894_戴炜栋—外国语言文学学科“十二五”
戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter
戴炜栋英语语言学概论ChapterChapter 1: Introduction to English Linguistics1.1 The Scope of English LinguisticsEnglish linguistics, as a branch of linguistics, focuses on the study of the English language. It encompasses various aspects of the language, including its phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Through the examination of these linguistic components, linguists aim to understand how English is structured, how it functions, and how it is used for communication.1.2 The Historical Development of EnglishEnglish has a rich history that can be traced back to the Germanic languages spoken by the Anglo-Saxons in England during the 5th and 6th centuries. Over time, it evolved and absorbed influences from other languages, such as Latin, French, and Norse, due to political, cultural, and social interactions. This resulted in the Old English, Middle English, and Modern English periods, each characterized by distinct linguistic features and changes.1.3 English Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics is concerned with the physical aspects of speech sounds, while phonology examines the patterns and rules governing the organization of these sounds in a particular language. In English phonetics, the sounds are classified into vowels and consonants and further divided into various articulatory features, such as place and manner of articulation. Englishphonology, on the other hand, investigates sound patterns, such as stress, intonation, and phonotactics, which affect the pronunciation of words and sentences.1.4 English MorphologyMorphology is the study of word formation and structure. In English morphology, linguists analyze the internal structure of words and identify morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units. English words can be divided into free morphemes, which can stand alone as single words, and bound morphemes, which can only be attached to other morphemes. Moreover, word formation processes, such as affixation, compounding, and derivation, are examined to understand how new words are created in English.1.5 English SyntaxSyntax investigates the rules and principles governing the arrangementof words to form grammatically correct sentences. In English syntax, linguists analyze sentence structures, constituents, and grammatical relationships, such as subject-verb agreement, word order, and sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, etc.). The analysis of syntactic structures allows us to comprehend how sentences are constructed and how different meanings are conveyed through sentence formation.1.6 English SemanticsSemantics studies the meaning of linguistic expressions, including words, phrases, and sentences. In English semantics, linguists explore how meaning is conveyed through lexical and grammatical devices, such as synonyms,antonyms, hyponyms, and collocations. Additionally, pragmatic aspects, such as implicature, speech acts, and context, play a crucial role in understanding the intended meaning of utterances in different communicative situations.1.7 English PragmaticsPragmatics involves the study of how context influences the interpretation and use of language. In English pragmatics, linguists examine various pragmatic phenomena, such as politeness strategies, discourse analysis, speech acts, and conversational implicature. Understanding pragmatics helps us interpret utterances and understand the intended meanings beyond the literal level, as well as navigate the social and cultural aspects of communication.1.8 ConclusionEnglish linguistics provides us with a comprehensive understanding of the English language's structure, function, and usage. Through the examination of its phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, linguists gain valuable insights into the complexities of English and its role as a global language. By continuing to explore and analyze these linguistic aspects, we can further enhance our knowledge and proficiency in English communication.。
上海师范大学学科教学(英语)戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教材》内部考研讲义和笔记
[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写 性 ② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性 （现代英语多研究共时性） The description of a language at some point in time; The description of a language as it changes through time.
上海师范大学学科教学（英语）戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教材》内部考研 讲义和笔记。有意者请联系。QQ: 643233066
What is language? 什么是语言 [A] The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (语言是一个具有任意性、 用于人类交流的语音符号系统。) a) System: combined together according to rules （根据 规则组合在一起） b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for（语言符号和符 号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系） c) Vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages （所有语言的首要媒介都是声音） d) Human: language is human-specific （语言是人类所 独有的） [B]Design features (unique properties): the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication （识别特征是指人类 语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征） ①Arbitrariness（任意性） There is no logical or natural connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its meaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系；虽 然是任意性的，但并非完全任意） a) echo of the sounds of objects or activities: onomatopoeic words （拟声词） b) some compound words （某些复合词） ②Productivity（能产性，创造性）
戴炜栋
戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记.docChapter 1 What is language?[A] The origins of languageSome speculations of the origins of language:①The divine sourceThe basic hypothesis: if infants were allowed to grow up without hearing any language, then they would spontaneously begin using the original god-given language.Actually, children living without access to human speech in their early years grow up with no language at all.②The natural-sound sourceThe bow-wow theory: the suggestion is that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them.The ―Yo-heave-ho‖ theory: the sounds produced by humans when exerting physical effort, especially when co-operating with other humans, may be the origins of speech sounds.Onomatopoeic sounds③The oral-gesture sourceIt is claimed that originally a set of physical gestures was developed as a means of communication. The patterns of movement in articulation would be the same as gestural movement; hence waving tongue would develop from waving hand.④Glossogenetics（言语遗传学）This focuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language. Physiological adaptationàdevelop naming abilityàinteractions and transactionsPhysical adaptation:Human teeth are upright and roughly even in height.Human lips have intricate muscle interlacing, thus making them very flexible.The human mouth is small and contains a very flexible tongue.The human larynx is lowered, creating a longer cavity called the pharynx, and making it easier for the human to choke on the pieces of food, but making the sound speech possible.The human brain is lateralized. Those analytic functions (tool-using and language) are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans.Two major functions of language:Interactional: a social function of language.Transactional: a function involving the communication of knowledge and information[B] The properties of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.a) System: combined together according to rulesb) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between the word ―pen‖ and the thing in the world which it refers toc) Vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languagesd) Human: language is human-specific（交际性与信息性）Communicative vs. Informative:Communicative: intentionally using language to communicate somethingInformative: through/via a number of signals that are not intentionally sentDesign features (unique properties): the defining properties of human language that distinguish it fromany animal system of communication①Displacement（跨时空性，移位性）Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker (refer to past and future time and to other locations)②Arbitrariness（任意性）There is no logical or natural connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its meaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.a) echo of the sounds of objects or activities: onomatopoeic wordsb) some compound words③Productivity（能产性，创造性）Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. (Creativity or open-endedness)④Cultural transition（文化传递性）While human capacity for language has a genetic basis (everyone was born with the ability to acquire a language), the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learnt.⑤Discreteness（可分离性）Each sound in the language is treated as discrete.⑥Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性）Language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. The lower or basic level is a structure of sounds which are meaningless. The higher level is morpheme or word (double articulation)The above six properties may be taken as the core features of human language.Vocal-auditory channel, reciprocity, specialization, non-directionality, or rapid fade, these properties are best treated as ways of describing human language, but not as a means of distinguishing it from other systems of communication.