文件不能结束Unknown assemble instruction——未知的汇编结构Unknown option——未知的操作Unknown preprocessor directive: ''xxx'' ——不认识的预处理命令 xxxUnreachable code——无路可达的代码Unterminated string or character constant ——字符串缺少引号User break——用户强行中断了程序Void functions may not return a valueVoid ——类型的函数不应有返回值Wrong number of arguments ——调用函数的参数数目错''xxx'' not an argument ——xxx不是参数''xxx'' not part of structure——xxx 不是结构体的一部分xxx statement missing ( —— xxx 语句缺少左括号xxx statement missing ) —— xxx 语句缺少右括号xxx statement missing ;—— xxx 缺少分号xxx'' declared but never used——说明了 xxx但没有使用xxx'' is assigned a value which is never used——给 xxx赋了值但未用过Zero length structure——结构体的长度为零。

FLAC3D中出错警告

B ERROR MESSAGESB.1FLAC3D-Speciﬁc Errors***A zone has undefined material modelOne or more zones in the model has not had a material model deﬁned.This must bedone before cycling.***All zones have NULL fluid modelNo zones with activeﬂuid material models are present.Either activate some zonesforﬂuid calculations or disableﬂuid calculations.***Attempted to create a degenerate triangleThe generation a surface item caused the creation of a degenerate triangle(i.e.onewith co-linear points).***Bad commandFLAC3D failed to recognize the command entered.***Bad format parameter i(string)The i th parameter on the command line was not in the format required by the com-mand syntax.***Bad I/O on fileﬁleFLAC3D was unable to either read or write toﬁleﬁle.If writing,there may be noavailable disk space.If reading,theﬁle may be corrupt.***Bad keyword parameter i(string)Parameter i on the command line was not processed by FLAC3D.Check the commandsyntax.***Bad overlay codeAn illegal overlay code was speciﬁed in the MODEL command.Legal values areintegers between-1and2.***Bad RANGE keywordA range was speciﬁed with an illegal or unrecognized keyword.Check for spellingerrors and see the manual for the correct syntax.***Biot modulus fluid mode is offMay not access Biot modulus when Biot modulus mode is off.***Biot modulus fluid mode is onMay not accessﬂuid modulus fmodulus when Biot modulus mode is on.***Cable element not foundA reference was made to a cable element that does not match any element currentlyin memory.***Cable has zero lengthA cable was speciﬁed/found with a zero element length.***Cable stiffness parameters have not been setSome cable material properties were not speciﬁed prior to cycling.***Cannot allocate memoryFLAC3D could not allocate its reserved memory.Specify less reserved memory atthe command line***Cannot apply stress in global and local axes on same faceApply stresses using one axis system.***Cannot combine NULL and PLANE keywords on a contour plot itemIt is impossible to contour the interior regions of null zones.This combination ofkeywords is not allowed.***Cannot deactivate an external volumeAn external volume is always active and may not be deactivated.***Cannot destroy base viewThe view“Base/0”cannot be destroyed.***Cannot destroy current viewThe current view can not be destroyed.Make another view current and try again.***Cannot find ID numberAn ID number was speciﬁed that does not match any existing object of that type.***Cannot FIX and APPLY velocity in the same directionA FIX condition is implied on gridpoints under an APPLY velocity condition.***Cannot fix or apply velocities to a node that is slaved to an active zoneA cable node that is internal to an active zone may not have its motion restricted inany way.Only a“free”cable node can have its velocity constrained.***Cannot have applied velocities in global and local axes at same gridpoint Apply velocities using one axis system.***Cannot open fileﬁleFLAC3D was unable to open theﬁle.If reading,theﬁle probably does not exist.Ifwriting,theﬁle may already exist in a protected state.***Cannot rename base viewThe view‘Base/0’cannot be renamed.***Cannot set group of an active volumeAn active volume has already chosen its internal zones.This choice can only bemodiﬁed if the volume is made inactive.***Command line overflowA fully-expanded command line has exceeded the maximum length of1024char-acters.***Configuration file errorThe conﬁgurationﬁle is a mirror image of the information stored in the hardwarekey.Thisﬁle is created theﬁrst time FLAC3D is executed.Thereafter,thisﬁle allowsthe user to create models and generate plots without the hardware key attached.Thehardware key will still be required to be attached to cycle.The conﬁgurationﬁledetected has invalid information,attach your hardware key to regenerate it or replacethe conﬁgurationﬁle speciﬁed.***Creep mode not availableCreep extentions are not available in this version of the code.***Density needed for thermal runThe thermal option requires that density be speciﬁed in all active zones.***Density not definedThe dynamic option requires that density be speciﬁed in all active zones.***Device mode mode not compatible with current hardwareThe speciﬁed device mode was not detected as being available on the hardware ofthe current system.***Device mode mode not foundThe speciﬁed device mode is not one currently recognized by the screen device.***Display information not availableThe screen display information was not available.This error should never happen;if it does,contact Itasca.***DOS critical error:stringA critical error(disk access,etc)has occurred on the system.You will be promptedfor possible corrective actions.***Dynamic extension absent from gpDynamic extention information was not present in a gridpoint.There is probablyinsufﬁcient memory available.***Dynamic mode not availableDynamic extentions are not available in this version of the code.***Error creating PCX fileAn error occurred while attempting to output a PCX-ﬁle image of the screen device.***Error initializing deviceAn error occurred while initializing a screen device.Check the mode setting.***Error initializing graphics systemAn error occurred while trying to initialize an output device.Check that the properdevice has been selected.***Error in syntax while specifying output historiesFLAC3D encountered an incorrect syntax while specifying histories to output.Checkthe correct syntax.***Error in system/temp memoryThis is an internal FLAC3D memory management error.If it occurs,contact Itasca.***Error opening history temp fileFLAC3D was unable to open a temporaryﬁle to store history traces.There is probablya problem with the disk drive.***Error reading history temp fileFLAC3D was unable to read the temporaryﬁle it stores history traces in.There isprobably a problem with the disk drive.***Error writing history temp fileFLAC3D was unable to write to the temporaryﬁle it stores history traces in.The diskdrive may be full.***Extra array index out of boundsAn attempt was made to index a gridpont or zone extra array past the number thathad been speciﬁed with the CONFIG command.***Face a,b already has interface elementsCannot double place interface elements from the same interface on the same zoneface.***Face with less than3nodesA face was speciﬁed with less than the minimum of three nodes while building awater table.***Failure to assign gridpointAn error occurred while generating internal gridpoints in a zone primitive.There isprobably no more memory available.***Failure to initialize interface logicThe interface logic is unavailable in this session.There is probably insufﬁcientmemory available.***Failure to insert valueThe Table logic was unable to insert a value into a table.This error should neverappear.If it does,contact Itasca.***Fatal key error--contact ItascaAn error has occurred in the hardware logic detection system that makes it impossibleto continue executing the program.***Fileﬁle not save fileAn attempt was made to restore aﬁle that was not a FLAC3D saveﬁle.***Font file name not foundA fontﬁle needed by the screen device was not found.Check for their existence inthe current directory.***Free surface already exists at that locationAn attempt was made to create a surface triangle in a location where a free(notbound to a volume)surface already exists.***GEN iterator error:stringThis is an internal error to the grid iterator.These errors should never happen.If itdoes,note the contents of string and notify Itasca.***General interface error-stringAn internal interface processing error.This error should never occur.If it does,contact Itasca.***Generic dynamic array processing errorThis error should never occur.Contact Itasca.***Generic linked list processing errorThis error should never occur.Contact Itasca.***Gravity not definedThe gravity vector must be deﬁned prior to the deﬁnition of the water table.***Gridpoint already has applied velocities in another local axes system Use one axis system.***Gridpoint i does not existA reference was made to a gridpoint ID that does not match any currently in memory.***Group’string’does not existA reference was made to a group whose name does not match any currently inmemory.***History i does not existAn attempt was made to access a history ID that does not exist.***Illegal block plot typeThis error should never occur.If it does,contact Itasca.***Illegal contour typeThis error should never occur.If it does,contact Itasca.***Illegal error code iThis error should never occur.If it does,contact Itasca.***Illegal geometry in zone iZone i contains one or more internal tetrahedrons with zero or negative volume.Check zone geometry.***Implicit scheme failed to converge***Insufficient memory to restore stateThe saveﬁle used more memory than is available to this session of FLAC3D.RestartFLAC3D and reserve more memory.***Insufficient number of vertices definedMore vertices need to be speciﬁed to fully describe the surface desired.***Intended device not availableThe device speciﬁed for output is not available on this version of FLAC3D.***Interface element already exists with those vertices.Cannot create two identical interface elements in the same interface.***Interface i not foundA reference was made to an interface that does not yet exist.***Interface node i already exists at that location.Cannot create two nodes on the same interface at the same location.***Interface node not foundNo interface nodes are present in that interface.***Invalid history ID numberAn illegal integer was speciﬁed as a history ID number.***Invalid input type(i)This error should never appear.If it does,contact Itasca.***Key for different code IDThe hardware lock detected is for a different program.***Key for newer version of codeThe hardware lock detected is for an older version of the program.Contact Itascato update the version.***Library error stringThis is an internal C runtime library error.In general,this will pertain to aﬂoatingpoint error.***May only have one contour plotitem per viewThere may only be a single PlotItem of type Contour in a view’s PlotItem list.***May only ouput one history to a single tableWhen writing a history to a table,only one history trace and one table may bespeciﬁed.