浙江大学2004年(春)攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
2004级博士生英语考试试卷
English Test for Doctoral Candidates(Jan. 16, 2005)Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then mark your answer on your Answer Sheet A.1. A. To be back Tuesday morning.B. To come and see him Wednesday.C. To call him on Thursday.D. To make an appointment for Thursday.2. A. Every day.B. Every day except Thursday.C. Monday, Wednesday and Friday.D. Monday, Tuesday and Friday.3. A. On a train.B. On a boat.C. On a plane.D. On a bus.4. A. It was sold out.B. It was too expensive.C. She didn’t like it.D. It was uninteresting.5. A. Go for a long walk with her friend.B. Rest and take care of herself.C. Stay at home and do her exercises.D. Catch up with her reading.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. The passage will be read only once. At the end of the passage, you will hear 5 questions about what was said. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 16. A. Almost half their money.B. Almost all their money.C. Almost one-third of their money.D. Most of their money.7. A. Right after the food is ready.B. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with aknife.C. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of brad.D. Right after the father gives everyone a piece of bread.8. A. The famous French food.B. The French family meal.C. The French family reunion.D. The French gable manners.Passage 29. A. Means for winter traveling.B. Methods of fishing.C. How to hunt large animals.D. Political ways.10. A. Iron tools.B. Building canoes.C. Blazing trails.D. Planting crops.Section C Spot DictationDirections:In this part, you are going to hear a longer passage. The passage is printed below with some words and expressions missing. As you listen, fill in each of the blanks with the words and expressions you have heard.Our sleep time over the past century has been reduced by almost 20 percent.Generally, adults need to sleep one hour for every two hours awake, which means that most need about eight hours of sleep a night. Of course, some people need more and some less. Children and teenagers need an average of about ten hours.The brain keeps an exact (11) ______________ of how much sleep it is owed. My colleagues and I coined the term sleep debt because accumulated lost sleep is like a monetary debt: it must be paid back. If you get an hour less than a full night’s sleep, you carry an hour of sleep debt into the next day—and your (12) ______________ to fall asleep during the daytime becomes stronger.During the five-day workweek, if you get six hours of sleep each night instead of the eight you needed, you would build up a sleep debt of ten hours (five days times two hours). Because sleep debt accumulates in an additive (13) ______________, by day five your brain would tend toward sleep as strongly as if you’d stayed up all night. From this perspective, sleeping until noon on Saturday is not getting enough to pay back the ten lost hours as well as meet your nightly (14) ______________ of eight; you would have to sleep until about 5 p.m. to balance the sleep ledger.But for most people it is difficult to sleep that long because of the alerting mechanism of our (15) ______________ clock.Section D SummaryDirections:Listen to the passage and write a summary in no less than 50 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions:In this section, there are 4 short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1However important we may consider school life to be, there is no denying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised (告知) of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and development mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic process night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.16. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that _______.A. home training is more important than school trainingbecause a child spends so many hours with his parentsB. teachers can and should help parents to understand andfurther the objective of the schoolC. there are many ways in which the mathematics program canbe implemented at homeD. parents have a responsibility to help students in doing homework17. The author directly discussed the fact that _______.A. parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC. a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directed18. It can reasonably be inferred that the author _______.A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB. feels that schools are woefully lacking in guidance personnelC. believes that the traditional program in mathematics isslightly better than developmental programD. feels that the parent-teacher interviews can be made muchmore constructive than they are at present19. The author implies that _______.A. participation in interesting activities relating to asubject improves one’s achievements in that areaB. school principals do more than their share in interpretingthe curriculum to the parentsC. only a small part of the school day should be set apart fordrilling in arithmeticD. teachers should occasionally make home visit to parents20. We may infer that the writer of the article does not favor _______.A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB. written communications to the parent from the teacherC. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taughtD. principal-parent conferences rather than teacher-parent conferencesPassage 2E-business requires instantaneous decision-making and KM (knowledge management) has a tremendous role to play in achieving this as well as quality feedback. Real-time business without proper knowledge and feedback information quickly turns into real-time unsupervised and valueless chaos. Lack of adequate knowledge flow and coherent real-time views of a situation inevitably lead to disastrous consequences. The infamous Barings Bank operated a real-time futures business without real-time checks and balances, and did not ensure adequate quality of knowledge flows from the trading floor to controllers and managers. Itwas too-much-too-fast coupled with too-little-quality-feedback and insufficient understanding. There was too little real-time knowledge at hand and it turned out a spectacular disaster.The missing link was KM. No serious e-business effort should be undertaken without considering, planning and implementing a strong KM infrastructure. Real-time knowledge must flow from those who have it to those who must be able to make the right move at the right time. And there is no time to spare. E-businesses must be equipped with interactive workflow tools and real-time business intelligences feedback in a clear and understandable format. People involved must have access to all underlying documents at all times at a snap of their fingers. Otherwise they will guess rather than make informed decisions. Or words, in fear of making a huge mistake, people will make no decisions at all.Take a home loan application process for example. You would most likely apply to a number of banks at the same time. They would obviously complete on pricing, but the bank that can make your credit assessment first and most effectively, process the documentation and inform you on the progress every step of the way will get your business. The rest may be stuck with less demanding, more risk-prone customers. This may affect their overall profitability, and ability to complete on price and service in the future. It could put them out of business altogether. So is therea link between e-business and KM? I surely think so.21. According to the passage, in doing e-business, you must _______.A. make quick decisionsB. learn many disciplinesC. work hardD. know how to promote yourself22. As the author puts it, being short of _______ will lead to failure in e-business.A. support from the governmentB. sufficient knowledge flow and accurate views of the situationC. qualified managersD. loan from the bank23. Barings Bank went bankrupt because _______.A. it involved itself in the futures businessB. its manager was not an expertC. it failed to smooth the knowledge flow and the feedback processesD. of its slow decision-making process24. Some managers do not make decisions because _______.A. they are not provided with sufficient informationB. they are slow in thinkingC. they are very democraticD. they have limited rights in the company25. When you apply for a home loan, you tend to choose a band with _______.A. offers the lowest interestB. if located quite near to your houseC. will keep you informed of the on-goings in the processD. is big and famousPassage 3When it comes to leisure activities, Americans aren’t quite the funseekers they’ve been supposed to be. For one out of five, weekends and vacations are consumed by such drudgeries as housecleaning, yardworking, and cooking; only one-third of them enjoy the luxury of relaxing in the sun, going camping, playing sports, or simply relaxing.Americans were asked how they occupy themselves on days they are not at work. According to the poll, older people, the rich, and the well-educated are most apt to spend their spare time doing the things they “want to do” rather than those they “have to”.Overall, high-salaried respondents were more active than those with lower incomes—they reported watching less television and were ore likely to engage in social and cultural activities. Furthermore, those with college degrees were about twice as likely as those with no more than a high school education to spend time playing sports (42 percent compared to 23 percent).On the subject of vacations, the study found that college graduates were more likely than those with only high school degrees to have vacation plans (80 percent versus 60 percent). Of those who did intend to take some time off, 46 percent planned a sightseeing vacation (34 percent in the United States, 12 percent abroad), 34 percent expected to visit friends or relatives, 22 percent headed for the beach or lake, and 12 percent intended to relax at home.People who are divorced, widowed, or separated, the survey concluded, are the least likely of any group to take a vacation—and the least likely to attach any important to it.26. The passage is mainly about _______.A. different ways of spending one’s leisure timeB. active entertainment and passive entertainmentC. factors that affect people’s attitudes towards vacationD. how Americans spend their holidays27. According to a recent study, how many Americans spend theweekends doing housework?A. One fifth of them.B. Four fifths of them.C. One third of them.D. Two thirds of them.28. According to the passage, the most popular type of vacationin the United States is _______.A. relaxing in the sunB. visiting friends or relativesC. playing sportsD. visiting interesting places29. Who are the least likely to take a vacation?A. Businesswomen.B. Factor workers.C. Separated couples.D. Elderly people.30. Which of the following if NOT mentioned as a factor thatinfluences the way people spend their holidays?A. Family income.B. Social position.C. Age.D. Educational background.Passage 4If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American health-care system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39 percent of all expenditures—more than doctors, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.Although US hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of inefficient organizaions; increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987—$3,850—was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 27 percent greater than that of all medical care and 163 percent greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34 percent. But hospitals seemed obvious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about three percent, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000.After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked, “Where’s the money going?” Much of the increase in hospital costs—amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987—went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of [hospitals] unne cessary spending on technology abound.” Medical technology is veryexpensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33 percent, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year.31. According to the passage, the American health-care system _______.A. is working smoothlyB. is the best system in the worldC. is not working efficientlyD. is on the point of collapse32. In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _______.A. $3,850B. less than $1,925C. $1,925D. more than $1,92533. When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals _______.A. took effective measures to reduce their expendituresB. were fully aware of the situation and took some measures accordinglyC. reduced the number of hospital beds sharplyD. continued to take on more full-time medical workers34. According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatlymainly because _______.A. hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical technologyB. hospitals bought too much expensive operating equipmentC. hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workersD. hospitals were under poor management35. It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital usesits medical technology to the full, _______.A. it will decrease its quality of treatmentB. it will certainly push up its expendituresC. it will have a high mortality rate from surgeryD. it will maintain its good quality of carePart III Translation (20%)Section A Put the following into Chinese:When the war began on January 18th, the authorities believed that the multi-national force was irresistible and that the war would be short and swift. But now, the situation seems quite the reverse; the war is likely to take at least several months before it blows itself out.No matter how long the war lasts, it is undeniably a great tragedy. The region is now bristling with bombers, warships and soldiers. Saddam Hussein has already begun to make random bombing attacks on Israel and Saudi Arabia. He has even brazenly threatened to use missiles charged with biological or chemical warheads.Whether or not the Gulf War is a just war is a hotly debated question. Although most people agree with the deployment of soldiers in the region, a considerable number of people do not want Britain to get involved.Section B Put the following abstract into English:摘要：本文从英文标题、作者署名与工作单位、英文摘要、英文关键词等四个方面阐述了科技论文英文摘要的写作特点、模式及摘要写作中应避免出现的一些问题，同时强调对摘要写作的客观性、学术性和语体风格等问题给予足够的重视。
最新浙江大学硕士生英语机考及考博英语-听力部分模拟题(难度相当)
Test One（听力播放）Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once.When you have heard the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet witha pencil.1. A. He’s worried. B. It’s getting late.C. He heard a noise outside.D. He can’t see out of thewindow.2. A. Soon B. In 20 minutes. C. They don’t care. D.They don’t know.3. A. Here. B. A pass.C. An official.D.A letter of introduction.4. A. Home. B. To town. C. To his friends. D. Toa restaurant.5. A. She uses coffee. B. She hates coffee.C. She never liked coffee.D. She liked coffee before.6. A. The pay isn’t important. B. They don’t need themoney.C. He wants to save the money.D. He doesn’t like waitingin line for his pay.7. A. He wants to go to sleep. B. Doctors always tell himlies.C. He doesn’t believe in medicine.D. He needs a rest withoutbeing bothered.8. A. He eats too much. B. He kills chickens.C. He only eats chickens.D. He married a greedyperson.9. A. Buying trees. B. Who owns the tree.C. Their family trees.D. How old the tree is.10. A. A stranger. B. A ticket seller. C. A trainattendant. D. Another passenger.Section BDirections: In this section of the test you will hear three brief talks. You will hear them only once. After each one you will hear some questions.You will hear each question only once. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter with a pencil.11. A. Be a doctor. B. Join the army. C. Not join the army. D.Improve his reading.12. A. A lady. B. The doctor. C. His mother. D.His neighbour.13. A. He pretended he couldn’t see. B. He answered hisquestions wrong.C. He pretended to get on the wrong bus.D. He pretended not toknow where to go.14. A. A seller. B. A driver. C. A thief .D. Apoliceman.15. A. He was beaten by a robber. B. He was robbed atgunpoint.C. A customer of his was robbed.D. His truck was stolen bya thief.16. A. His truck was turned over. B. He was questioned bypolice.C. He was attacked by another robber.D. His witnesses hurried tohis aid.17. A. Because she’d had a bad fall. B. Because she’d beenborn that way.C. Because she’d had a car accident.D. Because she’d had avery high fever.18. A. She was quiet and shy. B. She was uncontrollable.C. She was weak from illness.D. She was bright andfriendly.19. A. Her husband. B. Her parents. C. Her teacher. D.Her brother.20. A. As a political leader. B. As famous scientist.C. As an example to others.D. As an extraordinarydoctor.Section CThere are four parts in this section—Part A, Part B, Part C and Part D. You will take the test part by part. Each part has its own directions. Remember t hatwhile you are doing your test, you should first put down your answers in you r test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet to Answer Sheet 1.Part ADirections: Fill in the following blanks, using no more than three words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. Now you have 25 seconds to read the table below.When he opened the door, Mr. Herbert suddenly saw _____1The three enormous men wore _____2At that dangerous moment, Mr. Herbert felt _____3The next day when he went back, he founda _____4He kept it in his pocket asa _____5Part BDirections: Answer questions 6-10 while listening. Use no more than five words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. Now you have 40 seconds to read the questions.Who won the football match the night in an exhibition game? _____6How did the eight previous games end in? _____7How many people watched the exhibition game? _____8When was the Italian's second goal scored? _____9How many times has the captain Bobby Moore played for England? _____10Part CDirections: Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk. Choose the correct answer from the four choices given. Now you have 30 seconds to read the questions.11.What factors make Hollywood ideal for film making?A. Its excellent studios.B. Its “happy ending” films.C. Its diverse natural conditions.D. Its rapid changes in thefilm industry.12.Why did film makers bring more violence on the screen?A. More profits were made.B. They became moreviolent.C. Audience rejected “happy ending” films.D. It fitted in with modernpeople's lifestyles.13.What does “PG” in “PG13” stand for?A. Paying guests.B. Public in general.C. Parental guidance.D. Parents and grandparents. Part DDirections: Questions 14-18 are based on the following talk. Use the information in the right column to match with that in the left column.Now you have 30 seconds to read the related information.14.President Roosevelt A. allergic to cats15. President Johnson B. his dog became the mostcommon breed in the country16. President Nixon C. once being suspected ofmistreating animals17. President Bush D. had a Scotch Terrier named“Falla”18. President Clinton E. his wife wrote a book abouttheir dog。
浙江大学 2006年(春)攻读博士研究生入学考试题
浙江大学2006年（春）攻读博士研究生入学考试题考试科目_____________英语______________ 编号_________________ 注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上或者草稿纸上均无效。