[C] The development of written language①pictograms & ideograms（象形文字和表意文字）Pictogram: when some of the pictures came to represent particular images in a consistent way, we can begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing, or pictograms.Ideogram: the picture developed as more abstract and used other than its entity is considered to be part of a system of idea-writing, or ideogramHieroglyph: 古埃及象形文字②Logograms（语标书写法）When symbols come to be used to represent words in a language, they are described as examples of word-writing, or logograms.―Arbitrariness‖—a writing system which was word-based had come into existence.Cuneiform--楔形文字—the Sumerians (5000 and 6000 years ago)Chinese is one example of its modern writing system.Advantages: two different dialects can be based on the same writing system.Disadvantages: vast number of different written forms.③Syllabic writing（音节书写法）When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represent the pronunciations of syllables, it is described as syllabic writing.The Phoenicians: the first human beings that applied the full use of a syllabic writing system (ca 1000 BC)④Alphabetic writing（字母书写法）Semitic languages (Arabic and Hebrew): first applied this ruleThe Greeks: taking the inherently syllabic system from the Phoenicians via the RomansLatin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet (Slavic languages)⑤Rebus writingRobus writing evolves a process whereby the symbol used for an entity comes to be used for the sound of the spoken word used for that entity.Chapter 2 What is linguistics?[A] The definition of linguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Process of linguistic study:①Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed;②Hypotheses are formulated;③Hypotheses are tested by further observations;④A linguistic theory is constructed.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.[B] The scope of linguisticsGeneral linguistics: the study of language as a wholePhonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified)Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning)Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words)Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences)Semantics: the study of meaning in abstractionPragmatics: the study of meaning in context of useSociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mindApplied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics①Prescriptive vs. Descriptive②Synchronic vs. DiachronicThe description of a language at some point in time;The description of a language as it changes through time.③Speech and writingSpoken language is primary, not the written④Langue and paroleProposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological)Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual use⑤Competence and performanceProposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky (psychological)Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his languageChapter 3 Phonetics and phonology[A] The definition of phoneticsPhonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language: it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Articulatory phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated.Acoustic phonetics: deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air.Auditory (or perceptual) phonetics: deals with the perception, via the ear, of speech sounds.Forensic phonetics: has an application in legal cases involving speaker identification and the analysis of recorded utterances.[B] Organs of speechVoiceless: when the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Voiced: when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeated pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect.All the English vowels are typically voiced (voicing).The important cavities:The pharyngeal cavityThe oral cavityThe nasal cavityLips, teeth, teeth ridge (alveolus), hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, tip of tongue, blade of tongue, back of tongue, vocal cords[C] Orthographic representation of speech soundsBroad and narrow transcriptionsIPA (International Phonetic Alphabet/Association)Broad transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols onlyNarrow transcription: the transcription with diacriticsE.g.:[l]à[li:f]--à a clear [l] (no diacritic)[l]à[bild]--àa dark [l] (~)[l]à[helW]--àa dental [l] ( )[p]à[pit]--àan aspirated [ph](h)[p]à[spit]--àan unaspirated [p] (no diacritic)[n]à[5bQtn]àa syllabic nasal [n] (7)[D] Classification of English consonantsIn terms of manner of articulation (the manner in which obstruction is created)①Stops: the obstruction is total or complete, and then going abruptly[p]/[b], [t]/[d], [k]/[g]②Fricatives: the obstruction is partial, and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the month[f]/[v], [s]/[z], [W]/[T], [F]/[V], [h] (approximant)③Affricates: the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly as in fricatives[tF]/[dV]④Liquids: the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the roof of the mouth[l]àa lateral sound; [r]à retroflex⑤Glides: [w], [j] (semi-vowels)Liquid + glides + [h]à approximants⑥Nasals: the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate to let air pass through it[m], ], [] [By place of articulation (the place where obstruction is created)①bilabials: upper and lower lips are brought together to create obstructions[p]/[b], [w]à(velar)②labiodentals: the lower lip and the upper teeth[f]/[v]③dentals: the tip of the tongue and the upper front teeth[W]/[T]④alveolars: the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge[t]/[d], [s]/[z], [n], [l], [r]⑤alveo-palatals (palato-alveolars): tongue and the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge[F]/[V], [t]/[d]⑥palatal: tongue in the middle of the palate[j]⑦velars: the back of the tongue against the velum[k], [g], [N] … [w]⑧glottals: the glottal is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx[h][E] Classification of English vowelsFronti: Central BackClose i `u:uSemi-close e E:Semi-open E C:Open AB Q RB:①The highest position of the tongue: front, central, back;②The openness of the mouth: close, semi-close, semi-open, open;③The roundness (shape) of the month (the lips):All the front, central vowels are unrounded vowels except [B]All the back vowels, except [A:] are rounded vowels④The length of the sound: long vowels & short vowelsLarynx à (tense) or (lax)Monophthongs, diphthongsCardinal vowels[F] The definition of phonologyPhonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular languages; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.[G] Phone, phoneme, and allophonePhone: the different versions of the abstract unit – phonemePhoneme: the mean-distinguishing sound in a language, placed in slash marksAllophone: a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme[G] Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pairPhonemic contrast: when two phonemes can occur in the same environments in two words and they distinguish meaning, they’re in phonemic contrast.E.g. pin & bin à /p/ vs. /b/ rope & robe à /p/ vs. /b/Complementary distribution: two or more than two allophones of the same phonemes are said to be in complementary distribution because they can not appear at the same time, or occur in different environment, besides they do not distinguish meaning.Minimal pair: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sounds are said to form a minimal pair.When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then all of these words constitute a minimal sets.[H] Some rules in phonology①sequential rulesSyllableOnset rimeNucleus coda[Consonant] vowel [consonant(s)]Phonotactics of 3Cs occurring in onset:No1:___/s/___voiceless stops: /p/, /t/, /k/___approximants: /r/, /l/, /w/, /j/No2:The affricates [tF]/[dV] and the sibilants [s], [z], [F], [V] are not to be followed by another sibilants.②assimilation rulesCo-articulation effects: the process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next is calledco-articulation.Assimilation & elision effectsAssimilation: two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or copied by the otherE.g. nasalize a vowel when it is followed by a nasal sound.