***May only specify i output historiesA maximum of i histories may be output simultaneously.***Memory overflowFLAC3D has run out of its reserved memory.Save the run,and restart with morememory if available.***MetaWindow Query Error Code i/iAn internal error from the graphics library driving the screen device.***Missing parameter iFLAC3D required another parameter at position i on the command line.***Mouse driver not foundA mouse driver was not found on the system.Check your computers initializationﬁles.***Multiple volume constraint failureA gridpoint which was constrained to two or more volumes was unable to meet all ofits constraints.A probable cause is a surface geometry much smaller that the zonesizes near it.***Must specify a non-zero extrusion vectorAn extrusion vector must be speciﬁed for an extruded type of surface generation.***Must specify position to create new nodeIn order to create a new cable node,a position in space must be speciﬁed.***Must specify all three nodes of an interface element.The locations of all vertices of an interface element must be speciﬁed to create it.***Must specify an interface ID number.An interface ID number must be speciﬁed for most interface commands.***Must specify position to create new nodeIn order to create a new cable node,a position in space must be speciﬁed.***No convergence in30SVDCMP iterationsThis error should never occur.If it does,contact Itasca.***Node not foundA reference was made to a cable or surface node that does not match any currentlyin memory.***Non-convex faceWhile entering a water table,a polygon was entered that was not convex.***Non-planar faceWhile entering a water table,a polygon was entered that was not planar.***Not configured for creep calculationThe code must be conﬁgured(using the CONFIG command)for creep calculationbefore creep extentions can be used.***Not configured for dynamic calculationThe code must be conﬁgured(using the CONFIG command)for dynamic calculationbefore dynamic extentions can be used.***Not configured for fluid flow calculationThe code must be conﬁgured(using the CONFIG command)forﬂuid calculationbefore thermalﬂuid can be used.***Not configured for thermal calculationThe code must be conﬁgured(using the CONFIG command)for thermal calculationbefore thermal extentions can be used.***Not enough memory available for command processorThere must be enough memory left in the system(outside of the memory reserved forFLAC3D)to load command processor.If possible,reserve less memory at start-up.***Open surface at zone a face b edge cThe grid iterator was unable to build a closed list of faces and gridpoints for a newlyactivated volume.***PlotItem ID i not foundA reference was made to a plot-item ID number that does not exist in the currentview list.***Property bad,or does not correspond to modelAn attempt was made to specify a non-existent property,or one that does not corre-spond to a given model.***Recursive use of named rangesA name was given to a range that matches a name used by one of its elements.Thisrecursive relationship is not allowed,and the new range is not saved under that name.***Referenced non-existent auxiliary input(i)This error should never occur;if it does,contact Itasca.***Save file incompatible with present versionThe saveﬁle is no longer compatible with the present version of the e theold version or re-run the problem.***hardware copy protection not detected...Press ESC to exit program or any other key to try again and continue.If unsuccessful,contact your local code agentThe hardware copy protection(i.e.,hardware lock,hostid)was not detected.Replaceit and try again.If FLAC3D is still unable to detect it,contact your local code agent.***SOLVE Error:No master processes activeAt least on process(mechanical,ﬂuid,or thermal)must not be a slave to use theSOLVE command.***Table i does not existA reference was made to a table number that does not yet exist.***Table i not foundA reference was made to a table ID that does not match any currently in memory.***Thermal mode not availableThermal extentions are not available in this version of the code.***This model name does not existPlease refer to the manual to determine the available models and their names.***Time step too large for given propertiesCheck the properties.***Timestep rejected by moduleThis error should never occur.Contact Itasca.***Token length overflowA single token has exceeded the maximum length of80characters.***Unable to fix degenerate zone iWhile grid iterating,a zone has degenerated in a way that the iterator was unable tomodify.Increasing the number of zones in the region might help,as might adjustingthe sizeﬁeld toﬁt the surface geometry better.***Unable to find Gp i in surface listThe grid iterator was unable to build a closed list of faces and gridpoints for a newlyactivated volume.***Unable to initialize device stringUnable to initialize screen device string.***Unable to load fontﬁleUnable to load fontﬁleﬁle,which is needed by the graphics system.***ViewID name already existsAn attempt was made to create a new View with an ID that matches one alreadypresent.***ViewID i not foundA reference was made to a ViewID number that does not exist.***ViewID name not foundA reference was made to a ViewID name that does not exist.***Viscous damping too highReduce the damping value speciﬁed.***Volume i not foundA reference was made to a V olume ID number that does not currently exist.***Water density not definedThe water density must be deﬁned prior to the deﬁnition of the water table.***Water table orthogonal to gravityA water table element was added that was parallel with the direction of the gravityvector.This is not allowed.***Zero gridpoint massAn active gridpoint shows zero inertial mass.Check the material properties beingused.***Zero gridpoint stiffnessAn active gridpoint shows zero accumulated stiffness.Check the material propertiesbeing used.B.2FISH Error Messages***Array index is not an integer***Array name is already used by an array***Bad syntaxCheck your spelling(including case),punctuation and assignments.***Bad type conversionThis usually means that a string or a pointer is being used in an arithmetic expressionwith a number.***Call number is invalidThe given FISHCALL number is not between0and50.***Cannot execute(string)...not a functionThe named symbol is not a deﬁned function.***Cannot give value to left-hand sideThe intrinsic variable is“read only”—i.e.,it cannot be given a value.***Cannot interpret function or array argumentThe argument of an intrinsic or FLAC3D-speciﬁc function has a bad format—seemanual.***Cannot interpret(string)as a numberA built-in function expects a number as argument,but something else is present.***Cannot process...not a DEFined functionCheck your spelling(including case),punctuation and assignments.***Cannot raise negative number to real powerThe manipulation of complex numbers is not within the scope of the code.***CASE must be followed by integer between0and256Only constant integer values are allowed.***CASE or END CASE,but no preceding CASE OFStructure is CASEOF...CASE...<CASE>...ENDCASE with multipleCASE clauses.***CASE OF must be followed by somethingA valid expression with an integer result is expected.***Dimension should be positive integerArray dimensions should either be integers or FISH variables names that have integervalues at compile time.***Duplicate CASE numberCASE numbers must appear once only in a CASE section.***ELSE or END IF,but no preceding IFStructure is IF...THEN...<ELSE>...ENDIF with a single ELSE clause optional.Indenting your code will help you track this error.***Empty line after’=’***END COMMAND,but no preceding COMMANDStructure is COMMAND...ENDCOMMAND.Indenting your code will help you trackthis error.***END LOOP,but no preceding LOOPStructure is LOOP...ENDLOOP.Indenting your code will help you track this error. ***Expected=<>#<=or>=but missing***Extraneous materialThere are extraneous characters on the same line after a FISH statement.***FISH compilation errorFISH was unable to compile the function as entered,probably due to an erroneouscommand or a spelling error.***FISH execution errorFISH was unable to execute the function as entered.This could be caused bycommand errors,division by zero,or other such programming faux pas.***Fish-function name expected but not found***Function name has been defined before***Function name is already an array***Function name is inappropriate or conflicts with reserved word***Function string is being called recursivelyThe named function is trying to execute itself(e.g.,the function name is on theleft-hand side of an assignment).***Inappropriate equals signAn equals sign is in an inappropriate place.***Inappropriate keywordA FISH keyword is being used in an inappropriate place.***Inappropriate right parenthesisCheck your punctuation.***Incomplete string(missing quotation mark)Check your punctuation.***Integer between0&255must follow CASE***Internal FISH error..send data file to Itasca***Missing argument(s)Refer to Chapter4,FISH User’s Guide,for the arguments required.***Missing comma in loop rangeCheck format of LOOP statement—see deﬁnition in manual.***Missing END CASE statementThe function has ended,but with an incomplete CASE section.***Missing END IF statement(s)A function deﬁnition has been ended,but with an incomplete IF section.***Missing END LOOP statementThe function has ended,but with an incomplete LOOP.***Missing left-hand side to assignment***Missing loop range(s)***Missing material***Missing name***Missing right-hand side to assignment***Missing test symbol:=<>#<=or>=One,and only one,of the noted test symbols may be used in the expression. ***More than one equals sign***Name conflicts with existing symbol name***Name conflicts with keyword or intrinsic name***Name corresponds to an existing function***Name is already an array;cannot re-define***Nested SECTIONs not allowed***No corresponding IF statementAn ENDIF has been given without a preceding IF.***No END SECTION statementThe function has ended,but with an incomplete SECTION.***No function name***No preceding CASE OFCASE or ENDCASE has been encountered with no proceeding CASEOF.***No preceding LOOP statement***No SECTION has been definedAn ENDSECTION or EXIT SECTION has been encountered,but there is no precedingSECTION.***Non-existent table***Not a user-defined symbol***Not currently within a SECTIONInappropriate EXIT SECTION in dataﬁle.***Number has bad format***Number of arguments conflicts with previous usage***Parentheses do not balanceCheck your punctuation.***Pointers can only be compared with=or#The general test symbols(<,>,etc.)are not available for pointers.***Premature end of line***Reached END,but with missing END CASEFISH has reached the END of your function and has detected a bad CASE construct.***Reached END,but with missing END IFFISH has reached the END of your function and has detected a bad IF construct.***Reached END but with missing END SECTIONFISH has reached the END of your function and has detected a bad SECTION construct.***Reached END,but with unclosed LOOPFISH has reached the END of your function and has detected a bad LOOP construct. ***Requested table or item does not exist***Square root of negative number***This is a Fish variable,not a functionThe given FISH symbol cannot be executed because it is not the name of a function.***Too many ELSE statementsOnly one ELSE may come between IF and ENDIF.***Trying to divide by zero***Unbalanced parentheses***Unbalanced quote marks***WHILE STEPPING&COMMAND cannot co-exist in a function***Wrong number of argumentsRefer to Chapter4,FISH User’s Guide,for the arguments required.。

