The process of translation
翻译理论
尤金。
奈达的翻译理论、影响及其评析在中国，奈达的翻译理论在当代西方翻译理论中介绍的最早、最多，影响也最大。
尤金。
A。
奈达（Eugene A.Nida,1914---），美国人，早年师丛著名的教授弗里斯（Charles C.Fries）和布龙菲尔德(Leonard Bloomfield)，并与1943年获语言学博士学位。
毕业后供职与美国圣经协会，终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。
他的理论核心思想是功能对等（functional equivalence）.这个名称的前身是动态对等（dynamic equivalence）.后来为避免误解，改为功能对等。
先分析一下为什么要把动态对等改为功能对等呢？奈达对动态对等下了如是的定义：“所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
”（Nida &Taber,1969）在这一定义中，“切近是指切近原语信息”；“自然”是指译语中的表达方式；“对等”把上述两者结合起来，是对等语（equivalent）,而不是同一语（identity）.在某种意义上来说，强调的是信息对等，而不是形式对应（formal correspondence）。
由这一定义可见，奈达突出了翻译中“内容为主，形式为次”的思想。
奈达的这一思想，引起了不少误解。
认为翻译只翻译内容，不必要顾及语言的表达形式，因此，各种各样的自由译都被冠以“动态对等”。
所以奈达后来在《从一种语言到另一种语言：论圣经翻译中的功能对等》（From one language to another:Functional equivalence in Bible Translation）一书中，把“动态对等”的名称改为“功能对等”。
对于功能对等，奈达又作出了很多的补充，首先对“信息”作了进一步的界定，声明信息不仅包括思想内容，而且也包括语言形式。
英文翻译知识点总结
英文翻译知识点总结I. IntroductionTranslation is the process of transferring the meaning of a text from one language to another while maintaining the essence and the style of the original. It is a complex and challenging task, requiring an in-depth understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and social context in which the original text was created. In this knowledge point summary, we will discuss the key points and principles of English translation, including linguistic, cultural, and stylistic considerations.II. Linguistic Considerations1. Language Proficiency: A proficient translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, including grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and idiomatic expressions. This requires regular practice and immersion in both languages.2. Contextual Understanding: Translators need to consider the context in which the original text was written, including the intended audience, purpose, and cultural references. This helps in accurately conveying the meaning and tone of the original text.3. Accuracy and Clarity: A good translation should be accurate, conveying the exact meaning of the original text, while also being clear and easily understandable in the target language. This requires attention to detail and linguistic precision.4. Linguistic Equivalents: Translators often encounter words, phrases, or concepts that do not have direct equivalents in the target language. In such cases, they need to use their creativity and linguistic skills to find suitable alternatives that convey the same meaning and nuance.III. Cultural Considerations1. Cultural Sensitivity: Translators need to be culturally sensitive and aware of the customs, traditions, and social norms of both the source and target cultures. This helps in avoiding misunderstandings and ensuring that the translation is culturally appropriate.2. Localization: In some cases, a literal translation may not effectively convey the intended message in the target culture. Translators may need to adapt the text to the local cultural context, using idiomatic expressions, references, and examples that resonate with the target audience.3. Taboos and Sensitive Topics: Certain topics or concepts may be considered taboo or sensitive in some cultures. Translators need to be aware of these cultural sensitivities and handle them with care to avoid causing offense or misunderstanding.4. Historical and Political Context: Historical and political references in the original text may not be readily understood in the target culture. Translators need to provide explanations or contextual information to help the reader grasp the significance of these references.IV. Stylistic Considerations1. Register and Tone: Translators need to match the register and tone of the original text in the target language, whether it is formal, informal, technical, or literary. This ensures that the translation reflects the style and voice of the original author.2. Cohesion and Coherence: A good translation maintains the cohesion and coherence of the original text, ensuring that the ideas flow logically and smoothly in the target language. This requires careful attention to transitions, pronoun references, and sentence structure.3. Rhythm and Style: In literary translations, the rhythm and style of the original work need to be preserved to the extent possible. This may involve creative choices in the use of language and imagery that capture the essence of the original.4. Idiomatic Expressions: Translators need to be adept at handling idiomatic expressions, proverbs, and wordplay, finding creative ways to convey the same meaning and impact in the target language.V. Practical Considerations1. Translation Tools: Translators often use computer-assisted translation tools, such as CAT software, dictionaries, and glossaries, to aid in the translation process. These tools can help maintain consistency and accuracy across large or complex projects.2. Proofreading and Editing: A thorough proofreading and editing process is essential to ensure the quality and accuracy of the translation. This may involve multiple revisions and feedback from other language experts.3. Specialized Knowledge: Translating technical, medical, legal, or scientific texts may require specialized knowledge and terminology in the relevant fields. Translators need to familiarize themselves with the specific language and conventions of these domains.4. Client and Audience Expectations: Translators need to understand the needs and expectations of their clients or target audience, whether it is for marketing, education, entertainment, or information. Adapting the translation to meet these expectations is crucial.VI. ConclusionIn conclusion, English translation is a multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of linguistic, cultural, and stylistic considerations. It demands a high level of language proficiency, cultural sensitivity, and creativity to produce accurate and effectivetranslations. By mastering these key points and principles, translators can bring the richness and diversity of the world's languages and cultures to a global audience.。
翻译的过程
翻译的过程The Process of Translation翻译的步骤Warming-up Exercises1. They gave the boy the lie.2. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draught.3. The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.4. I shall not expect you until I see you.参考译文1. 他们指责男孩说谎。
（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。
）2. 火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。
3. 循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。
4. 你随便什么时候来吧。
翻译的过程通常包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。