Section ⅠListening Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Part ADirections: You will hear an interview with Jason Donovan, an Australian actor and pop singer. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Part BDirections: You will hear a conversation between two speakers, David and Mary. Answer the questions 6-10 while you listen. Use no more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions.Part CDirections: Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between Carlos and his sister Jean. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11. What arrangement had Carlos and Sandra made for tonight?A. Meet around the underground station.B. Stay at home.C. See the evening performance.D. Walk in the rain.12. Why is Carlos angry with Jean?A. Because she did not tell Carlos about Sandra’s phone call as soon as he got home.B. Because she forgot to tell Sandra that Carlos couldn’t get tickets.C. Because she did not stay at home and wait for Carlos’ phone.D. Because she kept Carlos waiting for half an hour.13. What will Carlos finally do?A. Wait at home for Sandra’s phone.B. Hurry up and try to get the theater before Sandra does.C. Buy tickets for the performance of Romeo and Juliet tonight.D. Phone Sandra to tell her that he will be late.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11~13.Directions: Questions 14~16 are based on the following interview. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 14~16.14. According to the woman, how will rival gangs benefit from the Leisure Center?A. They can express aggression in sports.B. Their athletic skills can be improved.C. They can find something to do in their leisure time.D. They can find employment in the Centre.15. What is the man’s attitude towards the new scheme?A. He believes the scheme might help to solve the problem of gang warfare.B. He doubles whether rival gangs will be interested in the scheme.C. He doesn’t think the scheme could work because of lack of funds.D. He is afraid that there might be fights between rival groups in the Leisure Center.16. Which of the following is true of the scheme promoted by the woman?A. It has received much support from the local people.B. It is aimed primarily at rival gangs.C. It has been in operation for years.D. There have been many reports on it in newspapers.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14~16.Directions: Questions 17~20 are based on the following talk introducing the success of Coco-Cola. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 18~20.17. Who invented Coca-Cola and when?A. Frank Robinson, in 1888.B. Asa G Candle, in1879.C. Dr.Pemberton, in 1886.D. Jacob, in 1895.18. What has played the most important role in Coca-Cola’s success?A. A catchy name.B. Advertising.C. Its taste.D. Competition.19. Which of the following is true of Coca-Cola in World War II?A. Every American soldier could have a bottle of Coca-Cola for free.B. The company made a lot of money by selling Coca-Cola to soldiersC. About five billion bottles of Coke were sold in American.D. The company tried to open up its foreign markets for Coca-Cola.20. What do doctor say about Coca-Cola?A. It is both delicious and nutritious.B. It contains too much sugar.C. It does you no good.D. It may be harmful to your health.You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17~20.SectionⅡVocabulary (15 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center.21. You will only be allowed to leave early in _____ circumstances.A. exceptionalB. coincidentalC. peculiarD. imperative22. His latest _____ was buying a second- hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.A. agonyB. stigmaC. wrathD. folly23. The champagnes had caused his face to _____ and his eyes were bright.A. flourishB. freshC. fleshD. flush.24. He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into ____ .A. mischiefB. nuisanceC. hostilityD. bustle25. Poor sight and hearing are common ____ of old age.A. presentationsB. afflictionsC. outcomeD. relevance26. The dream of many scientists has been to create a _____ motion machine – one that would always continue moving once it had been started.A. transientB. temporaryC. perpetualD. periodic27. Only a small ____ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.A. fractureB. fragmentC. fractionD. fragrance28. Chemicals from the factory up the river ______ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.A. corruptedB. infectedC. contaminatedD. stained29. It is strictly illegal to _____ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.A. shelterB. disguiseC. concealD. veil30. To ____ the boredom of studying it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.A. intensifyB. aggravateC. illuminateD. alleviate31. Although we felt ____ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him.A. compassionB. compassC. companionD. compartment32. The police were _____ by the crime and were never able to solve it.A. hinderedB. enlightenedC. baffledD. detained33. _____ for the top-of-the–range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof.A. accessoriesB. componentsC. decorationsD. colleagues34. The author uses the ____ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.A. correlationB. equivalentC. analogyD. parallel35. The books will be ____ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.A. dispatchedB. disputedC. dismissedD. dispersedSection ⅢCloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Almost all of us believe that we live in an age of uncouth manners, that thing were better in some previous era. For example, the 18th century in England is __36__ as a period of high refinement in social intercourse. We look back __37__ nostalgia to the soft candle light, the __38__ courtesies, the hand kissing – unwilling to confront the brutal reality of a century in which dueling to the death was __39__ and gentlemen were expected to drink themselves under the table.Manners __40__. In our day, it is considered good manners to be clean –indeed we spend billions of dollars on __41__ designed to keep us ―fresh.‖ In the 18th century, __42__, most doctors and church authorities frowned on bathing, and wo men’s elegant hairdos were often full of lice.The changeability of manners makes the whole subject difficult to __43__. To take one example: It was not considered bad manners in the 18th century for a man to wear his hat __44__. You would take it off to __45__ a lady, but then you’d put it right back on you head.The reason __46__ this is perfectly plain. In the first place, the hat served as a __47__ of rank throughout most of history, a __48__mark of status, in the second place, you couldn’t draw a sword easily if you were __49__ a hat in your hand.There is a __50__ to be learned from this. For the most part, manners are merely self-protective __51__ appropriate to the customs of a particular age. There customs sometimes become __52__ and symbolic, but they invariably __53__ from some practical need. Thus, on meeting somebody, we commonly shake right hands –a formal custom of no present day __54__. But in an age when every carried weapons, it was a demonstration everybody carried weapons, it was a demonstration that one was prepares to converse without a weapon in one’s hand, a sign of __55__. What we think of as ―good manners‖ was merely a way of saying, ―I mean you no immediateviolence, if you can show that your intention is the same.‖36. A) renowned B）considered C）known D）famous37. A) by B）on C）in D）with38. A) elaborate B）detailed C）exquisite D）exotic39. A) general B）familiar C）commonplace D）cruel40. A) vary B）change C）fluctuate D）turn41. A) output B）produce C）goods D）products42. A) by contrast B）by the way C）on the contrary D）on the way43. A) approach B）attack C）access D）accommodate44. A) outdoors B）indoors C）externally D）internally45. A) face B）greet C）confront D）meet46. A) for B）why C）behind D）because47. A) sign B）signature C）signal D）symbol48. A) visual B）valuable C）visible D）victorious49. A) taking B）holding C）pulling D）putting50. A) letter B）lecture C）legacy D）lesson51. A) instruments B）tools C）devices D）equipments52. A) familiarized B）formalized C）legalized D）modernized53. A) derive B）originate C）obtain D）acquire54. A) emphasis B）sense C）significance D）use55. A) understanding B）friendship C）unity D）peaceSection ⅣReading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage 1Why do we care so much about appearance? Is it some kind of mass psychosis? Or is it nature? Do other species do the same thing? If a male squid is cling to anundersea rock, and two female squids swim past, dose the male look at them and decide which one is more beautiful? Does he notice the shapes of their beaks, the way the undersea light glints from their skin slime, the size of the suckers on their tentacles, and does he think to himself, in some squid way, ―Well, the one on the left is ugly, but the one on the right is a BABE‖?We may not know what squids think about beauty, but there is no question what popular Western culture thinks about it. Watch any TV show; open any magazine; go to any movie. You can’t avoid the obvious conclusion: Popular Western culture thinks beauty is a very, very big deal. Especially feminine beauty. This is one of the two big reasons why I’m glad I’m a man.Men definitely get more slack in the beauty department. A man can be bald, or carry a few dozen extra pounds, or have bad skin or a big nose, and still be considered attractive. Granted, there’s a definite ― beauty‖ standard for males: the square jawed male models with rippling abdominals, Tom Cruise, and of course John F. Kennedy Jr. These men are considered beautiful. And regular men cannot hope to look like them. But regular men CAN look at, say, Tom Hanks, or Sean Connery without his wig, or Al Pacino--- who is a Registered Sex object --- and say: ―Hey, I don’t look THAT different.‖Regular women can’t look at female romantic lead movie stars, or supermodels, and say this. More and more, it seems, the women who are certified as beautiful look less and less like the vast majority of women. It is not enough for a woman to have the right cheekbones, the right eyes, the right mouth, the right nose and flawless skin. Beautiful women, it has been decided, must also be extraordinarily tall, and they must have no more body fat than a Bic pen. If you don’t meet these criteria, then …sorry! You’re the ugly squid!56. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning squids in the first paragraph?A. To prove that squids have a lot in common with human beings.B. To show that appearance is the common concern of all species.C. To show that males squids care about female squids more than vice versa.D. To show that the concern for appearance is more psychological than physical.57. Why does the author consider being a man a lucky thing?A. Because he can avoid the public attention as much as he wants.B. Because he does not have to care too much about his appearance.C. Because popular Western culture favors masculinity more than femininity.D. Because men do not have to appear on TV or magazines as often as women.58. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. Men visit the beauty department less often than women.B. Men are considered beautiful if they look different from others.C. There are different standards for male beauty and female beauty.D. Men do not have to be perfect in order to be considered attractive.59. What is true of a certified beautiful woman?A. She is thin, tall and had perfect skin.B. She is different from the majority of women.C. She is different from the majority of women.D. She has the right cheek bones, the right eyes and the right mouth.60. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Standards of BeautyB. Beauty Men VS WomenC. Concern for Appearance: a Universal TruthD. Who Cares More about Beauty: Men or Squids?Passage 2Try ordering a medium coffee at most coffee bars. They look at you as though you asked for a flagon of mead.The word medium, especially in food and beverages, is going the way of the ―cup‖ of coffee. Drink size have become a free-for-all of image build, divorced from any real description of quantity.The move away from medium is partly attributable to economic—companies trying to squeeze out a few more cents by exaggerating sizes.To be sure, medium hasn’t died altogether. There are medium olives and mediumgarbage bags. There are medium eggs: they are often the smallest. Bigger eggs are classified as large, extra- large and jumbo. Paper towels now come in large and jumbo too.Small products are flourishing, but they aren’t called small. For example, cereal, aspirin and shampoo are sold in tiny packages.‖But they’re never called tiny,‖say Lorna Opatow, president of the marketing research firm of Opatow Associates. ―They’re called individual or one time or disposable.‖When it comes to sizing, the masters are fast food restaurants. At McDonalds’s the soft-drink sizes are regular, medium, large and, on occasion, super-size.―Nobody wants a small drink anymore,‖ says McDonald’s spokesman Chuck Ebeling.‖We live in an era when people carry a liter bottle of water as though it were a pencil over their ear.‖At Burger King there are still small, medium and large drinks. But what do those words mean? In 1954, when the chain started, it called a 12-ounce regular and 16-ounce large. Today the small is 16 ounces and the large is 32 ounces.The king of more is 7-Eleven, which boasts that it makes America’s biggest drink, the 64-ounce Double Gulp. Karen Raskopf, a 7-Eleven spokeswoman,sys no other country gulps as American does: the chain’s international stores don’t sell the Double Gulp. Indeed in Europe and Japan a small size is often equated with luxury—the 61/2-ounce Perrier bottle, for example.Behind the size inflation in beverages is a simple fact: the actual cost of the additional beverage is a minute portion of the price. ‖The packaging and handling costs for a drink are a substantial part of the cost,‖ says Ebeling of McDonald’s. ―If we package it in a large size, that’s more efficient for us.‖Amazingly, Pasqua Coffee, a national chain based in San Franciso, is sticking with small, medium and large. ―We want to offer quick service,‖ says Robert Mann, vice president of operations. ―We don’t want to waste time correcting customers’coffee grammar.‖61. What is the major reason for ―size inflation‖ in the United States?A. Small products mean higher cost in packaging.B. The number of overweight Americans is increasing.C. People think they can save money by buying in bulk.D. Things in large size sell more quickly than things in small size.62. Why aren’t enormous sizes popular in Europe or Japan?A. Because Japan and European countries are much smaller in size.B. Because Europeans and the Japanese do not drink as much as the Americans.C. Because Europeans and the Japanese are more more money-minded than the Americans.D. Because things in smaller size are considered more luxurious in Europe and Japan.63. The expression ―a pencil over their ear‖(Para.6) most probably means______.A. something normalB. something peculiarC. something extra-largeD. something extraordinary64. Why does Pasqua Coffee still offer ―small, medium, and large‖ sizes?A. Because fixing extra-large coffees takes more time.B. Because they want to provide more efficient service.C. Because they don’t want to hear the customers’ ungrammatical sentences.D. Because people in the west prefer small-sized coffees more than people in the east.65. What is the author’s point of view toward large sizes?A. This is a trend that will go on and on.B. He reserves his judgment on this trend.C. Profit is the real motive behind this trend.D. This trend should be inhibited as far as possible.Passage 3Each year more than 500,000 people in the U.S. are victims of some form of identity fraud, according to the National Notary Association(NNA). The growth ofInternet commerce is putting the personal security of consumers at even greater risk. High- tech identity fraud could become a more serious problem in the future through the misuse of digital signaturcs.The U.S. Congress and several dozen state governments have enacted legislation that gives electronic signatures the same status as hand written ones in commercial use and in executing a variety of ―acknowledgements, verifications, and oaths.‖ But these measures do not elaborate on the role the notary, an impartial third party who verifies the identity of people who sign important documents.The notary makes sure that an individual signing a document is indeed the person he or she purports to be. The notary also observers the person’s willingness to sign a document and the signer’s awareness of what the document entails. Without being in the same room with the singer, a notary cannot make these determinations.The mandatory physical presence of the document signer before a notary has long been recognized under w. In 1955, a Texas court said, ―A notary can no more perform by telephone those notarial acts which require a personal appearance than a dentist can pull a tooth by telephone,‖ according to the NNA.Some states now permit notaries to use electronic signatures. Some states legislatures have also passed laws that allow any person to unilaterally create so –called ―notarized‖ electronic signatures without a notary. Meanwhile, companies are streamlining the processes for e-business and legal transactions, some claim to provide ―electronic notarization‖ for online transactions.These may still fall short of true notarization because they try to circumvent the ―personal appearance‖aspect of notarization and really do nothing to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness,‖ writes Milton G.Valera, president of the notary association.Valera insists that the basic notary principles and process remain the same despite technological changes. Fraud deterrence still depends on face–to-face interaction between a notary and the signer of a document. The arrival of complex signature technology, with its new potential for fraud, could increase the importance of notaries in the future.Notaries for the digital age may need to undergo technical training, testing, and certification programs to supplement their traditional functions.‖The National Notary Association does not foreclose on the possibility that future communications technology may allow interactive audiovisual linkups between a notary and signer that may prove to be a reliable alternative to personal presence,‖ say Valera.66. The growth of Internet Commerce has resulted in _______.A. the decline of identify fraudB. frequent use of digital signatureC. the disappearance of the notaryD. the inferiority of handwritten signatures67. What the Texas court said in 1955 shows that _______.A. the notary is outdated when telephone records are availableB. to find a notary is as painful as to pull a toothC. a notary is extremely important in the process of verificationD. a notary is useless without the required physical presence68. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. an electronic signature without a notary is invalid in the business worldB. some companies managed to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness through ―electronic notarization‖C. the identity fraud becomes impossible in e-business and online-transactionsD. the present ―electronic notarization‖has twisted the basic principles of traditional notaries69. The phrase ―foreclose on‖ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ―___‖.A. look forward toB. interfere withC. take possession ofD. believe in70. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Alternative to the NotariesB. Notaries in the Digital AgeC. E-documents in the Digital TimeD. Deterrence to Identity FraudPassage 4Ironically, one great unsolved problem in Darwin’s master work, On the Origin of Species, was just that: How and why do species originate? Darwin and his later followers were faced with a seeming paradox. They described evolution as a continuous and gradual change over time, but species are distinct from each other, suggesting that some process has created a discontinuity, or gap, between them.Credit for doing the most to crack this puzzle goes to Ernst Mayr, perhaps the greatest evolutionary scientist of the twentieth century. Along with Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, and others, Mayr achieved the ―modern synthesis‖in the 1930s and 1940s that integrated Mendal’s theory of heredity with Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection.Born in 1904 in Germany, Mayr trained as a medical student but realized he had a greater passion for studying birds and biology. Emigrating to the United States, he became a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, working on bird classification while formulating his key ideas about evolution. In 1942 he published his most important work, Systematics and the Origin of species. Mayr moved to Harvard University in 1953 and served as director of the school’s Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. Since then, he has published a number of books and chapters and received the prestigious Japan Prize for Biology in 1983.In his landmark 1942 book, Mayr proposed that Darwin’s theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed.It’s this isolation or separation that creates new species, said Mayr. The traits that evolve during the period of isolation are called ―isolating mechanisms,‖and discourage the two populations from interbreeding.Moreover, Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress. ―Without speciation, there would be no diversificationof the organic world, no adaptive radiation, and very little evolutionary progress. The species, then, is the keystone of evolution.‖71. What do we learn about Ernst Mayr?A. He was the first man to reject Darwin’s theory of evolution.B. He began his career as a medical doctor in Germany.C. He failed to explain how and why species originate.D. He helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.72. Mayr’s work on species and speciation helped scientists understand______.A. evolution as a continuous change over timeB. the evolution from one species to anotherC. Darwin’s theory of natural selectionD. the evolution of genes at the molecular level73. According to Mayr, what leads to the formation of new species?A. Geographic isolation.B. Species interbreeding.C. Heredity.D. Natural selection.74. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. A biographical account of Mayr’s life.B. Mayr’s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology.C. Awards and honors Mayr has received.D. Mayr’s passion for bird-watching and biology.75. The word ―crack‖ in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. analyzeB. locateC. presentD. solveSection ⅤTranslation (25 marks)Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet 2.76. 遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大？从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。
浙江大学研究生入学考试2000年试题
浙江大学研究生入学考试2000年试题一、填空题1.流体在管内会引发机械能的损失，这是由于。
2.离心泵在设计流量下工作时泵效率最高，这是由于。
而大型泵的效率通常高于小型泵的，那么是由于。
3.在进行流态化操作时，床层的压降不随气速增大而增大，这是由于。
4.某一热流体流经一段直管后，在流入同一内径的弯管段，那么弯管段的传热系数比直管段的，因为。
5.关于相同产能力，多效蒸发比单效蒸发操作费用，设备费用。
6.将相对挥发度为的某二元物系在全回流操作的塔中进行精馏，现测得全凝器中冷凝液组成为，塔顶第二层塔板上升的气相组成为，那么塔顶第一层塔板的气相默弗里板效为。
7.关于难容气体的吸收，可采取哪些方法以提高吸收速度、。
8.恒沸精馏的原理是。
9.在设计或研制新型气液传质设备时，要求设备具有、、。
10.临界湿含量于哪些因素有关？（举其中四个因素）、、、。
二、选择题1.如图1所示，高位槽A通过一并联管路向槽B输送液体，两槽液面维持恒定。
输液时要求排液管FG上的阀门k1关闭.现由于操作不慎，阀门k1未关严，试判定，与k1关闭时相较，下面哪个结论正确。
（1）D处的压力下降，总管AC内流量下降；（2）E处的压力下降，支管CF内流量增大；（3）C处的压力下降，支管CED内流量增大；（4）E处的压力上升，支管CED内流量下降。
2.随着流体流量的增大，流体通过以下哪一种流量计时，其压降转变幅度最小。
（1）孔板流量计；（2）文丘里流量计；（3）转子流量计3.离心泵的安装高度与。
（1）泵的结构无关；（2）液体流量无关；（3）吸入管路的阻力无关； （4）被输送的液体密度有关4.推导过滤大体方程式的一个最大体依据是 。
（1）滤液通过滤饼时呈湍流流动； （2）假定滤渣大小均一；（3）滤液通过滤饼时呈层流流动； （4）假设过滤介质的阻力可忽略不计5.如图2所示，冷、热流体在套管换热器中进行换热（均无相转变）。
现冷流体流量m 2减少，那么 。
浙江大学考博英语部分真题及其解析
浙江大学考博英语部分真题及其解析Section I Use of English(10%)Read the following text.Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and ma,A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1(客观答题卡).We suffer from a conspicuous lack of role models and shared causes. This is1of reason,I think,that many young Asian-Americans continue to assimilate quietly into America2as doctors,scientists and engineers.Our struggles are individual and familial but3communal or political.Ours is a frustratingly limited version of the AMERICAN Dr earr While I can strive for4into Harvard and become the talk of the Korean mothers in ml home town,God forbid that I aim much further and higher than that――5fame ant in fluence as a writer,an Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi intellectual or perhaps president of the United States.I wish more than anything else to feel like part of something6than myself and m~personal ambitions,part of a larger culture. Unfortunately,by coming to America my parent,7the cultural legacy they would have passed on to me.When I visited8last summer,found that I was9and chastised by many people for never learning how to speak Korean and for turning my10on their culture.Taxi drivers would 11to stop for me and my Korean-American friends because they knew from our12where we had come from.And13,in spite of the17years I have spent in this country,I feel more acutely conscious than ever of the fact that I am not completely14.Recently,a black man called me a"littleChinese faggot"in a men's room,and a15woman on the street told me to"go back to Japan."Americans,I think,feel a(n)16to keep both Asians and Asian-Americans at asociological,philosophical and geographical distance.With17numbers of Asian-American18applying to top colleges,many white students have begun to complain aboutAsian-American19and competitiveness,calling us"Asian nerds."Many Americans consider this as part of a larger"Asian invasionf associated20Japan's export success in America.01.[A]one[B]part[C]much[D]some02.[A]country[B]city[C]land[D]society03.[A]hardly[B]frequently[C]approximately[D] always04.[A]scholarship[B]citizenship[C]admittance[D] integration05.[A]toward[B]near[C]between[D]among06.[A]more[B]better[C]larger[D]longer07.[A]sold[B]maintained[C]memorized[D]sacrificed08.[A]Japan[B]China[C]Korea[D]Thailand09.[A]scorned[B]respected[C]surprised[D]ignored10.[A]side[B]head[C]eyes[D]back11.[A]like[B]refuse[C]straggle[D]want12.[A]skin[B]clothes[C]faces[D]politeness13.[A]also[B]so[C]yet[D]then14.[A]hated[B]ignored[C]treated[D]welcome15.IAI homeless[B]careless[C]selfless[D]shameless16.[A]fear[B]need[C]interest[D]hate17.[A]growing[B]expanding[C]developing[D] enlarging18.[A]people[B]residents[C]students[D]foreigners19.,[Al diligence[B]laziness[C]hardship[D] stubbornness20.[A]for[B]to[C]with[D]atgection II Reading Comprehension(60%)Part A(40%)Read the following texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(客观答题卡).Text1InfraGard is a grass-roots effort to respond to the need for cooperation and collaboration n countering the threat of cybercrime and terrorism to private businesses and the government.By the end of September,there will be InfraGard chapters in all50states, Calloway said.With advice from the FBI,each local chapter will be run by a board of directors that includes members of private industry,the academic community and public agencies.Banks,utilities,and other businessesand government agencies will use a secure Web site to share nformation about attempts to hack into their computer networks.Members can join the system!t no charge.A key feature of the system is a two-pronged method of reporting attacks.A"sanitized"description of a hacking attempt or other incident-one that doesn't reveal the name or ensitive information about the victim-can be shared with the other members to spot trends?hen a more detailed description also can be sent to the FBI's computer crimes unit to ietermine if there are grounds for an investigation.Cybercrime has jumped in recent years across the nation, particularly in hotbeds of financial cormmerce and technology like Charlotte."Ten years ago,all you needed to protect yourself was a safe,a fence and security officers,"said Chris Swecker,who is in charge of the FBI's Charlotte office."Now any business with a modem is subject to attack."FBE agents investigating computer hacking that disrupted popular Web sites including ,CNN and Yahoo!this year identified several North Carolina victims.The investigation has also identified computer systems in North Carolina used by hackers to commit such attacks.Prosecutions of hackers have been hampered by the reluctance of businesses to report security intrusions for fear of bad publicity and lost business.Meanwhile,too many corporations have made it tooeasy for criminals by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility.Jack Wiles,who will lead the local InfraGard chapter's board,said a recent report estimated97percent of all cybercrime goes undetected.Wiles,a computer security expert,has a firewall on his personal computer to prevent hackers from getting into his files."I get at least one report a day that somebody was trying to get into my computer,"he said."The Net is a wonderful place,but it's also a dangerous one."21.From the first paragraph,we know[A]InfraGard is a protective measure aga/nst cybercrime.[BI InfraGard is a measure of cooperation and collaboration.[C]there will be50InfraGard chapters in all states.[DJ private business and the government are now committing cybererime.22.Each local chapter of InfraGard will be run by the following EXCEPT[Al academic communities.[B]public agencies.[C]FBI.[D]private industry.23.By saying"too many corporations have made it too easy for criminals by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility"the author means[A]too many corporations take no notice of the security problem of computers.[B]criminals are sacrificing security for speed and accessibility.[C]it's very easy to sacrifice security for speed and accessibility.[D]many companies suffer from computer hacking because they value speed and accessibility more than security.24.All the following are reasons for the rise in cybercrime EXCEPT[A]victims won't report intrusions by hackers.[B]vi victims have no fkewalls.[C]the use of modem is increasing.[D]companies don't pay enough attention to Security.25.It can be concluded from the passage that[A]not all hacking attempts are worthy of investigation.[B]information of the victims is inaccessible.[C]InfraGard chapters will be in effect by the end of September.[D] was once disrupted by hacking.Text2The annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of attitudes towards public education releasedthis week found that a majorty of Americans feel t is important to put"a qualified,competent teacher in every classroom".Bob Chase,president of the National EducationAssociation(NEA),the main teachers'union,wasted no time in pointing out that this will require raising teachers'salaries so that more qualified candidates will enter the profession and stay there.A study by two economists suggests that the quality of America's teachers has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much. The pay of American public-school teachers isnot based on any measure of performance;instead,it is determined by a rigid formula based on experience and years of schooling,factors massively unimportant in deciding how well students do.The uniform pay scale invites what economists call adverse selection.Since the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions,they have a strong incentive to leave education for jobs in which pay is more closely linked to productivity.For dullards,the incentives are just the opposite.The data are striking:when test scores are used as a proxy for ability,the bright est individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture.Clever students are the least like lyto choose education as a major at university.Among students who do major in education,those with higher test scores are less likely to become teachers.And among individuals who enterteaching,those with the highest test scores are the most likely to leave the profession early.The study takes into consideration the effects of a nationwide 20%real increase in teacher salaries during the1980s.It concludes that it had no appreciable effect on overall teacher quality,in largepart because schools do a poor job of.recruiting and-selecting the best teachers.Also,even if higher salaries lure more qualified candidates into the profession,the overall effect on quality may be offset by mediocre teachers who choose to postpone retirement.The study also takes aim at teacher training.Every state requires that teachers be licensed,a process that can involve up to two years of education classes,even for those who have auniversity degree or a graduate degree in the field they would like to teach.Inevitably, this system does little to lure in graduates of top universities or professionals who would like to enter teaching at mid-career.26.Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the passage?[A]NEA is the largest society for teachers.[B]Education-majored students are not as wise as people have assumed.[C]Young teachers are paid less because their students don't do well enough.[D]The study is both concerned with the effects of rise in payment and teacher training.27.Increase in teacher salaries did not turn out so effective mainly because of the following reasons EXCEPT.[A]the authorities do not set standards for qualified teachers.[BI mediocre teachers postpone retirement.[C]the salaries were not attractive enough.[D]teachers didn't have equal opportunities.28.According to the passage,the reason for clever students' refusal to take teaching as profession is because.[A]it offers low pay.[B]they have interest in other professions.[C]it does not value productivity.[D]it uses poor recruiting strategies.29."The data are striking:when the brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture"means.[A]students doing well in study are willing to take teaching as a career.[B]students doing well in study can't avoid choosing teaching as a career.[C]students doing well in study are reluctant to be teachers.[D]students doing well in study are not reluctant to be teachers.30.All can be concluded BUT.[A]teaching in U.S.A needs a certificate.[B]the more outstanding one is,the more likely he is to choose teaching.[C]American public-school teachers are paid in proportion to experience and years of schooling.[D]increase in teacher's salaries is to attract more qualified candidates to teaching.Text3The Nobel prize in economics had a difficult birth.It was createdin1969to mimic thefive prizes initiated under Alfred Nobel's will. These had already been around for68years,andpurists fought hard to stop the newcomer.Some members of the Royal Swedish Academy ofSciences still dismiss economics as unscientific,and its prize as not a proper Nobel.Earlywinners were among the prize's fiercest critics.Gunnar Myrdal,who shared the award in1974,said the prize ought to be abolished(but he did not return the money).Milton Friedman,winnerin1976,doubted the ability of a few people in Stockholm to make decisions respected aroundthe world.By the1990s,the Nobel committee had gained a reputation for intransigence.Gary Becker won only after a flood of nominations forced the cabal in Stockholm to act.The father of game theory won only after Mr.Nash's sudden recovery from paranoid schizophrenia,though the disease had no bearing on the quality of his work,the best of which was done beforehe became ill.Robert Lucas received a prize that many economists believed he should have hadmuch earlier.In1998,the prize became the subject of countless jokes after the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management,a hedge-fund firm whose founders included Robert Mertonand Myron Scholes,the1997 Nobel laureates.The Merton/Scholes choice also highlighted another enduring problem with the prize:untimely deaths.Fischer Black, co-originator of the options-pricing model for which MessrsMerton and Scholes were recognised,died a year too soon to join his collaborators on st year,many economists hoped that ZviGriliches,a noted econometrician who wasunquestionably deserving of the prize,and was suffering from a long illness,would win.He didnot, and died soon afterwards.Because the prize came into being so late, there is still a backlogof elderly luminaries waiting to be recognised. Paul Samuelson,one of the younger winners,and Mr Becker,who was a friend of Griliches,want the committee to take old age explicitlyinto account.The committee could also cast its net more widely across the profession.Almost ail the laureates are also theoreticians;advances in empirical work and applications in the past two decades have yet to be paid due respect,a fact bemoaned by Mr Becker.Mr Samuelson adds that the economics committee's selection methods have excessively mimicked those used for the prizes in natural sciences: "If the right apple fell on your head,and you saw it,then you got the prize.But if you had a lifetime of excellence in all branches of physics,you didn't get it."31.From the first paragraph,we learned that.[A]the Nobel prize in economics was created under Alfred Nobel's will.[B]Gunnar Myrdal was one of the Nobel prize winners in economics.[C]Milton Friedman refused to accept the prize.[D]the Nobel committee had not the ability to make decisions.32.We can learn from the text that about the winners of the Nobel prize in economics during1990s,.[A]Gary Becker won the prize after he forced the committee to act.[B]Mr Nash's illness delayed his receiving of the prize.[C]obert Lucas received the prize earlier than expected.[D]Robert Merton and Myron Scholes played jokes on the prize.33.According to the text,the author's attitude toward Nobel prize in economics is.[A]doubtful.[B]positive.[C]hostile.[DJ indifferent.34.From the third paragraph,we learn that.[A]Fisher Black did not live long enough to win the Nobel prize.[B]the Nobel committee will soon take old age into account.[C]younger people are more likely to win the prize.[D]Zvi Griliches won the prize after he died.35.In the last paragraph of the text,Mr Samuelson's attitude toward the economics committee's selection methods is.[A]critical.[B]approving.[C]angry.[D]ironic.Text4In America alone,tipping is now a$16billion-a-year industry-all the more surprising since it is a behavioural oddity.Consumers acting rationally ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service,Tips,which are voluntary,above and beyond a service's contracted cost,and delivered afterwards,should not exist.So why do they?The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.The better the service,the bigger the tip.A paper analysing data from2,547groups dining at20different restaurants shows that the correlation between larger tips and better service was very weak:only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service.Customers who rated a meal as"excellent"still tipped anywhere between8%and 37%of the meal price.Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics.In America,the custom hasbecome institutionalised:it is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service.In a New Yorkrestaurant, failing to tip at least15%could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers canexpect to get15-20%,the man who delivers your groceries$2.In Europe,tipping is lesscommon;in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard servicecharge. In many Asian countries,tipping has never really caught on at all.How to account for these national differences?Look no further than psychology.According to Michael Lynn,the Cornell paper'sco-author,countries in which people are moreextrovert,sociable orneurotic tend to tip more.Tipping relieves anxiety about being served bystrangers:And,says'Mr Lynn,"in America,where people are outgoing and expressive,tippingis about social approval.If you tip badly,people think less of you.Tipping well is a chance to show off." Icelanders,by contrast,do not usually tip-a measure of their introversion and lackof neuroses,no doubt.While such explanations may be crude,the hard truth seems to be that tipping does notwork.It does not benefit the customer.Nor,in the case of restaurants,does it actuallyincentivise the waiter,or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff.The cry ofstingy tippers that service people should"just be paid a decent wage"may actually makeeconomic sense.36.From the text we learn that Americans.