C编译器错误信息中文翻译

I．Compiling ——compile 编译II．fatal error ——重大错误III．Error executing ——执行错误IV．syntax error ——语法错误1．Expression syntax error ——表达式语法错误2．Declaration syntax error ——声明中出现语法错误3．Compound statement missing{ ——复合语句漏掉"{" 4．Illegal character ``x`` ——非法字符x5．undeclared identifier ——未定义的标识符6．redeclaration of ``xxx`` ——重复定义了xxx7．Declaration missing ; ——声明缺少"；"8．Cannot open include file: 'iostram.h': No such file or directory ——打不开包含文件'iostram.h'：没有这个文件或者路径错误9．Could not find file ``xxx`` ——找不到XXX文件10．missing ';' before identifier 'cout'——在标识符'cout' 之前缺少';' 11．unexpected end of file found ——找不到文件结束12．unresolved external symbol _main ——缺少主函数main 13．missing ')' before '{' ——在'{' 之前缺少')'14．Call to function with no prototype ——调用函数时没有声明函数15．Call of non-function ——调用未定义的函数16．Function should return a value ——函数必需返回一个值17．Type mismatch in parameter xxx ——参数xxx类型不匹配18．Do statement must have while ——Do-while语句中缺少while 部分19．Argument list syntax error ——参数表语法错误20．Division by zero ——用零作除数21．Array size toolarge ——数组尺寸太大22．Case outside of switch ——漏掉了case 语句23．Misplaced break ——此处不应出现break语句24．Code has no effect ——代码执行不到25．Constant expression required ——要求常量表达式26．Constant out of range in comparison ——在比较中常量超出范围27．writing output file ——写输出文件错误28．Unable to create output file ``xxx`` ——无法建立输出文件xxx 29．Illegal initialization ——非法的初始化30．Illegal use of floating point ——非法的浮点运算31．Illegal use of pointer ——指针使用非法32．Incompatible type conversion ——不相容的类型转换33．Lvalue required ——需要逻辑值0或非0值34．Macro argument syntax error ——宏参数语法错误35．Mismatched number of parameters in definition ——定义中参数个数不匹配36．Bad character in paramenters ——参数中有不适当的字符37．Bad file name format in include directive ——包含命令中文件名格式不正确38．Conversion may lose significant digits ——转换时会丢失意义的数字39．Out of memory ——内存不够用40．Parameter ``xxx`` is never used ——参数xxx没有用到41．``xxx`` is assigned a value which is never used ——xxx定义了但没有使用42．Possible use of ``xxx`` before definition ——在定义之前就使用了xxx（警告）43．Possibly incorrect assignment ——赋值可能不正确44.Ambiguous operators need parentheses -----------不明确的运算需要用括号括起45.Ambiguous symbol ''xxx'' ----------------不明确的符号46.Argument list syntax error ----------------参数表语法错误47.Array bounds missing ------------------丢失数组界限符48.Array size toolarge -----------------数组尺寸太大49.Bad character in paramenters ------------------参数中有不适当的字符50.Bad file name format in include directive --------------------包含命令中文件名格式不正确51.Bad ifdef directive synatax ------------------------------编译预处理ifdef有语法错52.Bad undef directive syntax ---------------------------编译预处理undef有语法错53.Bit field too large ----------------位字段太长54.Call of non-function -----------------调用未定义的函数55.Call to function with no prototype ---------------调用函数时没有函数的说明56.Cannot modify a const object ---------------不允许修改常量对象57.Case outside of switch ----------------漏掉了case 语句58.Case syntax error ------------------ Case 语法错误59.Code has no effect -----------------代码不可述不可能执行到pound statement missing{ --------------------分程序漏掉"{"61.Conflicting type modifiers ------------------不明确的类型说明符62.Constant expression required ----------------要求常量表达式63.Constant out of range in comparison -----------------在比较中常量超出范围64.Conversion may lose significant digits -----------------转换时会丢失意义的数字65.Conversion of near pointer not allowed -----------------不允许转换近指针66.Could not find file ''xxx'' -----------------------找不到XXX文件67.Declaration missing ; ----------------说明缺少"；"68.Declaration syntax error -----------------说明中出现语法错误69.Default outside of switch ------------------ Default 出现在switch语句之外70.Define directive needs an identifier ------------------定义编译预处理需要标识符71.Division by zero ------------------用零作除数72.Do statement must have while ------------------ Do-while语句中缺少while部分73.Enum syntax error ---------------------枚举类型语法错误74.Enumeration constant syntax error -----------------枚举常数语法错误75.Error directive :xxx ------------------------错误的编译预处理命令76.Error writing output file ---------------------写输出文件错误77.Expression syntax error -----------------------表达式语法错误78.Extra parameter in call ------------------------调用时出现多余错误79.File name too long ----------------文件名太长80.Function call missing -----------------函数调用缺少右括号81.Fuction definition out of place ------------------函数定义位置错误82.Fuction should return a value ------------------函数必需返回一个值83.Goto statement missing label ------------------ Goto语句没有标号84.Hexadecimal or octal constant too large ------------------16进制或8进制常数太大85.Illegal character ''x'' ------------------非法字符x86.Illegal initialization ------------------非法的初始化87.Illegal octal digit ------------------非法的8进制数字88.Illegal pointer subtraction ------------------非法的指针相减89.Illegal structure operation ------------------非法的结构体操作90.Illegal use of floating point -----------------非法的浮点运算91.Illegal use of pointer --------------------指针使用非法92.Improper use of a typedefsymbol ----------------类型定义符号使用不恰当93.In-line assembly not allowed -----------------不允许使用行间汇编94.Incompatible storage class -----------------存储类别不相容95.Incompatible type conversion --------------------不相容的类型转换96.Incorrect number format -----------------------错误的数据格式97.Incorrect use of default --------------------- Default使用不当98.Invalid indirection ---------------------无效的间接运算99.Invalid pointer addition ------------------指针相加无效100.Irreducible expression tree -------------------无法执行的表达式运算101.Lvalue required ---------------------------需要逻辑值0或非0值102.Macro argument syntax error -------------------宏参数语法错误103.Macro expansion too long ----------------------宏的扩展以后太长104.Mismatched number of parameters in definition ---------------------定义中参数个数不匹配105.Misplaced break ---------------------此处不应出现break语句106.Misplaced continue ------------------------此处不应出现continue语句107.Misplaced decimal point --------------------此处不应出现小数点108.Misplaced elif directive --------------------不应编译预处理elif109.Misplaced else ----------------------此处不应出现else110.Misplaced else directive ---------------此处不应出现编译预处理else 111.Misplaced endif directive -------------------此处不应出现编译预处理endif112.Must be addressable ----------------------必须是可以编址的113.Must take address of memory location ------------------必须存储定位的地址114.No declaration for function ''xxx'' -------------------没有函数xxx的说明115.No stack ---------------缺少堆栈116.No type information ------------------没有类型信息117.Non-portable pointer assignment --------------------不可移动的指针（地址常数）赋值118.Non-portable pointer comparison --------------------不可移动的指针（地址常数）比较119.Non-portable pointer conversion ----------------------不可移动的指针（地址常数）转换120.Not a valid expression format type ---------------------不合法的表达式格式121.Not an allowed type ---------------------不允许使用的类型122.Numeric constant too large -------------------数值常太大123.Out of memory -------------------内存不够用124.Parameter ''xxx'' is never used ------------------能数xxx没有用到125.Pointer required on left side of -> -----------------------符号->的左边必须是指针126.Possible use of ''xxx'' before definition -------------------在定义之前就使用了xxx（警告）127.Possibly incorrect assignment ----------------赋值可能不正确128.Redeclaration of ''xxx'' -------------------重复定义了xxx129.Redefinition of ''xxx'' is not identical ------------------- xxx的两次定义不一致130.Register allocation failure ------------------寄存器定址失败131.Repeat count needs an lvalue ------------------重复计数需要逻辑值132.Size of structure or array not known ------------------结构体或数给大小不确定133.Statement missing ; ------------------语句后缺少"；"134.Structure or union syntax error ------------结构体或联合体语法错误135.Structure size too large ----------------结构体尺寸太大136.Sub scripting missing ] ----------------下标缺少右方括号137.Superfluous & with function or array ------------------函数或数组中有多余的"&"138.Suspicious pointer conversion ---------------------可疑的指针转换139.Symbol limit exceeded ---------------符号超限140.Too few parameters in call -----------------函数调用时的实参少于函数的参数不141.Too many default cases --------------- Default太多(switch语句中一个) 142.Too many error or warning messages --------------------错误或警告信息太多143.Too many type in declaration -----------------说明中类型太多144.Too much auto memory in function -------函数用到的局部存储太多145.Too much global data defined in file -------------文件中全局数据太多146.Two consecutive dots -----------------两个连续的句点147.Type mismatch in parameter xxx ----------------参数xxx类型不匹配148.Type mismatch in redeclaration of ''xxx''----xxx重定义的类型不匹配149.Unable to create output file ''xxx'' ---------------无法建立输出文件xxx 150.Unable to open include file ''xxx'' ---------无法打开被包含的文件xxx 151.Unable to open input file ''xxx'' ----------------无法打开输入文件xxx 152.Undefined label ''xxx'' -------------------没有定义的标号xxx153.Undefined structure ''xxx'' -----------------没有定义的结构xxx154.Undefined symbol ''xxx'' -----------------没有定义的符号xxx155.Unexpected end of file in comment started on line xxx ----------从xxx 行开始的注解尚未结束文件不能结束156.Unexpected end of file in conditional started on line xxx ----从xxx 开始的条件语句尚未结束文件不能结束157.Unknown assemble instruction ----------------未知的汇编结构158.Unknown option ---------------未知的操作159.Unknown preprocessor directive: ''xxx'' -----------------不认识的预处理命令xxx160.Unreachable code ------------------无路可达的代码161.Unterminated string or character constant -----------字符串缺少引号er break ----------------用户强行中断了程序163.Void functions may not return a value ----------------- Void类型的函数不应有返回值164.Wrong number of arguments -----------------调用函数的参数数目错165.''xxx'' not an argument ----------------- xxx不是参数166.''xxx'' not part of structure -------------------- xxx不是结构体的一部分167.xxx statement missing ( -------------------- xxx语句缺少左括号168.xxx statement missing ) ------------------ xxx语句缺少右括号169.xxx statement missing ; -------------------- xxx缺少分号170.xxx'' declared but never used -------------------说明了xxx但没有使用171.xxx'' is assigned a value which is never used ----------------------给xxx 赋了值但未用过172.Zero length structure ------------------结构体的长度为零。

生存空间和生命周期以及多载化函式课件

生存空間和生命週期以及多載化函
2024/7/31
式
16
編譯器對同名函式的解讀-4
如果兩個函式的參數列只有預設引數不同,那麼第二個函式會被視為第一個函式的重複宣告.
例如:
//宣告相同的函式
int max(int*,int);
int max(int*,int=10);
範例程式: OverLoadDemo.cpp
以下是危險的做法:
int* trouble() {
int res; ………. return &res; //危險的,因為res的記憶體已經被釋放了. }
生存空間和生命週期以及多載化函
2024/7/31
式
8
Register Automatic Objects
對於使用量極重的automatic objects,可以用關鍵字register修飾他們.