在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、相辅相成的统一过程，不能截然分开。
译者在理解原文的同时，也在选择表达方式；在表达的同时，又会进一步加深理解。
Three steps of translation翻译的三个步骤1．理解理解是翻译过程的第一阶段。
它既包括对语言现象、文化现象的理解，又包括逻辑关系的理解，对有可能发生歧义的语句要善于分析，进而做出正确判断。
例1：He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. ( overrule: rule against)译文1：他允许法官驳倒父亲，宣布他自己的儿子有罪。
译文2：法官的责任感战胜了父子私情，他还是宣判（自己的）儿子有罪。
例2：If we try to implement these harebrained ideas (that English should be replaced by Hindi and the 15 recognized state languages), India will become a Tower of Babel. (harebrained: very foolish)译文1：如果我们试图实施这些轻率而愚蠢的主张，以印度语和其他15种官方承认的各邦语言取代英语的话，印度就会成为一座通天巴别塔。
第二章翻译的过程TheProcessofTranslation
第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解：1语义方面：1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择：light music轻音乐，light loss小损失，light car轻型汽车，light heart不专一的心，light step轻快的脚步，light manners轻浮的举止，light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。
《局外人：改变世界的五位女作家》（第1章）翻译报告
摘要本篇翻译实践报告的材料来自英国文学传记女作家林德尔・戈登（Lyndall Gordon）的著作《局外人：改变世界的五位女作家》（Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World）第一章。
《局外人》讲述了五位改变世界的女性作家的故事——艾米莉·勃朗特、乔治·艾略特、奥利弗·施赖纳、玛丽·雪莱和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。
本书第一章是玛丽•雪莱的传记，主要介绍了科幻小说之母玛丽•雪莱的生平经历，包括其代表作品——西方文学中第一部科幻小说《弗兰肯斯坦》的问世过程，并探讨其作为女人，是如何突破重重障碍成为作家的。
为准确传递源文本信息，提高译文在目的语读者中的可读性和可接受性，译者选取了目的论作为本次翻译实践的指导理论，就翻译过程中遇到的四大问题，即文化负载词、多义词、修辞手法及长难句的翻译进行了具体的分析与研究，以目的论三原则为出发点，运用直译、意译、断句、重组等翻译技巧，将翻译理论与技巧相结合解决问题。
本篇报告包含四个章节：第一章，翻译任务描述，包括翻译材料文本和作者的介绍以及翻译意义；第二章，过程描述，包括译前准备、翻译过程以及质量控制；第三章，案例分析，包括在目的论理论指导下对翻译过程中所遇问题的分析与解决；第四章，实践总结，包括翻译心得、不足以及对今后学习的启发和思考。
关键词:传记翻译；目的论；玛丽·雪莱；《局外人》AbstractThis report is mainly based on the translation of the first chapter of the book Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World by Lyndall Gordon, a British biographer. The literary biography tells the story of five extraordinary women writers who changed the world: Mary Shelley, Emily Bronte, George Eliot, Oliver Schreiner and Virginia Woolf. The first chapter is the biography of Mary Shelley. This part mainly introduces the life experience of Mary Shelley, the birth of her representative work, Frankenstein, the first science fiction novel in western literature, and explores how she, as a woman, broke through a number of obstacles to become a writer. The book was published in 2019 and has no Chinese version available.In order to present the accurate information of the source text in a way acceptable to Chinese target readers, the translator chose the skopos theory as the theoretical guidance of this translation task. Based on the three principles of Skopos theory, the translator adopted literal translation, free translation, dividing, reordering and other translation techniques to solve the four major problems encountered in the translation process, namely, the translation of culture-loaded expressions, polysemants, rhetorical devices, and long and difficult sentences.This translation report is divided into four parts. Chapter One gives a general introduction to the source text, the author and the significance of the task. Chapter Two describes the translation process, including pre-translation preparation, translation process and post-translation matters. Chapter Three is the case study part, which analyzes the four major difficulties in the translation practice with the help of skopos theory and certain translation techniques. Chapter Four summarizes the lessons learned through the process as well as the translator’s reflections on future translation.Key words: biography translation; skopos theory; Mary Shelley; OutsidersContents摘要 (i)Abstract.......................................................................................................................... i i Chapter One Task Description (1)1.1 Introduction to the Source Text (1)1.2 Introduction to the Author (2)1.3 Significance of the Task (3)1.4 Structure of the Report (4)Chapter Two Process Description (5)2.1 Preparation (5)2.2 While-translating (6)2.3 Quality Control (7)Chapter Three Case Study (9)3.1 Introduction to Skopos Theory (9)3.2 Translation of Culture-loaded Expressions (10)3.2.1 Literal Translation with Annotation (11)3.2.2 Free Translation (13)3.3 Translation of Polysemants (15)3.3.1 Word Meaning Selection (16)3.3.2 Word Meaning Extension (18)3.4 Translation of Rhetorical Devices (20)3.4.1 Translation of Metaphor (20)3.4.2 Translation of Simile (22)3.4.3 Translation of Metonymy (23)3.4.4 Translation of Parallelism (23)3.5 Translation of Long and Difficult Sentences (25)3.5.1 Dividing (25)3.5.2 Reordering (27)Chapter Four Conclusion (30)4.1 Summary (30)4.2 Limitations and Suggestions (31)Bibliography (32)Acknowledgements (34)Appendix (35)Chapter One Task DescriptionThe present thesis is composed of mainly two parts. The first part is the English-Chinese translation of Lyndall Gordon’s book Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World (Chapter I). The second part is the translation report based on this translation practice.1.1 Introduction to the Source TextThe source text selected is Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World, written by Lyndall Gordon. The book was published by Johns Hopkins University Press and has not yet been published in Chinese as of press time. Outsiders, a literary biography, tells the story of five extraordinary women writers who changed the world: Mary Shelley — a prodigy, Emily Bronte — a visionary, George Eliot —an ‘outlaw’, Oliver Schreiner —an orator and Virginia Woolf —an explorer. In this book, the author connects together five female writers who were born in different ages and seeks to understand how they became writers despite numerous obstacles in a woman’s way. All of them were outsiders during their lifetimes, but it was also their separations from society that released what they wanted to say. Although the five visionary writers differed in place and situation, they had much in common: they were all motherless, they were all on the edge of society, they were all readers before they became writers and were mutually affected by reading each other’s works. They struggled against the rules and regulations of their respective eras, strived for the life and rights they longed for, and provided a possibility of feminism for the world.The book consists of five separate chapters and each chapter introduces a writer. The translator is responsible for translating the first chapter, which is the biography of Mary Shelley. This part mainly introduces the life of Mary Shelley as well as the birth of her representative work, Frankenstein, which is the first science fiction in western literature, and explores how she, as