[A]are willing to give tips because they love the practice.[B]like to givetips to service people to help them financially.[C]are reluctant to give tips,but they still do so.[D]are giving less and less tips.37.According to Paragraph3,we learn that.[A]tips are voluntary in America.[B]people don't tip in Europe.[C]tipping is rare in many Asian countries.[D]tipping is now popular in Iceland.38.According to Michael Lynn,.[A]nervous people do not usually tip.[B]A merican people are anxious.[C]Icelanders don't like to show off.[D]people will ignore you if you tip bakly.39.The text indicates that in America.[A]customers tip8%to37%of the meal price if a meal was "excellent".[B]a waiter can abuse a customer if he fails to tip15%.[C]the amount of tipping is standardized with different services.[D]the man who carry groceries for you can expect to get15-20%.40.According to the text,the author believes that in America.[A]the better the service,the bigger the tip.[BI tips can reward the effort of good service.[C]tips can reduce feelings of inequality.[D]tips cannot prompt better service.Part B(20%)slation shouM be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2(主观答题纸).(41)There are plenty of grim statistics about childhood in the Third World.showing thatthe journey for survival is long and hard. But in the rich world,children can suffer from adifferent kind of poverty-of the spirit.For instance,one Western country alone now sees14,000attempted suicides every year by children under15,and one child in five needsprofessional psychiatric counselling.There are many good things about childhood in the Third World.Take the close andconstant contact between children and their parents, relatives and neighbours.In the West,the very nature of work puts distance between adults and children.(42)But itl most Third World villages mother and father do not go miles away each day to do abstract work in offices,shuffling paper to make money mysteriously appear in banks.Instead.the child sees mother an(t father,relations and neighbours working nearby,and often shares in that work.A child growing up in this way learns his or her role through participating in the community's work:helping to dig or build,plant or water,tend to animals or look after babies-rather than through playing with water and sand in kindergarten,building with construction toys,keeping pets or playing with dolls.(43)These children may grow up with a less oppressive limitation of space and time than their Western counterparts.Set days and times are few and self-explanatory,determined mostly by the rhythm of the seasons and the different jobs they bring.(44)A child in the rich world,on the other hand.is provided with a wrist-watch as one of the earliest symbols of~owing up.so that he or she can worry,along with their parents about being late for school times,meal times clinic times,bed times,the times of TV shows……;Third World children are not usually cooped up indoors,still less in high-rise apartments.Instead of fenced-off play areas,dangerous roads,'keep off the grass'signs and'don't speak tostrangers',there is often a sense of freedom to play.(45)Parents can see theirchildren outsiderather than observe them anxiously from ten floors up.And other adults in the community canusually be counted on to be caring rather than indifferent or threatening.Of course twelve million children under five still die every year through malnutrition anddisease.But children in the Third World is not all bad.Section m Writing(30%)Teachers often consider some students as good students.What do you think good studentsare like?Describe the characteristics of good students according to your own opinion.Provideone or two examples where necessary.You may also need to use knowledge in education andpsychology to support your argument.You shouM write240-280words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET2(主观答题纸).[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用][A卷]答案：e of English（10%）01.B02.D03.A04.C05.A06.C07.D08.C09.A 10.D11.B12.B13.C14.D15.A16.B17.A18.C19.A 20.CII.Reading comprehension（60%）21.A22.C23.D24.B25.A26.C27.A28.C29.C 30.B31.B32.B33.A34.A35.A36.C37.C38.C39.C 40.DPart B（20%）41.有关第三世界儿童成长的大量统计资料令人担忧。
往年浙大英语博士入学考试经验大荟萃
题记：英语真题的作用首先就是看题型、看难度，进而进行有针对性的训练练习。
其次就是做模拟练习，找出自己的薄弱环节，进而对弱项进行强化练习。
可以先做一套，对答案，看看哪里差，然后用其他资料进行针对性的练习。
过段时间再做一套，看看自己的提高情况。
转载－－浙江大学考博英语复习应考经验谈我是2005年春博，已经顺利过关，我就来谈一谈浙大考博的感想吧。
其实在此之前我也参加了2004年秋博考试，但是因为基本没有准备，所以英语没过。
在总结了经验教训之后，我发现浙大考博关键在于导师和英语。
英语当然是一定要过的，虽然总体难度不算大，但听力单独画线是一个障碍，很多人就栽在上面了。
我这次以70/12顺利过关（今年分数线53/7），应该说除了幸运之外也是充分准备的结果。
考试题型都是很常见的，有选择、完形填空、阅读、汉译英等，选择以词汇为主，语法几乎不考。
词汇也没有必要去找所谓的大纲或去背GRE，词汇量大概8000～10000就可以了，我复习用的词汇手册是《征服考博英语考试10000词》，上面的信息足够用了，查起来也比较方便。
完型难度一般，应该与六级差不多。
阅读是个鸡肋，难度虽然不大，但分值较低，每一题才1分，真的很不爽。
复习可以用一般的六级和考硕、博的阅读练习。
汉译英是翻译一整篇短文，能找到的复习资料较少，建议可以看看TOEFL或GRE的作文。
最后说说听力。
听力一直是我比较头大的，本来基础就不怎么样，浙大的听力还是带口音的，据说每次都是随便找个外教来念，录音质量也很差，这次录音里竟然还有电话铃声！不过复习有一本被众博友奉为经典的《实用听力》，里面的题型和考试一模一样，题材和难度也极其相似。
我是考试前1个月才开始听的，每天大概3～4小时，考试的时候感觉不是很好，但结果还算满意。
当然保险起见还是建议再多听其他材料。
实用听力》的mp3在浙大校园网可能有下载，买书最好托在杭州的熟人。
说到买《实用听力》这本书我还费了一番周折。
我是直接从浙大出版社邮购的，7月份寄钱，1星期后发货，收到后发现磁带里的内容不但是乱序排列，而且还缺内容。
2004年全国医学博士统一考试英语试题及答案(完整)
2004MD医学博士入学考试英语试卷PartⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what issaid.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B.,C and D.Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder.You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What’s the matter the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let's begin with question Number1.1.A.Breast cancer.B.Lung cancer.C.Pneumonia.D.Leukemia.2.A.Visit his uncle's doctor.B.See a doctor.C.Ride more carefully.D.Take it easy.3.A.Six.B.Twenty-four.C.Twelve.D.Three.4.A.Mrs.White.B.Mr.White's father's family.C.Mrs.White's father's family.D.Mr.White.5.A.Monday,Wednesday,and Friday.B.Tuesday and Saturday.C.Tuesday and Thursday.D.Saturday and Sunday.6.A.It's too long.B.It's the dullest.C.It's ridiculous.D.It's too short.7.A.He thinks that there's more depression among users of the internet.B.He doubts there is a correlation between the Internet and depression.C.He is sure that being on the Internet can lead to depression.D.He thinks that depression can make people spend more time on theInternet.8.A.She is full.B.She has trouble digesting pears.C.She thinks there is not enough.D.She just wants a small one.9.A.Take it back to the store.B.Find the warranty.C.Read instructions.D.Call for help.10.A.She bought it at a well-known store.B.It was very expensive.C.She doesn’t consider it gorgeous.D.Someone gave it to her.11.A.She did poorly on physics.B.She got a B in physics.C.She didn’t want to.D.She was an average student.12.A.She has been busy working on her chemistry.B.She hasn’t got a partner yet.C.She prefers biology to chemistry.D.She is sick and tired of biology.13.A.He likes classical music.B.He dislikes classical music a lot.C.He hasn’t learned to appreciate classical music yet.D.He hasn’t listened to any classical music before.14.A.In the clinic.B.In the ward.C.In the drug store.D.In the department store.15.A.His passenger saved him in time.B.He was driving very slowly.C.He was driving a new car.D.He had fastened his seat belt.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four Possible answers marker A,B,C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on your ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16.A.Nausea.B.Fever.C.A cold.D.Diarrhea.17.A.The stale food he ate.B.The fruit juice he drank.C.Too much food he ate.D.The cold he got.18.A.Porridge.B.Purified wate.C.Pizza.D.Apple juice.19.A.When his stool becomes loose and watery.B.When his diarrhea becomes inconveniently frequent and watery.C.When his lips and mouth are dry.D.When he loses a lot of body fluids.20.A.It is a mild case of diarrhea.B.It is an urgent case of diarrhea.C.It is improving.D.It is deteriorating.Passage Two21.A.Psychosocial effects of breast surgery.B.Life crises of cancer patients.C.Female self-image in society.D.A woman’s perception of her identity.22.A.It may affect a woman’s physical activity.B.It may affect a woman’s self-image as a female.C.It may affect a woman’s perception of idealism.D.It may affect a woman’s breast reconstruction.23.A.Because they can put the woman on medication to aid recovery.B.Because they can help the woman find a job if she is unemployed.C.Because they can help the woman find a new partner and remarry.D.Because they can help the woman get over the physical and psychological blow.24.A.Because they dread that they will have to see a psychiatrist.B.Because they think that anxiety and depression are natural responses.C.Because they can’t recover from the psychological blow of the disease.D.Because they fear that the medications they receive are not effective.25.A.Encouraging her to discuss sexual problems with her partner openly.B.Advising her to see a psychiatrist for further treatment.C.Advising her to reveal the diagnosis of breast cancer to others.D.Advising her to use prosthetic device or undergo breast reconstruction.Passage Three26.A.Learning autonomy.B.American education.C.Respect for professors.D.Guidelines for using the library in the U.S.A.27.A.To know all the answers.B.To know a library works.C.To be completely dependent on their professors.D.To take the initiative and be independent.28.A.Professors in the United States are very busy.B.Professors in the U.S.have some other duties besides teaching.C.Professors in the U.S.enjoy publishing articles and books.D.Professors in the U.S.do not have much time to spend with their students outsideclass.29.A.He should go to the library.B.He should turn to his professor for help during office hours.C.He should set office hours for his professor.D.He should always seek help from his professor in class.30.A.One who is interested in getting good grades in exams.B.One who can finish the assignment on time.C.One who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning.D.One who can spend much time with his professor.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete,beneath each of which are four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrasethat can best completes the statement and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.31.All the characters in the play are_____.A.imaginableB.imaginaryC.imaginativeD.imagining32.The judge______all the charges against Smith.A.dismissedB.eliminatedC.refusedD.discarded33.The actress____the terms of her contract and was prosecuted by the producer.A.ignoredB.ratifiedC.draftedD.violated34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquiries from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledC.trampledD.reproached35.When the former President____her candidacy,she knew she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforcedB.endorsedC.followed upD.put forward36.The country’s highest medal was____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowedC.creditedD.granted37.The local government leaders are making every effort to____the problem of poverty.A.tackleB.taperC.suppressD.tangle38.At the party we found that the shy girl____her mother all the time.A.harmonizing withB.clinging toC.depending onD.adjusting to39.We managed to reach the top of the mountain,and half an hour later we began to ____.A.declineB.ascendC.descendD.plunge40.Losing the job was bad,but even worse was the feeling that I had____my dear wife and children.A.let aloneB.let downC.let offD.let upSection BDirections:In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The temperature of the atmosphere becomes colder as elevation increases.A.altitudeB.aptitudetitudeD.longitude42.She was so stubborn that she wouldn’t change her opinions.A.unwillingB.talentedC.obstinateD.determined43.On Christmas Eve,she spent two hours decorating the room with flower chains.A.modifyingB.ornamentingC.disposingD.packing44.Nobody can stand for long agony of a severe toothache.A.sufferanceB.suppurationC.plagueD.torment45.When we recall a story of identical offspring of Adolf Hitler being raised in order to further his horrible work,we are outraged.A.enlightenedB.calmedC.provokedD.moved46.Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S.presidency.A.obligedB.intelligiblepetentD.qualified47.Tomorrow’s match has been called off because of the foul weather.A.preventedB.delayedC.cancelledD.forbidden48.Losing his job was a financial catastrophe for his family.A.calamityB.accidentC.frustrationD.depression49.Children were expected to be obedient and contribute to the well-being of the family.A.smartB.efficientC.painstakingD.submissive50.While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within thefamily,others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline.A.mournB.delightC.prosecuteD.condemnPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked a,b,c,and d list on the right side.Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on the answer sheet.Robert Spring,a19th century forger,was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for15years by selling false signatures of famous Americans.Spring was born in England in1813and_51_in Philadelphia in1858to open a bookstore.At first he prospered by selling his small but_52_collection of early U.S.autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting,he began_53_signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books.To lesson the chance of detection,he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and_54_.Forgers have a hard time selling their produces.A forger can’t approach a_55_ buyer must deal with people who don’t have much knowledge in the field.Forgers have many ways to make their work look real.For example,they buy old books to use the _56_paper of the title page,and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.In Spring’s time,_57_after the Civil War,Britain was still fond of the Southern state, so Spring_58_a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson,the only daughter of General“Stonewall”Jackson.For several years Miss Fanny’s__59__ problems forced her to see a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to herfamous father.Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand.All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty,leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the__60__.51.A.arrived B.migrated C.traveled D.moved52.A.excellent B.genuine C.false D.rare53.A.originating B.innovating C.designing D.imitating54.A.subscription B.retention C.circulation D.accumulation55.A.respectful B.respectable C.respective D.respecting56.A.rough B.fragile C.aged D.preserved57.A.right B.simply C.only te58.A.invented B.discovered C.detected D.locatedwful B.financial C.administrative D.criminal60.A.fakes B.realities C.originals D.duplicatesPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings,thoughts,and reactions through body positioning,body contact,body odors, eye contact,responsive actions,habits,attitudes,interests,state of health,dress and grooming,choice of life-style,and use of talents---in fact,through everything the individual says or does.In turn,every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system.An individual screens,selects,regulates,and controls specific aspects of this Information through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic;some are subconscious because of habit,block,or lack of development;and some are made bya conscious process.The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness,priority of need,and control of this process.The person with a b behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused,and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts,need,and emotions,and unable to make himself or herself understood.Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems,he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others,so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay,the messages received are threatening ones.The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person’s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical,as in deafness,mental retardation,brain tumor,or hardening of the cerebral arteries.However,the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person’s emotional system.Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occurin childhood before good communicative skills are learned,and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening,it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways,he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.61.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication.A.is characterized by two features,form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions,stimulation and responseD.takes two forms,verbal and nonverbal62.In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with.municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness63.Shut off from the communicative flow,the person with a behavior disorder.A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above64.Which of the following is universal according to the passage?.A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.65.The passage ends with.A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhoodPassage TwoDepression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.Although everyone experiences“the blues”or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well,when everything seems to be an effort,and when efforts lead to frustration,these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired, hungry,lonely,or sick.Rest,good food,talking with friends,some fun,and/or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist,or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation,when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person,when relatives or friends cannot cheer the person and heor she continues to withdraw,then the person is depressed.Even such depressions are normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb,is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death(such as occurs in wartime），has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany），has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks,or has experienced the death of several family members within a short time is expected to be depressed.However,there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such an image is usually the result of the psychosocial conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security,love,care,and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.The depressed person can find little beauty or fun in.life.His or her talk is filled with gloomy negatives.Doom and anxiety fill his or her mind.Depression is often cyclical,and when the anxiety does lift the person may demonstrate an opposite extreme of carefree irresponsibility.Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems,acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts.Yet,in depression,the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.66.Unlike others,according to the passage,a depressed person＿·A.is likely to recover in a short period of timeB.does not reveal any underlying causeC.is characteristic of self-hatredD.tends to stay with"the blues"67.