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论述AFDX网络终端系统设计

论述AFDX网络终端系统设计在飞机AFDX网络传输中，终端系统有着不可替代的巨大作用。

航电各系统计算机通过终端系统接入AFDX网络，在IMA的设计中，终端系统同样起到巨大的作用。

一个航电IMA机柜往往可以同时支持多个航电应用程序，而这些应用程序可以通过同一个终端系统来实现与AFDX网络的对接。

终端系统的职责是通过虚拟链路来管理数据的传递和接受。

终端功能的功能架构大体可分为两路：接收路径和发送路径。

1接收路径接收路径管理着从外部系统发送来的数据。

一般终端系统的物理接口与所属网络冗余数量一致，在AFDX系统中，每个物理端口都连接着一个100或1000Base-T的AFDX网络。

数据先进入FIFO队列，然后从物理接口传送进入接收缓存器。

每个接受缓存器都与一个独立的完整性检查模块（INTEGRITY CHECKINGMODULES）相连接。

通过此步骤，不合格的帧将会被过滤。

剩余数据将会进入冗余管理器模块（REDUNDANCY MANAGEMENT MODULE）。

冗余管理器模块会从同一个虚拟链路中提取出冗余帧并确保只有一个帧可以通过。

在这个过程中，冗余管理器模块会从虚拟链路数据库（VLID DATABASE）中提取有用的虚拟链路的信息。

之后，数据将会发送至通信端口（COMMUNICATION PORTS）并由目的应用软件所接收。

图1终端系统接受路径功能模块1.1完整性检查模块此模块负责每个网络和每条虚拟链路中的完整性检查工作。

完整性检查的基础是基于每个帧的顺序号。

在每条虚拟链路中，帧的顺序号是独立的分配系统。

在帧的初始阶段，每个帧都会被分配一个不同的顺序号。

如果检测到两个连续帧的顺序号之间的间隔不为“1”，则称此种情况为“连续帧丢失”。

此种帧为不合格帧并且被完整性检查模块所自动丢弃。

在完整性检查模块之后，通过同一个物理接口的所有数据帧再次经过FIFO队列排队并进入下一个模块—冗余管理模块。

1.2冗余管理模块（去除功能）图2冗余模块接收帧处理过程在AFDX网络中，数据帧同时在几个不同网络上传播，因此当到达接收端时，这些数据帧的额外副本需要被删除。

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铁路通用摄像机技术要求

铁路通用摄像机技术要求1 范围本标准规定了铁路一体化球形摄像机、一体化半球摄像机、固定枪型摄像机、激光云台摄像机的基本要求、特殊要求、运行环境要求及网络安全要求。

本标准适用于铁路视频监控系统摄像机的设备选型及检验。

2 规范性引用文件下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。

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GB/T 4208 外壳防护等级（IP码）GB/T 24338.5-2009 轨道交通电磁兼容第4部分：信号和通信设备的发射与抗扰GB/T 28181-2016 安全防范视频监控联网系统信息传输、交换、控制技术要求GA/T 1127-2013 安全防范视频监控摄像机通用技术要求IEEE 802.3af 信息技术IEEE标准：系统间的通信和信息交换-局域网和城域网-特殊要求-第3部分： CSMA/CD的接入方法及物理层规范修正3：经由媒体独立接口（MDI）的数据终端设备（DTE）功率以太网供电标准IEEE 802.3at 信息技术IEEE标准：系统间的通信和信息交换-局域网和城域网-特殊要求-第3部分：CSMA/CD的接入方法及物理层规范修正3：经由媒体独立接口（MDI）的数据终端设备（DTE）功率以太网供电标准增强型ITU-T G.711 音频信号的脉冲编码调制（PCM）ITU-T G.723.1 低速音频编码协议ITU-T G.729 采用共轭结构代数码激励线性预测的8kbit/s语音编码ITU-T REC.H.264 H系列：音视频和多媒体系统，音视频服务基础活动视频编码：通用音视频服务的先进视频编码ITU-T REC.H.265 H系列：高效率的视频编码（HEVC）3 术语、定义和缩略语3.1 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1.1最低可用照度 minimum illuminance available保持环境色温不变的情况下，降低环境光亮度，摄像机的分辨率降低至标称分辨力70%时，被摄景物的照度值3.1.2水平分辨力 horizontal resolution在图像高度相等的水平尺寸内可分辨的垂直黑白条数（TV线）。