a woman, broke through a number of obstacles tobecome a writer.As a literary biography，the source text falls into the category of literary text, which is exquisite in wording and expressions, and contains a lot of western cultural background knowledge. In the process of translation, the translator mainly came across four kinds of challenges: 1. the translation of culture-loaded expressions —many culture-loaded terms occur in text, such as “John Bull”, “weaker vessel”, “feather-head” and so on; 2. the translation of polysemants —in the source text there are many polysemants which are difficult for the translator to accurately determine the exact meaning; 3.the translation of rhetorical devices — the author employs various rhetorical devices including metaphor, simile, metonymy and parallelism to convey her points as well as to make the text more literary and convincing; 4. the translation of long and difficult sentences — there are a great many long and difficult sentences throughout the source text, which requires plenty of energy and efforts from the translator in her reading and translation of the source text.1.2 Introduction to the AuthorLyndall Gordon, the author of Outsiders, grew up in Cape Town in South Africa where she studied History and English, then 19th Century American Literature at Columbia University. Lyndall went to St Hilda’s College, Oxford, in 1973 as a Rhodes Visiting Fellow to complete her thesis on T. S. Eliot’s early years.Lyndall was a lecturer in English at Jesus College for seven years, and then she returned to St Hilda’s as Fellow and Tutor in English in 1984. At present, Lyndall is a Senior Research Fellow at St Hilda’s and a well-known, award-winning biographer of Mary Wollstonecraft, T. S. Eliot, Charlotte Bronte and Emily Dickinson (cited from St Hilda’s College website).Lyndall’s research interests lie in the 19th and 20th century literature, covering the 19th century American literature, women’s writing, the novel, and biography. She is particularly interested in archival work, observing the evolution of texts through their drafts, as in the cases of T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, Charlotte Bronte’s Villette, and Virginia Woolf’s The Waves (cited from St Hilda’s College website).Lyndall has published seven biographies and two memoirs, including The Imperfect Life of TS Eliot, Lives Like Loaded Guns: Emily Dickinson and her Family’s Feuds and Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft. She has received honors like The British Academy’s Rose Mary Crawshay Prize, Cheltenham Prize for Literature, Southern Arts Prize and James Tait Black Prize for biography.1.3 Significance of the TaskAlthough Lyndall has written a number of excellent works and scored great achievements, she has not attracted corresponding attention in China. Except for one biography introduced by Sichuan Publishing House in 2001, there is no other Lyndall’s works in China. Therefore, the translation of Outsiders will draw more attention to this excellent biographer as well as western feminine literature in China.Besides, the perspective of the author is not stereotyped, and she does not lay out clichés on the basis of her predecessors. Instead, she devotes herself to tracing the heartfelt journey buried in time and history of each biographee. In her writing, Charlotte is not a victim or a saint, but a mean gossip; Elliot is a woman with an unhappy marriage; and Woolf’s letter to her husband before she committed suicide is an elegant and tolerant expression of comfort rather than love for her husband; Lyndall even breaks the tradition and makes a fierce defense for Mary Wollstonecraft — a feminist writer who was smeared in history —with remarkable courage. As Anita Sethi commented (Gordon, 2019), “Gordon succeeds in showing not only the pain but ‘the possibilities of the outsider.’ While distinctive in their voices, these writers converge ‘in their hatred of our violent world,’ exposing domestic and systemic violence. Their strength of spirit shines from the pages and through the ages.” Although the five writers in the book were born in different times, they tried their best to voice for women despite a high price. Through this book, readers can learn more about western female writers and feminism from a unique perspective.In addition, the source text falls into the category of literary text, which is exquisite in wording and expressions, and contains a lot of western cultural backgroundknowledge. The translation of it is undoubtedly a challenge for the translator. In the process of translation, the translator can not only improve her translation competence, but also broaden her scope of knowledge and have a better command of western social culture.1.4 Structure of the ReportThis translation report is composed of four parts. Chapter One generally introduces the source text, the author and the significance of the task. Chapter Two describes the translation process, including pre-translation preparation, translation process and post-translation matters. Chapter Three is the case study part, which analyzes the four major difficulties in the translation practice with the help of skopos theory and certain translation techniques. Chapter Four summarizes the lessons learned through the process as well as the translator’s reflections on future translation.Chapter Two Process DescriptionThis chapter mainly records the translation process, which is generally divided into three phases, that is, preparation, while-translating and quality control.2.1 PreparationAfter discussion with her supervisor, the translator chose Outsiders: Five Women Writers Who Changed The World as the source text of her graduation report. The whole book was co-translated by the present translator and two of her fellow graduates. The translator is responsible for the translation of the first chapter of the said book. Before translation, the translator tried to learn about as much background information as possible about Mary Shelley, which involved reading Frankenstein, her representative work, and watching relevant videos including the movie Mary Shelley, to get familiar with the biographee of the first chapter. Second, the translator spent nearly two weeks reading through the source text to grasp a good command of its theme and structure as well as its textual and stylistic features. Besides, the translator checked the Internet for some key terms to get a preliminary understanding of the content to be translated. Furthermore, the translator read some book reviews as well as articles about the ST author to