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members,the author is trying to tell us that.A.depressions can potentially be detrimental to mental healthB.the severity of depressions varies with individualsC.depressions are overwhelmingly prevailingD.depressions are sometimes inescapable68.Those who present no reason to be depressed,according to the passage.A.need protect their self-imagesB.need a parental role model at homeC.can be helped psychologically to be useful and needed personsD.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents69.The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is.A.sincerityB.acceptanceC.reassuranceD.all of the above70.Under psychotherapy,the depressed person is encouraged.A.to free his or her mind of any thoughtB.to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughtsC.to reassure himself or herself of early recoveryD.to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possiblePassage ThreeSeana lived is the inpatient hospice unit for more than a.month,far longer than anyone would have predicted,sustained only on pain edications and Popsicles.Late March in Chicago is only technically spring.Most of the time it is still cold and overcast.However,this day was warm,60degrees and sunny.It was a Saturday and we planned to go outside after I finished rounds.I found Seana back on the unit sitting in her wheelchair,IV pole and pumps in tow,her winter coat partially covering her hospital gown.Her sister-in-law and Carla,her nurse’s aide,were ready to go.Everyone was in a great mood.We went down the elevator,into the brightly sunlit outdoor,and onto the driveway by the women’s hospital.Though the initial idea was to just sit in the sun a bit,we were drawn toward the sidewalk.There were the usual smokers outside the hospital,and the smell of cigarette smoke was the first thing I noticed.It seemed horrible to come out here, to have that smell be the first thing to greet Seana.Simultaneous with that thought, though,she said,“What a wonderful smell!”I asked her what smell was so wonderful and she said that it smelled like McDonald’s.I was thinking,she really does appreciate everything.We went on to the sidewalk and watched a father pitching a ball to his4-year-old son.The continuity between generations was moving,almost beyond words. As we got to the corner,an inspiration came:we could make it to Lake Michigan,only a few blocks away.Did she want to try?Did everyone want to try?Of course we did!Carla said that it felt like we were cutting school.So off we went,across Sheridan Road,the four of us quite a motley sight:Seana looking like death warmed over in her wheelchair,I wearing my gray hospital coat,the nurse’s aide in an outrageous green leather coat,her sister-in-law in an Ohio State sweatshirt.Car slowed down;we waved.We walked up the road to the beach,cutting through rutted lawns,the wheelchair bumping in the spring mud.Seana didn’t say much,but she seemed translucent in the sun,beaming,lit from within.I imagined it as her farewell tour of the world.I can only fathom the poignant wealth of feelings that were stimulated.For me,it evoked the sense of being a tourist, where everything seems special,a little strange,and very impermanent.I had experienced this same lakefront that way three years before.Then,I had just recovered from my own near death in the form of a myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest and was filled with joy and gratitude that I was still here.The world looked new.I had been Seana’s age.See taught me that awareness of death and appreciation of life go together:to imagine that you are seeing things for the last time has the same intensity as seeing them for the first.70.Upon finishing rounds,the author.A.joined Seana for an outingB.went to the inpatient hospice unitC.managed to get a wheelchair for SeanaD.found the perfect weather for a stroll with Seana72.We can infer that the smell of smoke made the author feel that_______.A.it was a wrong idea to smoke outside of the hospitalB.the sidewalk was a wrong place for smokingC.it had been the right plan to go outD.Seana was at a wrong place73.Outside the hospital,Seana enjoyed everying including________.A.the fast food at McDonald’sB.the smell of smokeC.the generation gapD.all of the above74.The author would say that Seana being wheeled in the sun_______.A.was fascinated by the team’s motley sightB.imagined her farewell tour of the worldC.was emotionally aroused from withinD.was fond of appreciating nature75.During the outing,the author perceived Seana’s appreciation of life______.A.in her hope of recoveryB.in her awareness of deathC.in seeing things for the first timeD.in being a tourist at the lakefrontPassage FourTwo equally brilliant scientists apply for a prestigious research fellowship awarded by a top scientific organization.One is white,the other black.Does the color of their skin matter?Most scientists will already be screaming a resounding“no”.Those who progress in science do so because of their work,not their pigmentation.Science is meritocratic and objective.It must therefore be rigorously color-blind and shun both racial discrimination and affirmative action.Well,let’s think about this.If science really is so meritocratic,where are all the black Nobel prizewinners and fellows of the Royal Society?The black chairs of government scientific panels?The black Richard Dawkinses and Susan Greenfields?When Newsweek magazine recently surveyed Europe’s largest100copanies,it was shocked to unrearth only six board members of non-European racial origin.One shudders to thinks what a similar survey of upper echelons of European science would reveal.Even the usually stick-in-the-mud British government now acknowledges there is a st month it promised new funding for projects designed to combat institutional racism in science education in schools.As measures go it is little and late, but welcome nontheless.Despite starting school as the top achievers,balck British children have long underperformed in science.And there are positive changes afoot higher up the scientific career ladder too.At present,few scientific organizations,funding bodies or labs inEurope bother even to track the racial background of those they hire or fund.As a result the full scale of the under-representation problem is hidden.Not for much longer.Britain’s newly amended Race Relationa Act requires all government bodies,including funding councils,to track the effects of their activities on different ethnic groups and ensure that benefit equally. And next year a European union directive will push all EU employers this way too.But ethnic monitoring alone will not creat the back role models European Science so badly needs.Something else is needed.Funding agencies and influential organizations like the Royal Society must bite the bullet of affirmative action.That means ring-fencing fellowship and grants for applicants from particular racial background.And it mesns seeking out those who have beoken through the barriers of race and giving htem preference over their equally well-qualified white peers for positions of influence and places in the spotlight.Tokenism and fine sentiments will no longer do.With other professions having already leapt ahead in this area,the enduring whiteness of science is more than an embarrassment:it is a barrier to its vey credibility.If a large segment of Euope’s schoolchildren never see a scientist who looks like them,they will continue to think science is not for them.And it scientist don’t reflect the multiracial societies they live in, they’ll find it hard to win the public trust they crave.Does color matter?You bet it does.76.Science is not so meritocratic because.A.it is color-blindB.it is racially discriminativeC.it awards wrong research workersD.it is practiced by the white exclusively77.The embarrassing problem address in the passage.A.was proved by Newsweek magazine’s surveyB.shocked government scientific panelsC.was revealed by the Royal SocietyD.all of the above78.One of the positive changes afoot is.A.funding research instittution or labsB.setting up a scientific career ladderC.hiding the racial discriminationD.belitting racial backgrounds79.To bite the bullet of affirmative action is.A.to set up black role models in EuropeB.to keep up ethnic issues under surveillanceC.to restrict fellowship and grants to the balckD.to balance the distribution of fellowship and grants between the white the black80.The author argues that color matters because it is.A.the nature of scienceB.credibility in scienceC.an embarrassing tokenismD.mutual trust between generationsPassage FiveAbout14,000people will contract HIV today.And tomorrow and the day after that, and every day for the foreseeable future.That’s5million by the end of the year,most of whom will be dead within a decade.Figure like these bring home the devastating impact of AIDS and the Urgent need of for a cheap,effective vaccine.As a stroke,a vaccine could stop the tide of infection and stem the need for more,costly treatment.It could even help people who already have the virus healthy.Back in1990,drugs companies and researchers confidently predicted we’d Have a vaccine against HIV-1within10years.These were rash statement.The virus has turned out to be more cunning and stealthy than anyone expected.And our knowledge of how vaccine boister the immune system hasn’t been good enough.A dozen years on,we still have no clear-cut candidate for a vaccine.So you maight expected the announcement of two large-scale trials of AIDSVaccines to be applauded.Yet they have been criticized as a monumental waste of money.The trials will test almost identical vaccine,neither of which is expected to offer great protection against the virus.What’s more.both are fundedby the US government.One through the national Institute of Health and the other through the Department of Defense.The NIH and the DoD have a long history of rivalry in AIDS reseach.But in this case it seems sensible for the NIH to back down.Although the NIH is under pressure“to be seen to be doing something”,dublicating work of questioable value is itself questioable.Better to join forces with the military for this trail and spend money saved—whith amounts to about$60milliom—elsewhere.There are,after all,reasons for optimism.A new wave of vaccine from industry and academia has nearly completed safety tests.It makes sense to carry out limited trials of all this newcomers,to identify which ones offe the best protection,before committing tens of millions of dollars to larger trials.Such a strategy wounld need the agreement of drugs companies,government Agencies and medical charities–something that’s not as Utopian as it sounds.The NIH has already signed a deal to test a new AIDS vaccine made by the Pharmaceuticals giant Merck.And the international AIDS Vaccine Initiative,a not-for-profit funding organization based in New York,has pioneered new ways to divide up intellectual property rights for successful vaccines.What’s needed is cooperation and coordination,not competition.The important thing is to find the fastest route to an effective vaccine.Every day we forget that,another 14,000people pay the price.81.Today the tide of HIV infection.A.drowns14,000peopleB.calls for a cheap,effective vaccineC.rolls without any countervailing measureD.is curbed with an inexpensive,effective vaccine82.Neither of the vaccine tested in the two large-scale trails.A.is in the right trackB.turned out to be a manufacturer。
2004年03月考博英语试题+答案
中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PARTⅡDirections: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingA. equipsB. providesC.offers22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that wasA. dispositionB. distinctionC.distribution23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to themA. stick toB. turn toC.lead to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore,A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimental25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________ofA. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. iden26. The food was divided____________A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficiently27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverseA. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggerates28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and loA. by virtue ofB. in addition to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the universityA. contribute toB. account forC.identify with30. Please do not be____________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attractA. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritated31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including anA. prevalentB. precautiousC.prospective32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test oA. keep up withB. stand up toply with33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. prelimi34. The book might well have____________A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught on35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________A. cleanupB. setupC.breakout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________A. ratherB. muchC.otherwise37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding nexA. let offB. let goC.let loose38. They reached a(n)____________A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.concessionD. surrender39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about ourA. troublesB. fearsC.limitations40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partPAET ⅢDirection: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for otherEverywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do orAlmost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it “looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in for__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why ca n't human beings__ 50__simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of41. A. many B. some C. few42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely43. A. make B. get C. possess44. A. of B. for C. as45. A. on B. to C. at46. A. earlier B. later C. former47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation48. A. use B. afford C. ride49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate50. A. live B. work C. stay51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that55. A. teachers B. students C. mastersPART ⅣDirections: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solaAlthough the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE's “SolarSince solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponentsWashington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of returnNor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form oSolar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for thA. It has revealed a mechanical proble59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________A. solar power plants can hardly avoid poll60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________61. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________A. admitsEvery year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an “F” to over h a lf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives ofThe very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smogstandards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned “F”Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F” to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic i62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as____________63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seem to contend that____________64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________A. is right to assign an “F”66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct” whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctiveIn our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the h68. William James believed that man is more flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________A. It is c70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologist71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________B.C. study abnormal72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________A. not replaced by reaB. the same as other animals'D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas,But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harde“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at leastIronically, Baron's latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,” became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spell check has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “Th ey're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” HenLSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit theirShe emphasizes that there's the informal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thouIt's not just e-Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adultsEnglish language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and earlyThere will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings theC. Students are becoming increa74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________B. mostly have very hC. It was renamedD. It caused her to lose77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________A. parallels a social78.The word “distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________A. clearB. differentC.A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. Youth culture.D. Instant messaging.A. ConfiDarkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for “a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian do ctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common m“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types: invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called “dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood (often “black blood” from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever, “stomach” cramsfrom the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscopic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word “grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________A. the ter82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do atB. Camping in the mounta83. Who first gave the disease the name84. According to Paragraph 2____________D. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________C. the former makes the patPART ⅤDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡThe aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a merematter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels(肠道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation(便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. 5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.PART ⅥDirections: Write an essay of no less than 200 wors on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡSome people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reasons.试题详解第二部分词汇21.A provide, satisfy和offer三个动词之后都不跟动词不定式。
中国人民大学2004年博士入学考试英语试题
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be
distributed.
A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogin
fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.
A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions
3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it
sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.
A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere
4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife
6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and
frustrated thousands of users around the world.