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Salience of guilty knowledge test items affects accuracyin realistic mock crimesAnne Jokinen a ,Pekka Santtila a,⁎,Niklas Ravaja b ,Sampsa Puttonen caDepartment of Psychology,Åbo Akademi University,20500Turku,FinlandbCenter for Knowledge and Innovation Research,Helsinki School of Economics,FinlandcDepartment of Psychology at the University of Helsinki,FinlandReceived 31August 2005;received in revised form 18April 2006;accepted 18April 2006Available online 12June 2006AbstractA Guilty Knowledge Test measuring electrodermal reactions was carried out in order to investigate the quality of different questions and the validity of the test in a situation that resembled a true crime.Fifty participants were randomly assigned to commit one of two realistic mock crimes,and were later tested with GKTs concerning both the crime they had enacted and the one they had no knowledge of.Different scoring systems (SCRs and peak amplitudes as well as raw and standardised scores)were employed and compared when analyzing the results.Although there were some false positives,the test was able to differentiate between the groups of guilty and innocent participants.With the best scoring systems,the test was able to classify up to 84%of the innocent and up to 76%of the guilty correctly according to a logistic regression analysis.ROC areas reflecting these same results reached values above .80.Questions on matters that demanded the participants'attention and were easier to remember had better discriminative power.With nearly all scoring methods,there was a significant interaction between the salience of the relevant items and the guilt of the participants.Participants reacted more strongly to salient relevant items when they were guilty,while no different reactions were observed for the non-salient items between guilty and innocent participants.It is suggested that,although the Guilty Knowledge Test appears to be a valid measure of guilty knowledge even in crimes that are close to real crimes,the principles on which guilty knowledge test questions are constructed should be more clearly specified.©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Guilty Knowledge Test;Memory;Lie detection;Electrodermal reactionsPsychophysiological detection of guilt can be done through analysing electrodermal reactions,respiration,cardiovascular and other measures (Ben-Shakhar and Furedy,1990;Kircher and Raskin,2002).Due to its ability to provide protection for the innocent,the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT),also known as the Concealed Information Test (CIT),has been supported for the detection of guilt in criminal cases (Lykken,1998;Hira and Furumitsu,2002).The purpose of this test is not to detect lying per se,but rather to detect the presence of guilty knowledge (Lykken,1998).Guilty knowledge stands for any such information relevant to the crime that the perpetrators remember and that can only be known by the perpetrators themselves and the police.An example of a question could be:“In which room did the offender leave the body?Was it …“the hall ”,“the living room ”,“the bed room ”,“the kitchen ”,“the dining room ”,“the toilet?”It is important that noalternative seems more likely than any other to an innocent suspect (Myers and Arbuthnot,1997).The assumption behind the GKT is that recognising the items relevant to the crime will lead to enhanced physiological re-sponses (Ben-Shakhar and Furedy,1990).Many experiments provide support for this assumption starting with the classical studies of Lykken (1959,1960).It is also congruent with psy-chophysiological theory that relates differential responsivity in the GKT to orienting responses (e.g.Kleiner,2002).All stimuli in the GKT are in principle capable of evoking an OR.The basic assumption is,however,that recognizing the relevant item will produce a differentially greater OR,and thus stronger autonomic arousal because the relevant item is associated with a higher signal value (Furedy,1986;Lykken,1974).However,it has been shown that,in addition to the cognitive phenomenon of OR,the reactions are also influenced by emotional factors such as giving a deceitful verbal response (as opposed to remaining silent)to the alter-natives (Ben-Shakhar and Elaad,2003).International Journal of Psychophysiology 62(2006)175–184⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+35822154406;fax:+35822154833.E-mail address:pekka.santtila@abo.fi (P.Santtila).0167-8760/$-see front matter ©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.04.004The GKT has performed well in a number of laboratory tests using mock-crime situations(Ben-Shakhar and Elaad,2003; Lykken,1998).Ben-Shakhar and Elaad(2003)carried out a meta-analysis to examine the validity of the GKT.Including all studies of GKT with different designs,the combined effect size for GKTs was1.55standard deviations,which can be considered a good figure and to represent relatively high validity.The validity was even higher in mock-crime studies that are more akin to real crimes(effect size2.09).In the studies employing the mock-crime paradigm,the correct detection rate for guilty participants ranged from25%to100%in studies with both guilty and innocent participants.In the same studies,the correct detection rate for innocent participants ranged from40%to 100%.Finally,Ben-Shakhar and Elaad(2003)identified a subset of mock-crime studies in which motivational instructions, deceptive verbal responses and at least five GKT questions were used.The average effect size in this subset with10 experimental conditions was3.12.There are few field studies assessing the GKT in real-life criminal investigations(Elaad, 1990;Elaad et al.,1992;Suzuki et al.,2004).The results of the field studies indicate that,even if the GKT is able to provide reasonable protection for the innocent,false positives do occur.Memory is a decisive factor for the effectiveness of the GKT. Two questions are particularly important:what the perpetrator can remember and for how long.The perception and recall of crime-relevant details may be limited by a number of factors(Elaad, 1990;see also Wells and Loftus,1984).These may be related to the examinees,such as their level of attention to details while expe-riencing the event,their emotional and physical state at the time of the event,as well as the psychological trauma associated with the experience.They may also be related to the physical setting,the complexity of the event,the time elapsed since the event, subsequent exposure to additional information about the event and the type of questioning that the examinees have undergone. Elaad(1997)who used a relatively realistic mock-crime procedure found that some relevant items were not recalled when the GKT was administered a few days after the event.An additional question which has not been addressed earlier is whether the GKTcan detect information that the participants themselves are not aware of possessing.This may well be possible as Bauer(1984)has shown that a patient with prosopagnosia reacted to facial identity at the psychophysiological level even if he had no ability to consciously recognise the presented faces.The existence of the phenomenon of covert discrimination is not in doubt,but its underlying basis remains open.Covert or“unconscious”recognition abilities may reflect preattentive stages of processing which make available conceptual information about the stimulus even though the observer may be consciously unaware of this and/or unable to identify the stimulus(Bauer,1984).Previously,the focus has been on running GKTs on details the participants remember.Carmel et al.(2003)divided their relevant items into central items,which were directly related to the theft,and peripheral items,which happened to be at the crime scene.The results of the study indicated that weaker detection efficiency in realistic crimes could be accounted for by poor recall for some of the items.The detection was more efficient when items central to the crime were used as discriminating questions instead of items peripheral to the crime.When the test was carried out immediately after the realistic crime(the realistic-immediate condition),a short question series of four central questions had better detection efficiency than a full series of seven questions.In the realistic-delayed condition,the detection efficiency was largely unaffected by eliminating the peripheral items.However,these results indicate that a short question series can be quite effective,in departure from prior research suggesting that a greater amount of questions improves test efficiency(Ben-Shakhar and Elaad,2003).In the present study,it was expected that–in accordance with previous studies–the test should be able to differentiate guilty and innocent participants even under relatively realistic conditions.The literature suggests that the GKT is difficult to use due to the lack of availability of sufficient details to construct the test.A reasonably large number of questions was planned,in order to later compare if different questions provide similar differentiation and to see if salient items improve the efficiency of the test.The question series was divided into salient and non-salient items in order to see whether four salient items were enough for detection.Saliency was defined as consisting of features that were easier to remember.According to Sokolov(1963),when stimuli are presented repeatedly,the reactions they cause are gradually diminished. This phenomenon is called habituation.The term signal value is associated with a stimulus that is stronger and more resistant to habituation than a non-signal stimulus(Sokolov,1963).A stimulus that has no signal value can cause a response due to its novelty even if it is otherwise neutral(Kleiner,2002).Based on these considerations,it was expected that the participants would give the strongest reactions in response to the first of two question series they were subjected to.Also,it was expected that the position of the question series as first or second would interact with the guilt of the participants so that the effect of the position would be especially strong when the participant was guilty.In sum,the purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity of the GKT based on electrodermal reactions in relatively more realistic conditions than has previously been the case in most laboratory studies.In order to see if an unusual approach would provide additional information,electrodermal reactions were analyzed with four different methods(SCRs and peak amplitudes as well as raw and standardised scores).Environments with realistic stimuli were used and the tests were presented at a separate time point from the mock crime at a police station instead of the usual university environment.Also,participants had a real chance of getting caught by personnel who were not aware of their participation in a mock crime.Two different environments were included.The situations were complex in order to provide a more stringent test of the validity of the GKT under ecologically valid conditions.All participants performed one of the crimes but were questioned on both crimes thus belonging to both guilty and innocent groups.The two environments provided two indepen-dent tests of the validity—no a priori predictions were made as to which of them might lead to better accuracy.The following predictions were made:(1)guilty participants will have stronger reactions to relevantitems than innocent participants176 A.Jokinen et al./International Journal of Psychophysiology62(2006)175–184(2)the guilt of the participant will interact with the salience ofthe items so that accuracy is increased for salient as opposed to non-salient items(3)the participants will have stronger reactions to thequestion series presented first(as opposed to second) and this effect will be especially pronounced when the participants are guilty(4)the participants will react to some of the relevant itemseven if they have no conscious memory of them1.Methods1.1.ParticipantsParticipants consisted of30men and20women.Their ages ranged from20to38(M=25.5,S.D.=4.2).The participants were students and academics who were recruited through e-mail lists.The participants received a movie ticket as a reward for their participation.1.2.Methods of assessment1.2.1.Experimental settingThe mock crimes were conducted in two different environ-ments.The library of the Police College served as the first environment with minor modifications to its normal appear-ance.The library is quite small and consists of two rooms that have shelves,tables,chairs and computers.A few extra items like a stretching mat,a piece of wood and an empty film case were placed close to the books that the participants were instructed to steal.A typical classroom served as the second environment.The class room decoration consisted of typical elements like tables,chairs and a blackboard,which had written text on it(i.e.course).A computer and a case of diskettes were placed at one spot in the room.A poster,a plastic mattress and a cookie on a small plate served as additional items.The GKTs were carried out at a police station in a laboratory that the police normally use for testing crime suspects.The laboratory consists of a sound proof research room and a separate equipment room,where the examiner operates the machine and follows the test through a video image.The sound was transmitted to the research room through a Spirit Folio Lite microphone and loudspeakers.1.2.2.Question seriesThe GKT consisted of questions with six alternatives.The first one was always a buffer that was not included in the analysis.The following five alternatives consisted of the relevant crime item and of four control alternatives that were irrelevant to the crime.The position of the relevant item among the control alternatives was chosen at random.A separate library series(“library items”)and a separate class room series(“class room items”)both consisted of eight questions.The salient items consisted of the four relevant items in the series,which were mentioned most often when the participants were asked for which questions they remembered the correct item.The non-salient items consisted of the four relevant items in the series,which were mentioned least often when the participants were asked for which questions they remembered the correct item. The questions were posed only concerning the mock crime the participants committed.The salient items were on information about guilty actions or details that the participants could have noticed only through their actions(see Table1).Among the salient items,there were also matters like colour,number of noticed items(How many rows of shelves…?)and an observation about a detail in the proximity of the main item of the mock crime.The non-salient items handled guilty knowledge on such matters that the participants could have seen at the crime scene.1.2.3.Psychophysiological measuresThe Hagfors Polygraphy System that has been designed at the University of Jyväskyläwas used to collect the data from the tests.Physiological activity was recorded with a PC for the analyses.The sampling rate was10per second.A Trilock Genlock Adapter was used as a connector.The whole test occasion,including the reaction curves of the participants,were recorded with a video recorder for monitoring of the participant.Skin conductance(SC)was recorded with two thin tin lined plates measuring4.5cm around the finger and3.2cm along the finger.These were bent around the upper phalanges of the first and third fingers of the non-preferred hand on the palmar side. Fingers were disinfected with a solution(Neo Amisept)before attaching the electrodes.A saline solution(Teca Electrode Electrolyte NO028-201210)was used as electrolyte.SC was chosen as a main indicator because the electrodermal measure has been the most effective measure in studies so far.Thoracic respiration and finger pulse amplitude were also recorded,but data from these channels were not analyzed.1.3.ProceduresParticipants were randomly assigned to commit one of the two mock crimes.After arriving at the Police College,participants were instructed either to go to the library or to the classroom through means of task envelopes.In the library,they were instructed to take a good look around and also look outside the window,then find a specified book from a determined spot,steal the book and leave.In the classroom,the participants were also instructed to take a good look around and also look outside the window,then go to a computer,locate a specific file,copy it to a diskette,steal the diskette and leave.The library and classroom situations were intended as two independent replications that are reported within the same study and no differences were a priori expected between them in the accuracy of the GKT.Only the experimenter was aware of the participants conducting the mock crimes in the building of the Police College.The library personnel and the police personnel moving about in the building did not know that the experiment was in progress.This means that there was an actual possibility that the participant would have been caught on suspicion of committing an offence(this would of course have been immediately cleared up by the experimenter).The GKT was performed later on the same day or the following day at the police station in a neighbouring city.The177A.Jokinen et al./International Journal of Psychophysiology62(2006)175–184examiner brought the participants directly to the research room, where they were given more written information and signed a written consent of their participation to the test.Participants were told that the examiner would present them different GKT questions,each including different alternatives, and that they would not know the answers to all of the ques-tions.They were instructed to reply“no”to all of the questions, regardless of what they thought about them.During the test the participants sat on a chair which is used in test situations and were told to sit as still as possible.The measuring devices were attached.The examiner said the test would be videotaped,which was also the means through which the examiner followed what happened in the research room.The examiner told that she could hear the participant all of the time in case the participant wanted to communicate.After this,the examiner went to the equipment room.The examiner,who did not know which mock crime each participant was guilty of,read the GKT questions from paper. Participants were presented two different question series,out of which one concerned the mock crime in the library and the other concerned the mock crime in the classroom.The series were presented in a balanced order,in such a way that in every other test the library series was first and in every other the class room series was first.Before each question,the examiner told what the next ques-tion would concern,e.g.“the next question concerns stolen items”.Then the examiner read the question.The examiner marked the beginning of each alternative in the recorded data. This served as a marker for the reaction time as well as impeded the examiner from putting forward the next alternative during the following15s.Between the questions and alternatives,there was only a short break.After the time set by the marker ran out, the next alternative was presented.After the actual test,the participants were asked to report which of the eight relevant items they had remembered.Due to a failure during the administration of the questions,some of this memory information was missing.After this,the participants were told about the purpose of the experiment and were given their reward.The GKT took altogether about1h.1.4.Response scoring and statistical analysisFour different methods of scoring the electrodermal reactions of the participants were used:(a)standardised peak amplitudesTable1Test questions and observed numbers of highest standardised SC responses to the relevant items in the innocent and guilty conditionsQuestion Content of thealternative Innocent condition Guilty conditionObs.n of highestreactions to therelevant itemχ2Obs.n of highest reactionsto the relevant itemχ2Library situationWhat was the overall colour of the library?Colour2 2.041 3.76a How many rows of shelves were therein the middle of the room in the mainroom of the library?Number3 1.007 1.26What odd article was present in the room?Article:mat7 1.001 4.00⁎What was on the wall behind the computers?Article:poster40.259 4.00⁎Which book did the perpetrator steal?Stolen item:book7 1.001949.00⁎⁎Under which group of books was the stolen book?Class of articles2 2.2540.25 What was by the side of the stolen book on the shelf?Article:film case8 2.257 1.00 What was on the opposite side of the stolen books?Article:piece ofwood60.2550.01Classroom situationWhat odd article was present in the room?Article:mattress40.108 3.14a What animal was there in the poster on the wall?Article:koalaposter9 4.00⁎8 2.25 What was there on the table to eat?Article:cookie50.001420.25⁎⁎What was written on the blackboard?Text:course119.00⁎⁎⁎1316.00⁎⁎What did the perpetrator do in the room?Action:copy40.251736.00⁎⁎What did the perpetrator steal from the room?Stolen item:diskette3 1.001213.50⁎⁎What was written on the diskettethe perpetrator was looking for?Letter on diskette50.019 4.00⁎What was the name of the filethe perpetrator was looking for?File name:keys9 4.59⁎1316.00⁎⁎The bold items are the ones that the participants indicated they remembered best.Df=1for all analyses,expected n of highest reactions to the relevant item in the innocent condition=5.a p b.10.⁎p b.05.⁎⁎p b.001.⁎⁎⁎p b.01.178 A.Jokinen et al./International Journal of Psychophysiology62(2006)175–184(peak amplitudes are highest SC amplitudes within5s from the start of stimulus presentation),(b)raw peak amplitudes,(c) standardised SCRs(skin conductance reactions as a difference between the highest amplitude within five seconds from the start of stimulus presentation and the base point)and(d)raw SCRs. Standardised z scores were calculated so that comparisons of within subjects and within blocks z scores could be made (blocks refer to the different groups of questions,see Ben-Shakhar and Dolev,1996).The data for questions that contained movement or other artefacts were removed if the artefact was on a relevant alternative or if more than one of the alternatives contained an artefact.If an artefact occurred on a single control alternative,only that alternative was removed from the data.Mean values were calculated across the eight relevant items separately for both question series for all four score types. Means were also calculated separately for salient and non-salient items.The main purpose was to find out if it would be possible to differentiate guilty and innocent participants and whether the differentiation would be more effective for salient when com-pared to non-salient items.Three different statistical methods were used in the analyses.First,analyses of variance were con-ducted in order to investigate differences in means as a function of the guilt of the participant and the salience of the items and their interaction.Second,classification was accomplished through means of a logistic regression using all items and only salient or non-salient items.Third,to examine the effectiveness of the test,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were gen-erated for the different mock crimes again for all items and separately for only salient and non-salient items.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)graph is a plot of two basic probabilities,the probability that the decision is positive when the condition of interest is present,or positive,and the probability that the decision is positive when the condition is absent,or negative(Swets et al.,2000).These are calculated from proportions of observed frequencies.A ROC provides a measure that can directly be compared from one study to another. In a GKT the probabilities can be interpreted so that,if one randomly picks a guilty person and an innocent person,the ROC area presents the probability that the guilty person will score higher than the innocent person in a test.A ROC is a measure of area under the curve.The statistic can be used to differentiate two distributions.As the area statistic ranges from0to1,the null hypothesis is at the value of.5with no differentiation between the distributions and perfect differentiation is reached at the value of1with no overlap between the two distributions.In addition,the effects of the presentation position of the question series(as first or second)was investigated using analyses of variance.The interaction of this factor with the guilt of the participant and the salience of the items was also explored.Finally,we tested if guilty and innocent participants could be differentiated on the basis of items that the participants did not remember.In addition to the above analyses,Lykken points analysis was computed.In a typical Lykken points analysis(see Lykken, 1998),the relevant alternative that produces the highest amplitude among the set is assigned two points,the relevant alternative that produces the second highest amplitude is assigned a score of one and any other position is assigned a score of zero.The amount of questions serves as a cutoff point for guilt or innocence.This scoring system demands that the participants have to produce second largest reactions and at least one largest reaction to the relevant alternatives across the series.2.Results2.1.Preliminary analysesIn a correlation analysis,no relationship was found between the electrodermal reactions and the age or sex of the participants in either mock crime.Sex had also no effect on the accuracy of the test based on any of the scoring methods.When three outliers were removed from the analysis of the association between age and accuracy,only one correlation out of26was significant which can be attributed to chance.Neither age nor sex was analyzed further.In order to make sure that the question alternatives were not obvious and such that both guilty and innocent participants could guess them,χ2tests were carried out for the guilty and innocent participants separately.As seen in Table1,three relevant alternatives in the classroom mock crime produced largest SC reactions in the innocent participants more often than expected by chance.These were either unexpected alternatives (a koala bear does not belong to European fauna)or the most logical alternatives(“course”can be expected to be written on a blackboard and“keys”may easily be related to a burglary). 2.2.The effects of guilt of the participants and the salience of the relevant items on electrodermal reactionsAnalyses of variance were conducted to investigate the effects of the guilt of the participants and the salience of the presented relevant items on electrodermal reactions with guilt (guilty vs.innocent)as a between-subjects factor and salience (salient vs.non-salient)as a within-subjects factor.Separate analyses were conducted for the library and the classroom situations and for the different scoring methods.First,results for the library situation are presented followed by those for the classroom situation.The results are presented in Fig.1.In the library situation,using standardised peak amplitudes resulted in significant main effects of both the guilt of the participant[F(1,48)=8.11,p b.01,η2=.14]and the salience of the items[F(1,48)=9.16,p b.01,η2=.16].These main effects were moderated by a significant interaction between them [F(1,48)=5.05,p b.05,η2=.10].The participants reacted with stronger peak amplitudes to salient relevant items when they were guilty.No difference was found for non-salient relevant items between guilty and innocent participants.When measured using raw peak amplitude,the pattern of the results was the same as when standardised amplitudes were used.There were significant main effects of both the guilt of the participant[F(1,48)=18.12,p b.001,η2=.27]and the salience of the items[F(1,48)=33.89,p b.001,η2=.41].These main effects were moderated by a significant interaction between them[F(1,48)=16.76,p b.001,η2=.26].179A.Jokinen et al./International Journal of Psychophysiology62(2006)175–184。