式
25
練習題解答參考
敘述句練習題範例程式: Lesson3HomeWork.cpp
函式練習題範例程式: Lesson4HomeWork.cpp
生存空間和生命週期以及多載化函
2024/7/31
式
26
生命週期同global object(整個程式期間) object可見度受限於local scope. 初值初始化動作僅做第一次. 範例程式: LocalObjectDemo.cpp 如果宣告時沒有給定初值,則內定初值為
0. 驗證程式: LocalObjectInit.cpp
生存空間和生命週期以及多載化函
2024/7/31
式
10
動態配置的物件
使用指標和 new , delete 算式.
程式不會自動釋放利用new配置的記憶體,程式設計師必須自行用delete釋放.

c_readme

Open Watcom C/C++ Getting StartedVersion 1.8Notice of CopyrightCopyright © 2002-2008 the Open Watcom Contributors. Portions Copyright © 1984-2002 Sybase, Inc.and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.Any part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, manual, optical, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of anyone.For more information please visit /1 Introduction to Open Watcom C/C++ (1)1.1 What is in version 1.8 of Open Watcom C/C++? (1)1.2 Technical Support and Services (3)Resources at Your Fingertips (3)Contacting Technical Support (4)Information Technical Support Will Need to Help You (4)Suggested Reading (4)C Programmers (4)C++ Programmers (5)DOS Developers (5)Extended DOS Developers (5)Windows 3.x Developers (5)Windows NT Developers (6)OS/2 Developers (6)Virtual Device Driver Developers (6)2 Installation (7)2.1 Hardware and Software Requirements (7)2.2 The README File (7)2.3 Installing Open Watcom C/C++ (7)2.4 Incremental Installation (9)2.5 System Configuration File Modifications (9)2.6 Installation Notes for Windows 3.x (10)2.7 Installation Notes for OS/2 (10)3 Hands-on Introduction to Open Watcom C/C++ (13)3.1 Outline (13)3.2 The Open Watcom C/C++ Tutorial (14)Defining a Project (14)Adding Multiple Targets (17)Making a Target (17)Making All Targets (17)Executing the Program (18)Smart Editing (19)Debugging the Program (21)Using the Source Browser (23)Correcting an Error (24)Editing a Bitmap (25)Editing Menus (26)Sampling and Profiling an Executable (28)Saving the Project and Terminating the Session (29)3.3 Tutorial Review (30)4 Documentation (31)4.1 Accessing On-line Documentation (32)On-line Documentation under DOS (32)On-line Documentation under Windows (33)On-line Documentation under OS/2 (34)5 Benchmarking Hints (37)6 Release Notes for Open Watcom C/C++ 1.8 (39)6.1 Differences from Open Watcom Version 1.6 (39)6.2 Changes in 1.7 that may Require Recompilation (41)6.3 Differences from Open Watcom Version 1.5 (41)6.4 Differences from Open Watcom Version 1.4 (43)6.5 Differences from Open Watcom Version 1.3 (46)6.6 Changes in 1.4 that may Require Recompilation (49)6.7 Differences from Open Watcom Version 1.2 (50)6.8 Differences from Open Watcom Version 1.1 (52)6.9 Differences from Open Watcom Version 1.0 (55)6.10 Differences from Version 11.0 (56)6.11 Changes in 11.0 that may Require Recompilation (56)6.12 Major Differences from Version 10.6 (56)Changes to the C++ Compiler for 11.0 (57)Changes to the C Compiler for 11.0 (58)Changes to the Code Generator for 11.0 (59)Changes to the Compiler Tools for 11.0 (59)Changes to the C/C++ Libraries for 11.0 (60)Changes to the DOS Graphics Library for 11.0 (61)Changes in Microsoft Foundation Classes Support for 11.0 (61)Changes in Microsoft Win32 SDK Support for 11.0 (61)Changes in Blue Sky’s Visual Programmer for 11.0 (61)6.13 Changes in 10.6 that may Require Recompilation (61)6.14 Major Differences from Version 10.5 (61)Windows 95 Help File Format (61)Changes to the C++ Compiler in 10.6 (62)Changes to the C Compiler in 10.6 (62)Changes to the C Library in 10.6 (62)Changes in Microsoft Foundation Classes Support for 10.6 (63)Changes to the Image Editor in 10.6 (63)Changes to the Dialog Editor in 10.6 (63)Changes to the Resource Editor in 10.6 (63)Changes to the Resource Compiler in 10.6 (63)6.15 Major Differences from Version 10.0 (64)Changes in 10.5 that may Require Recompilation (74)6.16 Major Differences from Version 10.0 LA (74)6.17 Major Differences from Watcom C9.5 /386 (74)Items No Longer Supported (75)Changes in 10.0 that may Require Recompilation (75)6.18 Major Differences from Watcom C9.01 /386 (76)Changes that may Require Recompilation (76)6.19 Major Differences from Watcom C9.0 /386 (77)Command Line Options added to Watcom C9.0 /386 (77)6.20 Major Differences from Watcom C8.5 /386 (77)Command Line Options added to Watcom C8.5 /386 (78)6.21 Major Differences from Watcom C8.0 /386 (78)Command Line Options added to Watcom C8.0 /386 (79)6.22 Major Differences from Watcom C7.0 /386 (79)Protected-mode Compiler and Linker (79)7 Sybase Open Watcom Public License (81)8 Trouble-Shooting (87)8.1 Win-OS/2 and OS/2 Specific (88)1 Introduction to Open Watcom C/C++Welcome to the Open Watcom C/C++ 1.8 development system. Open Watcom C/C++ is an Open Sourcesuccessor to commercial compilers previously marketed by Sybase, Powersoft and originally WATCOMInternational Corp.Version 1.8 of Open Watcom C/C++ is a professional, optimizing, multi-platform C and C++ compiler witha comprehensive suite of development tools for developing and debugging both 16-bit and 32-bitapplications for DOS, extended DOS, Novell NLMs, 16-bit OS/2, 32-bit OS/2, Windows 3.x, Windows95/98/Me, Win32s, and Windows NT/2000/XP (Win32).You should read the entire contents of this booklet, as it contains information on new programs andmodifications that have been made since the previous release.Special NOTE to users of previous versions! See the section entitled "Release Notes for Open WatcomC/C++ 1.8" on page 39 to determine if you need to recompile your application.1.1 What is in version 1.8 of Open Watcom C/C++?Version 1.8 incorporates the features professional developers have been demanding:Open, Multi-target Integrated Development EnvironmentThe IDE allows you to easily edit, compile, link, debug and build applications for 16-bit systemslike DOS, OS/2 1.x, and Windows 3.x and 32-bit systems like extended DOS, Novell NLMs,OS/2, Windows 3.x (Win32s), Windows 95/98/Me, and Windows NT/2000/XP. Projects can bemade up of multiple targets which permit a project to include EXEs and DLLs. The IDE producesmakefiles for the project which can be viewed and edited with a text editor. The IDE is hostedunder Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98/Me, Windows NT/2000/XP, and 32-bit OS/2.The Widest Range of Intel x86 PlatformsHost Platforms• DOS (command line)• 32-bit OS/2 (IDE and command line)• Windows 3.x (IDE)• Windows 95/98/Me (IDE and command line)• Windows NT/2000/XP (IDE and command line)16-bit Target Platforms• DOS• Windows 3.x• OS/2 1.xChapter 132-bit Target Platforms• Extended DOS• Win32s• Windows 95/98/Me• Windows NT/2000/XP• 32-bit OS/2• Novell NLMsCross-Platform Development ToolsThe core tools in the package permit cross-platform development that allows developers to exploitthe advanced features of today’s popular 32-bit operating systems, including Windows 95/98/Me,Windows NT/2000/XP, and OS/2. Cross-platform support allows you to develop on a hostdevelopment environment for execution on a different target system.Multi-Platform DebuggerThe new debugger advances developer productivity. New features include redesigned interface,ability to set breakpoints on nested function calls, improved C++ and DLL debugging, reverseexecution, and configurable interface. Graphical versions of the debugger are available underWindows 3.x, Windows 95/98/Me, Windows NT/2000/XP, and 32-bit OS/2. Character versionsof the debugger are available under DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows NT/2000/XP, and 32-bit OS/2.For VIDEO fans, we have kept the command line compatibility from the original debugger.Class BrowserThe Browser lets you visually navigate the object hierarchies, functions, variable types, andconstants of your C/C++ application.Performance AnalysisThe Open Watcom Execution Sampler and Open Watcom Execution Profiler are performanceanalysis tools that locate heavily used sections of code so that you may focus your efforts on theseareas and improve your application’s performance.Editor The Open Watcom Editor is a context sensitive source editor, integrated into the Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98/Me and Windows NT/2000/XP version of the IDE.Graphical Development ToolsOpen Watcom C/C++ includes a suite of graphical development tools to aid development ofWindows 3.x, Windows 95/98/Me and Windows NT/2000/XP applications. The developmenttools include:Resource Editors Enable you to create resources for your 16-bit and 32-bit Windowsapplications. For 32-bit OS/2 PM development, Open Watcom C/C++interoperates with IBM’s OS/2 Developer’s Toolkit (available from IBM).These tools have been seamlessly integrated into the IDE. The resourcecompiler allows you to incorporate these resources into your application.Resource Compiler Produces a compiled resource file from a source file.Zoom Magnifies selected sections of your screen.Heap Walker Displays memory usage for testing and debugging purposes.Spy Monitors messages passed between your application and Windows.Introduction to Open Watcom C/C++DDESpy Monitors all DDE activity occurring in the system.Dr. Watcom Enables you to debug your program by examining both the program and thesystem after an exception occurs; monitors native applications running underWindows 3.x, Windows 95/98/Me or Windows NT/2000/XP.AssemblerAn assembler is included in the package. It is compatible with a subset of the Microsoft macroassembler (MASM).C++ Class LibrariesOpen Watcom C/C++ includes container and stream class libraries.Royalty-free 32-bit DOS ExtenderOpen Watcom C/C++ includes the DOS/4GW 32-bit DOS extender by Tenberry Software withroyalty-free run-time and virtual memory support up to 32MB.Support for wide range of DOS ExtendersOpen Watcom C/C++ allows you to develop and debug applications based on the following DOSextender technology: CauseWay DOS Extender, Tenberry Software’s DOS/4G and Phar Lap’sTNT DOS Extender. You can also develop applications using DOS/32A and FlashTek’s DOSExtender but, currently, there is no support for debugging these applications.Sample programs and applicationsOpen Watcom C/C++ includes a large set of sample applications to demonstrate the integrateddevelopment environment.1.2 Technical Support and ServicesWe are committed to ensuring that our products perform as they were designed. Although a significantamount of testing has gone into this product, you may encounter errors in the software or documentation.Technical support is provided on an informal basis through the Open Watcom C/C++ newsgroups. Pleasevisit / for more information.Resources at Your FingertipsOpen Watcom C/C++ contains many resources to help you find answers to your questions. Thedocumentation