A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bห้องสมุดไป่ตู้cteria
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浙江大学考博词汇真题
浙江大学考博英语词汇题1. Hoping that he might be able to _____the problem,I asked Manio to look at the engine.A . shed light onB. make light ofC. bring light toD. set light to2. His_____ and unwillingless to learn from others prevent him from being an effective member of the team.A. arroganceB. dignityC. humilityD. solitude3. The economy grew at its fastest rate since 1980 thanks toa(n)______in world trade.A. inflationB. stimulusC. bulgeD. boom4. He decided he was going to take______ for the murder of his sisterA. refugeB. testifyC. certifyD. allege5. No one expected him to ____against his former employer.A. dedareB. testifyC. certifyD. allege6. Rachel was the_____choice for the job thanks to her communication skillsA. unanimousB. genuineC. harmniousD. agreeable7. The police detective put together the pieces of evidence to form on ____ account.A. senstiveB. genuineC. expressiveD. coherent8. You should have your eyes examined_____to be sure of your eyesight.A. periodicallyB. persistentlyC. continuouslyD. continually9. You should treat those remarks with the ___ that they deserve don’t give them a second thought.A. negativeB. disgraceC. contemptD. sarcasm10 The book is a rain attempt to ____ the name of one of the worst dictators in modern history.A. worshipB. glorifyC. adoreD. cherish11 The government is seeking to ___ itself from the latest financial.A. detachB. extractC. deriveD. ease12 Heavy rainful in the south of England means that flooding is____A. imminentB. momentousC. transientD. prospective13 He____ his assistant to pick up the plans from the office.A. disposeB. dispensedC. dispatchedD. dispersed14 I didn't ignore her_____ just didn't recognize her.A. attentivelyB. intensivelyC. intentionallyD. intensely15 You will only be allowed to leave early in_____ circumstancesA. exceptionalB. concidentalC. peculiarD. imperative参考答案：A A D B B A D A A B B A C C A浙江大学考博英语04年春词汇题1. It is important to keep the factory working at ____ efficiency all the time.A optimisticB optimumC opticalD optional2. We need to take steps to counter the _____ decline in our export market.A lingeringB chronicC lengthyD abiding3. Her handwriting is so bad that it is barely____A legibleB intelligibleC distinctiveD conceivable4. We are going to____ what were learned so for by doing some revision exercise today.A consolidateB reinforceC affirmD conform5. Kerin made one last____attempt to persuade Sandra to go with him and then leftA considerableB trivalC futileD resultant6. The school agree to ___ their decision until they had spoken to his parents.A convertB retainC deterD expel7. Repullican Party member were confidently ____ victory even as the first few votes come inA acclainingB reclainingC exclainingD proclaiming8. The___between the two sets of figures suggests that someone had been stealing money from the bankA discrepancyB conflictC contrastD divergence9. The idea that a good night sleep will cure everything is a complete _____A defectB fallacyC fraudD abuse10 Before a bill can become law it has to have the full ____ of both Houses of Parliament.A justificationB warrantC endorsementD verification11 The image is ____ by a series of lenses within the telescopeA maginfiedB signifiedC extendedD expanded12 Strangely enough the most obvious explanation did not ___ Juckie until the next dayA stumble onB occur toC come up withD stand up to13 The government wants a 3% inflation rate,but is this a ___ objective?A reflectiveB flexibleC feebleD feasible14 She has still ___ by what happened in Bancelona,although she had left 20years earlierA hauntedB frequentedC recalledD sustained15 The hands on my alarm clock are____.So I can tell time in the darkA imminentB luminousC illuminationD illustrative参考答案：B B A A C B D A B C A B D A B浙江大学考博英语04年秋词汇题（大部分与03年秋以及04年春词汇部分重复，不同的有）1. You can't cure a common cold, but you can ____ the symptoms.A moderateB alleviateC diluteD subdue2. For years scientists have been ___ by the strange circles that have appeared in cornfields.A tangledB terrifiedC evokedD baffled3. The flood was a___ from which Bangladesh has never really recored.A calamityB downfallC reverseD scandal4 Our company's management____negotiations on a new union contractA launchedB triggeredC terminatedD preserved参考答案：B D A A浙江大学考博英语05年春词汇题1. If wool is submerged in hot water,it tend to___A snapB shrinkC fadeD condense2. His last play was ___ by the critics as a masterpieceA claimedB proclaimedC exclaimedD acclaimed3. It is the builder’s job to make sure that the house conforms to the architects___ in every way.A regulationsB specialitiesC essentialsD specifications4.Your letter has been___ to the authority concerned.A transitedB transferedC transportedD transmitted5.Among her many___ are loyalty ,courage andtruthfulnessA virtuesB moralsC charactersD graces6 The soldiers___ their arms as thay marched.A swayedB swungC swervedD swelled7. The country's constitution___ the ideals of equality and freedom.A embodiesB symbolizesC marksD represents8. It was ___ whether the patient will survive the operationA vagueB suspiciousC ambiguousD doubtful9, The brochure______us into thinking that our hotel was only five minutes from the beachA trappedB frightenedC engagedD misled10 "I'm far too busy to talk to you now."he said,in his usual____manner.A rigidB steepC abruptD stern11 He's rich and keeps____about how much money he's got to impress peopleA exaggeratingB boastingC admiringD inspiring12 She was____enough to realize right from the start that he was lying.A initiativeB pervasiveC imaginativeD perceptive13 The two countries___ their peace efforts after a break of two and a half yearsA rebukedB renewedC reviewedD reclaimed14 People always greet each other warmly,____ their different origins and beliefs.A in regard toB in contrast withC with respect toD regardless of15 The express train from London___ on time.A pulled upB pulled overC pulled inD pulled through参考答案：B D D B A B A D D C B D B D C。
浙江大学2004年考研电路真题及参考答案
1 2 3 4
3、图二（3）所示电路，已知 R1=R2=200Ω ，R3=3Ω ，US=8V，C1=C2=0.005F，γ =100Ω ，L=1H，
UC2（0-）=0V，K 打开已久，求 K 闭合后 iL(t)？（用经典法求解） 。
100t
4、 （4） 图二 所示电路， 为纯电阻网络， P L=0.1H， US(t)=10· 当 1(t)V， 零状态响应 iR (t ) (3 2e 如果把 L 换成 C=0.05F 的电容，激励源改为 U S (t ) e 跃函数]。
13、一个网络函数的零点为：z = -1，极点为：p1 = -1+j2，p2 = -1-j2，且已知 b(0+)=2， 则该网络函数 H（S）= 。
14、一段无损耗均匀传输线，其特性阻抗为 600Ω ，长度 l=λ /4(λ 为传输信号的波长） ，如图一（14）所 示 ， 若 在 始 端 11’ 接 一 个 电 阻 R=600 Ω ， 终 端 22’ 短 接 ， 则 11’ 端 口 的 入 端 阻 抗 Zi= 。
8、图一（8）所示的电路中含有理想运算放大器电路，已知 R1、R2、R3、R4、u1、u2， 那么输出电压 u0 = 。
9、图一（9）所示的电路，C=0.2F，L=0.5H，状态方程为：
duc dt diL dt
uc i L
第
1 页
6、在图一（6）所示的电路中，Is =6A，L1=1H，L2=2H，R=1Ω ，i1 (0-)=1A，i2 (0-)=2A 当开关 K 闭合后， i2 (0+)= A，i2 (∞)= A。
7、已知某线性无源网络的冲击响应为 h(t)，激励 e(t)如图一（7）所示，则 t>t0 时，输出的零状态响应 y(t) 用卷积积分求解时，其积分表达式为： y(t)= 。
浙江大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2014年.doc
浙江大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2014年(总分：130.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单选题(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.The two friends sat in a corner and _____ away to each other about the weather．（分数：1.00）A.talkedB.chattedC.mutteredD.whispered2.He is going to _____ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．（分数：1.00）A.speakB.talkC.remarkD.address3.Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's _____ policies. （分数：1.00）A.economicB.economicalC.economyD.economics4.There are not many teachers who are strong _____ of traditional methods in English teaching. （分数：1.00）A.sponsorsB.contributorsC.advocatesD.performers5.A friendship may be _____ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. （分数：1.00）A.identicalB.superficialC.criticalD.original6.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____ down the economy. （分数：1.00）A.putB.settleC.dragD.knock7.We are _____ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. （分数：1.00）A.equalB.adequateC.considerateD.sympathetic8.People were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to _____ everything he was involved in. （分数：1.00）A.PrevailB.dominateC.preside9.You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the _____ it involves. （分数：1.00）A.forceB.trialC.attemptD.effort10.The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for _____ her attitude toward customers. （分数：1.00）A.straightforwardB.partialC.favorableD.hostile二、完形填空(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they(1). Yet, all living things still show the(2)of aging, which will eventually(3)death. Aging is not a disease, （but）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the(4) they form do not function as well as they(5) in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less(6)against disease and is more(7)to have accident. A number of related causes may(8)aging. Some cells of the body have a （fairly） long life, but they are not(9)when they die. As a person ages,(10)of brain cells and muscle cells decreases.(11)body cells die and are （replaced） by new cells. In an aging person the(12)cells may not be as workable or as capable(13)growth as those of a young person. Another(14)in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known(16)with age and become less elastic. This is why the skin of old people wrinkles and(17). This is also the reason why old people(18)in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA, store and(19)information that the cells need.Aging may affect this(20)and change the information carrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.（分数：20.00）A.wouldB.be used toed toedA.functionB.effectC.affectD.signA.lead inB.give inC.run intoD.result inA.handsB.feetC.heartansA.doB.has doneC.didD.had doneB.protectionC.vigorD.powerA.likelyB.probableC.possibleD.alikeA.attend toB.contribute toC.add toD.devote toA.replacedB.rebornC.recoveredD.surrenderedA.a numberB.the amountC.the numberD.mostA.oldB.leftC.newD.otherA.toB.forC.ofD.inA.factorB.effectC.reasonD.elementA.for themselvesB.of themselvesC.themselvesD.on their ownA.changeB.to have changedC.to changeD.to being changedA.increaseB.shrinkC.lengthenD.decreaseA.pass awayB.pass byC.pass offD.pass onA.improvementB.processionC.approachD.process三、阅读理解(总题数：4，分数：80.00)In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.（分数：20.00）(1).the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _____ .（分数：4.00）A.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC.give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced(2).if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.neither of themD.some other sorts of conditioning(3).if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through ____. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.both of themD.neither of them(4).in the third paragraph, the author is ____.（分数：4.00）A.discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB.talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningC.concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so oning examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning(5).in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.（分数：4.00）A.definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB.the third kind of learningC.further examples of learning through operant conditioningD.none of the aboveAny country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health. This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees. As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it. However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others. （分数：20.00）(1).In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that ______. （分数：4.00）A.all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB.poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC.health service is highly developed in BritainD.Britain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health(2).We can infer from the passage that ______. （分数：4.00）A.the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB.the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC.an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD.all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service(3).The best title for the passage would be ______. （分数：4.00）A.A Welfare StateB.Importance of the Health ServiceC.Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD.The Health Service(4).The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because ____. （分数：4.00）A.their doctors can give them more time leave from workB.those doctors have better medical instrumentsC.they might save some money for the poorD.their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients(5).The word “abused” (Par. 4) means ____. （分数：4.00）A.destroyeded in wrong wayC.ignoredD.wastedDo we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism. But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. （分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act? （分数：4.00）A.There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.B.There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.C.Without liquor, people would not drink.D.People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.(2).During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was _____. （分数：4.00）A.sold openlyB.no longer a temptationC.a major factor in the passage of the Volstead ActD.brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders(3).During Prohibition, people _____. （分数：4.00）A.lived in fear of the lawB.were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorC.recklessly endangered their comunitiesD.were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them(4).When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that _____. （分数：4.00）A.every American would buy alcohol illegallyB.all criminal activities would ceaseC.patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcoholD.the social threat from drunkerness would decline(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _____. （分数：4.00）A.the Congress was wise to repeal ProhibitionB.the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessC.during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beveragesAs people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some oftheir ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! （分数：20.00）(1).When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means _____. （分数：4.00）A.to improve in health after one?s disease and injuryB.to run fastC.to recover from disease and injuryD.to jump after recovering(2).In order to live longer, ______. （分数：4.00）A.we should postpone the process of agingB.we should try to do some exerciseC.we have to try to be on a dietD.we should keep in high spirits(3).Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ______ （分数：4.00）A.They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB.If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC.They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature livesD.They want to increase the general ability of our bodies(4).Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ______. （分数：4.00）A.they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB.they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC.they have come through the battle of life safelyD.they consider their life has been a successful one(5).According to the passage, “spans” means _____.（分数：4.00）A.a long period of timeB.a length of timeC.a long distance from one place to anotherD.longevity翻译11. 2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。
浙江大学考博英语-试卷3
浙江大学考博英语-试卷3(总分：112.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Structure and Vocabulary(总题数：15，分数：30.00)1.Outside my office window there is a fire______on the right.（分数：2.00）A.escape √dderC.stepsD.stairs解析：解析：fire escape意为“防火安全楼梯(位于楼房的外侧面)”；ladder意为“梯子”；steps意为“台阶”；stairs意为“楼梯”，指室内的。
故选A。
2.I______with the Browns during my stay in New York City.（分数：2.00）A.put inB.put downC.put onD.put up √解析：解析：put up意为“宿夜”；put in意为“度过，消磨(时间等)”；put down意为“写下，记录”；put on意为“上演，演出”。
故选D。
3.Operations which left patients______and in need of long periods of discovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.（分数：2.00）A.exhausted √B.unhealthyC.upsetD.fearful解析：解析：exhausted意为“精疲力竭的”；unhealthy意为“不健康的”；upset意为“苦恼的，不适的”；fearful意为“担心的，可怕的”。
故选A。
4.Farmers are allowed to grow small gardens of their own and they sell their vegetables______the black market.（分数：2.00）A.on √B.atC.inD.for解析：解析：on the market意为“上市，出售中”，其他介词搭配不合适。
2004年春浙江大学博士入学英语考试试题