gain a general understanding of her writing style and writing background. With a general understanding of the material, the translator finally developed a corresponding translation plan, according to which at least 1,000 words per day should be translated to ensure that the whole translation task could be completed within one month.Before translating, the translator also read some books such as Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation and Introducing Translation Studies to learn some translation theories which would guide the translator’s translation activity and improve her translation competence.2.2 While-translatingAfter the preparation process, the translator began to translate. For new words appearing in the text, the translator tried to figure them out by referring to paper dictionaries including Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, Collins Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary and online translation tools such as Google Translator, Eudic, Youdao Dictionary, etc. For other unsolved problems, the translator resorted to online resources from CNKI, Wikipedia, Baidu, Bing, etc.As a literary biography, the book contains a lot of delicate character descriptions such as psychological descriptions and appearance descriptions. On the one hand, the translator should ensure the accuracy of the target text; on the other hand, she should retain the author’s writing style and restore the image of each character as much as possible. Therefore, how to preserve the literariness of the original text and interpret the characters to the greatest extent in translation has presented a challenge. The translator consulted some parallel texts about character description in Chinese and tried her best to re-present the characters vividly.In addition, a variety of characters and works are involved in the original text, and most of them are renowned in the history of literature, so the translator searched for the conventional, well-established translation of the names with the help of the Internet. For characters closely related to the biographee, the translator got a rough idea of their life experience, works, thoughts, and relationship with the biographee through online resources to have a better command of the story background. For place names in the source text, the translator used the above-mentioned dictionaries and online tools to achieve accurate translation.For the major difficulties encountered in the translation of the source text, the translator took corresponding measures to solve them. For culture-loaded expressions, the translator searched the internet and books as much as possible to find the real meaning behind the expressions. For some polysemants, the translator consulted different dictionaries and put each meaning of a word into the context so as to choose the most appropriate meaning. For rhetorical devices, the translator read relevant bookslike Metaphors We Live By to have a good knowledge of each kind of rhetorical devices and to better translate them. For long and difficult sentences, the translator turned to translation textbooks and applied different techniques including diving and reordering in dealing with the problem.The process of translation is also the process of learning. In searching for new words and background information, the translator not only accumulated new knowledge and broadened her horizon, but also gained a deeper understanding of female literature and social culture in western countries.2.3 Quality ControlAfter translation, the translator compared her translation with the original text and polished her rendition carefully, including correcting the parts of mistranslation, correcting wrong words, checking punctuation marks, rewriting incoherent sentences and so on. The translator improved the version mainly from the aspects of words, sentences, and paragraphs. First is the translation of words. For uncertain translation of words, the translator put all the definitions the word has into the target text and chose the most appropriate meaning. Second is the translation of sentences. There are many long and difficult sentences in the source text. The smoothness of sentences and the coherence between them are of great importance. Third is the transition from paragraph to paragraph. The segmentation of the text is often accompanied by the shift of the scene. When translating, the transition should also be presented to the target readers. Besides, personal pronouns are also noteworthy. When the personal pronouns appear repeatedly, it is necessary to clearly indicate who the pronouns refer to.The translator also communicated with two co-translators to unify the translation style and the translation of names of people and places. In addition, she also annotated the difficult issues in translation and sought the advice and assistance from classmates and her supervisor.During the process of quality control, the translator repeatedly considered the context of some confusing points and revised the translation to reproduce the originalinformation accurately and make it more acceptable to Chinese readers.Chapter Three Case StudyIn this chapter, the translator first made a brief introduction to the theory applied during the translation of the source text, and then analyzed the four major problems encountered in the translation process, namely culture-loaded expressions, polysemants, rhetorical devices, and translation of difficult sentences, with the help of skopos theory and certain translation techniques.3.1 Introduction to Skopos TheorySkopos is a technical term in translation studies derived from Greek, meaning the “aim” or “purpose” of the action of translation. Skopos theory was first advanced by the German functionalist scholar Hans, J. Vermeer in the 1970s, and it has become a popular theoretical framework for translation assessment ever since (Munday, 2008).From the perspective of Vermeer, any action has an aim or purpose. Since translation is considered as one kind of human actions, it also has its aim or purpose. Therefore, Vermeer called this theory translation skopos theory, indicating that it is a theory of purposeful action.Skopos theory consists of three rules: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule.According to skopos theory, the first and primary rule of translation is the skopos rule, which means “the end justifies the means” (Nord, 2001). The basic element that can decide the process of the whole translation activity is skopos, which is further divided into three types: 1) the basic purpose of the translator, 