is the first place to start. With each release of the product, we update the manuals to answerthe most frequently asked questions. Most of this information is also accessible through on-line help.The "README" file in the main product directory contains up-to-date information that recently becameavailable.Answers to frequently asked questions are available on the Open Watcom World Wide Web server(/).Chapter 1Contacting Technical SupportOur technical support is available to help resolve technical defects in the software. Note that all support iscurrently informal and free. The following are ways to contact technical support.Newsgroups The easiest way to get support is through the Open Watcom newsgroups atnews:///.World Wide Web You can also submit bug reports or enhancement requests through the Open Watcom bug tracking system at /.Information Technical Support Will Need to Help YouThe more information you can provide to technical support, the faster they can help you solve yourproblem. A detailed description of the problem, short sample program, and a summary of steps to duplicatethe problem (including compiler and linker options) are essential. Concise problem reports allow technicalsupport to quickly pinpoint the problem and offer a resolution. Here is a list of information that will helptechnical support solve the problem:Contact informationWe would like your name, as well as telephone and fax numbers where you can be reachedduring the day.Product informationPlease tell us the product name and exact version number.Hardware configurationPlease tell us what type of processor you are using (e.g., 2.2GHz Intel Pentium 4), howmuch memory is present, what kind of graphics adapter you are using, and how muchmemory it has.Software configurationPlease tell us what operating system and version you are using.Concise problem report with short sample programPlease provide a complete description of the problem and the steps to reproduce it. Asmall, self-contained program example with compile and link options is ideal. Suggested ReadingThere are a number of good books and references that can help you answer your questions. Following is alist of some of the books and documents we feel might be helpful. This is by no means an exhaustive list.Contact your local bookstore for additional information.C ProgrammersIntroduction to Open Watcom C/C++ The C Programming Language, 2nd EditionBrian W. Kernighan and Dennis M.Ritchie; Prentice Hall, 1988.C DiskTutorL. John Ribar; Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1992.C++ ProgrammersC++ Primer, 2nd EditionStanley B. Lippman; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1991.Teach Yourself C++ in 21 DaysJesse Liberty; Sams Publishing, 1994.DOS DevelopersPC Interrupts, Second EditionRalf Brown and Jim Kyle; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.Relocatable Object Module Format Specification, V1.1The Intel OMF specification can be obtained from the Intel ftp site. Here is the URL.ftp:///pub/tis/omf11g.zipThis ZIP file contains a Postscript version of the Intel OMF V1.1 specification. Extended DOS DevelopersExtending DOS—A Programmer’s Guide to Protected-Mode DOS, 2nd EditionRay Duncan, et al; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1992.DOS Protected-Mode Interface (DPMI) SpecificationThe DPMI 1.0 specification can be obtained from the Intel ftp site. Here is the URL.ftp:///pub/IAL/software_specs/dpmiv1.zipThis ZIP file contains a Postscript version of the DPMI 1.0 specification. Windows 3.x DevelopersMicrosoft Windows Programmer’s ReferenceMicrosoft Corporation; Microsoft Press, 1990.Programming Windows 3.1, Third EditionCharles Petzold; Microsoft Press, 1992.Windows Programming Primer PlusJim Conger; Waite Group Press, 1992.Technical Support and Services5Chapter 1Windows NT DevelopersAdvanced Windows NTJeffrey Richter; Microsoft Press. 1994.Inside Windows NTHelen Custer; Microsoft Press. 1993.Microsoft Win32 Programmer’s Reference, Volume OneMicrosoft Corporation; Microsoft Press, 1993.OS/2 DevelopersThe Design of OS/2H.M. Deitel and M.S. Kogan; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1992.OS/2 Warp Unleashed, Deluxe EditionDavid Moskowitz and David Kerr, et al; Sams Publishing, 1995.Virtual Device Driver DevelopersWriting Windows Virtual Device DriversDavid Thielen and Bryan Woodruff; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994. 6Technical Support and Services2 InstallationThe package contains the following components:• Open Watcom C/C++ CD-ROM• This manual2.1 Hardware and Software RequirementsOpen Watcom C/C++ requires the following minimum configuration:• IBM PC compatible• An 80386 or higher processor• 8 MB of memory• Hard disk with enough space available to install the components you require.• A CD-ROM disk driveIn addition to the above requirements, you need one of the following operating systems:• DOS version 5.0 or higher• Microsoft Windows version 3.1 running in enhanced mode• Microsoft Windows 95 or higher• Microsoft Windows NT version 3.1 or higher• IBM OS/2 2.1 or higher2.2 The README FileBefore you install Open Watcom C/C++, you should read the contents of the "README" file which isstored in the root directory of the CD-ROM. It contains valuable, up-to-date information concerning thisproduct.2.3 Installing Open Watcom C/C++The installation program in this version has been completely redesigned with several new "smart" features.If you have installed a previous version of Open Watcom C/C++ then you should install Open WatcomC/C++ 1.8 into the same path (except for the reason described in the following paragraph). It will examinea previous installation to determine what features were previously installed. It will use this information toestablish default settings for the installation that you are about to attempt. Of course, you can add orremove features as you progress through the installation steps.Installing Open Watcom C/C++7Chapter 2If you are installing only one of the Open Watcom C/C++ or Open Watcom FORTRAN 77 products andyou have an older version of the other product, we do NOT recommend that you install the new productinto the same directory as the old product. The Open Watcom C/C++ and Open Watcom FORTRAN 77products are compatible at the same version number. However, the Open Watcom C/C++ and OpenWatcom FORTRAN 77 products are usually NOT compatible across different version numbers. If this isthe case, care must be exercised when switching between use of the two products. Environment variablessuch as PATH and WATCOM must be modified and/or corrected. System files such as CONFIG.SYSand SYSTEM.INI must be modified and/or corrected.If you are installing both Open Watcom C/C++ 1.8 and Open Watcom FORTRAN 77 1.8, we recommendthat you install both products under the same directory. This will eliminate duplication of files and, as aresult, reduce the total required disk space. The two products share the use of certain environment variableswhich point to the installation directory. If separate installation directories are used, problems will arise.When you install Open Watcom C/C++ and Open Watcom FORTRAN 77 in the same directory, youshould not deselect any options when running the second installation; otherwise the second product’s installmay remove files that were installed (and are required) by the first product’s install. This isn’t an issue ifyou only have one of Open Watcom C/C++ or Open Watcom FORTRAN 77. The problem is that OpenWatcom C/C++ and Open Watcom FORTRAN 77 don’t know about the installation options you haveselected for each other’s product.If you wish to create a backup of your previous version, please do so before installing Open WatcomC/C++ 1.8.If you decide to install Open Watcom C/C++ 1.8 into a different directory than the previously installedversion, you will have to manually edit system files (e.g., CONFIG.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT,SYSTEM.INI) after the installation process is complete to remove the old version from variousenvironment variables (e.g., PATH, DEVICE=). This is necessary since the path to the new version willappear after the path to the old version. To avoid this extra work, we recommend installing the new versioninto the same path as the old version.As an example, here are a few of the environment variables and "RUN" directives that are modified/addedto the OS/2CONFIG.SYS file. You should make sure that all references to the older version of thesoftware are removed.Example:LIBPATH=...;D:\WATCOM\BINP\DLL;...SET PATH=...;D:\WATCOM\BINP;D:\WATCOM\BINW;...SET HELP=...;D:\WATCOM\BINP\HELP;...SET BOOKSHELF=...;D:\WATCOM\BINP\HELP;...SET INCLUDE=...;D:\WATCOM\H\OS2;D:\WATCOM\H;SET WATCOM=D:\WATCOMSET EDPATH=D:\WATCOM\EDDATRUN=D:\WATCOM\BINP\NMPBIND.EXEYou may wish to run Open Watcom C/C++ under more than one operating system on the same personalcomputer. For every operating system that you use, simply start up the operating system and run thecorresponding install procedure.If you run the Windows 3.x installation procedure, you do not need to run the DOS installation procedurealso.If you plan to use Win-OS/2 as a development platform under OS/2, you must run the Windows 3.1 installprogram (selecting Windows 3.1 host support).8Installing Open Watcom C/C++Installation Place the CD-ROM disk in your CD-ROM drive. Select one of the following procedures depending on thehost operating system that you are currently running. Below, substitute the CD-ROM drive specificationfor "x:".DOS Enter the following command:x:\setupWindows 3.x Start Windows 3.x and choose Run from the File menu of the Program Manager.Enter the following command:x:\setupWindows 95/98/Me Choose Run from the Start menu and enter the following command:x:\setupWindows NT/2000/XP Log on to an account that is a member of the "Administrator" group so that youhave sufficient rights to modify the system environment. Choose Run from the Filemenu of the Program Manager. Enter the following command:x:\setupOS/2Start an OS/2 session and enter the following command:x:\install2.4 Incremental InstallationYou may wish to install Open Watcom C/C++, and subsequently install features that you omitted in thefirst install. You can also remove features that you no longer wish to have installed. You can achieve thisas follows:1. Start the installation program.2. Select any new features that you wish to install.3. Deselect any features that you wish to remove.4. Re-run the installation program for each host operating system that you use.2.5 System Configuration File ModificationsThe install program makes changes to your operating system startup files to