N~~~r~"Section I Listeningmarks.I mark(Write not more than JPart B(Write not more than~\.Section II Vocabulary(15all the time..n.elengthy D.abiding23.Her handwriting is so badconsolidate B.reinforceconsiderable B.trivial C.futile D.resistant26.The school agreed to their decision until they had spoken to William's parents.came in.defect B.fallacy C.fraud D.abuse30.Before a bill can become law it has to have the full of both Houses of Parliament.J1.The image is__by a series of lenses within the telescope.A. C.extended D.expanded32.Strangely enough,the most obvious explanation did not Jackie until the next day.A.Stumble onB.occur toe Lip withD.stand Lip to33.The Government wants a3%inflation rate,but is this a__objective')A.reflectiveB.flexibleC.feebleD.feasible34.She was still__by what happened in Barcelona.although she hadimminent B.prominent C.illuminate D.luminantwords)words)1 mark each)working atC.Section I mark each)The Canadian government is introducing one ofthe_37_,health groups are describing the bill as a missed opportunity because it fails to include _38_proposals that were considered in previous_39_.The law introduces strict_40_on the sale and advertising ofthe contents of cigarette_42._giving tar and nicotineBut with some4000such toxic components,the government plans tocigarettes be_47_in generic white packets with the brand name given inhave a major_48_here,"says LeGresley.The new bill,which is_49_by the Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers Councilis designed to discourage cigarette sales to thealso_52_cigarette ending machines and mail-order sales.Some advertising will be permitted.Tobacco companies are still forbidden to advertise on television or radio,but will be allowed to place advertisements in publications where is mostly_54_,such as daily newspapers._55_of sporting andOn the whole38.A.adventurous B.sensible C.controversial D.innovativedrafts C.codes D.regulations40.A.controls B.bans C.disciplines D.orders4].A.incorporate prise C.disclose D.confess42.A.Rather than B.As well as C.In spite of D.In view of43.A.manufacturers5LA.as B.since C.when D.ifemployee B.audience C.spectator D.readership54.'~.this part of the test)there are4short passages.Read eachpassagemark the corresponding letter with asinglepeople's health is inevitable if anewbillsupporters,itwill scientific rigor to environmentalandbigger profits, If the bill is passed,no government agency could issue a regulation--the release of pollutants into the environment or to protect workers in a particular industry,for instance-without calculatingits cost-benefit analyses would have ,outby.independent subject to peer review.The proposal isablueprintmonth,and to the Senate,amidhowlsshould not be based solely onlastweek"all the public health protections the,Americanatthe Union of Concerned Scientists,says that if the proposal becomes law,the number ofhealth environmental·tojustifyto ever tighter regulations,regardless of the cost to industryor they bring.They arguethatbenefits,and we have to doitapressuretogether count for more than half the US economy."This bill willrequire useof principles todeterminefor imposing new andcostlyagencies to take thatfact of the following istrueon the environment andpeople's,<D.Regulations should be introduced to protect workers in a particular industry.57.If the bill becomes law,willpoliticians.58.The best word expressive of Carol Browner's attitude.toward the new bill isC.C.therenot good at mathematical calculations.60.The supporters ofexistingPhD degrees resolved disagreement by external referees on the worth of a PhD thesisStates)claimed inthe field of study and another(from the UnitedKingdom)judged the thesis excellent and requiring only minor amendments.The process required the judgement of a external referee who returned a positiveperiod,putting extra pressure on thereviewers of acceptable thesis content-expectations that may reflect quite different perceptions of just whatinthe United States often5-6years,in the United Kingdom up to3years.SomeEuropean countries expect up to6completion within4years.is vastlyin3years.There is also a greaterlikelihood of published products ,within the longer time-a requirement of our negative examiner to obviatewould have prolonged the examination Different internationalexpectations must affect the external reviewing process used by most universities to protect the-B.thereviewingprocessthe course of research toavoid areas as theyarise;work or evenincompleterisk a result basedon expectation -these areall strategies available to supervisory panels to counterpossiblecriticismofofthem investigative science.Operatinglonger theuniversalknowledge,the candidate,but it is surely too long as anapprenticeship fora PhD degreeisneeded for the demonstration of both independence inresearchfirsttwo paragraphs!A The candidatefinally not get his PhD degree.B.The candidate was anAmerican.-C.The candidatewasCGnJid~tt)brfdj~productsto63.What istheD.Indifferent.64.It isimpliedA.is much easier to geta the United KingdomthanD.as many external referees as possible should be invited forthe degrees65.The passageisThe euro is a flawed scheme that could do Europe more harm..than good,The ignorancethat,'years ago;deemed the single currency's basic wisdombeyondchallenge.whileraisingvisibly improved Europe's economy would create itsown.'socialbenefits reward ,bank is supposed itself from such differences would The omens of this sort of bitterness and resentment are already apparent.The new French government wants more emphasis on jobs.The eurc's convergence criteriaeUTO has not broughta huge undertaking that its prospects should be good even under unfavorable conditions.es into being and fails.At best,it wouldn't sweep away nationalism.What separatesariseselse is to blame for your.problems.A euro that doesn't fulfill its immensethat at,the time the political climate in Europe wasB.ignoranceC.numbing detailsD.2;para.2)probably means _A opponents B.supporters C.skeptics D.apologistsunemployment D.unification of Europe69."There's the rub."(line 3,para.S)means that _A."There is the message."B."That's what one should do."6adrdessstaying idle. A single currency can't substitute for the hard measures needed to remedy these failings. Pretending otherwise creates a huge source potential discord converting national problems into European problems. With a common currency European central bank, it would become easier to blame European monetary policy for high joblesssness or, at any rate, to argue that an easier policy would cure it. Though the new central bank is supposed to be independent, from such pressures. National differences would arise and be fanned.•"There lies the difficulty."70.The message the author tries to give in the lastend in disasterPassage FourIt is clear that wework.Psychiatrists have been heard to say,"He didn't have enough anxietywhile we agree that too muchweold-life insurance policyhaving a conference with Billy's teacher even though his reportcard looks all right.People who anxiousdon't take when they have to drive,are careful where they go and with whomthey drive on holiday.People whoaccidents.PeopleOn balance,OUI age ofupon enormous resources,we have created anation in which anxiety has replaced terrorthemselves withthe millions ofat a few parts of the South,whatmay happen,might happen,could happen.•wherethereThe number ofsometim~s felt,a symptom of increasing mentaldiscontentabroad this comes perhaps because our anxietymast life and who have theto devise ways of making trips to the moon;cannot-as we have tried to do-banish deathitself..71.According to the author,having some anxietyC.make people~'Ot1<?C't1l6f/D.be cured by seeing their doctors.72.The driver's exampleis given to support the idea that we shouldright amount of anxiety73.The word"specter"in paragraph3most probably means_A.,meaningB.fearC.of people suffer most from mental ill healththe realityB.learri how to trust lifeD,:find how to make space travelSection Vversion II.76.D。
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
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2004医学博士英语真题及答案
2004医学博士英语真题及答案2004patr II vocabulary(10%)31.All the characters in the play are_____A.imaginable adj.可想象的, 可能的B.imaginary adj.假想的, 想象的, 虚构的C.imaginative adj. 富于想象力的D.imagining32.The judge _____ all the charges against SmithA.dismissed dismiss a charge驳回指控B.eliminated除去, 排除, 削减(人员)’不予考虑eliminate the false and retain the true去伪存真C.refusedvt.拒绝, 谢绝n.废物, 垃圾D.discardedinto the discard成为无用之物; 被遗忘throw sth. into the discard放弃某事33.The actress _____ the terms of her contract and was prosecuted起诉 by the producer制片人.A.ignored(因证据不足而)驳回诉讼B.ratified ratify an amendment to a constitution批准宪法修正案C.drafted vt.起草D.violated违犯,;扰乱;violate a law犯法violate sleep妨碍睡眠violate sb.'s privacy侵扰某人的安静; 闯入私室34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquires from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledv.发抖C.trampledn.踩踏, 蹂躏v.践踏, 踩坏, 轻视D.reproached v.责备35.When the former President_____her candidacy候选资格,she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforced强迫, 执行, 坚持, 加强B.endorsed v.在(票据)背面签名, 签注(文件), 认可, 签署C.follow up v.穷追, 把...探究到底, 用继续行动来加强效果D.put forward v.放出, 拿出, 提出, 推举出36.The country’s highest medal was _____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowed给与, 授, 赠, 赐(on, upon)I do not deserve all the praises bestowed upon me.我不配得到这些赞扬。
【免费下载】浙大考博英语真题分类 VOCABULARY
Vocabulary2002年春1The chairman proposed at the meeting that we have someone with ___________ and imagination to design a marketing strategy.A.intuitionB.enterpriseC.undertakingD.innovation2The fish moved silently through the water, ____________ by short sweeps of its tail.A.urgedB.propagatedC.propelledD.operated3 A few workers have ___________ the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.A.defiedB.destinedC.detainedD.deferred4Philosophy differs from science in that its questions cannot be answered _______ by observation or experiment.A.emotionallyB.deliberatelyC.empiricallyD.extremely5The music the Three Brothers played yesterday is described in the paper as an explosive _________ of Latin American and modern jazz rhythms.A.mixtureB.weldingC.consolidationD.fusion6Didn’t you find her enthusiasm for the project ____________? Almost everyone on the team is now doing their utmost to resolve the difficulty.A.contagiousB.operateC.effectualD.infections7Recently a large international conference was held with aim of promoting __________ development in all countries.A.retainableB.sustainableC.unpredictableD.unthinkable8 A government report indicates that since the early 1970s, the proportion of high schoolgraduates going to college has ____________ at 50%.A.confirmedB.enduredC.stabilizedD.retained9The delegates to the convention insist that steps be taken to stop the ___________ of the world’s tropical forests.A.depletionB.terminationC.perilD.shrinkage10Professor Taylor is a real expert on art, as I feel completely ________ whenever I talk to her about it.A.incapableB.inadequateC.out of mindD.in despair2003秋1Hoping that he might be able to ___________ the problem, I asked Mario to look at the engine.A.shed light onB.make light ofC.bring to lightD.set light to2His ___________ and unwillingness to learn from others prevent him from being an effective member of the team.A.arroganceB.dignityC.humilityD.solitude3The economy grew at its fastest rate since 1980 thanks to a(n) _____________ in world rate.A.inflationB.stimulusC.bulgeD.boom4He decided he was going to take ____________ for the murder of his sister.A.refugeB.revengeC.rebellionD.riot5No one expected him to _____________ against his former employer.A.declareB.testifyC.certifyD.allege6Rachel was the ______________ choice for the job thanks to her communication skills.A.unanimousB.consistentC.harmoniousD.agreeable7The police detective put together the pieces of evidence to form one ___________ account.A.sensitiveB.genuineC.expressiveD.coherent8You should have your eyes examined ___________ to be sure of your eyesight.A.periodicallyB.persistentlyC.continuouslyD.continually9You should treat those remarks with the ___________ that they deserve --- don’t give them a second thought.A.negligenceB.disgraceC.contemptD.sarcasm10The book is a vain attempt to _____________ the name of one of the worst dictators in modern history.A.worshipB.glorifyC.adoreD.cherish11The government is seeking to ___________ itself from the latest financial scandal.A.detachB.extractC.deriveD.erase12Heavy rainfall in the south of England means that flooding is __________-A.imminentB.momentousC.transientD.prospective13He _____________ his assistant to pick up the plans from the office.A.disposedB.dispensedC.dispatchedD.dispersed14I didn’t ignore her ___________ --- just didn’t recognize her.A.attentivelyB.intensivelyC.intentionallyD.intensely15You will only be allowed to leave early in ___________ circumstance.A.exceptionalB.coincidentalC.peculiarD.imperative2004 春1It is important to keep the factory working at ______ efficiency all the time.A.optimisticB.optimumC.opticalD.optional2We need to take steps to counter the ________ decline in our export market.A.lingeringB.chronicC.lengthyD.abiding3Her handwriting is so bad that it is barely____________A.legibleB.intelligibleC.distinctiveD.conceivable4We’re going to __________ what we’ve learned so far by doing some revision exercises today.A.consolidateB.reinforceC.affirmD.conform5Kevin made one last ________ attempt to persuade Sandra to go with him, then left.A.considerableB.trivialC.futileD.resistant6The school agreed to ________ their decision until they had spoken to William’s parents.B.retainC.deferD.expel7Republican party members were confidently __________ victory even as the first few votes came in.A.acclaimingB.reclaimingC.exclaimingD.proclaiming8The __________ between the two sets of figures suggests that someone has been stealing money from the bank.A.discrepancyB.conflictC.contrastD.divergence9The idea that a good night’s sleep will cure everything is a complete ____________A.defectB.fallacyC.fraudD.abuse10Before a bill can become law it has to have the full _______ of both Houses of Parliament.A.justificationB.warrantC.endorsementD.verification11The image is __________ by a series of lenses within the telescope.A.magnifiedB.signifiedC.extendedD.expanded12Strangely enough, the most obvious explanation did not ___________ Jackie until the next day.A.stumble one up withD.stand up to13The Government wants a 3% inflation rate, but is this a _____________ objective?A.reflectiveB.flexibleC.feebleD.feasible14She was still _____________ by what happened in Barcelona although she had left twenty year earlier.A.hauntedB.frequentedC.recalledD.sustained15The hands on my alarm clock are _______________ so I can tell the time in the dark.A.imminentB.luminousC.illuminateD.luminant2004 秋1You can’t cure a common cold, but you can ___________ the symptoms.A.moderateB.alleviateC.diluteD.subdue2For years scientists have been ___________ by the strange circles that have appeared in cornfields.A.tangledB.terrifiedC.evokedD.baffled3The flood was a ___________ from which Bangladesh has never really recorded.A.calamityC.reverseD.scandal4Our company’s’ management ____________ negotiations on a new union contract.unchedB.triggeredC.terminatedD.preserved2005 春1If wool is submerged in hot water, it tends to __________A.snapB.shrinkC.fadeD.condense2His last play was _________ by the critical as a masterpiece.A.claimedB.proclaimedC.exclaimedD.acclaimed3It is the builder’s job to make sure that the house conforms to the architect’s _________ in every way.A.regulationsB.specialtiesC.essentialsD.specifications4Your letter has been __________ to the authority concerned.A.transitedB.transferredC.transportedD.transmitted5Among her many ____________ are loyalty, courage and truthfulness.A.virtuesB.moralsD.graces6The soldiers ___________ their arms as they marched.A.swayedB.swungC.swervedD.swelled7The country’s constitution ____________ the ideals of equality and freedom.A.embodiesB.symbolizesC.marksD.represents8It was ____________ whether the patient will survive the operation.A.vagueB.suspiciousC.ambiguousD.doubtful9The brochure _____________ us into thinking that our hotel was only five minutes from the beach.A.trappedB.frightenedC.engagedD.misled10“I’m far too busy to talk to you now.” he said, in his usual _____________ manner.A.rigidB.steepC.abruptD.stern11He’s rich and keeps __________ about how much money he’s got to impress people.A.exaggeratingB.boastingC.admiringD.inspiring12She was __________ enough to realize right from the start that he was lying.A.initiativeB.pervasiveC.imaginativeD.perceptive13The two countries ___________ their peace efforts after a break of two and a half years.A.rebukedB.renewedC.reviewedD.reclaimed14People always greet each other warmly, _____________ their different origins and beliefs.A.in regard toB.in contrast withC.with respect toD.regardless of15The express train from London ___________ on time.A.pulled upB.pulled overC.pulled inD.pulled through2005 秋1He was an _________ statesman and diplomat; his record was untarnished by scandals or rumors, and the public treated him with great respect.A.imminentB.eminentC.immuneD.empirical2Nobody expected Martha to change her plans; her decision to do something different was _________ and surprising to all.A.sheerB.bluntC.abruptD.irregular3In order to avoid the storm, the pilot of the plane was force to ___________ from the usualcourse.A.convertB.strayC.deviateD.transfer4When his father was injured, John ____________ for weeks about whether he should stay in school or quit to take a job.A.portrayedB.posedC.ponderedD.postponed5The _________ of that textbook is too broad; too much material is mentioned and not enough specific detail is included.A.capacityB.outlooktitudeD.scope6Before I went into the forest I put on special medicine designed to _____________ mosquitoes and other insects.A.imposepelC.disposeD.repel7The workmen _______ the shabby old hotel and built a modern office building in the place where it had been.A.distinguishedB.erasedC.flattenedD.razed8Please don’t tell me any bad news today, I’m upset and feel especially ______.A.vulnerableB.accessibleC.sensitiveD.sympathetic9I admired Janie because she’s so ______, she’s accomplished in