2) the communicative purpose of the target text, 3) the purpose that specific translation strategy or method wants to achieve (Tan, 2005). But skopos is a term referring to the purpose of the target text, namely, the communicative purpose. To make clear the purpose of the sender and receiver is of great importance, because it is the purpose that determines what the target text should be like.After the skopos rule is the coherence rule, or the intra-textual coherence. It states that the target text should achieve full coherence so as to enable the target audience toread the text easily and clearly. This rule indicates that the TT “must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receiver’s situation” (Reiss & Vermeer, 1984). In other words, the knowledge and circumstances of the target readers should be taken into consideration during the translation process, thus improving the readability and acceptability of the translation.The fidelity rule is also called “inter-textual coherence”, which states that there must be coherence between the target text and the source text (Reiss & Vermeer, 1984). That is to say, the translation should conform to its source text. The fidelity rule is somewhat similar to the principle of faithfulness in other translation theories, but the degree and form of faithfulness to the original text depend on the purpose of translation.Among the three rules, the skopos rule is the most predominant, followed by the coherence rule (intra-textual coherence), and the fidelity rule (inter-textual coherence) last. A great advantage of skopos theory is that it enables the source text to be translated in various ways according to the purpose of the target text and the translator (Munday, 2008). As Vermeer (2004:234) put it, the translator should consistently and consciously render the original text in terms of some principle concerning the target text, but the principle is not invariable, it changes with different skopos and cases.In this project, the translator’s purpose of translating the source text is to introduce the content of the source text to Chinese readers; therefore, the target text should be readable and acceptable to Chinese readers, which means the cultural and social background as well as the expression habits of readers should be valued. At the same time, the language style of the ST author and her description of the biographee should be conveyed to target readers accurately, so that they can appreciate the original writing style of the source text while obtaining a full understanding of the characters in the biography. In view of the above points, the translator adopted the skopos theory as the guiding principle of her translation process.3.2 Translation of Culture-loaded ExpressionsCulture and language are closely related. Language is the carrier of culture. In thecourse of cultural transmission, the cultures of different nationalities have left strong marks on their language expression, which also leads to difficulties in translation (Yang, 2011). As a biography literature in the west, the source text involves a large number of culture-loaded expressions, which refers to words, phrases and idioms that express the unique cultural connotation of a nation, making the text more literary and vivid. An idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary). Imbued with rich cultural connotations, idioms have the characteristics of simplicity and vividness. For example, “let the cat out of the bag” is an idiom meaning “tell a secret by mistake”. Many studies have shown that the formation and development of idioms is closely related to cultural traditions, social environment and customs (Jia & Guan, 1996). Therefore, in the process of translating English idioms, due to insufficient understanding, translation errors often occur. To this end, when an idiom is translated, it should be combined with a specific context. Only by considering the local language and culture can we accurately express the original meaning of the sentence. When it comes to translating words and phrases with a cultural background, the translator should first grasp a full understanding of the background, and then appropriately supplement the translation with cultural background knowledge that Chinese readers may not know, so that the target readers can better accept it. Since the fundamental purpose of the translation is to present the accurate information of the source text in a way acceptable to Chinese target readers, the translator tended to apply the strategy of domestication to produce an easy-to-read target translation. But for some important or common cultural information, the translator tried to preserve the original form for the purpose of introducing foreign culture to target readers.3.2.1 Literal Translation with AnnotationLiteral translation, or word-for-word translation,means to keep the content and the form of the original text in the translation, especially the metaphor, image, and national flavor of the original text, when the target language conditions permit (Guo,2004). Literal translation is a basic approach used in translation since it can retain both the form and content of the original to the maximum.(1) ST: Mounseer Nongtongpaw is a comic-verse story about the blunders of an insular and absurdly thick John Bull when he travels to France during the brief peace of 1802–3. Addressing the French in English, he takes their ‘je n’entends pas’ to be information about a grandee called Nongtongpaw.TT:《约翰牛巴黎之旅的发现》以打油诗的形式，讲述了在1802年至1803年短暂的和平时期，一个孤陋寡闻、口音浓重的约翰牛（指典型的英国人）在法国旅行时所犯的一些愚蠢的错误。
浙江大学张利 英汉翻译_讲稿_1002
Yan Fu’s Criteria
Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a translation to be faithful to the original is difficult enough, and yet if it is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required…
Principle of translation
Yan Fu
Fu’s Criteria
Lei’s and Qian Zhongshu’s Criteria
F. Tytler‘ Criteria
Alexander
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Yan Fu’s Criteria
Yan Fu was the first Chinese who made a penetrating（敏锐的） and relatively systematic（系统的） study of translation standard in modern times. Writing in 1898 in the preface（前言） of his own translation of Thomas Henry‟s Evolution and Ethics（《天演论》）, Yan laid down the following criteria（ 标准）:
3
1. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, cross- cultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 2. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单 地说，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确 地复述出来的一种艺术。
笔译三级英语作文模板
笔译三级英语作文模板英文回答：I. Introduction。