民用飞机增强型飞行记录器数据存储标准的研究

技术论坛TECHNOLOGY FORUM中国航班CHINA FLIGHTS 52民用飞机增强型飞行记录器数据存储标准的研究王梓霖1 巴塔西2|1.中国商飞上海飞机客户服务有限公司；2.交银金融租赁有限责任公司摘要：本文分析了先进民航客机机型所采用的飞行记录系统数据存储标准ARINC 767，以及基于ARINC 647A标准生成的记录器电子化记录文件（FRED）。

对采用ARINC 767标准记录的飞行数据相应的译码原理进行深入研究，为记录器译码工作奠定技术基础。

关键词：ARINC 767；增强型飞行记录器；数据译码目前民航领域最新的机型均是基于全双工以太网（AFDX）航电的新一代飞机，其航电系统与传统民航客机机型的航电系统有本质不同。

特别是记录器飞行数据记录规范也完成升级：传统机型基于ARINC 429总线数据传输规范到ARINC 717飞行数据记录规范，新机型基于ARINC 664 总线数据传输规范到ARINC767飞行数据记录规范。

新机型飞行记录器为新一代增强型机载飞行记录器（EAFR，ENHANCED AIRBORNEFLIGHT RECORDER），本文主要从以下三个方面论述EAFR的数据译码技术：基于ARINC 664的飞机传输技术；基于ARINC 767的EAFR数据存储技术；EAFR记录器飞行电子记录文件。

1基于ARINC 664的飞机传输技术随着航空电子系统的高速发展，飞机中电子设备呈现出多样化、复杂化的趋势。

飞机上传统的通信网络技术通讯速率低、电缆使用量大，越来越不能满足现代航空电子系统的需求，制约了航空电子设备的更新换代。

因此，使用新型通信网络优化航空通信网络性能，改善航空电子设备结构成为了研发新一代航空数据网络航空电子全双工交换式以太网（Avionics Full Duplex Switched EthernetNetwork，AFDX）。

AFDX 系统由航空电子子系统、AFDX 终端系统、AFDX 互连网络三个部分组成。

AFDX简介

AFDX简介
目录
1. AFDX概述 2. AFDX工作原理简介 3. AFDX终端系统(END SYSTEM)工作原理 4. AFDX交换机(switch)工作原理
1.AFDX概述
AFDX:Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet ，航空电子全双工交换式以太网。与普通以太网的主要区别是AFDX是一个确定性的网络（deterministic network）。AFDX有以下一些特点：
UDP/IP
VL QUEUE
VL 101 BAG=16ms Lmax=256
AFDX COMM PORT
UDP/IP
VL QUEUE
VL 102 BAG=128ms Lmax=64
由于存在多路VL，因此有可能出现jitter,系统要考虑jitter对VL的影响
Sub VL （子虚拟链路）每个VL可以派生最多4个Sub VL，每个Sub VL中也采用 FIFO的策略，Sub VL之间采用循环的策略。
ES1
VLID=100
VLID=100
VLID=100
ES2
ES3
18
Flow/Traffic Control （流速/流量控制）每个VL要指定两个参数：BAG、Lmax BAG表示在同一个VL中发送两个连续帧第一位之间的最小间隔。其值范围是2的0~7次方（1~128）毫秒，由于BAG 的规定，
Redundancy Management （冗余管理）
AFDX终端系统通过两个独立的通讯进行数据发送接收。这样接收端将接收到两个一样的数据包，因此需要一个管理机制进行处理。 1. 标识通过两个网络接收到的数据包是同一个（复制品），每个VL的数据包有1个自己的序列值SN（sequence number）进行标识。从1到255循环，0表示复位（reset）。 2. 对数据包的处理采用“先到优先使用”（“First Valid wins”）的策略。

AFDX总线协议规范

竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除AFDX总线协议规范篇一：新一代航空航天总线技术新一代航空航天总线技术20xx-2-22来源：航空制造网作者：伴随航空和航天电子技术的飞速发展，传统总线已经不能满足新型航空及航天电子系统的技术总体设计需求，因此目前传统的总线技术正逐步被新一代航空数据总线技术所替代，目前国外新型的商业和军用航空航天项目中的电子系统采用的总线已经开始转向光纤通道（Fiberchannel，Fc）、航空电子全双工交换式以太网（avionicsFull-duplexswitchedethernet，aFdx）、spacewire、time-triggeredprotocol（ttp）和time-triggeredethernet（tte）。

新一代总线技术相比于传统的总线可以提供更高带宽、更高可靠性和低延迟性，能够很好地满足新一代航空航天电子系统的技术设计要求。

光纤通道Fc是由美国标准化委员会（ansi）的x3t11小组于1988年提出的高速串行传输总线，解决了并行总线scsi遇到的技术瓶颈，并在同一大的协议平台框架下可以映射更多Fc-4上层协议。

Fc具备通道和网络双重优势，具备高带宽、高可靠性、高稳定性，抵抗电磁干扰等优点，能够提供非常稳定可靠的光纤连接，容易构建大型的数据传输和通信网络，目前支持1x、2x、4x和8x的带宽连接速率，随着技术的不断发展该带宽还在不断进行扩展，以满足更高带宽数据传输的技术性能要求。

Fc在航电上的应用主要包括：Fc-ae、Fc-aV （aRinc818）协议2个大的分支。

1Fc-ae协议集Fc-ae标准本身是一个Fc应用到航空电子环境中的一组协议集，主要用于航空电子环境下各设备之间的数据通信，传输视频、指控、仪器仪表、传感器等数据，主要包含：Fcae-1553、Fc-ae-asm、Fc-aeRdma、Fc-ae-Fclp及Fc-aeVi 共5种协议，目前Fc已经被用在Fc-35、b1-b、F18e/F、V22、apache等机型，Fc是四代和五代战机的代表性技术之一。

学awe术fds论文fd标sfd准格式

学术论文标准格式格式, 学术, 论文相关词条：格式, 学术, 论文（一）学位论文的一般格式和顺序1．题目：应以恰当、简明、引人注目的词语概括论文中最主要的内容。

避免使用不常用的缩略词、缩写字、字符和公式。

一般应在20字以内。

2．封面：采用全校统一格式。

专业名称必须按当年招生目录填写。

3．扉页：扉页的上方为论文题目，然后自上而下依次为：专业、作者、指导教师。

4．中文摘要：在论文的第一页，300－400字左右。

摘要(1)论文研究工作的目的和重要性(2) 研究的主要内容(3)采取的方法(4)成果和结论，要突出本论文新的见解。

摘要内容文字必须十分简练，但应充分概括。

摘要应具有独立性和自含性。

为便于检索，应在本页左下方注明本文的关键词（3—5个）。

关键词是从论文中选出的与论文主体密切相关的单词或术语。

5．外文摘要（一般为英文摘要），在论文的第二页，内容与中文摘要相同，左下方一行为与中文对应的英文关键词（3－5个）6．目录：1)中、英文摘要、目录分别编页。

2)目录是论文的提纲，也是论文的小标题，应在目录中显示出章节并按先后编好页次。

3)引言、正文、结论、参考文献、后记按顺序编页7．引言在论文正文之前，简要说明研究工作的目的、范围、相关领域的前人工作和知识空白、理论基础和分析、研究方法、预期结果和意义，不要与摘要雷同．8.正文：正文是学位论文的核心，占主要篇幅；论文内容必须实事求是，客观真切，合乎逻辑，层次分明，文字流畅，简练可读。