③deletion rule-ElisionDefinition: the omission of a sound segment which would be present in deliberate pronunciation of a word in isolationE.g. delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant[I] Suprasegmental features①StressWord stress & sentence stressThe stress of the English compounds always on the first element②ToneDefinition: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like morphemes.Tone language, like Chinese, has four tones.Level, rise, fall-rise, fall③IntonationWhen pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.English: the four basic types of intonation, or the four tonesThe falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rising tone, and the rise-fall toneChapter 4 Morphology[A] The definition of morphologyMorphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Inflectional morphologyDerivational morphology (lexical morphology)Morpheme: the smallest meaningful components of words(A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function)[B] Free morphemes & bound morphemesFree morphemes: can stand by themselves as single wordsà Lexical morphemes [n.a.v] & functional morphemes [conj.prep.art.pron.]Bound morphemes: can not normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another formà Derivational morphemes----àaffix (suffix, infix, prefix) + rootà Inflectional morphemes à 88 types of inflectional morphemes in EnglishNoun+ -’s, -s [possessive; plural]Verb+ -s, -ing, -ed, -en [3rd person present singular; present participle; past tense, past participle]Adj+ -er, -est [comparative; superlative][C] Derivational vs. inflectionalInflectional morphemes never change the grammatical category of a wordInflectional morphemes influence the whole category;Derivational morphemes are oppositeOrder: root (stem) + derivational + inflectional[D] Morphological RulesN. +lyà a.; A. +lyà adv.; guard overgeneralization[E] Morphs and allomorphsMorphs: the actual forms used to realize morphemesAllomorphs: a set of morphs, all of which are versions of one morpheme, we refer to them as allomorphs of that morpheme.[F] Word-formation process①Coinageàthe invention of totally new terms②Borrowingàthe taking over of words form other languagesLoan-translation (Claque)à a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language Stand alone to be the opposite of word-formation③Compoundingà a joining of two separate words to produce a single formFeatures of compoundsa) Orthographically, a compound can be written as one word, with or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate words.b) Syntactically, the part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of speech of the second element.c) Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.d) Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element,While the second element receives secondary stress.④Blendingà taking over the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of other word⑤Clippingà a word of more than one syllable reduced to a shorter form⑥Back formationà a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing wordHypocorismsàclipping or +ie⑦Conversionà category change, functional shift⑧Acronymsà new words are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words⑨Derivationà the new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words⑩Abbreviationà a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete formAnalogyChapter 5 Grammar[A] Types of grammarThe study of grammar, or the study of the structure of expressions in a language, has a very long tradition.①Mental grammar: a form of internal linguistic knowledge which operates in the production and recognition of appropriately structured expressions in that language. à Psychologist②Linguistic etiquette: the identification of the proper or best structures to be used in a language. à Sociologist③The study and analysis of the structures found in a language, with the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of English, e.g. as distinct from the grammar of Russia or French. à Linguist[B] The parts of speechNouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctionsà the grammatical categories of words in sentences[C] Traditional grammar (Categories and analysis)Other categories: number, person, tense, voice and genderAgreement:English languageßnatural genderGrammatical genderà French[D] Types of grammar concerning analysisThe prescriptive approach: The view of grammar as a set of rules for the proper use of a languageThe descriptive approach: analysts collect samples of the language they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the language at it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used.[E] Structural and immediate constituent analysis (IC Analysis)Structural analysis: to investigate the distinction of forms (e.g. morphemes) in a languageIC Analysis: how small constituents (Components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents [F] Labeled and bracketed sentencesHierarchical organization of the constituents in a sentenceLabel each constituent with grammatical terms such as Art. N. NPChapter 6 Syntax[A] The definition of syntaxA subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language[B] The basic components of a sentenceSentenceSubject PredicateReferring expression comprises finite verb or a verb phrase and says something about the subject [C] Types of sentencesSimple sentence: consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone asits own sentence.Coordinate (Compound) sentence: contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunctions, such as ―and‖, ―by‖, ―or‖…Complex sentence: contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other Embedded clauseßà matrix clause①subordinator ②f unctions as a grammatical unit ③may be complete[D] The linear and hierarchical structures of sentencesWhen a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence, which suggests the structure of a sentence is linear.But the superficial arrangement of words in a linear sequence does not entail that sentences are simply linearly-structured; sentences are organized with words of the same syntactic category, such as NP or VP, grouped together.Tree diagram of constituent structureBrackets and subscript labels[E] Some categoriesSyntactic categories: refer to a word or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or the predicateLexical categories: (parts of speech)Major lexical categories (open categories):N. V. Adj. Adv.Minor lexical categories (closed categories):Det. Aux. Prep. Pron. Conj. Int.Phrasal categories: NP, VP, PP, AP[F] Grammatical RelationsThe structural and logical functional relations of constituentsIt concerns the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verbSubject of and direct object ofStructural subject, structural objectLogical subject (the doer of the action), the logical object (the recipient of the action)These two groups of subjects and objects may have different positions[G] Combinational rulesAre small in numberà Yield all the possible sentencesRule out the impossible ones①phrase structure rules (rewrite rules)Sà NP VP(A sentence consists of, or is rewritten as, a noun phrase and a verb phrase)NPà (Det.) (Adj.) N (PP) (S)An optional determiner….and obligatory noun,VPà V (NP) (POP) (S)APà A (PP) (S)PPà P NP②the recursiveness of phrase structure rulesSignificantly, the above rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properties.③X- bar theoryHeadà an obligatory word that givers the phrase its nameXP or X-phraseXPà (Specifier) X (complement)Formula:X‖à Spec X’X-bar theory (X-bar schema)X’à X complTree diagramX‖Specifier X’X complement[H] Syntactic movement and movement rulesSyntactic movement: occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new placeTransformational rules①NP-movement and WH-movementNP-movement: active voice à passive voicePostposing, preposingWH-movement: affirmativeà interrogativeLeftward matter to the sentence initial-position②Other types of movementAux-movement: the movement of an auxiliary to the sentence-initial position③D-structure and S-structureTwo levels of syntactic representation of a sentence structure:One that exists before movement takes placeThe other that occurs after movement takes placeFormal linguistic exploration:D-structure: phrase structure rules + lexiconSentence at the level of D-structureThe application of syntactic movement rules transforms a sentence fromD-structure level to S-structure levelTransformational-generative line of analysis④Move α– a general movement ruleMove any constituent to any placeCertain constituents can move to only certain positions[I] Universal Grammar (UG)Principles-and-parameters theory:UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exits in the mind or brain of a normal human being and which consists of some general principles and parameters about naturallanguages.①general principles of UGCase condition principle: a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by V or P to the object position or by Aux to the subject positionAdjacency condition or Case assignment: a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacency to each other.It is strictly observed in English well-formed sentences, not other languages (no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object)The Adjacency condition must be subject to parametric variation in order to explain the apparent adjacency violations such as in French.②The parameters of UGParameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.