Translation is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and linguistic context of the text being translated. As a translator, it is essential to possess strong linguistic skills, cultural sensitivity, and a thorough understanding of the subject matter being translated. In addition, translators must be able to work independently and meet deadlines, while maintaining high standards of accuracy and quality.II. The Process of Translation。
The process of translation typically involves the following steps:1. Analysis: The translator carefully examines the source text to identify its meaning, structure, and style.2. Interpretation: The translator interprets the meaning of the source text into the target language, taking into account the cultural and linguistic differences between the two languages.3. Drafting: The translator creates a draft translation that is faithful to the meaning of the source text, while also being clear, concise, and stylistically appropriate in the target language.4. Revision: The translator carefully reviews the draft translation, checking for accuracy, completeness, and consistency.5. Proofreading: Once the translation is complete, it is proofread by a second translator or editor to ensurethat it is free from errors.III. Challenges in Translation。
带我们参观翻译英语
带我们参观翻译英语A Tour of Translation English。
Translation English is a specialized field that involves the conversion of text from one language to another. It is a complex process that requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as cultural nuances and idiomatic expressions. In this article, we will take a tour of translation English and explore the various aspects of this fascinating field.The Basics of Translation English。
At its core, translation English involves taking a piece of text in one language and rendering it into another language while maintaining the original meaning and intent. This can be done for a variety of purposes, such as to facilitate communication between people who speak different languages, to provide access to information in another language, or to enable the dissemination of literature andother forms of art across linguistic barriers.The process of translation English typically involves several steps. First, the translator must analyze thesource text to understand its meaning and intent. This requires a deep understanding of the source language, aswell as the cultural and social context in which the text was written. Once the translator has a clear understandingof the source text, they can begin the process of rendering it into the target language.One of the key challenges of translation English is the need to maintain the meaning and intent of the source text while also adapting it to the target language and culture. This requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as an appreciation for thecultural and social differences that may exist between them.The Role of the Translator in Translation English。
中国的翻译理论简介
著名文学翻译家鲁迅
傅雷主要译作：伏尔泰、巴尔扎克、罗曼·罗兰 的重要作品。有《约翰·克利斯朵夫》 、传记 《贝多芬传》 、 《托尔斯泰传》 、 《米开朗琪 罗传》；巴尔扎克名著《高老头》 、 《欧也 妮·葛朗台》 、 《贝姨》 、 《邦斯舅舅》 、 《夏倍上校》 、 《幻灭》 ；伏尔泰的《老实 人》 、 《天真汉》 ；梅里美的《嘉尔曼》 、 《高龙巴》等等共三十余部作品。
南怀仁
南怀仁为清朝廷制造的6件天文仪器，至今还保存 在北京古观象台上。在南怀仁逝世300周年的时候， 中国政府向比利时鲁汶大学南怀仁基金会赠送了 “天球仪”（即南怀仁设计制造的大型天文仪器之 一）的模型，至今保存在南怀仁厅前。
比利时鲁汶大学建立的怀仁厅
中国近代翻译家之一：严复
严复（1854年1月8日－1921年10月27日）乳名体干，初名传初， 改名宗光，字又陵，后名复，字几道，晚号野老人，福建侯官 （后并入闽县，称为闽侯，今福州市）人。他系统地将西方的社 会学、政治学、政治经济学、哲学和自然科学介绍到中国，是清 末很有影响的资产阶级启蒙思想家，翻译家和教育家，是中国近 代史上向西方国家寻找真理的“先进的中国人”之一。
二十世纪中国学派的六大翻译理论
第一个翻译理论家是严复，他在《天演论》(Evolution and Ethics and other Essays)中提 出了“译事有三难：信、达、雅”（ faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance） ，即“信、 达、雅”三原则。这三个字的影响之大，可以说是“世界之罪”。因为二十世纪的中国译 者几乎没有不受这三个字影响的 (已衍生出“信达切”(刘重德)、“信达贴”（蔡思果）、 “信达优”（许渊冲）、“信达似”（裘克安）、信达+X等) 。“信”是强调译文必须忠 实于原文，“达”是强调译文应该通顺易懂，“雅”在严复时代指的是桐城派风格，现在 一般赋予“雅”新的涵义，即要求译文有文才。
了解其他人英语作文翻译
As a high school student with a passion for languages, Ive always been fascinated by the art of translation. Its not just about converting words from one language to another its about capturing the essence, the spirit, and the cultural nuances of the original text. My journey into the world of English essay translation has been an enlightening one, filled with challenges and rewards.I remember the first time I attempted to translate an English essay. It was a piece about the beauty of autumn, written with such vivid imagery that I could almost feel the crisp air and see the leaves turning golden. Translating it was a daunting task. I had to find the right words in my native language that could evoke the same feelings and paint the same picture as the original text.I started by reading the essay multiple times to understand its structure and the emotions it conveyed. Then, I began the translation process, carefully choosing each word and phrase. It was a meticulous process, as I wanted to ensure that the translation was not only accurate but also maintained the poetic beauty of the original text.One of the challenges I faced was dealing with idiomatic expressions and cultural references that might not have a direct equivalent in my language.I had to find creative ways to convey the same meaning without losing the essence of the original text. This often involved consulting with native speakers, using online resources, and sometimes even making educated guesses based on the context.Another challenge was maintaining the flow and rhythm of the original essay. English and my native language have different sentence structures and grammatical rules, so I had to be mindful of these differences while translating. I had to rearrange sentences, adjust word order, and sometimes even rephrase entire passages to ensure that the translation read smoothly and naturally.Despite the challenges, the process of translation was also incredibly rewarding. It allowed me to delve deeper into the language and appreciate the subtleties and complexities of both English and my native language. It also helped me develop a greater understanding of the cultural context behind the text, as I had to consider how certain phrases and expressions might be perceived by readers from different backgrounds.Over time, Ive become more proficient in translation and have tackled a variety of English essays, ranging from personal narratives to academic papers. Each translation project has taught me something new and has honed my skills as a translator.One of the most memorable translations Ive done was an essay about the impact of technology on society. The original text was filled with technical jargon and complex ideas, making it a challenging piece to translate. However, I found that breaking down the concepts into simpler terms and explaining them in a way that was accessible to a wider audience made the translation process more manageable.In another instance, I translated a heartfelt essay about overcomingpersonal challenges. The authors raw emotions and personal experiences resonated with me, and I felt a deep sense of responsibility to convey those emotions accurately in the translation. It was a humbling experience, as it reminded me of the power of language to connect people and share stories across cultures.In conclusion, translating English essays has been a transformative experience for me. It has not only improved my language skills but also broadened my perspective and deepened my appreciation for the art of translation. Its a skill that requires patience, creativity, and a keen understanding of both languages and cultures. As I continue to explore this fascinating field, I look forward to the challenges and rewards that lie ahead.。