allow Open Watcom C/C++ torun. We strongly recommend that you allow the install program to modify your system configuration filesfor you, but you may do it by hand. The changes required may be found in any of the following files whichhave been placed in the root of the installation directory:CONFIG.NEW Changes required for CONFIG.SYS (DOS, Windows, Windows 95/98/Me,OS/2)AUTOEXEC.NEW Changes required for AUTOEXEC.BAT (DOS, Windows, Windows 95/98/Me,OS/2)System Configuration File Modifications9Chapter 2CHANGES.ENV Changes required for the Windows NT/2000/XP environment2.6 Installation Notes for Windows3.x1. When you use the Integrated Development Environment under Windows 3.x, it is important thatthe IDE’s batch server program be able to run in the background. Therefore, make sure that the"Exclusive in Foreground" checkbox is NOT checked in the "Scheduling" options of "386Enhanced" in the "Control Panel".2. When you use the Integrated Development Environment under Windows3.x, the lineOverlappedIO=ONin your "SYSTEM.INI" file can cause problems. This controls (disables) the queuing of DiskIOand makes some changes between DOS box timings to allow some processes to finish.3. When you use the Integrated Development Environment under Windows 3.x, it is important thatthe lineNoEMMDriver=ONnot appear in your "SYSTEM.INI" file. It will prevent a link from succeeding in the IDE..4. When you use the Integrated Development Environment under Windows 3.x on the NECPC-9800 series, it is important that the lineInDOSPolling=TRUEnot appear in your "SYSTEM.INI" file. It will prevent a make from succeeding in the IDE.5. Central Point Software’s anti-virus programs (VDEFEND, VSAFE, VWATCH) conflict with theIntegrated Development Environment under Windows 3.x.6. The Program Information File "BATCHBOX.PIF" is used by the Integrated DevelopmentEnvironment (IDE) to start up a background batch server for compiling, linking, etc. The PIFreferences "". If you are using a substitute for "" such as"" then you must modify the PIF accordingly using a PIF editor.2.7 Installation Notes for OS/21. The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) uses the IBM OS/2 Enhanced System Editor(EPM) for editing text files. You must ensure that EPM is installed in your OS/2 system if youare planning to use the IDE. You can selectively install the Enhanced Editor by running theOS/2 Setup and Installation program (Selective Install) and choosing "Enhanced Editor" fromthe "Tools and Games" detail page.2. On some systems with limited memory that use the UNDELETE feature of OS/2, compile timesmay be slow because OS/2 is saving copies of compiler temporary files. You may start theBATSERV process using the OS/2STARTUP.CMD file with DELDIR turned off as illustratedbelow.10Installation Notes for OS/2Installation SET OLD_DEL_DIR=%DELDIR%SET DELDIR=DETACH C:\WATCOM\BINP\BATSERV.EXESET DELDIR=%OLD_DEL_DIR%SET OLD_DEL_DIR=3. If you plan to use the Named Pipe Remote Debugging support of the Open Watcom Debuggerthen the NMPSERV.EXE. program must be running. It may be started during OS/2initialization via a "RUN=" statement in your CONFIG.SYS file or manually as needed through the DETACH command.Installation Notes for OS/211Chapter 212Installation Notes for OS/23 Hands-on Introduction to Open Watcom C/C++Let’s get started and introduce some of the tools that are in Open Watcom C/C++. The purpose of thischapter is to briefly test out the new graphical tools in Open Watcom C/C++ using an existing application.In this tutorial, we will take an existing set of C++ source files, create a project in our integrateddevelopment environment, and perform the following tasks:• Add multiple targets• Make a target• Make all targets• Execute the program• Debug the program• Use the Browser• Correct errors• Sample and profile the executable• Save the project• Terminate the session3.1 OutlineOpen Watcom’s Integrated Development Environment (IDE) manages the files and tools that a programmeruses when developing a project. This includes all the source files, include files, libraries, compiler(s),linkers, preprocessors, etc. that one uses.The IDE has a graphical interface that makes it easy to visualize the make-up of a project. A single IDEsession shows a project. If the project consists of a number of components, such as two executables andone library, these are each shown as target windows in the project window. Each target window shows thefiles that are needed to construct the target and is associated via its filename extension with a rule thatdescribes the construction mechanism. For example, a filename with the extension ".EXE" may beassociated with the rule for constructing 32-bit Windows executables, or a filename with the extension".LIB" may be associated with the rule for constructing static libraries. Different projects can refer to thesame target. If they do, the target is shared and can be manipulated via either project, with changes madethrough one affecting the other.The IDE itself is a collection of programs that manages the various files and tools used to create the targetlibraries and executables. It creates makefile(s) from the information in the target descriptions and invokesOpen Watcom Make to construct the targets themselves. A configuration file contains built-in knowledgeof the Open Watcom compilers, editors, Profiler, and Browser, as well as all their switches.Outline13。

常见C语言错误提示信息

Ambiguous operators need parentheses 不明确的运算需要用括号括起Ambiguous symbol ''xxx''不明确的符号Argument list syntax error参数表语法错误Array bounds missing丢失数组界限符Array size toolarge数组尺寸太大Bad character in paramenters参数中有不适当的字符Bad format in include directive包含命令中文件名格式不正确Bad ifdef directive synatax编译预处理ifdef有语法错Bad undef directive syntax编译预处理undef有语法错Bit field too large位字段太长Call of non-function调用未定义的函数Call to function with no prototype调用函数时没有函数的说明Cannot modify a const object不允许修改常量对象Case outside of switch漏掉了case 语句Case syntax errorCase 语法错误Code has no effect代码不可述不可能执行到Compound statement missing{分程序漏掉"{"Conflicting type modifiers不明确的类型说明符Constant expression required要求常量表达式Constant out of range in comparison 在比较中常量超出范围Conversion may lose significant digits 转换时会丢失意义的数字Conversion of near pointer not allowed 不允许转换近指针Could not find file ''xxx''找不到XXX文件Declaration missing ;说明缺少"；"Declaration syntax error说明中出现语法错误Default outside of switchDefault 出现在switch语句之外Define directive needs an identifier定义编译预处理需要标识符Division by zero用零作除数Do statement must have whileDo-while语句中缺少while部分Enum syntax error枚举类型语法错误Enumeration constant syntax error枚举常数语法错误Error directive :xxx错误的编译预处理命令Error writing output file写输出文件错误Expression syntax error表达式语法错误Extra parameter in call调用时出现多余错误too long文件名太长Function call missing )函数调用缺少右括号Fuction definition out of place函数定义位置错误Fuction should return a value函数必需返回一个值Goto statement missing labelGoto语句没有标号Hexadecimal or octal constant too large 16进制或8进制常数太大Illegal character ''x''非法字符xIllegal initialization非法的初始化Illegal octal digit非法的8进制数字Illegal pointer subtraction非法的指针相减Illegal structure operation非法的结构体操作Illegal use of floating point非法的浮点运算Illegal use of pointer指针使用非法Improper use of a typedefsymbol类型定义符号使用不恰当In-line assembly not allowed不允许使用行间汇编Incompatible storage class存储类别不相容Incompatible type conversion不相容的类型转换Incorrect number format错误的数据格式Incorrect use of defaultDefault使用不当Invalid indirection无效的间接运算Invalid pointer addition指针相加无效Irreducible expression tree无法执行的表达式运算Lvalue required需要逻辑值0或非0值Macro argument syntax error宏参数语法错误Macro expansion too long宏的扩展以后太长Mismatched number of parameters in definition 定义中参数个数不匹配Misplaced break此处不应出现break语句Misplaced continue此处不应出现continue语句Misplaced decimal point此处不应出现小数点Misplaced elif directive不应编译预处理elifMisplaced else此处不应出现elseMisplaced else directive此处不应出现编译预处理elseMisplaced endif directive此处不应出现编译预处理endifMust be addressable必须是可以编址的Must take address of memory location必须存储定位的地址No declaration for function ''xxx''没有函数xxx的说明No stack缺少堆栈No type information没有类型信息Non-portable pointer assignment不可移动的指针（地址常数）赋值Non-portable pointer comparison不可移动的指针（地址常数）比较Non-portable pointer conversion不可移动的指针（地址常数）转换Not a valid expression format type不合法的表达式格式Not an allowed type不允许使用的类型Numeric constant too large数值常太大Out of memory内存不够用Parameter ''xxx'' is never used能数xxx没有用到Pointer required on left side of ->符号->的左边必须是指针Possible use of ''xxx'' before definition 在定义之前就使用了xxx（警告）Possibly incorrect assignment赋值可能不正确Redeclaration of ''xxx''重复定义了xxxRedefinition of ''xxx'' is not identical xxx的两次定义不一致Register allocation failure寄存器定址失败Repeat count needs an lvalue重复计数需要逻辑值Size of structure or array not known 结构体或数给大小不确定Statement missing ;语句后缺少"；"Structure or union syntax error结构体或联合体语法错误Structure size too large结构体尺寸太大Sub scripting missing ]下标缺少右方括号Superfluous & with function or array函数或数组中有多余的"&" Suspicious pointer conversion可疑的指针转换Symbol limit exceeded符号超限Too few parameters in call函数调用时的实参少于函数的参数不Too many default casesDefault太多(switch语句中一个)Too many error or warning messages错误或警告信息太多Too many type in declaration说明中类型太多Too much auto memory in function函数用到的局部存储太多Too much global data defined in file文件中全局数据太多Two consecutive dots两个连续的句点Type mismatch in parameter xxx参数xxx类型不匹配Type mismatch in redeclaration of ''xxx'' xxx重定义的类型不匹配Unable to create output file ''xxx''无法建立输出文件xxxUnable to open include file ''xxx''无法打开被包含的文件xxxUnable to open input file ''xxx''无法打开输入文件xxxUndefined label ''xxx''没有定义的标号xxxUndefined structure ''xxx''没有定义的结构xxxUndefined symbol ''xxx''没有定义的符号xxxUnexpected end of comment started on line xxx 从xxx行开始的注解尚未结束文件不能结束Unexpected end of conditional started on line xxx 从xxx 开始的条件语句尚未结束文件不能结束Unknown assemble instruction未知的汇编结构Unknown option未知的操作Unknown preprocessor directive: ''xxx''不认识的预处理命令xxxUnreachable code无路可达的代码Unterminated string or character constant字符串缺少引号User break用户强行中断了程序Void functions may not return a valueVoid类型的函数不应有返回值Wrong number of arguments调用函数的参数数目错''xxx'' not an argumentxxx不是参数''xxx'' not part of structurexxx不是结构体的一部分xxx statement missing (xxx语句缺少左括号xxx statement missing )xxx语句缺少右括号xxx statement missing ;xxx缺少分号xxx'' declared but never used说明了xxx但没有使用xxx'' is assigned a value which is never used给xxx赋了值但未用过Zero length structure结构体的长度为零。