[+strict adjacency]Adjacency parameter[-strict adjacency][Rightward directionality]The Directionality Parameter à involves word order[Leftward directionality]En: VP word order VPà V NPJp: VP word order VPà NP VNatural languages are viewed to vary according to parameters set on UG principles to particular values. Chapter 7 Semantics[A] The definition of semanticsDefinition: the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view[B] Some views concerning the study of meaning①the naming theory: The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things.②the conceptualist view: There’s no direct link between a l inguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.Thought/reference à conceptSymbol/Form (words) Referent à(real object)Proposed by Ogden & Richards③contextualism: John FirthThe situational context: in a particular spatiotemporal situationLinguistic context (co-text): the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word ④behaviorism à Bloomfield based on contextualist viewBehaviorists define meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearerS: stimulus r: responseJill JackS---------r………s---------R(the small letters r, sàspeech)(the capitalized letter R, Sàpractical events)[C] Sense and referenceSense: is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, abstract and de-contextualized. Reference: means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienceMoving star I once was bitten by a dog.Morning star Mind you. There is a dog over there.[D] Major sense relations①synonymyà the sameness or close similarity of meaninga. dialectal synonyms——synonyms used in different regional dialectsb. stylistic synonyms——synonyms differing in stylec. synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningd. collocational synonymse. semantically different synonyms②polysemy——one word that has more than one related meaning③homonymyHomophones: when two words are identical in soundHomographs: when two words are identical in spellingComplete homonyms: when two words are identical both in spelling and inSoundEtymology④hyponymy—— inclusivenessThe word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinator.The word which is more specific in meaning is called hyponym.Co-hyponym⑤antonymy——oppositenessGradable antonymsComplementary antonymsRelational opposites: pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between items⑥metonymyMeaning based on a close connection in everyday experience, of which can be based on a container-contents relation, a whole-part relation, or a representative-symbol relationship⑦collocationOrganize the knowledge of words in terms of frequently occurring together⑧prototypesThe concept of a prototype helps explain the meaning of certain words, not in terms of component features, but in terms of resemblance to the clearest exemplar.[E] Sense relations between sentences①X is synonymous with Y②X is inconsistent with Y③X entails Y (Y is an entailment of X)。
戴炜栋语言学贴近生活的案例
戴炜栋语言学案例分析1. 背景戴炜栋是一位著名的语言学家，他的研究领域主要涉及语音学、句法学和语义学。
他对不同语言之间的差异和相似性进行了深入研究，并提出了许多有关语言结构和演化的理论。
戴炜栋的研究成果不仅对理论语言学有重要意义，也对应用于教育、翻译和跨文化交流等实践领域具有启发性。
本文将通过一个具体案例来展示戴炜栋的理论在生活中的应用。
2. 案例：汉英词汇差异及其影响2.1 背景汉英两种语言在词汇方面存在较大差异，这给中国人在英语学习和跨文化交流中带来了一定困难。
本案例将以“礼貌用语”为例，探讨汉英两种语言在此方面的差异，并分析这种差异对日常生活和跨文化交流的影响。
2.2 过程2.2.1 礼貌用语的差异在汉语中，人们在日常交流中经常使用一些礼貌用语，如“你好”、“谢谢”、“不好意思”等。
这些用语在不同场合和人际关系中有着不同的用法和含义。
而在英语中，礼貌用语的使用方式与汉语存在较大差异。
例如，在英语中，人们通常会使用“Hello”或“Hi”来表示问候，而不像汉语中那样使用“你好”。
同样，在感谢他人时，英语中常用的表达方式是“Thank you”，而不是直接翻译成汉语的“谢谢”。
2.2.2 影响这种礼貌用语的差异对于中国人来说可能带来一些困惑和误解。
首先，在学习英语时，中国学生往往会将汉语的礼貌用语直接翻译成英文，导致表达上的不自然和错误。
例如，他们可能会说：“你好”（Hello）或者“请问一下”（Excuse me）作为感谢他人时的表达方式。
其次，在跨文化交流中，中国人可能因为对英文礼貌用语使用不当而给对方留下不好的印象。
比如，在英国社交场合上使用过多的谢谢或不好意思，可能会被认为是过于客气或不自信。
2.2.3 解决方案为了解决这个问题，中国学生和跨文化交流者可以通过以下措施来提高对汉英礼貌用语差异的认识和应用能力：1.学习正确的英文礼貌用语：通过系统学习英文常用的礼貌用语，了解其在不同场合和人际关系中的适用范围和含义。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（音位学）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（⾳位学）【圣才出品】第2章⾳位学2.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech Organs发⾳器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅⾳和元⾳的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and Allophones⾳位和⾳位变体4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features⾳系规则和区别特征5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation⾳节结构、重⾳和语调本章考点：1. 语⾳学语⾳学的定义；发⾳器官的英⽂名称；英语辅⾳的定义、发⾳部位、发⾳⽅法和分类；英语元⾳的定义和分类、基本元⾳；发⾳语⾳学；听觉语⾳学；声学语⾳学；语⾳标记，国际⾳标；严式与宽式标⾳法。
2. ⾳系学⾳系学的定义；⾳系学与语⾳学的联系和区别；⾳素、⾳位、⾳位变体、最⼩对⽴体、⾃由变体的定义；⾃由变体；⾳位的对⽴分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段⾳位学；⾳节；重⾳(词重⾳、句⼦重⾳)；⾳⾼和语调。
本章内容索引：I. The phonic medium of languageII. Phonetics1. The definition of phonetics2. Three research fields3. Organs of speech▼4. Voiceless sounds▼5. Voiced sounds6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions7. Classification of English speech sounds(1) Definition(2) Classification of English consonants(3) Classification of English vowelsIII. Phonology1. Relationship between Phonology and phonetics2. Phone, phoneme3. Allophone4. Some rules in phonology(1) Sequential rules(2) Assimilation rule(3) Deletion rule5. Supra-segmental features—stress, tone, intonation(1) Stress(2) Tone(3) IntonationI. The phonic medium of language（语⾔的语⾳媒介）II. Phonetics（语⾳学）1. The definition of phonetics（语⾳学的定义）Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语⾳学被定义为对语⾔的语⾳媒介的研究；它涉及所有出现在世界语⾔中的声⾳。
上海外国语大学2010年硕士研究生招生专业目录——英语语言文学
上海外国语大学2010年硕士研究生招生专业目录——英语语言文学2009-10-4 14:58:39 上海外国语大学考研共济网点击浏览：1次·[考研一站式]上海外国语大学硕士招生相关文章索引·[考研一站式]上海外国语大学硕士专业课试题、[订购]考研参考书、专业目录英语语言文学共济学科、专业代码及名称3362 3039研究方向课指导教师021-拟招人数336260 37050201 336 26038英语语言文学共1.语言方向共济专a.音系学48号kaoyantj院b.形态学研考彰武c.英语语法研究336 26038kaoyangj同济同济d.句法学33623 037彰武e.语义学f.语用学研究耶鲁安教授耶鲁安教授李基安教授赵美娟副教授陆远副教授梅德明教授傅玉副教授束定芳教授谭业升副教授罗杏焕副教授俞东明教授李欣副教授李基安教授邹申教授梅德明教授拟招180人g.社会语言学h.心理语言学i.对比语言学j.应用语言学许余龙教授张雪梅教授徐海铭副教授王雪梅副教授黄皓副教授盛建元副教授冯辉副教授k.修辞学l.认知语言学2.文学方向a. 英美文学胡曙中教授龚俭青副教授王磊副教授李维屏教授虞建华教授乔国强教授史志康教授张定铨教授张群教授吴其尧教授张和龙教授汪小玲教授吴刚副教授孙黎副教授李尚宏副教授曹航副教授陶茜副教授谢晓河副教授b.文学评论张昕副教授许立冰副教授张廷佺副教授张定铨教授吴其尧教授3.教学法方向a.外语教学法b.外语习得理论c.外语测试学d.课程设置与教材开发邹申教授陈坚林教授郑新民教授顾伟勤副教授陈龙副教授罗杏焕副教授朱晔副教授梅德明教授张雪梅教授赵美娟副教授顾伟勤副教授王雪梅副教授秦悦副教授邹申教授徐强教授张艳莉副教授郑新民教授张雪梅教授赵美娟副教授4.翻译学方向a.修辞文体翻译研究冯庆华教授龚芬副教授李美副教授b.翻译理论与批评c.语言与翻译d.应用文翻译e.文化与翻译f.时文翻译g.散文翻译h.文学翻译乔龙宝副教授孙会军教授刘全福教授罗平副教授肖维青副教授吴赟副教授许余龙教授谭业升副教授陈坚林教授严永强副教授张林副教授方永德副教授邬菊嫣副教授张健教授张群教授曹航副教授张廷佺副教授汪小玲教授5.口译学方向a.口译理论与实践b.商务口译梅德明教授张燕副教授徐海铭副教授万宏瑜副教授吴赟副教授鲍晓英副教授龚龙生教授朱萍副教授c.政务口译d.同声传译e.特殊用途口译孙信伟副教授杨辉副教授张燕副教授齐伟钧教授6.英语国家文化方向a.美国社会与文化b.英国社会与文化王恩铭教授林玲副教授汪永兴副教授陈汉生教授贺云副教授方飞副教授7.跨文化交际方向a.跨文化交际学理论b.跨文化外语教学与培训c.跨文化商务沟通d.国际价值观研究e.跨文化心理与语言研究顾力行教授张红玲副教授朱晔副教授张红玲副教授于飞副教授李文娟副教授于朝晖副教授顾力行教授顾力行教授考试科目初试参考书目①101政治②第二外国语第二外国语参考书目见招生简章总章。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（中）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（中）【圣才出品】第4章句法学1. What is syntax?Key: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that governs the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?Key: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is calleda phrase structure rule.3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Key: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. T o determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflation and distribution.4. What is coordinate structure? What properties does it have?Key: The structures that are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction are called coordinate structures. It has four properties: first, there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories. Second, a category at any level can be coordinated. Third, coordinated categories must be of the same type. Fourth, the category type of the coordinate phrase isidentical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what rule does each element play? Key: The phrase elements are specifiers, complements and modifiers. Specifiers help make more precise the meaning of the head. They typically mark a phrase. The complements provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head. Modifiers specifies optionally expressible properties of heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?Key: The structure that formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called the deep structure. The structure that corresponds to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformation is called surface structure.7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.b) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.c) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the school.d) This cloth feels quite soft.Key:8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesc) an augment against the proposalsd) already above the windowKey: a) rich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsd) already above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Key: (The modifiers are represented by italics.)a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.Key: a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function ascomplements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.Key: a) You know that I hate war.。
圣才教育：戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》
内容摘要
实用性：这本书不仅注重理论知识的学习，还强调实际应用能力的培养。每一章节都附有大量实 例和案例分析，帮助学生更好地理解和掌握语言学知识。书中的关键词和思考题也为学生提供了 实际应用的指导。 时代性：这本书的内容紧跟时代步伐，反映了当今语言学研究的前沿。它不仅介绍了最新的语言 学理论和研究成果，还涉及了语言与文化、社会、认知等领域的交叉研究，有助于学生拓宽视野， 了解学科前沿。 内容丰富：这本书涵盖了语言学的各个方面，包括语音、词汇、语法、语义、语用等基础理论知 识和应用。同时，它还涉及了二语习得和语言习得的理论和实践，使得学生能够全面了解语言学 及应用。
该章节介绍了计算机与语言的、计算机与自然语言处理的关系以及自然语言处 理的基本任务和应用领域。