catti翻译大赛初赛真题
catti翻译大赛初赛真题一、单项选择1. Which of the following statements about who is responsible for any error that might occur in the process of translation or interpreting is wrong?A. Translators must take all errors seriously no matter whether they occur in the source language or in the target language and correct them promptly.B. Once an interpreter finds that the speaker has made an obvious factual or logical mistake, he/she should correct it in his/her interpretation in a timely manner.C. When someone points out a mistake in the interpretation, the interpreter should immediately admit and correct it.D. If your translation needs to be revised by others, the quality of the translation remains your responsibility, including the errors that have occurred in the revised part.解析：本道题考查了翻译职业道德。
本道题设问较复杂，但并不难理解，抓住关键词“error that may occur in the process of translation”可知，本道题考查选手如何应对翻译过程中出现的错误。
教案5：翻译的过程
The Process of Translation翻译的过程1. Hatim &Mason's View:Hatim &Mason states in their book “Discourse and The Translator”:“Aids to translators are improving all the time, but the basic problems faced by translators in their work remain the same. In broad and general terms, these can be listed as follows:(1) Comprehension of source text:(a) parsing of text (grammar and lexis)(b) access to specialised knowledge(c) access to intended meaning(2) Transfer of meaning(a) relaying lexical meaning(b) relaying grammatical meaning(c) relaying rhetorical meaning, including implied or inferrable meaning, for potential readers.(3) Assessment of target text:(a) readability(b) conforming to generic and discoursal conventions(c) judging adequacy of translation for specified purpose.” (2001: 21)2. Peter Newmark's View：the SL text levelthe process the referential levelthe cohesive levelthe level of naturalness1.文本层次（the SL text level）----指原文的字面意思。
英汉文化差异对英汉字幕翻译的影响——以《傲慢与偏见》为例
The Influence of Cultural Differences Between Chinese and English on E-C Subtitle Translation: A Case Study of Pride andPrejudice摘要《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简•奥斯丁的作品，也是18世纪最杰出的小说之一。
之后，小说被拍成电影，深受中国广观众的喜爱。
由于作者的生长环境、时代背景、文化观念与中国文化有巨大差别。
中国观众对18世纪英国社会不熟悉，他们很难了解一些情节与台词。
这就需要字幕翻译者在翻译时跨越文化的隔阂，促进中国观众的理解。
随着文化翻译理论的兴起，翻译者能够更好的将不同文化作品中的内容进行呈现，也为文学翻译提供了一个崭新的思路。
对于译者来说，文学翻译之难是众所周知的。
由于文化的差异，文学翻译的效果会有区别，译者在翻译的过程中需要着重研究当时的社会环境和人文环境，根据体的环境选择相应的翻译策略，减轻观众的理解负担。
本论文共分为5个章节，第一章主要陈述本论文的研究背景、研究问题。
第二章节介绍了文化翻译理论的研究现状。
第三章介绍了中西方的文化差异。
第四章是从文化翻译理论视角来探讨《傲慢与偏见》中的策略选择。
最后一章是总结研究的主要发现。
关键词：文化翻译理论；《傲慢与偏见》；电影字幕；翻译策略AbstractPride and Prejudice is one of the most outstanding novels of the 18th century by the British writer Jane Austen. After that, the novel was made into a film and was deeply loved by Chinese audiences. Because of the great differences between the author's growth environment, era background and cultural concept and Chinese culture, Chinese audiences are not familiar with the 18th century British society, and it is difficult for them to understand some plots and lines. This requires subtitle translators to cross cultural barriers and promote the understanding of Chinese audiences.With the rise of cultural translation theory, translators can better present the contents of different cultural works, and also provide a new idea for literary translation. For translators, the difficulty of literary translation is well known. Due to cultural differences, the effect of literary translation will be different. In the process of translation, translators need to focus on the social and cultural environment at that time, and choose corresponding translation strategies according to the context of the body to reduce the burden of understanding of the audience. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter mainly states the research background and problems of this paper. The second chapter introduces the research status of cultural translation theory. The third chapter introduces the cultural differences between China and the West. Chapter four explores the strategic choices in Pride and Prejudice from the perspective of cultural translation theory. The last chapter summarizes the main findings of the study.Key words:cultural translation theory; Pride and Prejudice; film subtitles; translation strategyContents1.Introduction.............................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
计算机辅助翻译
涉外商贸学院A Translation Report of TRADOS Computer aided translation software translation practiceAcademy: School of foreign language and literatureName: 梁嘉欣霍罗娜陈兵杨忠谕杨志平Class: Class 13，2013Supervisor: Mr. WangA Translation Report of TRADOS Computer aided translation software translation practice Quotation ：TRADOS, as a kind of CAT software, TRADOS is a major breakthrough in technology development process in the process of translation, is widely used in the field of translation. Its name is taken from three English words. They are: Translation, Documentation and Software. Through these three meanings of English words, we can imagine "TRADOS" the name is still very intent. Because this is precisely reflects the TRADOS software the function and purpose.1. The process of translationTRADOS Computer Aided Translation software plays important role in translation. Which can help the translators present their fruits of translation to an audience in the public in an excellent, high-quality, effective way. The process of translation is as follows:First, open the SDL Trados Studio 2011.Second, create Translation Memory, change source language into English, and target language is Chinese.Third, open the original text, and be going to translate the passage by TRADOS 2011.Fourth, right click in target language, and a sentence of one language pair are copied over from source language to target language or you can use the shortcut key—Ctrl + Insert.Fifth, when you finish all of translation, click “Document”, then click Save as the target language, or shift+F12, let the version preserve on desktop.2. The analysis of translationIn some cases, intelligent people implementing intelligent policies are responsible for producing a "boomerang effect"; they actually create more of whatever it is they seek to reduce in the first place.在某些情况下,聪明的人采用聪明的策略负责生产“反向效应”;实际上他们创造的远比原本想要的减少的多。