学士学位论文应不少于5000字, 英语专业学士学位论文不少于4000单词。

正文书写的层次顺序：→节→一、→（一）→1、→①9．注解、脚注、尾注正文中的注释一般用脚注，在引文出处的右上角用方括号标注阿拉伯数字，按每页编排序号，例XXXXXX[1],并在页下方左侧注明出处,须具体到页码(网上资料必须注明网址和各级栏目查询顺列和时间)。

10．图、表及数学公式：为准确表达实验数据、观测结果和研究方案等，应精心设计、绘制图、表，少而精，应具有自明性：1）表内不宜用“同上”、“同左”等类似的词或符号，应当一律填入具体数字或文字。

电脑文件格式大全

386‎Wind‎o ws虚拟‎设备驱动程‎序 CDX‎复合索引‎文件AB‎C ASC‎I I编码格‎式文件 C‎F G 配置‎文件，包含‎系统设备和‎环境信息‎A CM 音‎频压缩管理‎驱动程序‎C GM P‎a int ‎S hop ‎P ro映象‎文件AC‎T文档向‎导 CHK‎被CHK‎D SK/F‎命令恢复的‎由丢失的簇‎组成的文件‎ADF ‎系统管理配‎置 CLP‎剪贴板文‎件AIF‎声音格式‎文件 CM‎D命令文‎件AIO‎由APL‎文件转换成‎的格式文件‎CNF ‎配置文件，‎包含设备配‎置的有关信‎息ANI‎动画鼠标‎光标 CN‎T帮助内‎容APL‎APL工‎作区格式文‎件 COB‎COBO‎L语言源程‎序文件A‎P P 应用‎文件 CO‎M DOS‎命令文件‎A RC 压‎缩文件 C‎P I 代码‎字符集信息‎文件AR‎J压缩文‎件 CPL‎控制面板‎应用程序‎A RT 图‎像文件 C‎P P C/‎C++程序‎源文件A‎S C AS‎C文本文件‎CPT ‎M acin‎t osh ‎C ompa‎c t Pr‎o文件库‎A SM M‎A SM汇编‎语言源程序‎文件 CR‎D WIN‎D OWS卡‎片AU ‎声音文件‎C RF 交‎叉汇编文件‎，由MAS‎M编译器产‎生的程序列‎表AVI‎Wind‎o ws视频‎文件 CR‎T INT‎E RNET‎安全证书‎A WD 传‎真浏览文件‎CSV ‎命令分割数‎据AWP‎传真关键‎浏览器 C‎T L 控制‎文件AW‎S传真签‎名浏览器‎C UR 鼠‎标光标资源‎文件BA‎D错误文‎件 CUT‎Pain‎t Sho‎p Pro‎映象文件‎B AK 备‎份文件 D‎A T 数据‎文件,包含‎程序中需处‎理或产生的‎一批数据‎B AS B‎A SIC语‎言源程序文‎件 DB ‎d BASE‎或FoxB‎A SE配置‎文件,包含‎运行环境的‎参数BA‎T DOS‎批处理文件‎DBC ‎数据库B‎C M WO‎R KS通讯‎文件 DB‎F Fox‎B ASE或‎F oxPr‎o数据库索‎引BD‎B WOR‎K S数据库‎文件 DB‎S数据库‎BFC‎公文包‎D BT 备‎注文件‎B IN 二‎进制文件‎D CT 字‎典文件B‎M P WI‎N DOWS‎位图文件‎D CX 传‎真浏览文档‎或数据库索‎引C C‎语言源程序‎文件 DD‎I压缩文‎件CAB‎WIND‎O WS安装‎程序 DE‎F模式定‎义文件C‎A L WI‎N DOWS‎日历文件‎D ER I‎n tern‎e t安全证‎书CDA‎CD音轨‎文件 DE‎V设备驱‎动文件,包‎含安装新设‎备时所需的‎参数CD‎R Pai‎n t Sh‎o p Pr‎o映象文件‎DGS ‎设备诊断文‎件DIB‎Pain‎t Sho‎p Pro‎映象文件‎H C编译‎头文件D‎I C 字典‎文件 HD‎X Mac‎i ntos‎h Bin‎H ex文件‎DIF ‎变化备份设‎置目录文件‎HEX ‎十六进制数‎据文件D‎I R 目录‎文件 HG‎L Pai‎n t Sh‎o p Pr‎o映象文件‎DLL ‎W INDO‎W S动态链‎接库文件‎H IS 历‎史文件D‎M P Or‎a cle二‎进制格式备‎份文件 H‎L P 图形‎方式帮助文‎件DOB‎用户文本‎文件 HP‎J帮助P‎r ojec‎t文件D‎O C 文档‎文件 HP‎P C/C‎++头文件‎DOS ‎D OS文件‎HT 超‎级终端文件‎DOT ‎文档文件‎H TM I‎n tern‎e t超文本‎标记语言‎D OX 用‎户文本文件‎ICC ‎图像配色描‎述文件D‎R V 设备‎驱动文件‎I CO 图‎标文件D‎R W Pa‎i nt S‎h op P‎r o映象文‎件 IDE‎Borl‎a nd C‎++ Pr‎o ject‎文件DS‎N ODB‎C数据库文‎件 IDF‎MIDI‎乐器文件‎D UN 由‎拨号网络导‎出的文件‎I DX 索‎引数据文件‎DWG ‎A UTOC‎A D图形文‎件 IMD‎编码字典‎文件DX‎F Pai‎n t Sh‎o p Pr‎o映象文件‎IME ‎输入法文件‎EML ‎I NTER‎N ET电子‎邮件 IM‎G磁盘镜‎像文件E‎P S 压缩‎的附录文件‎INC ‎包含文件‎E RR 出‎错记录文件‎INF ‎安装信息‎E XC 文‎本文件 I‎N I 初始‎化参数文件‎EXE ‎可执行文件‎INP ‎S QL *‎F ORMS‎正文文件‎F KY 宏‎INS ‎I NTER‎N ET通讯‎设置文件‎F LL F‎O XPRO‎动态链接库‎ISP ‎I NTER‎N ET通讯‎设置文件‎F MT d‎B ASE或‎F oxBa‎s e屏幕格‎式文件 J‎O R 日志‎文件FN‎D保存的‎搜索结果‎J PE J‎P EG图像‎格式文件‎F NT 字‎形数据文件‎JPG ‎静态图形压‎缩格式文件‎FON ‎字形数据文‎件 KBD‎键盘布局‎FOR ‎F ORTR‎A N语言源‎程序文件‎K EY 加‎密钥文件‎F OT 指‎向字体的快‎捷键 LB‎L dBA‎S E标签格‎式文件F‎O X FO‎X BASE‎编译目标文‎件 LBT‎标签备注‎FPT ‎表备注 L‎B X 标签‎FRM ‎报表格式文‎件或SQL‎*FORM‎S二进制文‎件 LGO‎WIND‎O WS标识‎FRT ‎报表备份‎L HA 用‎L HARC‎压缩的文件‎FRX ‎报表 LI‎B库文件‎FUL ‎全盘备份设‎置目录文件‎LNK ‎静态快捷键‎FUN ‎功能菜单文‎件 LOG‎日志文件‎FXP ‎V isua‎l Fox‎P ro 3‎.0编译程‎序 LST‎列表文件‎GEM ‎P aint‎Shox‎Pro映‎象文件 L‎Z H 用L‎H ARC压‎缩的文件‎G IF 图‎形交换文件‎MAC ‎宏定义文件‎GR3 ‎W indo‎w s 3.‎X屏幕捕捉‎器 MAP‎映象文件‎GRA ‎图形数据文‎件 MB ‎码表文件‎G RP M‎i cros‎o ft程序‎组 MCC‎访问Th‎e Mic‎r osof‎t Net‎w ork的‎快捷方式‎G Z 用G‎N Z ZI‎P打包的文‎件 MCI‎MCI命‎令集‎M DB 扩‎展的浏览器‎PCX ‎图形数据文‎件MEM‎FOXB‎A SE内存‎变量文件‎P DR 口‎驱动程序‎M ID M‎I DI序列‎PF I‎C M描述文‎件MIF‎MIDI‎乐器 PF‎M打印机‎字形组合文‎件MIV‎MCC访‎问The ‎M icro‎s oft ‎N etwo‎r k的快捷‎方式 PF‎O FOR‎T RAN语‎言预编译文‎件MLV‎电影剪辑‎PGM ‎样本或演示‎文件MM‎F MIC‎R OSOF‎T邮件 P‎I C 图形‎数据文件‎M MM 动‎画 PIF‎程序信息‎文件MN‎F已存的‎M SN搜索‎PIX ‎图形数据文‎件MNT‎菜单备注‎PJT ‎项目备注‎M NU 菜‎单数据文件‎，包含有关‎菜单的定义‎PJX ‎项目MN‎X表单‎P OT P‎O WERP‎O INT模‎板MOV‎影片剪辑‎PPD ‎P OSTS‎C RIPT‎打印机描述‎MPA ‎运动图形压‎缩格式文件‎PPT ‎图片文件‎M PD 驱‎动程序 P‎R G FO‎X BASE‎或FOXP‎R O过程或‎程序文件‎M PE 运‎动图形压缩‎格式文件‎P RJ 设‎计数据文件‎MPG ‎运动图形压‎缩格式文件‎PRN ‎打印格式文‎件MPR‎生成的菜‎单程序 P‎R O 说明‎文件MP‎V媒体剪‎辑 PRT‎打印机格‎式MPX‎编译后的‎菜单程序‎P S 用于‎P OSTS‎C RIPT‎的文档M‎S G 信息‎文件 PS‎T MIC‎R OSOF‎T邮件M‎S N MI‎C ROSO‎F T网络中‎心 PUB‎通讯用公‎钥文件M‎S P WI‎N DOWS‎画笔图像‎P WL 口‎令列表N‎A V MS‎N应用程序‎PX 原‎始索引文件‎NDX ‎D BASE‎或FOXB‎A SE索引‎数据文件‎Q IC M‎I CROS‎O FT程序‎的备份集‎N ED M‎S N应用程‎序 QPR‎生成的查‎询程序N‎E T 网络‎配置文件‎Q PX 编‎辑后的查询‎程序NI‎S自然语‎言服务驱动‎程序 QT‎影片剪辑‎NWS ‎I NTER‎N ET新闻‎RAS ‎P aint‎Shop‎Pro映‎象文件O‎B D OF‎F ICE活‎页夹 RA‎W Pai‎n t Sh‎o p Pr‎o映象文件‎OBJ ‎目标代码文‎件 RBK‎WIND‎O WS设备‎配置备份文‎件OBT‎OFFI‎C E活页夹‎模板 RC‎资源文件‎OBZ ‎O FFIC‎E活页夹向‎导 RCF‎RICH‎W IN艺术‎汉字制作器‎OCX ‎O LE控制‎REC ‎用RECO‎V ER命令‎恢复的文件‎OFN ‎其它OFF‎I CE文档‎REG ‎应用程序注‎册器OU‎T C语言‎目标文件‎R EF 说‎明性的文本‎文件OV‎D覆盖文‎件 REP‎报表文件‎OVL ‎覆盖文件‎R LE 压‎缩格式化文‎件OVR‎覆盖文件‎RMI ‎M IDI音‎序PAB‎MICR‎O SOFT‎邮件 RP‎F报表正‎文格式化文‎件PAS‎PASC‎A L语言源‎程序文件‎R PT 报‎表生成文件‎PBK ‎N BN电话‎簿 RTF‎文本格式‎文件PB‎M PAI‎N T SH‎O P PR‎O映象文件‎SAV ‎拷贝文件‎P C C语‎言预编译文‎件 SCP‎拨号网络‎脚本S‎C R 正本‎文件 VB‎X Vis‎u al B‎a sic控‎制文件S‎C T 表单‎备注 VC‎T可视类‎库备注S‎C X 表单‎VCX ‎可视类库‎S EA M‎A CINT‎O SH自我‎选用档案库‎文件 VE‎R版本描‎述SEC‎加密文件‎VEW ‎报表视图文‎件SET‎设置文件‎VIR ‎被病毒感染‎文件的备份‎文件SH‎B指向一‎个文档的快‎捷方式 V‎U E Fo‎x Pro ‎2.X视图‎SHL ‎批命令文件‎VXD ‎虚拟设置驱‎动程序S‎H S 碎片‎对象 WA‎V声音文‎件SIT‎压缩文件‎WBK ‎W ORD后‎备文档S‎L T 设置‎文件 WC‎M Wor‎k s通讯文‎件SND‎声音格式‎文件 WD‎B Wor‎k s数据库‎文件SP‎D POS‎T SCRI‎P T打印机‎描述 WH‎T Net‎M eeti‎n g白板文‎档SPL‎假脱机文‎件 WIN‎窗口文件‎SPR ‎生成的屏幕‎程序 WI‎Z Wor‎d向导S‎P T SU‎P ER-S‎T AR图形‎版面文件‎W LL W‎o rd加载‎项SPX‎编译后的‎屏幕程序‎W PC 写‎字板文档转‎换SQL‎SQL ‎*PLUS‎命令文件‎W PS 文‎字处理系统‎W PS建立‎的文件S‎W P 虚拟‎内存交换文‎件 WRI‎Wind‎o ws书写‎器文档S‎Y M 符号‎调试定义文‎件 WRL‎虚拟现实‎模型语言对‎象SYS‎系统控制‎文件 XA‎B Mic‎r osof‎t邮件地址‎薄TAR‎UNIX‎合并文件‎X BM 图‎形格式文件‎TBK ‎备注备份‎X LA E‎x cel加‎载宏TB‎L词典文‎件 XLB‎Exce‎l工作表‎T GZ 一‎种先合并后‎压缩的文件‎XLC ‎E xcel‎图表TI‎F图形图‎像文件 X‎L D Ex‎c el对话‎框TMP‎临时文件‎XLK ‎E xcel‎备份文件‎T RN 翻‎译文件 X‎L M Ex‎c el宏文‎件TQT‎压缩文件‎XLS ‎E xcel‎工作表T‎S P 电话‎服务提供者‎XLT ‎E xcel‎模板TT‎C Tru‎e Type‎合成文件‎XLV ‎E xcel‎VBA模‎板TTF‎True‎Type‎字体文件‎XLW ‎E xcel‎工作表T‎X T 文本‎文件 XS‎L分层文‎件ULS‎用户定位‎服务 ZI‎P由PK‎Z IP压缩‎的文件U‎R L In‎t erne‎t快捷方式‎ZOO ‎用于在交互‎式平台转换‎的一种文件‎格式‎我们经常不‎知道一些文‎件怎么打开‎，来这里查‎查吧ht‎t p://‎w ww.g‎z htcm‎.com/‎b bs/r‎e ad.p‎h p?ti‎d=720‎3什‎么是文件名‎后缀说起‎来Wind‎o ws工作‎界面下的文‎件名简直是‎随心所欲，‎比如：某编‎辑部的20‎00年工作‎计划。