该章节介绍了认知科学的定义、认知科学的学科交叉性、语言与认知的关系以 及认知语言学的定义和基本原理。
该章节介绍了隐喻和转喻的定义、隐喻和转喻的认知功能以及隐喻和转喻在英 语词汇和表达中的应用。
该章节介绍了文化的定义、文化与语言的关系以及文化适应和文化休克的概念。 同时，还介绍了跨文化交际能力和跨文化意识的培养方法。
精彩摘录
语言是人类最重要的交际工具，是音义结合的符号系统。
语言的音和义、语素和词汇的意义是约定俗成的，语言的音义之间没有必然的 关系。
语言的底层是一套音位和音位的组合规则；上层是音义结合的语言符号。
语言具有创造性，它能够产生并理解无限量的语句。
语言具有创造性，它能够产生并理解无限量的语句。
该章节介绍了形态学的定义、词素和词根、词干和词缀、屈折变化和派生变化、 复合词和短语以及形态学在自然语言处理中的应用。
该章节介绍了句法学的定义、语法和句法的关系、短语、句子和句法结构、句 法规则的类型和应用、转换语法和句法分析的基本原则以及句法学在自然语言 处理中的应用。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(导言) 【圣才出品】
第1章导言I. Multiple choices:1. Which of the following does NOT state how the linguist discovers the nature and the rules of the underlying language system?A. He has to collect and observe language facts.B. He has to display and then generalize some similarities of the language facts.C. He has to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure.D. He has to deal with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models andmethods applicable in any linguistic study.【答案】D【解析】语言学家为了找出潜在的语言系统中的实质和规则，须要收集和观察语言事实，找出某些语言事实的相似性并对其作出概括；然后，对语言结构进行某种假设，再对照所观察到的事实进行反复验证以充分证明它们的有效性。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.【答案】D【解析】语言的区别性特征有五个：arbitrariness（任意性），productivity（多产性）或creativity（创造性），duality（二重性），displacement（移位性），cultural transmission （文化传递性）。
_文化走出去_背景下的我国外国语言文学学科发展战略_戴炜栋
· 4·
解放军外国语学院学报
2015 年
师资发展等方面的问题。宏观层面，教育部可根据国家战略需求，推出外语学科建设理念和 战略，突出文化传承创新， 解决学科队伍、 标志性成果、 学术话语体系、 学科走出去等问 题，对全国外语学科发展进行规划和指导 。微观层面，各高校外语学科应有具体规划。长期 以来，各高校多以二级学院为单位制定院系发展规划 ，其中涵盖学科发展规划，但院系规划 在发展目标、建设内容、建设重点等方面毕竟与学科规划有所不同 。有必要由外国语言文学 一级学科或各二级学科学术委员会的专家学者在广泛征求意见与深入分析的基础上进行规 划，明确学科定位、实施错位竞争，避免学科同质化、缺乏特色。当然，国家的指导性规划 应综合国家的需求与各高校外语学科的共性 ，而各高校外语学科的具体规划既要对接国家指 导性规划，又应独具地域与学校特色。 目前无论从全国范围，还是从地域范围来看，外语专业仍然存在语种相对比较单一 ，各 语种分布不够均衡， 人才培养与社会需求脱节等问题 （ 戴炜栋 2013 ） 。 为解决上述问题， 首 先，各外语类专业以及外国语言文学一级学科应科学布局 。 譬如针对 “一带一路 ” 沿线各 国的非通用语种人才培养问题，全国各非通用语种本科人才培养基地有必要统筹规划 ，有序 发展，既要因地制宜、科学增设非通用语种专业，也要避免一拥而上、重复建设。其次，要 考虑传统外语学科与新兴学科的共同发展问题 。就本科阶段而言，应进一步分析传统外语类 专业 （ 如英语） 与新兴翻译、 商务英语专业之间的共性与特性， 清晰定位； 就研究生阶段 而言，目前各高校已经能够在一级学科下培养新的学科增长点 ，自设二级学科，但各自设学 科也应协调发展，避免产生学科内容相似但名称各异 、地位有别的问题。最后，应组织外语 界专家学者对 “文化走出去 ” 战略下的外语学科发展规划进行深入研究， 并将相关成果推 介应用，提高学科的核心竞争力，使其发展更加有序高效。 3. 2 推行双向国际化理念，培养多元跨文化人才 戴炜栋 （ 2013 ） 指出在 “文化走出去” 过程中，我们尚缺乏大批高端的研究人才、 优秀 的经典著作翻译人才、国际会议同声传译、国际组织工作人员、金融法律外语人才等。王宁
跨专业的《语言学导论》教材编写问题研究
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国语言文学专业课程中极为重要的－ｆ课程，研究该课程建设对专业建设具有重 ｌ
２ １ 年 ０１
《 田师范 ｌ ０ １ ３ ｕ＿ １ 第 Ｏ卷第 二期 ２
总第 ７ 期 Ｏ
跨专业的 《 语言学导论》教材编写问题研究
王小涛
（ 商丘师范学院外语学院 河南商丘 ４６０ ） ７００
要 Ｊ 学导 程是 汉语 学专 对外 专 外 该书出版以后也陆续有人编写 了一些其它教材，但大多是以该书为 语言 论课 高校 言文 业、 汉语 业和 蓝本，无论是 内容，还是体例都没有大的突破。尽管不断有人尝试 要意义。目 前国内高校中不同院系使用的教材差别极大，且存在明显缺陷。本文 进行教材改革 ，但从总的方面来看，另外一本被广泛使用的教材是 语言学概论》（９７。此著作介绍了边缘学科，它突破 １９ ） 针对目前语言文学研究存在外语界和中文界的 “ 两张皮”问题．提出了 跨专业的 王德春的 《 《 语言学导论》教材编写问题，以期能对于中文系和外语系在语言学导论课程教 了语言学只研究语言体系的局 限， 从语言体系、言语活动和言语机 学方面造成的人为分割提出解决方法。 制三个方面认识语言的本质；突破了 “ 语言三要素”的局限．重视 语义的研究，确立了语义学的重要地位；反映了理论语言学对语言 【 键 １ 跨专业； 天 司Ｊ 语言学导论；教材编写 语言学导论或语言学概论是是国内中文系和外语系本科学生必 体系研究的新进展；改变了理论研究忽视应用的状况 ，增加了应用 修的基础理论课程之一 。 根据我国教育部１９年发布 的 《 ９８ 普通高等 语言学的内容；改变了就语言研究语言 的状况 ，增加 了语言学的边 学校本科专业 目录和专业介绍》 语言学概论》在中国语言文学类 缘学科：对传统语言学问题作了新的探索；指 出语言学研究的重点 ，《 （５１ 的汉语言文学专业 （５１１、 ００ ） ０００ ） 汉语言文学 （ 师范类） 专业、 从结构转 向建构；指出了语言学是现代科学体系中的关键学科 。另 汉语言专业（５１２ 主要课程 中列第 １ 在外 国语言文学类（５２ 外，其他各种语言学教材也大量涌现，且各有所长。彭泽润、李葆 ０００） 位 ００） 的英语专业 （５２１、俄语专业 （５２２ 师范类 ） ０００ ） ０００ ）（ 、日语专业 嘉的 《 语言文字原理》（９５ 增加了语言规划理论 。 １９ ） 李宇明的 《 理 （９７ 介绍了语言运用和语言学习理论。 徐通锵的 （５２７ （ ０００ ） 师范类）主要课程中列第７ 位。国家教育部 《 关于外语 论语言学教程》 １９ ） 基础语言学教程》（０１ 重视字本位研究视角， ２０ ） 体现汉语研究成 专业面向２世纪本科教育改革的若干意见》简称 《 １ 意见》￣２０年 《 １００ 出版的 《 高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》简称 《 大纲》为全 国高 果。岑运强的 《 语言学概论》（０４ ２０）重视言语 的语言学研究。申小 校英语专业课程改革提供了指导性意见。在课程设置方面，《 大纲》 龙的 《 语言学纲要》（０５ 重视语言的文化属性， ２０ ） 体现语言的文化 语言学概论》（０６ ２０）重视交叉学科的渗透 ，体现 将英语专业的课程分为三种类型，语言学被列为英语专业知识课程 功能。胡晓研的 《 语言学概论》（０８ 修订版 ） ２０ ， 重视 模块的一 门必修课，受到了前所未有的重视。《 语言学概论》课程， 语言学辐射的广度。王红旗的 《 无论在中国语言文学还是外国语言文学类型的专业课程体系中都具 语言本体论 的再认识 ，体现语言的语言学的系统性。彭泽润、李葆 嘉主编的 《 语言理论》（０９ 第５ 重视语言使用者的语言意识 ， ２０ ， 版） 有基础性的特点，其专业地位不可动摇。 《 语言学导论》属基础理论课，因其在中文类专业和外语类专 体现普通语言学主旨。 众多的教材也带来了批评之声。 近年来付梓 “ 业普遍开设 ，其性质在某种程度上类似于公共数学、公共英语等课 的语言学方面 的著作 ，在吸纳新的学科和新的研究成果方面做了很 程 ，从理论上说各专业的语言学导论课程性质是一样的。正如叶蜚 大或极大的努力，但有些著作甚至是不少著作，或新 旧 观念并存 ， 生搬硬套： 或捉住一点算一点，支离破碎， 声、 徐通锵 （９１ 指 出： 它的任务是阐明语言学的基本理论和基 自相矛盾；或生吞活剥 ， １８） “ 本概念，为学习各 门语言课程提供必要的理论知识 ，也为以后学习 不成系统。 李宇明，１９ ） ”（ ９８ 语言理论课程打下基础 。 从这个理论可知道， ” 语言学作为一 门基础 在英语专业教材使用方面 ，根据潘之欣 的研究．大部分高校选 理论 ，应无专业差别 ，具有广泛性和普遍性 。可 目 前该课程在国内 择使用的教材集中在 胡壮瞵等编著的 《 语言学教程 》和戴炜栋等编 的中文系和外语系中差别很大 ， 造成 了明显 的人为分割，且存在明 著的 《 简明英语语言学敦程》 潘之欣 ， ０２ 。（ ２０ ）根据李淑康和李克 显缺陷。因此对跨专业的 《 语言学导论》课程进行改革势在必行。 在 ２０ 年的调查， ０８ 国内高等院校外语学院或外语系使用 的教材主要 有 以下几种：胡壮麟等编著的 《 语言学教程》 戴炜栋 、 ， 何兆熊主编 不同专业所使用的 ‘ 语言学导论》教材情况 目 前，各高等院校中文系使用的教材中，使用最普遍的是叶蜚 的 《 新编简明英语语言学教程》和刘润清，文旭主编 《 新编语言学 声、徐通锵编著的 《 语言学纲要》 。该书初版于１６年 ， ９３ 是文革后第 教程》 李淑康 ，李克，２０）因为使用于英语专业 ，所以这些教 。（ ０８ 部有着重大影响的教材，后虽多次再版，也没有作太大的改动。 材无一例外用英语编著 。
英语语言学教学大纲戴炜栋
英语语言学教学大纲戴炜栋英语语言学教学大纲戴炜栋在当今全球化的时代，英语已经成为了一门世界通用语言，因此学习英语的需求也越来越大。
为了满足学生对英语学习的需求，各个学校和机构都制定了相应的英语语言学教学大纲。
本文将以戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲为例，探讨其在英语教学中的重要性和应用。
首先，我们需要了解什么是英语语言学。
英语语言学是研究英语语言的起源、演变、结构和使用规律的学科。
它帮助我们理解英语的语音、词汇、语法以及语用等方面的知识。
因此，在英语教学中，英语语言学起着至关重要的作用。
戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲包含了多个重要的内容。
首先是英语语音学，它研究英语的音素、音位和音系等方面的知识。
通过学习英语语音学，学生可以正确地发音和辨别英语中的音素，提高口语表达的准确性和流利性。
其次是英语词汇学，它研究英语的词汇来源、分类和使用规律等方面的知识。
词汇是语言的基础，掌握丰富的词汇量对于学生的英语学习非常重要。
通过学习英语词汇学，学生可以扩大词汇量，提高阅读和写作的能力。
另外，英语句法学也是戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲中的重要内容。
句法学研究英语句子的结构和组织规律等方面的知识。
通过学习英语句法学，学生可以理解和运用各种句子结构，提高语法准确性和语言表达的清晰度。
此外，戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲还包括了英语语用学的内容。
语用学研究语言在交际中的使用规律和效果等方面的知识。
通过学习英语语用学，学生可以了解英语中的语言交际策略和语言使用的社会文化背景，提高语言运用的灵活性和适应能力。
戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲不仅仅是一份教学大纲，更是一份指导学生学习英语的宝贵资源。
它为学生提供了系统、全面的英语语言学知识，帮助学生建立起对英语语言的整体认识和理解。
通过遵循教学大纲的指导，学生可以有条不紊地学习英语，提高英语水平。
然而，仅仅有一份英语语言学教学大纲是不够的，教师在教学中的角色也非常重要。
教师应该根据教学大纲的要求，合理安排教学内容和教学方法，激发学生的学习兴趣和动力。
语言学—戴炜栋 （自己整理的）
主义语言学创始人 ●提出语言 language 和言语 speech 的区别 ●词的横组合及纵聚合是其句法理论的重要部分 Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations is important part of Saussure’s syntactic theory. 2. Noam Chomsky 乔姆斯基：the founder of generative grammar 生成语法创始人 ●提出关于语言能力 competence 与 语言运用 performance 的区分概念 ●1957 年提出转换生成语法：Transformational-Generative grammar 简作 TG Grammar 的研
6.英语语音的分类(the classification of English speech sounds) 英语元音和辅音的本质区别：发元音(vowel)时气流从肺部出来的气流没有受到任何阻塞。 在辅音(consonants)发出的过程中气流受到了这样或那样的阻塞。 ㈠辅音的两种划分标准：发音方式（Manners of articulation）、发音部位（Places of articulation） 和【清浊特征】
15.
中存储的词语-形象 word-image 的总和，这个整体相对比较稳定。
Parole（言语）：指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 actual use of
language，是随时间和地点变化的一个动态的、偶然性很大的实体
戴炜栋语言学期末考试复习资料
戴炜栋语言学期末考试复习资料戴炜栋语言学期末考试复习资料.txt语言学期末考试复习资料Chapter 1 Introduction1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. The scope of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics1) Prescriptive vs. descriptiveIf a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.2) Synchronic vs. diachronicA language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3) Speech and writingSpeech is more important: a. from linguistic evolution b. needed to record speech, can be spoken but many languages still not writing. c. play a greater role than writing in everyday communication.4). Language and paroleLangue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5) Competence and performanceCompetence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.6) Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsModern linguistics differs from traditional grammar:a. linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.b. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the writtenc. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.5. The feature of language:a. language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.b. Language is arbitrary.c. Language is symbolic.6. Design features:a. Arbitrariness: there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.b. Productivity: it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.c. Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.d. Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away palces.e. Culture transmissionChapter two Phonology1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.2. Three branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics3. Three important areas of organs of speech:Pharyngeal cavity----the throatThe oral cavity---themouthNasal cavity----the nose4. The difference between broad transcription and narrow transcription:Broad transcription is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.Narrow transcription is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.5. The classification of English speech sounds: two board categories: vowels and consonants.and the other is in terms of place of articulation.7. Types of English consonants: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides, bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal.8. Classification of English vowels:Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest.9. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.10. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speechsounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.11. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.12. Allophones: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.13. Minimal pairs: when two different forms are identical（完全相同）in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.(till,kill)14. Sequential rules: there are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.15. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:a. The first phoneme must be /s/b. The second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/c. The third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/16. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making t he two phones similar.17. Deletion rule: a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.18. Suprasegmental features: the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.19. Two kinds of stress： word stress and sentence stressSentence stress: the relative force given to the componentsof a sentence20. Tone: pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.21. Intonation: when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.a. falling-toneb. rising tonec. fall-rise toneChapter 3 Morphology1. Closed class words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns（代词） consist of relatively few words and have been referred to.2. Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.3. Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning.Chapter 4 Syntax1. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. Category: a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb.3. Word level categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.4. Called phrases: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category.5. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements:a. head: the word around which a phrase is formedb. specifier: the words on the left side of the heads are said to function.c. Complements: the words on the right side of the heads.6. Phrase structure rule: such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up phrase.7. The XP rule: XP—(specifier)---X(complement)8. Coordination structure: some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help ofa conjunction such as and or or.9. The principle of coordination rule:a. there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.b. A category at any level can be coordinated.c. Coordinated categories must be of the same type.d. The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.10. Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, they help make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, they typically mark a phrase boundary.11. Determiners serve as the specifier of Ns while qualifiers typically function as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as the specifiers of As and sometimes Ps.12. Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.13. Complementizers: words which introduce the sentence complement.14. The sentence introduced by the complementizer is calleda complement clause.15. Thus the whole italicized part in the above sentence is called a complement phrase and the construction in which the complement phrase is embedded is called matrix clause.16. Modifier: which specify optionally expressible properties of heads.17. The S rule: S--- NP VP18. The XP rule: XP---(specifier)X(complement)Chapter 5 Semantics1. Semantics: is the study of meaning.2. The naming theory: one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one.3. The limitation of this theory:a. this theory seems applicable to nouns only, but verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are definitely not labels of objectsb. within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all, and also nouns that do not refer to physical object, but abstract notions.4. The conceptualist view: there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.5. Referent: the object in the world of experience; and thought or reference refers to concept.6. Contextualism: meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context---elements closely linked with language behavior.7. Behaviorism: to define the meaning of a language form as the “ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response itcalls forth in the hearer.”8. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.9. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.w10. Synonymy: the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning.11. The classification of synonymy:a. dialectal synonyms---synonyms used in different regional dialectsb. stylistic synonyms----synonyms differing in stylec. synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningd. collocational synonymse. semantically different synonyms（amaze,astound）12. Polysemy（多义现象）: the same one word may have more than one meaning.13. Homonymy(同音异议，同形异义): the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.14. Homophones(同音异议): two words are identical in sound15. Homographs（同形异义): two words are identical in spelling16. Complete hemonyms: two words are identical in both sound and spelling.17. Hyponymy（下义关系）: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.18. Superordinate（上义词）: the word which is more generalin meaning.19. Hyponyms（下义词）: the more specific words.20. Hyponyms of the same superorinate are co-hyponyms to each other.21. Antonymy: words that are opposite in meaning.22. The classification of antonymy:a. gradable antonyms: some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members ofa pair. So it is a matter of degree.b. Complementary antonyms: a pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other.c. Relational opposites: pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relational opposites.23. Sense relations between sentences:a. X is synonymous with Y. in terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true, and if X is false, Y is false.b. X is inconsistent with Y. if X is true, Y is false, andif X is false, Y is true.c. X entails Y. (Y is an entailment of X) if X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y.d. X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X) if X is true, Y must be true, if X is false, Y is still turee. X is a contradiction. When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false.f. X is semantically anomalous, when X is semantically anomalous, it is absurd in the sense that it presupposes a contradiction.24. Componential analysis: a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.25. Semantic features: the approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components.26. The advantage of componential analysis: specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.27. Componential analysis provides an insight into the meaning of words and a way to study the relationships between words that are related in meaning.28. Before looking at the analysis of sentence meaning, two points about sentence meaning need be clarified.a. the meaning of a sentence is not the sum total the meanings of all its components, that is , the meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words.b. The second thing about sentence meaning is that there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.29. Selectional restrictions: whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules.30. All forms of sentence: statements, imperative and interrogative forms.31. A predication consists of argument and predicate.Chapter 6 Pragmatics1. Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2. The distinguish between semantics and pragmatics: whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.3. Context: is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge sharedby the speaker and the hearer.4. The meaning of a sentence: studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.5. The meaning of an utterance: is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.6. Speech act theory: is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.7. The distinction between constatives（叙事话语）and performatives（行事话语）: constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.8. According to Austin’s new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.9. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.10. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention, it is the act performed in saying something.11. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.12. Five types of Searl:a. representatives: stating or describing, saying that the speaker believes to be true.b. directives: trying to get the hearer to do something.c. Commissives：committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.d. Expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state.e. Declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something.13. Cooperative principle, abbreviated as CP: make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.14. The four maxims under this general principle:a. the maxim of quantity:A. make your contribution as informative as required.B. Do not make your contribution more imformative than is required.b. the maxim of qualityA. do not say what you believe to be false.B. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.c. the maxim of relation: be relevant.d. The maxim of manner:A. avoid obscurity of expressionB. avoid ambiguityC. be briefD. be orderlychapter 7 language change1. Sound change: sound changes tend to be systematic; it is possible to see a regular pattern of pronunciation changes throughout the history of the English language.2. Morphological and syntactic changea. change in “agreement rule”b. change in negation rulec. process of simplification: there may be a loss of grammatical distinctions, through a process of simplification.d. Loss of inflections:3. Vocabulary change include:a. addition of new wordsb. loss of wordsc. changes in the meaning of words.4. Addition of new words:a. coinage: a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose.b. Clipped words（省略词）: the abbreviation of longer words or phrases.c. Blending（混合词）: a word formed by combining parts of other words.d. Acronyms（大写字母词）: words derived from the initials of several words.e. Back-formation（逆构词）: New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word.f. Functional shift: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.g. Borrowing（外来词）: when different cultures come into contact, words are often “borrowed” from one language to another. The loan word may label a new concept, or it may replace or become a synonym of a native word.5. Loss of words6. Changes in the meaning of words:a. widening of meaning:b. narrowing of meaningc. meaning shift7. the influence of science and technologya . space travelb. computer and internet languagec. ecology: the study of the relationship between plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balances between these relationships.Chapter 8 Language and society1. sociolinguistics: sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.2. Indications of the inter-relationship between language and society:a. while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships.b. Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently.c. To some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments ofa society.4. Speech community: in sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as members of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study.5. Speech variety: or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.6. Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies:a. a bird’s-eye view: we can look at society as a whole andconsider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations.b. A worm’s-eye view: to look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it.7. Regional dialect: a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.8. Social-class dialect: or sociolect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.9. Idiolect: a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.10. Ethnic dialect: a social dialect of a language that cuts across regional differences; it is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.11. The features of Black English: phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical level.12. A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word.13. A syntactic feature of Black English that has often been cited to show its illogicality is the14. deletion of the link verb “be”.15. Another syntactic feature of Black English that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions.16. Register: the variety of language related to one’s occupation.17. Field of discourse: refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication.18. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in thesituation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.19. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with “how” communication is carried our. Fundamental to the mode of discourse is the distinction between speaking and writing.20. The features of the context: field, tenor, mode.21. Distinguishes five stages of formality: intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen,22. Standard dialect: a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.23. Pidgin: a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.24. Creole: when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language.25. Bilingualism双语现象: it has been observed that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism.26. Five major variables to be considered in predicting language usage in Paraguay:a. location of the interactionb. formality-informality of the interactionc. degree of intimacy of the speakers.d. Degree of seriousness of the discoursee. Sex of the participants.27. Diglossia双语双言制: a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism.Chapter 9 language and culture1. culture: in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture.2. two types of culture: material and spiritual.3. linguistic relativity: different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently.4. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis(SWH): Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought.5. Two different ways of hypothesis: a strong version and a weak one. While the strong version believes that the language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influence the later.6. Two important insights of SWH:a. there is nowadays a recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.b. More than in Whorf’s days, however, we recognize how important context is in complimenting the meanings encoded in the language.7. linguistic evidence of cultural differences:a. greetings and terms of address: the extension of kinship terms is a feature of Chinese culture.b. Thanks and compliments: people in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments more than Chinese speakers and that the westerners tend to accept thanks and compliments more directly and frankly than we Chinese do.c. Color words: for people all over the world the colors of the rainbow are the same, but this does not necessarily follow that people speaking different languages divide the color spectrum in the same way or use terms that designate the same range of hue.d. Privacy and taboos: the westerners place a high value on privacy.e. Rounding off numbers: the way a speech community rounds off its numbers is not haphazard, rather, it is explainable as interplay between language and culture. Members of a speech community regards as significant.f. Words and cultural-specific connotations: connotations means the implication of a word, apart from its primary meaning”. The semantic differences between two language s may be grouped as the following:1) a term in one language that does not have a counterpart in another language.2) Words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface, but which actually refer to quite different things.3) Things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in theanother language, that is finer distinctions exist in the other language.4) Terms that have more or less the same primary meaning, but which have considerably different secondary or additional meanings.g. cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors: different languages may reflect different cultures, different cultures entail different language expressions. Idioms, proverbs and sayings and metaphors in different languages, derived from different origins, also demonstrate cultural differences. Different languages may have different idioms owing to different living environments, social conventions and literature tradition.8. cultural overlap: despite the cultural differences, there exist a greater or lesser degree of cultural overlap between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.9. cultural diffusion: through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about cultural diffusion, which has been shaped gradually and unceasingly.10. cross-cultural communication: communication between people from different cultures, which implies a comparison between cultures.11. language acquisition: the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.12. traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believe that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation. A child imitates the sounds and patterns of t he people around him; people recognize the child’sattempts and reinforce the attempts by responding differently, the child repeats the right sounds or patterns to get the reward. The child learns the language gradually in much the same way as habit-forming.13. the key to language development in this theory: imitation and practice are preliminary, discrimination and generalization.14. language acquisition device(LAD): an imaginary “black box” existing somewhere in the human brain. The “ black box” is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages.15. children need access to the samples of natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language’s structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system。
戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 12
What is psycholinguistics?