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American Journal of Transplantation2005;5:1490–1494 Blackwell Munksgaard Copyright C Blackwell Munksgaard2005 doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00873.xLocal Complement C3Expression is Upregulated in Humoral and Cellular Rejection of Renal AllograftsEbru Serins¨oz a,Oliver Bock a,Wilfried Gwinner b, Anke Schwarz b,Hermann Haller b,Hans Kreipe a and Michael Mengel a,∗a Department of Pathology,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover,Hannover,Germanyb Department of Nephrology,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover,Hannover,Germany∗Corresponding author:Michael Mengel,mengel.michael@mh-hannover.deEvidence on the role of the complement system in transplantation pathology has been accelerated by the discovery of C4d as an in situ marker of antibody-mediated rejection.However,a local or systemic source of complement expression during acute rejec-tion is under discussion.Thus,we quantitatively ana-lyzed local RNA expression of complement component C3as a pivotal molecule in active humoral and cellu-lar rejection of renal allografts.After laser microdis-section,real-time RT-PCR was performed for C3us-ing RNA extracted from tubuli and glomeruli of68 parafﬁn-embedded renal allograft biopsies.Protocol and indication biopsies with signs of humoral and/or cellular rejection were investigated.Quantitative ex-pression analysis of cytokines(IFN gamma,MCP-1, IL2,IL8)potentially inﬂuencing local C3expression was performed.We observed a signiﬁcant increase in median expression level of C3mRNA in tubuli of C4d-positive indication biopsies,and in tubuli from indication biopsies with signs of T-cell-mediated cel-lular rejection.Highest expression levels were found in C4d-positive indication biopsies with signs of cellu-lar rejection.Biopsies with upregulated C3showed in-creased IFN gamma expression,suggesting allograft-inﬁltrating T-cells as potential stimulus for local C3ex-pression.Therefore,locally synthesized complement component C3contributes to both humoral and cellu-lar rejection,with tubular epithelial cells being a major source.Key words:Complement,C3,C4d,renal transplanta-tionReceived2September2004,revised7January2005 and accepted for publication23January2005IntroductionPrevious research on rejection of solid organ allografts has largely focused on T-cell-mediated cellular immunity,which led to a signiﬁcantly improved1-year allograft survival un-der modern immunosuppressive therapy.However,after decades of neglect,complement has been rediscovered as a potential mediator and diagnostic indicator of cellular and humoral rejection in organ transplants(1,2).In particular,the introduction of C4d as an in situ marker for active humoral rejection in renal allografts has led to a resurgence of interest in the role of complement activation. Humoral rejection,mediated by complement activation via the classical pathway after the binding of donor-speciﬁc antibodies,is now recognized as a clinically relevant en-tity,which has been incorporated into the recently updated Banff classiﬁcation of renal allograft rejection(3–6). Furthermore,complement might play a key role in direct-ing and augmenting the immune response during episodes of cellular rejection(7–9).The effect of complement com-ponent C3on T lymphocyte responses to allografts has been demonstrated with C3-deﬁcient mice(9).Sacks et al.have shown that renal allografts from C3-deﬁcient donors survive signiﬁcantly longer than those from C3-expressing wild-type mice.The renal allografts from C3-deﬁcient donors elicited decreased T-cell responses,com-pared with those in recipients of C3-expressing grafts(9). Thus,C3stays at the common convergence point of cellu-lar,T-cell-mediated rejection as well as antibody-mediated complement activation.However,the source of C3,in both cellular and humoral rejection episodes,still needs to be further deﬁned.In the present study,using the laser mi-crodissection technique combined with real-time RT-PCR, we quantitatively analyzed the local synthesis of C3in formalin-ﬁxed,parafﬁn-embedded biopsies from renal allo-grafts with cellular and humoral rejection.Protocol biopsies from stable renal allografts as well as indication biopsies from transplants with clinical overt dysfunction were inves-tigated.The aim of the study was to determine quantita-tively and in a compartment-speciﬁc way the expression of complement component C3during episodes of acute antibody and T-cell-mediated rejection in renal allografts. By quantitatively analyzing the expression of chemokines potentially involved in the regulation of the C3expres-sion,the role of locally produced(i.e.donor-derived(10))Local Complement Expression in Renal Allograft Rejectioncomplement in acute rejection episodes should be further elucidated.Materials and MethodsTissue samplesFrom68archival renal allograft biopsies,total mRNA was isolated from tubuli and glomeruli separately for quantitative complement C3analysis. Twenty-four indication biopsies from transplants with clinical dysfunction revealed on histological review,according to the updated Banff classiﬁcation (6),Banff grade I cellular rejection in10,Banff borderline changes in3and no signs of cellular rejection in11of the biopsies.All indication biopsies were stained for C4d with a commercially available polyclonal antiserum(11).Nine out of24indication biopsies showed a diffuse C4d staining in peritubular capillaries indicating active humoral rejection.Five biopsies simultaneously showed signs of acute cellular rejection.Forty-four protocol biopsies from clinically stable allografts were investi-gated.From17patients,two sequential protocol biopsies taken within the ﬁrst6months after transplantation were analyzed.Among these44biop-sies,the histological review revealed acute cellular rejection Banff grade I in4,borderline changes in12and no signs of rejection in28of the biopsies. Ten out of44protocol biopsies showed focal or diffuse C4d staining in the peritubular capillaries.Seven of these C4d-positive biopsies had accompa-nying morphological features of acute humoral rejection,and six of acute cellular rejection.Five formalin-ﬁxed,parafﬁn-embedded specimens of unremarkable renal tissue taken from unaffected areas of nephrectomies performed due either to renal neoplasms or trauma served as a control group.According to the guidelines of the local ethics committee of the Medizinis-che Hochschule Hannover,all specimens included in the study were inves-tigated anonymously without the knowledge of patients’personal data.Mounting and staining of slides for laser microdissectionThree-micrometer sections from formalin-ﬁxed,parafﬁn-embedded tissue samples were cut and mounted onto a polyethylene foil according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Sections were incubated for30min at 40◦C.Deparafﬁnization was performed by two changes of100%xylene for 10min,followed by rehydration by two changes in100%ethanol,two changes in96%ethanol for2min each and one change in70%ethanol for 2min.Sections were stained after a short rinse in H2O with methylene blue for1min,followed by a short rinse in H2O.Sections were dried at40◦C for4h.Laser microdissection and RNA extraction for C3mRNA expression analysisFor compartment-speciﬁc C3expression analysis,a laser microdissec-tion microscope(PALM Laser Micro Beam System;P.A.L.M,Bernried, Germany)was used to isolate two different renal compartments(glomeruli and tubules)from the surrounding tissue by the focused nitrogen laser beam under direct visual control(12).The microdissected area was then catapulted by a single laser shot into the lid of a microfuge tube.From each sample,a total of10glomerular and50tubular cross-sections were harvested.Only tubuli without signs of signiﬁcant tubulitis were microdis-sected.RNA was extracted from the microdissected tissue samples follow-ing a previously described protocol(13).Expression analysis of MCP-1,IFN gamma,IL2and IL8To investigate to what extent pro-inﬂammatory cytokines regulate tubular and glomerular C3expression,in46cases where sufﬁcient material was left after laser microdissection,total RNA was extracted from whole parafﬁn sections as described previously(13).cDNA synthesisRNA(0.5g)pretreated with1U Rnase-free DNase I for30min at37◦C (RQ1,Promega,Madison,WI,USA)was transcribed into complementary DNA using500ng random hexamers(Amersham Pharmacia,Freiburg, Germany)and200U of Superscript II(Rnase Reverse-Transcriptase,In-vitrogen,Karlsruhe,Germany)in a volume of20l L following the manufac-turer’s protocol.Negative controls were performed by adding water instead of reverse transcriptase.Real-time RT-PCRReal-time RT-PCR was performed on an ABI PRISM7700Sequence Detector(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA,USA).PCR primers and TaqMan TM probes to amplify complement C3,and the house-keeping gene b-Actin,designed using the Primer Express software version 1.0(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA,USA),were as fol-lows:b-actin forward primer5 -AGTACTCCGTGTGGATCGGC-3 ,rever-se primer5 -GCTGATCCACATCTGCTGGA-3 ,TaqMan probe5 -TCCATCC-TGGCCTCGCTGTCCA-3 (Genebank Accession Number M10277), C3forward primer5 -ACTGTGCTGACCCCTGCC-3 ,reverse prim-er5 -TGTTGGCTGGGATCGTGA-3 ,TaqMan probe5 -CCAACCACATG-GGCAACGTCACC-3 (Genebank Accession Number NM000064), MCP-1forward primer5 -TCTCTGCCGCCCTTCTGT-3 ,reverse primer 5 -GCATCTGGCTGAGCGAGC-3 ,TaqMan probe5 -CTGCTCATAGCAGCC-ACCTTCATTCCC-3 ,INF gamma forward primer5 -CCAACGCAAAGCAA-TACATGA-3 ,reverse primer5 -CGCTTCCCTGTTTTAGCTGC-3 , TaqMan probe5 -TCATCCAAGTGATGGCTGAACTGTCGC-3 ,IL2forward primer5 -CAAGAATCCCAAACTCACCAGG-3 ,reverse primer5 -GACACTG-AAGATGTTTCAGTTCTGTG-3 ,TaqMan probe5 -TGCTCACATTTAAGTTTT-ACATGCCCAAGAAGG-3 ,IL8forward primer5 -AAGGAAAACTGGGTG-CAGA-3 ,reverse primer5 -GATACCACAGAGAATGAATTTTTTTATGA-3, TaqMan probe5 -TTGTGGAGAAGTTTTTGAAGAGGGCTGAGA-3 .The pro-bes were purchased labeled with6-carboxy-ﬂuorescein(FAM)as reporter dye and6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine(TAMRA)as theﬂuorescent quencher.TaqMan TM probes were3 phosphorylated in order to prevent elongation during PCR.The real-time RT-PCR ampliﬁcation was performed using a96-well tray and optical caps(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA,USA)with aﬁnal reaction mixture of30l L containing both primers(250nM),probe(150nM),0.75 units of Platinum Taq Polymerase(Invitrogen,Karlsruhe,Germany),200l M each of dATP,dCTP,dTTP and dGTP in1×Platinum Taq reaction buffer and 4l L cDNA.The reaction mixture was preheated at95◦C for5min,followed by45cycles at95◦C for15s and60◦C for1min.Real-time RT-PCR data evaluationAfter linearity of PCR ampliﬁcation over a broad range of dilution series and nearly equal efﬁciency for all primer(probe systems could be shown,relative quantiﬁcation of all analyzed mRNAs including b-actin mRNA as the house-keeper was performed in2independent runs.Relative expression levels were calculated using the C T-method as described in detail elsewhere (14).Since there was no expression of the analyzed genes in tissues of the control group within the45cycles of the PCR,45was taken as the C T value in order to be able to perform the C T method.Statistical analysisThe SPSS software package(Version11.5,SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA) was used for statistical analyses.Expression levels of the analyzed mark-ers are given as x-fold expression compared to control tissue.DependingSerins¨oz et al.Table1:Median mRNA expression levelsC3in C3inn Biopsyﬁnding tubuli#glomeruli#MCP-1#IFN gamma# 34Protocol bx C4d negative123.2a105.0 1.5d 4.910Protocol bx C4d positive∗61.0b29.0 1.2 4.915Indication bx C4d negative78.641.10.7d 3.79Indication bx C4d positive284.0a,b159.00.913.928Protocol bx no cellular rejection115.8c41.7 1.1 2.516Protocol bx and cellular rejection90.598.9 1.78.611Indication bx no cellular rejection181.164.80.6 3.813Indication bx and cellular rejection302.6c65.00.97.842C4d neg no cellular rejection112.064.8 1.0 3.88C4d neg and cellular rejection238.584.0 1.015.912C4d pos∗no cellular rejection70.067.00.9 5.16C4d pos and cellular rejection339.590.50.98.7∗diffuse or focal linear C4d stain in peritubular capillaries.