ADFS安装配置说明

ADFS安装、配置及管理说明一、ADFS安装1、命令行中键入“servermanager.msc”打开Server Manager(服务管理器)。

2、点击Add roles and features，添加角色和功能，单击下一步3、在选择安装类型页上，单击的基于角色或基于功能的安装，然后单击下一步。

4、在“选择目标服务器”页面上，单击“从服务器池中选择一个服务器”，验证目标计算机是否已选中，然后单击“下一步”。

5、在“选择服务器角色”页面上，单击“Active Directory 联合身份验证服务”，然后单击“下一步”。

6、在“选择功能”页上，单击“下一步”。

为您预先选择所需的先决条件。

不需要选择任何其他功能。

7、在“Active Directory 联合身份验证服务(AD FS)”页面上，单击“下一步”。

8、在验证信息后确认安装选择页上，单击安装，在“安装进度”页面上，验证所有内容是否正确安装，然后单击“关闭”二、ADFS配置1、在服务器管理器“仪表板”页面上，单击“通知”标志，然后单击“在服务器上配置联合身份验证服务”，打开“Active Directory 联合身份验证服务配置向导”。

2、在“欢迎使用”页面上，选择“在联合服务器场中创建第一个联合服务器”，然后单击“下一步”。

3、在连接到AD DS页上，指定通过使用此计算机所加入的Active Directory (AD) 域，然后输入域管理员权限的帐户，单击下一步。

4、在“指定服务属性”页面上，如果你已获得包含安全套接字层(SSL) 证书的.pfx 文件，请单击导入，然后输入联合身份验证服务的名称，此名称默认会与证书中的使用者名称一致，输入联合身份验证服务的显示名称，如“Contoso Corporation“，用户可以在ADFS登录页面中看到此名称。

提示：如果没有证书，可以在IIS中申请自签名证书，申请步骤如下：a、打开IIS，根目录中点击“Server Certificates”证书服务。

简单介绍AFD和WSS的相关文档

简单介绍AFD和WSS的相关文档简单介绍AFD和WSS的相关文档AFD是Active Format Description的缩写，它的主要功能是提供给视频解码器以便创建优化的视频显示窗口（比如说元窗口为Overscan的切割，在显示窗口中的位置和大小等）。

WSS是Wide Screen Signalling的缩写，它的功能和AFD相同，那么如何区分AFD 和WSS呢？很见简单，AFD一般运用于数字频道（比如说，用ATSC，DVB，CEA 861-C标准编码的数字码流，对应于Digital RF， DVI-D 等），而WSS应用于模拟信号（比如说，CVBS，Svideo，Component，Analog RF等）。

从现在的新的相关标准来看，WSS 相关地方已经逐渐被AFD所替代（可以是简单的名字替换，也可能是添加新的字段），保留WSS主要是为了和以前模拟信号的标准相兼容。

本文主要以ATSC为体系前提展开介绍，对于DVB标准，后面只是简单带过。

在学习AFD之前，我强烈建议读者首先学习CEA-CEB-16文档，它是一个开发和实践AFD的向导文档，提供了详细的AFD 实现说明及推荐方法。

为了使读者能够很好的理解相关标准与AFD之间的关系，我列了一张表格，以便日后快速查找。

对于DVB标准而言，它也有类似的标准，请参考DTG和ETSI EN 300 294等标准来懂得AFD和WSS等。

从上面的表格我们再补充几点：ü模拟信号的1080P没有文档定义它的AFD信息（作者在写这篇文档之前还未发现）。

ü数字ATSC或DVB是通过用户数据（user data）来传送AFD的描述符，比如A53，在sequence header, GOP or pictureheader中带有，请参考ISO13818-2。

ü CEA 861-C使用AVI包来传送AFD信息。

ü IEC 61880和CEA 805-C是通过VBI来传送AFD信息，比如ü当AFD一般有三个AR：16x9，14x9和4x3ü当AFD值为“0100”时，表示AR>16x9，即宽屏。

基于AFDX测试软件开发及验证研究

基于AFDX测试软件开发及验证研究【摘要】AFDX是一种基于标准定义的电子和协议规范（IEEE802.3和ARINC 664）用来航空子系统之间数据交换，提供一个高达24个终端系统的星形拓扑来连接从一个交换机桥接到其他的交换机内部网络。

其稳定性网络允许连接冗余（双物理连接）来保证带宽和服务质量。

本文主要针对上位机测试软件开发过程及验证测试。

【关键词】冗余管理；确定性网络；AFDX总线ARINC664标准为航空电子系统定义了一个确定性以太网数据交换网络，它由系统概念和概述、以太网物理层和数据链路层定义、基于因特网的协议和服务、基于因特网的地址结构和地址分配、网络互联服务和互联、保留、AFDX网络、上层和用户服务等8个部分组成。

其中AFDX网络部分定义了一种确定性网络，该网络基于已经成熟 IEEE802．3以太网技术发展，最大程度的降低了开发周期和开发费用，如何以最小的代价和最低的研发成本实现其快速开发成为航电系统优选总线。

本文将从AFDX总线、测试软件开发、测试软件调试三个方面进行描述。

1AFDX总线AFDX总线主要包含了End System（终端）、Switch(交换机)、Link（链路）。

它是基于一种网络概念而不是通常所说的总线形式，在这个网络上有交换机和终端两种设备，终端之间的数据信息交换是通过VL（虚拟链路）进行的,VL 起到了从一个唯一的源端到一个或多个目的端逻辑上的单向链接，且任意一个虚拟链路只能有一个源端。

以太网是非常成熟的技术，而且其发展和进步非常快，按照OSI/RM的七层模型。

而AFDX以以太网为基础，传输速度高，目前AFDX传输熟读可以达到100Mbps。

而且其终端系统的数量极容易扩充。

在飞机上减少布线，降低重量，成本效率高。

另外在与地面计算机系统连接则更为简单。

1.1AFDX帧格式AFDX数据包帧格式与IEEE802.3以太网的帧格式基本相同，AFDX帧格式如下图1所示，目标地址和源端地址包含着终端的MAC地址，事实上IP地址信息包含在IP结构模块中，AFDX信息有效载荷为17到1741数据。

AFDX简介

Flow/Traffic Control（流速/流量控制）
在终端系统的输出中，每个特定的虚拟链接（VL）的流速流量受到系统集成者的规划控制， VL的流速流量与BAG(Bandwidth Allocation Gap)、 JITTER以及帧的最大长度(Lmax)相关，具体如下图：
BAG
MAX JITTER
•
• •
AFDX连接示意图
AFDX网络拓扑图
AFDX Interconnect
终端设备
交换机
交换机
终端系统
终端设备
交换机
交换机
Internet
网关
终端设备
2.AFDX工作原理简介
– 协议基础 • 物理及链路层：以太网协议（ IEEE 802.3 标准） • 网络层：IP协议 • 传输层：UDP协议 – Virtual Link（虚拟链路） – Flow/Traffic Control（流速/流量控制） – Integrity Checking and Redundancy Management（完整性检验及冗余管理） – Avionics Services(航空电子通讯服务) – Full-duplex, Switched Ethernet全双工、交换式
应用程序读取端口的信息后，将信息从队列中移走
信息到达后增加到队列中
M1
M2
M3
SAP port 一个终端系统作为一个服务接入点（SAP, Service Access Point )具有一下特点： 1. SAP port可以用于AFDX内部的通讯 2. 接入兼容网络（compliant network)需要通过网关或路由器（设计为终端系统的一部分） 3. 终端系统提供与兼容网络（compliant network) 的UDP服务 4. 每个UDP服务支持8K字节信息长度 5. 作为一个可选项，适当配置SAP port，可以支持TCP 可以直接访问IP层 SAP port主要用于AFDX系统与非AFDX系统的通信。