• Psycholinguistics (心理语言学) is the study of psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. • It concerns the representation of language in the mind, the planning, production, perception and comprehension of speech, and language acquisition.
What is neurolinguistics?
• Neurolinguistics (神经语言学) is the study of two related areas: language disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. • It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.
Chapter 12
Language and Brain
Main Tasks
• What is neurolinguistics? • What is psycholinguistics? • Linguistics and language processing • Psycholinguistic modeling
2009年徐州师范大学硕士研究生招生复试加试
020101政治经济学
政治经济学
《马克思主义政治经济学原理》刘诗白、西南财经大学出版社2004年第2版；《政治经济学》逄锦聚等、高等教育出版社2003年第2版
1发展经济学
2货币银行学
《发展经济学教程》张培刚、经济科学出版社2001年第1版；《货币银行学》戴国强、高等教育出版社2000年第1版
01亚非史
02英联邦国家史
006教育科学学院
040101教育学原理
教育学
《现代教育论》黄济，王策三，人民教育出版社，2001年版
教育社会学
发展心理学
《教育社会学》鲁洁，人民教育出版社，1990年版；
《发展心理学》林崇德，人民教育出版社，1995年版
01基础教育理论与实践研究
02德育与人格塑造研究
03教育管理学
《人文地理学》，王恩涌著，高等教育出版社2002年版；
060106中国古代史
中国通史
《中国古代史》（上、中、下）朱绍侯主编，福建人民出版社，1993年版；
《中国近代史》（第四次修订）李侃，中华书局，1994年版；
《中国现代史》（上、下）王桧林，北京师范大学出版社，1991年版；
①史学概论
②中国历史文献学
《史学概论》庞卓恒主编，高等教育出版社，1995年版；
《中国历史文献学》杨燕起等主编，北京图书馆出版，2003年出版；
01秦汉史
02魏晋南北朝史
03唐宋辽金史
04明清史
05中国古代文献
060107中国近现代史
中国近现代史
《中国近代史》，李侃，中华书局编（第四次修订），2004年版；
《中国现代史》（上、下），王桧林，高等教育出版社2003年版；
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2.鼓励跨学科研究以及研究方法创新； 3.进一步开展外语教育理论研究和教师发展研究；
4.在外国文学研究领域，跟踪国外文学研究热点，加强 国别文学研究、比较文学研究、文学理论与思潮研究， 鼓励文学研究与文化研究结合，研究中国文学在国外 的传播以及外国文学在中国的传播；
四、教育部社科委员会语言文学学部《十 二五》规划的一些思路（外国语言文学学 科部分）
（一） 加强外国语言文学学科建设，在基础研究和传 统研究领域取得突破 （二）对接国家发展战略，加强实用研究，服务社会 （三）创新科研组织、项目管理与成果评价模式
（一）加强外国语言文学学科建设，在基 础研究和传统研究领域取得突破
外国语言文学学科《十二五》规划的
一些思路
教育部高校外语专业教学指导委员会主任委员
教育部社科委员会语言文学学部召集人
戴炜栋 教授
上海外国语大学
一、《十二五》规划的文件依据
《国家中长期教育改革和发展规 划纲要》要求外国语言文学学科制定 《十二五》规划。
二、教育部高教司和社科司的不同分工
高教司：
（ 1 ）制定外语专业教学发展规划（如《十一 五》期间外语学科发展报告）； （ 2 ）建立外语专业教学监控体系 （如《十 五》、《十一五》期间的教学质量工程体系，包 括制定专业教学评估指标和制定专业规范等）； （ 3 ）检查教学发展规划和质量监控体系实施 情况（如《十一五》期间的专业教学评估等）。
“十二五”期间大学英语教学要进一步深化教学改革， 遵循教育规律，鼓励学校积极探索，反对千校一面， 根据学校的不同发展定位，加强了分类指导，积极推 进“基于计算机和课堂”的新教育模式，开创大学英 语教学改革新局面。开展以下五个方面探索工作： 1、如何紧密联系教学实践，进一步提高教师的教研热 情，促进其专业发展；
（三）创新科研组织、项目管理与成果评 价模式
1. 发挥全国性外国语言文学专业研究会和学会 优势，加强国际合作，申报具有重大影响的高 层次国际学术会议； 2. 创办中外合作机构，鼓励合作研究，鼓励采 用“ E—研究院”等合作形式，创办中外合作 研究或翻译机构； 3. 在学科建设评估指标中增加“中国学术国际 化”相应的评估内容和权重。
2、如何促进现代化教育技术支持下教学模式与手段的 应用与创新； 3、如何培养和选拔更多富有创新意识的优秀大学英语 青年教师，以推动教学改革深入发展； 4、如何促进教学思想的交流和教学成果的推广，不断 提高教学和研究水平； 5、如何通过构建具有中国特色的外语教学体系、理念、 方法和手段，有效提高大学英语教学质量和水平。
（8）受教育部委托举办不同类型的师资研修班； （9）深化改革，进一步推动大学英语教学发展 刘向虹： 大学英语教学改革主要成绩： 1、教学理念不断更新； 2、课程体系更加科学全面； 3、教学模式更加多样化； 4、课程评估更加体系化； 5、大学英语教材与多媒体课件及资源建设成绩显 著；
6、大学英语师资队伍更加合理完善； 7、大学英语教学管理水平不断提高； 8、大学英语校园环境显著改善；并重， 研究翻译史、翻译与文化传播、外国经典在中国传播、 中国经典的翻译以及在国外的传播。
（二）对接国家发展战略，加强实用研究， 服务社会
1.开展中国学术国际化与中国文化“走出去” 研究； 2.利用各语种优势，加强国别和区域研究，为 国家重大外交决策、公共外交和国家“走出 去”战略服务； 3.开展外语应用和社会服务研究。
社科司：
（1）制定教育部人文社会科学研究的发展规划；
（2）征求教育部人文社会科学选题指南，并每年 发布一次官方选题指南；
（3）对申报的项目组织专家进行评审（包括后期 资助项目）。
三、高校外语专业教学指导委员会在高教 司领导下拟在《十二五》期间完成的一些 重大举措
(1) 制定专业类\专业教学质量国家标准； （2）实施高等学校外语专业规范； （3）与时俱进，适时修订外语专业教学大纲； （4）完成外语专业本科目录调整； （5）制定外语专业《十二五》教材建设规划和应贯彻的 基本原则； （6）根据已制定的外语专业规范，研制相应的专业论证 （评估）指标体系，适时开展专业教学评估； （7）根据《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要 （2010—2020）》要求，结合人才培养需求，深化外语 专业人才培养模式的研究；