#given as median fold expression compared to control tissue.a p=0.017,b p=0.020,c p=0.058,d p=0.041.on the presence or absence of cellular and humoral rejection signs,ex-pression levels were analyzed for statistically signiﬁcant differences by an ANOVA test with a post hoc Bonferoni adjustment for multiple compar-isons and a95%conﬁdence interval.p-values<0.05were regarded as signiﬁcant.ResultsC3mRNA expression in tubuli(Table1)The highest tubular C3mRNA expression(339.5-fold in-crease)was found in C4d-positive allograft biopsies with si-multaneous signs of cellular rejection(at least Banff border-lineﬁndings).C4d-negative indication biopsies with signs of T-cell mediated rejection alone revealed a comparable tubular increase of the C3mRNA expression of302.6-fold. In C4d-positive indication biopsies without simultaneous signs of cellular rejection,C3mRNA was upregulated in the tubuli284times while C4d-positive protocol biopsies revealed an only61-fold upregulation of C3.Protocol biop-sies with signs of cellular rejection had a median90-fold C3 upregulation in their tubuli.Protocol biopsies from stable al-lografts without signs of either humoral or cellular rejection revealed an upregulation of tubular C3mRNA expression with a123-fold and115-fold increase,respectively. Statistical comparisons of tubular C3mRNA expres-sion levels revealed a signiﬁcantly higher expression for C4d-positive indication biopsies compared to C4d-negative as well as to C4d-positive protocol biopsies(p=0.020and p=0.017).A borderline signiﬁcance was found for a lower tubular C3expression in protocol biopsies without signs of cellular rejection compared to clinically overt rejection episodes diagnosed by indication biopsies(p=0.058).C3mRNA expression in glomeruli(Table1)The highest glomerular C3mRNA expression(159-fold in-crease)was detected in indication biopsies with signs of active humoral rejection(C4d+).The lowest upregulation of C3(29-fold)was observed in glomeruli of C4d-positive protocol biopsies.Except for protocol biopsies with signs of cellular rejection,glomerular C3expression levels were always below those in tubuli.Multiple comparisons by ANOVA with a Bonferoni ad-justment revealed no statistical signiﬁcant differences be-tween the C3mRNA expression levels in glomeruli of the investigated biopsy groups.C3mRNA expression in sequential protocol biopsies Variable expression patterns were found in both,glomeru-lar and tubular compartments in sequential protocol biop-sies.Cases with similar morphology showed different expression levels in both glomerular and tubular compart-ments.In addition,the second biopsies of some cases showed a decreased C3expression whereas other cases showed an increased expression without any correlation to the absence or presence of cellular rejection.No predic-tive value of C3expression concerning the morphological diagnosis in a surveillance biopsy could be demonstrated. Expression analysis of MCP-1,IFN gamma,IL2and IL8(Table1)For MCP-1only a mild upregulation was present in the investigated biopsies.Protocol biopsies with signs of cel-lular rejection revealed the highest expression levels(me-dian1.7-fold increase).C4d-negative protocol biopsies and protocol biopsies without any signs of rejection displayed comparable expression levels with1.5-fold and1.1-fold upregulation,respectively.The only statistically signiﬁcant difference in the MCP-1expression levels was found be-tween C4d-negative protocol biopsies and C4d-negative indication biopsies with the indication biopsies having the lower expression levels(p=0.041).More pronounced upregulation of interferon gamma was found in the investigated biopsies.High expressionLocal Complement Expression in Renal Allograft Rejectionlevels were found in biopsies with signs of T-cell-mediated rejection as well as C4d-positive indication biopsies from allografts with clinically overt dysfunction.Multiple com-parisons by ANOVA with a Bonferoni adjustment revealed no statistical signiﬁcance between the IFN gamma mRNA expression levels in the investigated biopsy groups.No detectable upregulation of IL2and IL8mRNA was found in the investigated biopsies.DiscussionThere are numerous recent publications focusing on the importance of different components of the complement system in renal allograft rejection.Recently,the comple-ment split product C4d was established as a reliable in situ marker of active antibody-mediated rejection(4,6,15–19). However,C3plays a pathophysiologically important role, situated at the convergence point of all three activation pathways of the complement system,as well as having regulatory functions in T-cell-mediated immune responses (9).Despite the advances achieved in understanding the mechanisms in which the complement system is involved, the source of complement is still a matter of debate since it is known that various organs including the kidney are capable of producing C3(20–28).In the present study,all investigated allograft biopsies re-vealed to a varying extent an upregulated expression of C3in both glomeruli and tubuli compared to nontransplant controls.Highest expression levels for C3were found in tubuli of allograft biopsies with simultaneous signs of acute T-cell and antibody-mediated rejection.A slightly lower in-crease in the tubular C3expression was found in indica-tion biopsies from allografts with clinical overt dysfunction and histological signs solely of acute T-cell rejection,fol-lowed by indication biopsies with isolated signs of acute antibody-mediated rejection.This hierarchical order in the C3expression suggests a pathogenetic contribution of lo-cally produced complement C3to both types of acute al-lograft rejection.From our data,local upregulation of C3 seems to be mainly induced via an increased expression of IFN gamma with allograft-inﬁltrating T-cells being a po-tential source for IFN gamma(29,30).Otherwise allograft-inﬁltrating macrophages as a potential source of MCP-1 and neutrophils as a source of IL8,beside numerous other allograft-derived cell types(e.g.endothelium,ﬁbroblasts, smooth muscle cells),seem to be a minor stimulus for allograft-derived complement C3.In almost all cases tubuli displayed considerably higher C3mRNA expression than glomeruli and indication biop-sies had higher C3levels than protocol biopsies.This is of particular interest,with C4d-positive indication biopsies having signiﬁcantly higher tubular C3expression than C4d-positive protocol biopsies.Thisﬁnding might indicate that subclinical(cking clinical overt allograft dysfunction)C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries is not related to a comparable extensive complement activation as found in allografts with C4d deposition and impaired function.Thus, less harmful episodes of antibody-mediated immunore-sponses may take place in protocol biopsies from stable allografts.Thisﬁnding is in concordance with recent results of a multicenter trial analyzing the incidence and prognostic impact of C4d deposition in protocol biopsies.No negative prognostic value of such subclinical episodes of humoral activity could be demonstrated,thus suggesting rather ac-commodation than rejection in these cases(31).Of note is theﬁnding of a to some extent heterogeneous distribution of expression levels among biopsies with sim-ilar histopathological diagnosis,especially in protocol biop-sies.For instance,cases without signs of acute rejection had quite variable levels of C3expression in both com-partments investigated,sometimes being higher than in cases with subclinical cellular rejection.In addition,se-quential protocol biopsies of the patients showed no signif-icant correlation between an increased C3expression and onset of morphological signs of subclinical rejection.This may reﬂect the fact that acute T-cell-mediated rejection is a complex immunological process based on complement-dependent and-independent pathomechanisms leading to similar morphological changes in the graft(32–34).Inter-estingly,indication biopsies showed less variability of C3 expression compared to protocol biopsies,leading to the assumption that different immune mechanisms may be involved in subclinical and clinical cellular rejection.The higher levels of C3expression in indication biopsies with signs of cellular rejection support the hypothesis of Sacks et al.(9,14,35)that local complement C3directly inﬂuences the T-cell response to renal allografts.Furthermore,from the higher C3expression levels observed in biopsies with overt dysfunction(indication biopsies)one might specu-late that complement-mediated T-cell response is prob-ably more aggressive than subclinical rejection episodes detected by protocol biopsies and displaying lower local C3expression in the present study.However,signiﬁcant C3upregulation was observed in protocol biopsies with-out any signs of rejection,suggesting that other injury mechanisms can lead to a de novo expression of C3in the graft,too.Ischemia/Reperfusion injury is an inevitable consequence of the transplantation process(15)and might explain the signiﬁcantly increased C3expression found in the investigated protocol biopsies from clinically stable al-lografts.Since these biopsies were taken in the early phase (<6months)after transplantation,acute tubular damage is a frequent morphologicalﬁnding in this period.The contribution of locally synthesized C3to complement-mediated tissue pathology in various pathophysiological 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