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进农家、访民情，与民心贴心。

镇“三万”活动工作队深入田间地头，走到群众中去，坚持做到“群众在哪里，干部就到哪里去”，与群众心贴心，感受群众的脉动。

工作队员身兼法制宣传员、综治协管员、纠纷调解员、维稳信息员、治安联防员、帮教转化员等多种角色，以老人赡养、村级政务财务公开、人畜饮水、山界林权及土地流转等与广大群众切身利益息息相关的问题为重点进行调查走访，真正了解群众所思、所需、所盼。

截至目前，各工作组共排查矛盾纠纷60起。

细记录、勤梳理，千方百计解民忧。

工作队员在进村入户走访群众过程中，坚持记好民情日记，对收集到的群众意见、建议及其它相关问题，工作队成员利用休息时间及时进行梳理归类、分析思考，并结合本单位工作职能，提出解决方案，能当场予以解答的就并及时给走访对象进行解答；不能当场予以解答的工作队及时向镇党委政府做好沟通反馈，并协助做好调查处理工作。

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重协调、抓源头，矛盾化解在基层。

工作队在走访调查过程中将上访户、意见户作为走访的重点对象，善于倾听、善于沟通、善于疏导，通过摸清上访户反映问题的根源，积极宣传党的方针政策，以化解信访难题为突破口，引导上访户、意见户通过合法有序的途径反映自己的合理诉求，并按照“疏导与教育”相结合的原则和“依法、及时、有效”的方法及时化解排查出的矛盾纠纷，促进了社会和谐稳定。

FS,FT,DFS,DTFT,DFT,FFT的联系和区别

FS，FT，DFS，DTFT，DFT，FFT的联系和区别对于初学数字信号处理（DSP）的人来说，这几种变换是最为头疼的，它们是数字信号处理的理论基础，贯穿整个信号的处理。

学习过《高等数学》和《信号与系统》这两门课的朋友，都知道时域上任意连续的周期信号可以分解为无限多个正弦信号之和，在频域上就表示为离散非周期的信号，即时域连续周期对应频域离散非周期的特点，这就是傅里叶级数展开（FS），它用于分析连续周期信号。

FT是傅里叶变换，它主要用于分析连续非周期信号，由于信号是非周期的，它必包含了各种频率的信号，所以具有时域连续非周期对应频域连续非周期的特点。

FS和FT 都是用于连续信号频谱的分析工具，它们都以傅里叶级数理论问基础推导出的。

时域上连续的信号在频域上都有非周期的特点，但对于周期信号和非周期信号又有在频域离散和连续之分。

在自然界中除了存在温度，压力等在时间上连续的信号，还存在一些离散信号，离散信号可经过连续信号采样获得，也有本身就是离散的。

例如，某地区的年降水量或平均增长率等信号，这类信号的时间变量为年，不在整数时间点的信号是没有意义的。

用于离散信号频谱分析的工具包括DFS，DTFT和DFT。

DTFT是离散时间傅里叶变换，它用于离散非周期序列分析，根据连续傅里叶变换要求连续信号在时间上必须可积这一充分必要条件，那么对于离散时间傅里叶变换，用于它之上的离散序列也必须满足在时间轴上级数求和收敛的条件；由于信号是非周期序列，它必包含了各种频率的信号，所以DTFT对离散非周期信号变换后的频谱为连续的，即有时域离散非周期对应频域连续周期的特点。

当离散的信号为周期序列时，严格的讲，离散时间傅里叶变换是不存在的，因为它不满足信号序列绝对级数和收敛（绝对可和）这一傅里叶变换的充要条件，但是采用DFS（离散傅里叶级数）这一分析工具仍然可以对其进行傅里叶分析。

我们知道周期离散信号是由无穷多相同的周期序列在时间轴上组成的，假设周期为N，即每个周期序列都有N个元素，而这样的周期序列有无穷多个，由于无穷多个周期序列都相同，所以可以只取其中一个周期就足以表示整个序列了，这个被抽出来表示整个序列特性的周期称为主值周期，这个序列称为主值序列。

ADF中文教程：ADF参数设置详解

Geometry Opt & Freqs：对分子进行结构优化，完成之后，自动计算优化好的那个结构的频率。如此就可以检查是不是存在负的频率（也就是所谓的虚频）

Linear Transit：线性过渡。其用途参考费米科技 WIKI 中“ADF 知识库” ：ADF 搜索过渡态典型案例

Transition State Search：过渡态搜索。其用途参考费米科技 WIKI 中“ADF 知识库” ：ADF 搜索过渡态典型案例

Single Point：计算某一种分子结构的性质（比如计算 HOMO、LUMO，或者吸收光谱、NMR 性质等等），之所以叫做单点，是指这种性质只由当前的这种结构就可以计算出来。其他选项，例如 Fragment Analysis、Properties Only、Strict 选项实际上等同于选择 Single Point，具体可以参考费米科技 WIKI 中“ADF 知识库” ：如何计算 HOMO、LUMO、文献重现：锌酞菁的基态与激发态计算（第二部分）、如何计算 NMR Shielding 化学位移
一般而言结构优化的可靠性是徆高的即使丌太精确的泛凼比较小的基组比较低的积分精度得到的几何结构也和精确的参数相差徆小误差仅在0001埃的量级因此一般结构优化都丌需要使用徆高精度的方法和基组
费米科技
ADF 参数设置详解
Main Preset ：常用的选项包括 Single Point 、 Frequencies 、 Geometry Optimization 、 Geometry Opt & Freqs、Linear Transit、Transition State Search。

Geometry Constraints and Scan：进行 Linear Transit 计算的时候需要设置此处，具体参考费米科技 WIKI 中“ADF 知识库” ：ADF 搜索过渡态典型案例

ADF2016新版

ADF2016新功能概览：ADF2016增加了流程化自动计算的功能，计算效率（尤其是BAND模块）与2014相比有了进一步提高。

各个模块在功能上的改进如下。

∙ADF∙增加DFT分子动力学（无周期性的体系）∙增加NEB方法搜索过渡态（旧版本有其他更精确的过渡态搜索方法）∙最低能量势能面交叉点∙DIM/QM集成到GUI中，可用于颗粒较大的金属团簇表面吸附分子的吸收光谱、表面增强拉曼光学活性等计算。

DIM/QM大大降低了计算量∙支持指定分子特定区域带电∙X射线发射谱XES（X-Ray emission Spectrum）∙MECP∙Natural Transition Orbitals∙Fukui函数∙新泛函：∙长程修正泛函：LCY-BLYP、LCY-BP86、LCY-PBE、CAM-B3LYP、CAMY-B3LYP、HSE03、HSE06、M11、MN12-SX、N12-SX、WB97、WB97x）∙色散修正杂化泛函：B3LYP-D、B3LYP-D3、B3LYP-dDsC、B3LYP-D3(BJ)、B3LYP-dUFF、BHandHLYP-dDsC、PBE0-dDsC、PBE0-MBD@rsSC、S12h-D3 ∙meta-GGA：SSB-D、TPSS-D3、TPSS-D3(BJ)∙其他泛函库（libXC）支持灵活指定交换泛函与相关泛函∙BAND∙增加DFT分子动力学（具有周期性的体系）∙增加NEB方法搜索过渡态（旧版本有其他更精确的过渡态搜索方法）∙PEDA-NOCV（非限制性、周期性体系）能量分解∙能量相对于原子核坐标的一阶梯度∙能量相对于晶格常数的一阶梯度∙声子谱计算∙指定电子态的占据方式∙计算效率比2014版进一步提高∙新泛函：∙长程修正泛函HSE03、HSE06∙GGA色散修正泛函∙meta-GGA：SSB-D、TPSS-D3、TPSS-D3(BJ)∙其他泛函库（libXC）支持灵活指定交换泛函与相关泛函∙DFTB∙增加色散修正D3-BJ、D2、UFF、ULG∙Franck-Condon谱∙Bader分析∙声子谱∙新增大量元素的参数（QUASINANO2015）∙ReaxFF∙反应路径自动追踪∙体积变化设置（在模拟过程中，可以人为设置体积的变化过程）∙外加电场变化设置（在模拟过程中，可以为不同阶段设置不同的电场）∙新增力场：∙色散修正力场：CHONSSi-lg∙其他力场：AuCSOH、AuSCH_2011、AuSCH_2013、C单质、CHOFeAlNiCuSCr_v1、CHOFeAlNiCuSCr_v2、CHOFeAlNiCuSCr_v3、改进的CHOLi_v2、CHONiHe、CHONSFPtClNi、改进的CHONSMgPNaCuCl_v2、CHONSMgPNaTiClF、CHONSSiCaCsKSrNaMgAlCu、CHONSSiGe、CHONSSiNaAl、CHONSSiNaP、CHONSSiPtNiCuCoZrYBa、CHONSSiPtZrNiCuCoHeNeArKrXe、CHOSFClN、HOSMg、LiS、LiSi、NiCH、OPt、PdH、SiOH、VOCH、ZnOH∙COSMO-RS：离子液体数据库∙Python脚本库：PLAMS∙GUI显示∙优化了原子数非常多的情况下的显示能力，操作更加流畅∙轨道相互作用图示方式有所改进。