athletics, music, and history, and she’s a marvelous dancer and cook as well.A.vainB.versatileC.viciousD.vivid10The true cause of the accident was made known after several witness ______ about what really happened.A.sworeB.testifiedC.affirmedD.charged11I have to find a new apartment since the lease on my current one has been _________.A.terminatedB.initiatedC.resumedD.abolished12Because I was out of butter. I ________ oil in the recipe.A.contributedB.distributedC.substitutedD.constituted13Although the new project was confusing when it was first presented, it gradually became clear as details were explained in ____________ meetings.A.subsequentB.precedentC.consequentD.previous14She is a very __________ woman; you will not be able to deceive her or take advantage of her.A.naïveB.shrewdC.transparentD.genuine15The audience ______________ uncomfortably in their chairs as the speaker continued his long and boring speech.A.alteredB.removedC.shiftedD.transferred2006 春1You will only be allowed to leave early in _______ circumstances.A.exceptionalB.coincidentalC.peculiarD.imperative2His latest ________ was buying a second-hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.A.agonyB.stigmaC.wrathD.folly3The champagnes had caused his face to _______ and his eyes were bright.A.flourishB.freshC.fleshD.flush4He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into _______ .A.mischiefB.nuisanceC.hostilityD.bustle5Poor sight and hearing are common _______ of old age.A.presentationsB.afflictionsC.outcomeD.relevance6The dream of many scientists has been to create a ________ motion machine – one thatwould always continue moving once it had been started.A.transientB.temporaryC.perpetualD.periodic7Only a small _______ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.A.fractureB.fragmentC.fractionD.fragrance8Chemicals from the factory up the river ________ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.A.corruptedB.infectedC.contaminatedD.stained9It is strictly illegal to _______ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.A.shelterB.disguiseC.concealD.veil10To _______ the boredom of studying, it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.A.intensifyB.aggravateC.illuminateD.alleviate11Although we felt _______ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him.passionpasspanionpartment12The police were ________ by the crime and were never able to solve it.A.hinderedB.enlightenedC.baffledD.detained13_______ for the top-of-the-range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof.A.accessoriesponentsC.decorationsD.colleagues14The author uses the ________ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.A.correlationB.equivalentC.analogyD.parallel15The books will be ________ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.A.dispatchedB.disputedC.dismissedD.dispersed2006 秋1I am ___________ _ in the morning, until I have had my coffee.A.inflexibleB.incurableC.inarticulateD.irreversible2 A tunnel has been ___________ under the English Channel to link England and France.A.boredB.deliveredC.structuredD.reckoned3This knife is too ___________ to cut vegetables, could you please sharpen it?A.portableB.remoteC.vulnerableD.blunt4The editorial ____________ the viewpoints of conservative politicians.A.echoedB.perceivedC.contendedD.received5He’s one of those ________ people who think they’re always right about everything.A.extrovertedB.humbleC.arbitraryD.nominal6They are busy __________ some fact and figures of documentary on the subject of E-commerce.A.generalizingpilingC.measuringD.promoting7Dr. Smith proposed a number of relate ideas that gradually __________ into a practical plan.A.hatchedB.assembledC.segregatedD.crystallized8The military government ___________ the country’s parliament and suspended all political activity.A.sackedB.revisedC.dissolvedD.ignored9Their many years of research have finally ___________ in a cure for the disease.A.furnishedB.culminatedC.accomplishedD.fabricated10The passage you have just read in the paper is ____________ from the Atlantic Monthly.A.assembledB.condensedC.curtailedD.modified11The weeds just __________, and before long the garden was a jungle.A.multipliedB.expandedC.improvedD.enlarged12The country’s progress is being __________ by a leader who refuses to look forward.A.restrictedB.confinedC.preventedD.constrained13The fuel used is almost ___________ charcoal made from wood or shells.A.habituallyB.voluntarilyC.invariablyD.faithfully14The official ___________ show that one out of four girls who marry between 16 and 18 ends up in the divorce court.A.quotaB.statisticsC.pollD.digits15Rays of sunlight focused through a _________ glass onto a piece of paper may make the paper burn.A.minimizingB.magnifyingC.exaggeratingD.maximizing20071Immigrants of all races in this area are demanding that they receive ___________ treatment from the authorities.A.uniqueB.unitedC.uniformD.universal2Women want the same pay if they hold the same jobs as men. At home, however, they do not expect their husbands to _________ in the housework.A.doB.haveC.shareD.divide3In the past, consumers were often cheated or ___________ into buying goods by business firms and they could hardly do anything about it.A.confusedB.misledC.forcedD.puzzled4You may have ever entered a bookstore just to take __________ from a sudden shower, but you found time spent there was very enjoyable.A.shieldB.shelterC.avoidanceD.protection5 A lot of people worked long hours because high unemployment meant that they could easilybe __________.A.distributedB.appointedC.transferredD.replaced6With its stock price rising by 20 percent, the company becomes the second most _________ technology firm in the country.A.valuableB.worthwhileC.pricelessD.precious7It is astonishing to know that children and youth __________ the biggest segment of the country’s homeless population.A.substitute forB.make outC.make upD.make up for8Many of these companies moved to the Inland South to take ___________ of the lower wages and the lack of strong labor unions in the region.A.profitB.advantageC.favourD.adventure9If the investment tax credit is ________ as a part of tax reform plan, the capital-intensive businesses such as steel-makers and airliners will face a hard time.A.repealedB.inferredC.inducedD.apppealed10While Apple was coming under increasing pressure from lower cost PC clones, the company’s initial response was to develop even more ________ high-end computers.A.sophisticateB.luxuriousC.philosophicalD.sensitive11It is well known that the popular singer has a/an __________ car in addition to a large house.A.credibleB.incredibleC.believableD.inherent12Oriental Radio has decided to cancel this pop star from a/an ________ broadcast for his breach contract.A.livelyB.aliveC.liveD.living13Firefighters were not attacking the major fires in Virginia directly but were putting out hot spots that could prove dangerous if winds ____________.A.picked upB.picked outC.picked throughD.picked in14The artist has made a ___________ of combining the first-rate photography and design with advanced technology in every piece of work he produces.A.disciplineB.principleC.proposalD.principal15You are likely to get a promotion because of the profitable ____________ you made for the company last month.A.transitionB.transfusionC.transferD.transaction20081President Bush came to his parent's century-old summer home on the Maine coast for little relaxation, a distant cousin's wedding and some family time. However, several hundred anti-war demonstrators ____________ on his visit.A.intrudedB.invadedC.intwinedD.inturned2Influenza is caused by a virus _________ one person _________ another in droplets coughed sneezed into the air. It is characterized by coldlike symptoms plus chills, fever, headaches muscle aches, and fatigue.A.transferred from toB.transmitted from toC.transacted from toD.transcend from to3Pigeon is the common name for members of a family of birds; smaller species commonly known as doves, but sizes of pigeons and doves ___________.The birds, almost worldwide in distribution, are most abundant in warm regions.A.surpassB.transcendC.overlapD.join4Yangtze River flows at a width of up to 2km and an average depth of between 6 and 15m through a large plain with many lakes. This area is ______________ to severe flooding and accumulation of river sediment.A.objectB.particularC.subjectD.prone5In 2005, President Bush put his political capital where his mouth was, and lost. He went all-out to ________________ Congress and the American people that privatizing Social Security would be good and necessary.A.argueB.concedeC.convinceD.confess6 A growing number of companies are now trying to serve "segments of one." They attempt to____________ their offer and communication to each individual customer. This is understandable with large industrial companies that have only a few major customers.A.adoptB.adaptC.incorporateD.exclude7The German general staff made another dangerous concession to what they considered a military necessity. The plan would be not _____________ when countries formally declared war but simply when they ordered mobilization.A.triggeredB.triggeringD.trifled8Content is the subject matter of architecture, the element in architectural expression that communicates specific meanings that _____________ to society the functions and techniques of buildings.A.interpretB.tellC.identifyD.modify9As online computer systems become more popular, televisions and computers are increasingly ____________. Such technologies combine the capabilities of computers, television etc., and greatly expand the services that can be provided.A.separatedB.segregatedC.integratedD.intersected10 A theory is an organized set of principles that is designed to explain and predict somephenomenon. Good theories also provide specific testable predictions, or _________ about the relation between two or more variables.A.hypothesisB.conceptionC.ideaD.meaning11Human evolution is lengthy process of change _________ people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by allpeople evolved over a period of at least 6 million years.A.of whichB.by whichC.for whichD.by that12Because of various burdens, the 1980s in Ecuador became a decade of ________. It was made worse by bad floods in 1983, the collapse of world oil prices in 1985 and 1986, and a devastating earthquake in 1987.A.collapseB.stagnationC.stop13Since 1970, when Sultan Qaboos carne to power and launched Oman's development, poverty has been largely _________ and modem medical care has been provided throughout the country.A.eliminatedB.illuminatedC.limitedD.increased14Many societies today interpret the natural world and form beliefs based on science and logic.Societies in which many people do not practice any religion, such as the United States, may be known as ___________ societies.A.vulgarB.secularC.particularD.unique15Before the ______________ of hospitals, the family or communal sauna(桑拿) was favored by Finnish women for giving birth. Today, saunas are found in health clubs and gymnasiums around the world.A.adventB.adventureC.advertD.advance20091Not all persons arrested and __________ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law.A.sentencedB.accusedC.persecutedD.charged2Whoever has skills and knowledge in this country, I believe, should be properly treated and rewarded __________ his educational background and family origin.A.despite ofB.regardless ofD.because of3 A survey earlier this year found that about 50 percent of South Africans think that “most” or“almost all” governmental officials are involved in________.A.robberyB.violationC.corruptionD.stealing4Woodrow Wilson ____________ to preserve world peace by supporting the establishment of an organization to settle international disputes.A.endeavouredB.incitedC.grantedD.offered5Margaret Mead’s reputation was _______________ established with the publication of her first book in 1982 and was by her many subsequent contributions to anthropology.A.hardenedB.enhancedC.separatedD.judged6The local people were joyfully surprised to find the prices of vegetables no longer __________ according to the weather.A.evaluatedB.convertedC.fluctuatedD.modified7In calculating the daily calorie requirements for an individual, variations in body size, physical activity and age should be____________.A.brought into practiceB.taken into accountC.thrown light onD.looked down upon8There was no light on the way and for a second she hesitated, unable to ________the dim figure awaiting her.B.make outC.pick upD.clear up9It is disturbing to note how many crimes we do know about were detected __________, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.A.by accidentB.on scheduleC.in generalD.at intervals10The violent __________ of his youth reappeared and was directed not only at the army, but at his wife at allA.impatienceB.characterC.temperD.quality11Certainly no one could have predicted that a tiny worm would make possible such far-reaching ________ into the very nature of life.A.understandingB.perceptionC.insightsD.inquiry12Formulated in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine _______ that the Americans were no longer open to European colonization.A.entrustedB.assertedC.appreciatedD.reckoned13Maximum benefits typically range from $50,000 to $250,000, through some _________have no limit.A.policiesB.billsC.chargesD.prices14Rejecting the urging of his physician father to study medicine, Hawking chose to ________ on math and theoretical physics.A.imposeB.centerC.overtookD.concentrate15She has decided to ___________ some money every month to help three peasant girls in poverty-stricken areas.y downy sideC.set upD.stand up to20101Like most foreigners, I ask a lot of questions, some of which are insultingly silly. But everyone I ______ has answered those questions with patience and honesty.e acrosse bye overe into2Among picture books for 4-8 years olds, several outstanding works appeared that combined original stories with ______ illustrations.A.imaginableB.imaginativeC.imagingD.imageless3As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracle appears to depend on a seeming ______ : The fatter the bird , the more efficiently it flies.A.interruptionB.descriptionC.qualificationD.contradiction4The party leader justified his subsequent re-election ______ that he had brought political stability and economic development to his country.A.in the wayB.by no meansC.on the groundsD.o the extent5 A leading British scholar has proposed translating Shakespeare into contemporary English______ young audiences who are confused by jokes which are 400 years out of date.A.in memory ofB.at the cost ofC.on behalf ofD.for the benefit of6The objective of this popular consultation is to determine, ______, the final political status of the region, whether to remain of the country as a special district, or to part from it.A.once upon a timeB.once and againC.all at onceD.once and for all7The _____ choice for a consumer, therefore, is the choice among the available ones that will enable him or her to maximize utility.A.optimalB.optionalC.opticalD.optimistic8The Adult Vocational College is an opportunity to gain the right qualifications for various careers, for it offers an _____ range of subjects and courses.A.additionalB.excessiveC.adequateD.extensive9It’s disturbing to note how many of crimes we do know about were detected _____, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.A.by accidentB.on scheduleC.in generalD.at intervals10In calculating the daily calorie requirements for an individual, variations in body size, physical activity and age should be _____.A.brought into practiceB.taken into accountC.thrown light onD.looked down upon11The more a nation’s companies ______ factories abroad, the smaller that country’s recorded exports will be.A.lieB.locateC.spotD.stand12The defence lawyer was questioning the old man who was one of the _____ of the murder committed last month.A.witnessesB.audiencesC.viewersD.observers13The belief that the universe is improving and that good will _____ triumph over evil prevails.A.ultimatelyB.conclusivelyC.feasiblyD.terminally14It was difficult to build a power station in the deep valley, but it _____ as we had hoped.A.came offB.went offC.brought outD.made out15The local people were joyfully surprised to find the prices of vegetables no longer _____ according to the weather.A.evaluatedB.convertedC.fluctuatedD.modified。
行列式的计算方法和技巧大总结
计算n 阶行列式的若干方法举例1．利用行列式定义直接计算例 计算行列式001002001000000n D n n=-解 D n 中不为零的项用一般形式表示为112211!n n n n n a a a a n ---= . 该项列标排列的逆序数t （n －1 n －2…1n ）等于(1)(2)2n n --，故(1)(2)2(1)!.n n n D n --=-2．利用行列式的性质计算（1999数二（5）题）记行列式347534453542333322212223212---------------x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 为)(x f ，则方程0)(=x f 的根的个数为（ ）.1)(A .2)(B .3)(C .4)(D求解：347534453542333322212223212)(---------------=x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x f 37342213310122112----------=x x x x x x 671212212673412133001220012------=--------=x x x x x x x x x x)1(5)12)(5)((5512121-=+---=----=x x x x x x x故0)1(5)(=-=x x x f 有两个根，故应选)(B .四阶行列式4433221100000000a b a b b a b a 的值等于 （ ）.)(43214321b b b b a a a a A - .)(43214321b b b b a a a a B + ).)()((43432121b b a a b b a a C -- ).)()((41413232b b a a b b a a D --求解：原式33224133224143322143322100000a b b a b b a b b a a a b a b b a b a a b b a a -=-=))((41413232b b a a b b a a --=。