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1.With the _______of Mary, all the girl students are eager to go to the party.A.exhibitionB.exceptionC.exceptD.reception2.Although the trffic is not busy, he likes to drive at a _______ speed.A.spareB.fastC.moderateD.moral3.All the memories of his childhood had _______ from his mind by the time he was 65.A.fadedB.illustratedfinedD.concerned4.This river is so big that it is impossible to build a _______ under it without modern technology.A.canalB.tunnelC.channelD.cable5.The _______ is nearly dead , so I can not start the car again.A. beanB.beamC.bakeD.battery6.When making modern cameras , people began to _______ plastics for metal.A. surroundB.substanceC.stretchD.substitute7.With the help of the government , a large number of people ---_______ after the flood in 1991.A. survivedB.suspendedC.sufferedD.subfected8.He always has a lot of _______ ideas in his mind , and sometimes we do not even know what he is thinding about.A. novelB.spoilC.acceptableD.additional9.Please be serious. I am not _______. You should consider it carefullyA. sortingB.jokingC.countingparing10.We do not have a _______ school in our institute. The highest degree we provide for the students is a B. A. and a B. S. .A. continueB.bayC.assistanceD.graduate11.In the United States, the foreign policy is decided by the ________ government, not by each state.A. federalB.figureC.scientificD.service12.He works in our university as a visiting _______, not as a formal faculty member.A. traditionalB.scholarC.nurseD.pilot13.When you fill in the application form, please use your _______ address so that we can contact you easily later.A. policyB.plainC.permanentD.principal14.John _______ to be a polite man. But in fact he is very rude.A. pretendsB.assuresC.affordsD.melts15.We can not trust him any more because he often ________ his duty.A. owesB.spoilsC.desertsD.neglects16.In order to increase our output, we need to import more production _______.A. facilitiesB.hensC.votesD.artists17.When a spacecraft travels, one of the major problems is reentry into the Earth’s _______.A. surfaceB.atmosphereC.attitudeD.bent18.This river forms a natural _______ between China and Korea.A. boundaryB.stringC.spotD.zone19.She is already 16years old. But she _______as if she were still a little girl.A. believesB.absorbsC.accrsesD.behaves20.We are _______ at the rapid progress Mark has made in this semester.A. distinguishedB.annoyedC.astonishedD.scored21.The doctors _______ the medicines to the people in the flood area.A. distributedB.packedC.prayedD.undertook22.Much of the news provided by this newspaper is _______, not foreign.A. domesticB.strainC.purchaseD.murder23.He tried to _______relations with his former wife but he failed.A. measureB.maintainC.shelterD.reply24.He _______ to study harder in the future so that he could have more opportunities to find a better job.A. resolvedB.resortedC.requestedD.reserved25.The _______ work continued for more than a week but there was still no sign of the missing boy.A. researchB.rescueC.vesselD.vast26.Many kinds of animals are believed to have _________ from the earthA. withdrawnB.vanishedC.foundD.hung27.The engineers in this lab spent several weeks _______ their plans for the new bicycle.A. countingB.strippingC.elaboratingD.casting28.Pine trees are usually believed to _______ cold weather.A. guardB.accomplishC.roarD.endure29.Free medical service is _______ to nearly all the college students in China.A. favoriteB.availableC.convenientD.average30.After working for twenty hours without any rest, the doctors were _______.A. exhaustedB.mountedC.wrappedD.restored31.The college students in China are _______ from smoking on campus because this will do them no good.A. discouragedB.observedC.obeyedD.obtained32.Professor Smith is also the _______ of the international program office. If you have any problem when you study here, you may go to him for help.A. detectiveB.presidentC.managerD.director33.We won’t allow any foreign country to _______ in our internal affairs.A. devoteB.districtC.interfereD.wander34.We can not _______ all the magazines together.A. routeB.drawC.threadD.bind35.What he said in the meeting _______ everybody present.A. disgustedB.dismissedC.disposedD.eliminated36.Some lazy men would rather _______ than work.A. indicateB.declareC.solveD.starve37.This boy was _______ for what he had done in the class.A. scoldedB.overcomeC.inclinedD.displayed38.Some states in the United States _______ people to carry guns.A. applyB.charmC.ignoreD.forbid39.Carelessness made him fall in his job _______.A.interviewB.intentionC.stomachD.stocking40.Sometimes it is very difficult to _______ some of the English words. Even the native speaker can not help.A. decreaseB.createC.defineD.delight41.Students with _______ problems may apply for student loans.A. economicB.financialC.maleD.economical42.Both sugar and salt can ______in water.A. desertB.absorbC.dissolveD.involve43.I have not heard anything from him since his _______.A. departureB.faultC.foundationD.acciptance44.Without a proper education, people could _______ all kinds of crimes.A. conductB.stoopmitD.sweat45.Several loudspeakers are _______ from the ceiling and we can hear the speaker very clearly.A. connectedB.sustainedC.associatedD.suspended46.This morning in the class, our teacher lost his _______ at last because he could not stand any more.A. temperB.terrorC.verseD.contain47.It is not ---_______ for me to return all the books to the library now because I still need some of them for my research.A. continuousB.difficultC.convenientD.sufficient48.When traveling alone in the mou ntains, you’d better take a _______ with you in case you get lost.A. compasspressplseD.campus49.As a teacher, you should not _______ the students from asking questions in class.A. ruinB.restrainC.importD.impose50.If you have any problems during your study here, please do not _______ to call me for helpA. hesitateB.despairC.urgeD.request答案：1.B2.C3.A4.B5.D6.D7.A8.A9.B 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.D 20.C 21.A 22.A 23.B 24.A 25.B 26.B 27.C 28.D 29.B 30.A 31.A32.D 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.D 39.A 40.C 41.B 42.C 43.A 44.C 45.D 46.A 47.C 48.A 49.B 50.A1. This kind of medicine has the power to _______poison.A.splashB.resistC.adoptD.occupy2. He is easily _______ so I do not like to talk with him.A.defendedB.affordedC.createdD.offended3.I am _______ to believe that he won’t come back to see his wife again.A.inclinedB.puzzledC.accompaniedD.performed4.Before you mail this letter, you should check again whether you have _______ it or not.A.sunkB.sighedC.soughtD.sealed5.After talking for nearly ten hours, he _______ to the government’s pressure at last.A.expressedB.yieldedC.decreasedD.approved6.My hands and feet were ________ with cold as I waited for the bus.A. cliffB.stillC.stiffD.stick7.This problem is beyond his ability and he can not ________ it.A.slipB.packC.gainD.solve8.When you buy the spare parts for your car, try to get the _______ ones from the authorized dealer.A.genuineB.generousC.geniusD.gentle9.If you use _______, you can get a higher quality picture.A.waxB.shameC.gooseD.slides10.Who _______ this country, the people or the president? This question is not easy to answer.A.frightensB.differsC.displayserns11.This year our university does not have any _______ to continue the international student exchange program.A.functionB.fundamentalC.funeralD.funds12.Who is the patient being _______ on?A.paintedB.operatedC.tiedD.fetched13.Mary is _______ of music but I am not.A.pauseB.adventureC.grammaticalD.fond14.This man has been proved _______ of murder.A.guiltyB.spoilC.flashD.curious15.The international situation is very _______ in the Middle East.A.deliciousB.perfectC.delicateD.percent16.Even though he knew that I should study, he still ______ me to go to the movies.A.recognizedB.extendedC.persuadedD.unexpected17.We _______ that it will take another four months to finish this plan.A.grantB.estimateC.councilD.check18.He read the paper several times but be stil l _______ some printer’s errors.A.overlookedB.ignoredC.noticedD.outlined19.She often talks with a _______ appearance but in fact she is always telling lies.A.tidyB.sincereC.worshipD.merry20.If the students can not support themselves during their study in university, they may ask for a student _______ from the government.A.menuB.spoonC.loanD.bond21.English has become a communication _______ for people from different countries.A.meritB.streamC.enjoymentD.medium22.During the eight years war, many people _______ their blood for their country.A.shedB.temptedC.reservedD.devoted23.You have greatly _______us. What you have done is not what you told us about several weeks ago.A.disappointedB.desertedC.clarifiedD.opposed24.Before you begin writing your paper, please write ------__________ first. Then we can have a better idea about what you are going to talk about.A.an originB.a detailC.an exampleD.an outline25.If you ask why I plan to study in the United States, the only answer is that it is a _______ for me .A.chapterB.ceremonyC.chamber D challenge26.A _______ political and economic situation is very important for the development of any country.A.stainB.stableC.peacefulD.pink27.The financial support is decided not only according to your GRE score, but also according to your _______ in college.A.performanceB.policyC.smartD.statement28.The World Trade Center is often called a _______ Building, because it is made up of two identical buildings.A. AlikeB.FolkC.TwinD.Former29.It is impossible for us to _______ such a difficult task within the limited time.A.fuelB.frownC.fulfillD.frost30.Please do not _______ when somebody else is talking.A. intendB.interpretC.interuptD.invest31.As a commander, you should not _______ the soldiers to unnecessary danger.A.expressB.explodeC.ecploitD.expose32.This newspaper often _______ the government’s opinion, not the public opinionA.affectsB.reactsC.reflectsD.recognizes33.Although in great danger, the wounded still did not want to _______ from the front.A.feedbackB.backwardC.withdrawD.departure34.This movie has a _______ ending. You can not imagine who will be killed finally.A.dramaticB.originalC.considerableD.temple35.During the graduation _______, the president gave a wonderful opening speech.A.evolutionB.signC.individualD.ceremony36.The dog _______ the rabbit but could not catch it.A.ceasedB.chainedC.checkedD.chased37.If your letter is over weight, you must pay for the _______.A.excessB.exceedC.checkedD.chased38.In the class the teacher asked the students to _______ their bad habits.A.weakenB.omitC.overcomeD.overtake39.When you study in the United States, usually you have to buy your own health _______.A.insuranceB.expenseC.evidenceD.payment40.Chocolate and ice-cream have different _______.A.favourB.favouritesC.feverD.flavours41.This is an _______ that will not be easily forgotten.A.impactB.academicC.insultD.alternative42.Please _______ me for my rudeness. I really do not know the custom here.A. engagefortC.executeD.forgive43.Water and air are _______ to human beings. We can not live without them.A.harbourB.functionC.definiteD.essential44.When the airplane takes off, the passengers are told to _______ their seat belts.A.fountainB.fixC.tightD.fasten45.This is not what we asked you to do. You can not get more pay for the _______ work.A.owingB.deviceC.tiredD.extra46.My throat is _______. I cannot speak any more.A.soreB.purchaseC.glowD.faint47.Many years ago, a lot of factories were _______ from big cities to the mountainous areas in case of war.A.transferredB.transformedC.transmittedD.transported48.He said in his letter that he would _______ some photographs but I couldn’t find anything in the envelope.A.caseB.doubleC.encloseD.nonsense49.Many English words are _______ from Latin.A.displayedB.spreadC.lostD.derived50.I feel _______ to say that I can not believe what he said.A.wantedB.observedC.obligedD.wandered答案:1.B2.D3.A4.D5.B6.C7.D8.A9.D 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.B 20.C 21.D 22.A 23.A 24.D 25.D 26.B 27.A 28.C 29.C 30.C 31.D 32.C 33.C 34.A 35.D 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.D 43.D 44.D 45.D 46.A 47.A 48.C 49.D 50.DTest 31.This watch is _______ by hand, not by machine, so it is very expensive.A.flatB.coinedC.boredD.manufactured2.These two horses look so much alike that we can not _______ one from the other.A.differB.detailC.distinguishD.defeat3.The president of that company was very calm during the political_______.A.failureB.fashionC.proceedD.crisis4._______ is usually the chief enemy of the camera lens.A.OxxasionB.vainC.MoistureD.Deck5.The _______ left the ship after sixty hours of hard struggle.A.dashB.cellC.crewD.gay6.On our way to Beijing, we visited Xi’an, a city of two million _______, and stayed there for two days.A. insectsB.humanC.inhabitantsD.flights7.One of the main reasons for air pollution is that many cars _______ smoke into the atmosphere.A.gatherB.hireC.dischargeD.escape8.Don’t forget to _______ to let us know you arrived safely.A.cableB.cageC.borderD.bay9.She gave him a _______ that she could not come to his party.A.mistressB.shootC.neckD.hint10.When the temperature is below zero, water will _______.A.freezeB.virtueC.sinkD.seek11.1,3,5,7 and 9 are _______ numbers and 2,4,6 and 8 are not.A.oddB.evenC.extraD.nut12.He always _______ to everything and never agrees with anybody.A.projectsB.givesC.foldsD.objects13.I was born in Japan, but I have _______ Chinese citizenship.A.retainedB.representedC.reportedD.required14.He made a rough _______ of the first floor of that building, showing us where his office was located.A.paintingB.illustrationC.drawingD.sketch15.He is deeply _______ in the trouble of his company.A. involvedB.occurredC.packedD.represented16.He always leaves _______ for all the words he does not know in his translation.A.blanketsB.blindC.blackD.blanks17.Smoking and drinking are regarded as _______ in some countries because they do no good to health.A.vicesB.habitsC.customsD.copies18.The news has not yet been officially _______ by the government.A.struckB.confirmedC.foundedD.pointed19.These are two _______ issures, but people often take them as one.A.ruinB.nestC.distinctD.castle20.What _______ did you watch on television last night?A.waveB.frequencyC.channelD.tunnel21.The Bushmen are _______ hunters even though their weapons are primitive.A.favouriteB.originalC.sufficientD.expert22.Before he left the White House, the president made a _______ speech.A.quaarelB.symbolC.automobileD.farewell23.The local government has begun a _______ in this city to cut down the traffic accidents.A.protestB.punishmentC.protectionD.project24.It is highly _______ that he come here tomorrow to join us.A.desirableB.doubtfulC.goodD.wanted25.A new idea began to _______ from his mind when he was on his way back home.A.emergeB.outputC.starveD.tend26.If you just stay in this city for few days, we can give you a _______ library card and you can still make use of the books in the city library.A.terminalB.temporaryC.regularD.chamber27.When you buy anything expensive, never forget to ask for the _______ from the shop.A.renderB.trustC.receiptD.tale28.These programs are designed for those young people who want to _______ higher education but do not have enough time to go to university.A. insureB.purseC.purchaseD.pursue29.In order to write his paper, he borrowed a lot of _______ books from the school library.A. implicationB.referenceC.sampleD.saucer30.When he opened the door, he used too much force and _______ the key.A.trailedB.variedC.twistedD.wicked31.When heated, water changes into _______.A.solidB.vapourC.liquidD.air32.What she achieved in her research might _______ what she had been expecting.A.exceedB.exclaimC.excessD.extend33.It is _______ to anyone here that the department chairman has refused to support the new project.A.factorB.falseC.evidentD.elastic34.He _______ his father in appearance but not in height.A.repeatsB.looksC.resemblesD.likes35.Both O.J.Simpson and Jim Brown have been ______ as the greatest players in the history of football.A.rankedB.recordedC.stockedD.stripped36.The airplane took off soon. It was like being on an old train ______ from side to side and going faster and faster.A.surroundingB.foregoingC.swayingD.frowning37.This is a poem about _______ life in the American West.A.bayB.chamberC.frankD.dozen39.What they produced has no any _______ value. But it is very useful to their research.A.filterB.foldC.partialmercial40.When talking about Chinese culture, people often _______ its origin with the Yellow River.A.worshipB.vainC.revealD.associate41.As a chairman for nearly ten years, Professor Smith has never _______ to anything dishonest.A.beardB.attachedC.grantedD.kept43.The ---_______ between Chinese and Japanese is not so obvious so that it is not easy to distinguish between people from the two countries.A.distinctionB.equivalentC.indexD.murder44.When he caught a _______ of his girl-friend in the rain, Jack asked the taxi driver to stop to pick her up.A.harbourB.kettleC.glimpseD.scale45.He’ll always be _______ to you for what you’ve done.A.peacefulB.secureC.gratefulpanion46.In Nearly any country, there always exists a _______ gap between the old and the young.A.generationB.helicopterC.noticeableD.ounce47.Excuse me, sir. Could you please tell me what number I should dial to get the _______.A.throatB.verseC.conductorD.operator48.Without the _______ materials imported from abroad, Japan can hardly produce anything.A.storeyB.valuableC.spareD.raw49.We may be able to _______ you in some way if you can not finish your work on time.A.resistB.insistC.assistD.disease50.She always dreamed of an _______ job even when she was ten years old.A. idealB.indirectC.absoluteD.aid答案：1.D2.C3.D4.C5.C6.C7.C8.A9.D 10.A 11.A 12.D13.A 14.D 15.A 16.D 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.C 21.D 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.D 29.B 30.C 31.B 32.A33.C 34.C 35.A 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.D 40.D 41.C 42.B 43.A 44.C 45.C 46.A 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.ATest 41.Even though he has lived in China for many years, Mark still can not _______ himself to the Chinese customs.A.adoptB.adjustC.adaptD.accept2.He tried to _______ with the manager for has salary.A.evaluateB.objectC.bargainD.pause3.To some _______, Mary still does not understand this unit. But she herself does not believe so.A.extendB.partC.extentD.content4.Great Britain and France will hold a _______ regarding some European economic problems.A.conferenceB.referenceC.conversionD.cooperation5.Since he often travels on business, he can _______ himself to sleeping in any place he can find.A.makeB.accustomC.forceD.let6.He has _______ much time and energy for his invention.A.containedB.proceededC.consumedD.paid7.A good teacher always tries to _______ students to ask question.A.encourageB.obeyC.recallD.spread8.If you want to see the chairman of the department, you’d better make an _______ with his secretary first.A.admissionB.agreementC.appointmentD.alphabet9.They say the new film is a(n) _______ picture so they won’t go to see it.A. internalB.oddC.interestingD.dull10.The judge _______ the murderer to twenty years in prison.A.requiredB.orderedC.indicatedD.sentenced11.This university has _______ a great deal since our last visit.A.appearedB.alteredC.approachedD.admired12.She is narrow minded and always _______ what other people have.A. jealousB.owesC.missesD.envies13.When he woke up from his dream, the frightened boy tried to _______ his mother’s arm.A.grapeB.greyC.gripD.grave14.Mary has never been _______ a ship.A.abroadB.aboardC.aboveD.absorb15.The modern camera lens may be coated with more than ten _______ for each piece of its glass.A. levelsB.storiesyersD.formations16.The thief was _______ by the police at the railway station.A.carpetB.minedC.capturedD.mounted17.In fact, there is no _______ liberty in any country.A.adequateB.absoluteC.privateD.practical18.There is too much noise outside. I can not _______my attention on my work.A.connectB.flatC.fillD.concentrate19.While studying at U.C.L.A.,Mr.Wang _______ his old friend, whom he has not seen for nearly twenty years.A.encounteredB.whisperedC.swungD.maid20.The _______ production of engines in our factory has doubled this year.A.manualB.annualC.amountD.alike21.The Foreign Minister made an excellent _______ on the current international situation.mitteemandmentmission22.They _______ cattle mainly for the international market.A.carpenterB.districtC.oxD.breed23.He went to the dance last night but couldn’t find a _______ b ecause of his strange clothes.A.pondB.saddleC.partnerD.salad24.Her father will never _______ of her going to study in the United States alone.A.proveB.agreeC.admitD.approve25.I wish I could _______ you somehow for your kindness.A.strawB.issueC.rewardD.own26.Our teacher was _______ by the funny story.A.nakedB.yieldedC.amusedD.expanded27.The young people made a new _______ to the governorA.proposalB.submergeC.tendencyD.thread28.In the film we saw last night, the hero _______ his wife to death with his sword.A.throatB.thrustC.trustD.thread29.If there is no other way to save a _______ person in a tall building on fire, fire fighters may spread a net into which the person can jump.A.voltB.wrappedC.trappedD.deserted30.Since 1978, many new _______ have been developed in our university to meet the increasing demands of the students.A.disciplinesB.entrancesC.checksD.flames31.How can we finish the work in the _______ of any other helpers?A.eraB.hasteC.spareD.absence32.The wo unded soldiers’ blood _______ the ground red at the front.A.diedB.dumpedC.drawedD.dyed33.There are two governments in this country. But neither of them is regarded as the _______ one by the other.A.panelB.legalC.purpleD.republic34.The question then ________: What are we going to do when we graduate from the university?A.raisesB.arousesC.arisesD.rises35.The _______ between the two playing periods of a football game is onlya few minutes.A. internalB.reserveC.intervalD.radium36.What we need to learn is how to put theory into _______ when we begin our fieldwork here.A.appearanceB.applicationC.accomplishD.achievement37.It is a _______ truth that man is the only animal that has the power to speak and reason.A.worthyB.virtualC.universalD.indefinite38.His speech _______ the young people to continue their study.A.glancedB.delayedC.inspiredD.created39.The ground around here is mostly _______ and not very good for farming.A.boardB.clayC.kidD.wax40.Some people say that education is the best _______ for children.A. investigationanizationC.investmentD.origin41.She likes the _______ flower instead of the natural one.A. articleB.adventureC.ancientD.artificial42.This highway runs _______ to the railway.A. identicalB.suitableC.parallelD.distribution43.The rent for this house is $ 250. But you need also pay $50 first as the _______.A.depositB.councilC.desiredD.submitted44.The rebuilding plan was _______ to the committee.A.tapedB.admittedC.desiredD.submitted45.Jack London worked very hard and finally he _______ success.A.madeB.foundC.soughtD.achieved46.It’s just _______ bite. There is nothing to worry about.A.a vesselB.a templeC.an insectD.an arbitrary47.Jack is _______ of stealing the books from the library.A.accusedB.witnessedC.strainedD.found48.Metals expand when they are heated and _______ when cooled.A. indicateB.eliminateC.conquerD.contract49.In order to _______ a good knowledge of English, he gave up his job and went to study in an English school.A.requireB.inquireC.acquireD.address50.He checked carefully to _______ the possible errors in his design.A.eliminateB.exceedC.enlargeD.vibrate答案:1.C2.C3.C4.A5.B6.C7.A8.C9.D 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.C 14.B 15.C 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.B 21.C 22.D 23.C 24.D 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.C 30.A 31.D32.D 33.B 34.C 35.C 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.B 40.C 41.D 42.C 43.A 44.D 45.D 46.C 47.A 48.D 49.C 50.ATest 51.His proposal is _______ to all of us and you do not need to tell us more about it.A.apparentB.appearingC.approachingD.apart2.This mountain range has many high _______ and fertile valleys.A.peaksB.hillsC.phasesD.pink3.He gave us a good _______ of his experience.A.demonstrationB.frequencyC.descriptonD.instruction4.You have your choice of three _______ of ice cream.A.varietiesB.topsC.respectsD.decks5.This sick man was _______ in a blanket.A. inputB.issuedC.ensuredD.wrapped6.This is the military ________. Nobody is allowed to get in without permission.A.bondB.zoneC.butterD.zoo7.Rock music usually _______ the young people in most countries.A.applies toB.appeals toC.amazesD.actress8.Would he have seen you if you hadn’t _______ to h im?A. intendedB.wavedC.expressedD.debt9.Everyone _______ the right to his own opinion.A. imitatesB.requestsC.deservesD.outlines10. I’m worried about the appearance of the floor. I need to _______ it.A.cleanB.fixC.waxD.oven。