汉语翻译英语作文
汉语翻译英语作文Title: Chinese-English Translation。
Translation is the process of transferring meaning from one language to another. It is an essential skill intoday's globalized world, where people from different cultures and languages need to communicate effectively. As a Chinese speaker, I have had to translate many documents and conversations from Chinese to English and vice versa. In this essay, I will discuss the challenges and benefits of Chinese-English translation.One of the main challenges of Chinese-English translation is the vast difference between the two languages. Chinese is a tonal language with a complex writing system, while English is an alphabetic language with a simpler writing system. The grammar and syntax of the two languages are also very different. This makes it difficult to convey the exact meaning of a sentence or phrase from one language to another. For example, Chinesehas many idioms and expressions that do not have direct equivalents in English, and vice versa.Another challenge of Chinese-English translation is cultural differences. Chinese culture is very different from Western culture, and this can affect the meaning of words and phrases. For example, the concept of "face" is very important in Chinese culture, but it does not have an exact equivalent in English. This can make it difficult to translate Chinese documents or conversations accurately.Despite these challenges, there are many benefits to Chinese-English translation. One of the main benefits is the ability to communicate with people from different cultures and languages. In today's globalized world, this is essential for business, travel, and personal relationships. Translation allows us to bridge the gap between different languages and cultures, and to understand each other better.Another benefit of Chinese-English translation is the ability to learn new languages and cultures. When wetranslate from one language to another, we are forced to think deeply about the meaning of words and phrases. This can help us to learn new vocabulary and grammar rules, and to understand the cultural context of different languages.In conclusion, Chinese-English translation is a challenging but rewarding skill. It requires a deep understanding of both languages and cultures, as well as a willingness to learn and adapt. With the increasing globalization of our world, the demand for skilled translators will only continue to grow. As a Chinese speaker, I am proud to be able to contribute to this important field.。
合作英语翻译
合作英语翻译Cooperative TranslationCooperative translation refers to the process of translating documents or content with the help of others. It involves collaboration and cooperation among a group of people who work together to ensure accurate and effective translation.In cooperative translation, each person has a specific role and responsibility. Some may act as translators, while others may review and edit the translated text. This division of labor helps to ensure that the translation is done efficiently and accurately.One advantage of cooperative translation is the ability to take advantage of different skills and expertise. For example, one person may be proficient in the source language, while another may be a native speaker of the target language. By working together, they can bring their unique strengths to the translation process and produce a high-quality result.Another benefit of cooperative translation is the opportunity for feedback and discussion. As each person contributes to the translation, they can provide suggestions and make improvements. This collaborative approach helps to refine the translation and ensure that it meets the intended purpose and audience. Cooperative translation also promotes learning and growth. By working with others, translators can learn from each other's experiences and expertise. They can exchange knowledge and techniques, which can enhance their own skills and contribute totheir professional development.To ensure effective cooperative translation, clear communication and coordination are essential. Translators need to establish guidelines and standards for the translation process. They should agree on terminology, formatting, and other aspects to ensure consistency and coherence in the final translation.Technology also plays a significant role in cooperative translation. Online platforms and tools can facilitate communication and collaboration among translators. For example, they can use cloud-based platforms to share files and communicate in real time. Translation memory systems can help maintain consistency and accelerate the translation process.However, despite the advantages, there are also challenges in cooperative translation. Communication problems, conflicts of interest, and differences in working styles can occur. Translators need to be flexible, open-minded, and willing to compromise to overcome these challenges and achieve successful cooperation.In conclusion, cooperative translation is a collaborative approach to translating documents or content. It harnesses the skills and expertise of multiple translators to produce accurate and effective translations. By working together, translators can learn from each other and produce high-quality translations that meet the needs of their clients or audiences.。
汉译英范文
汉译英范文IntroductionTranslation is the process of converting a text from one language to another. It is an important tool for communication between people who speak different languages. In this article, we will provide some examples of Chinese to English translations to help readers understand the process of translation. Example 1原文：他是一个很有才华的音乐家，他的音乐作品深受人们喜爱。
翻译：He is a very talented musician, and his music works are deeply loved by people.In this example, the Chinese sentence is translated into English using a simple senten ce structure. The translator has used the word “talented” to describe the musician, which is a common way to express admiration for someone’s abilities in English. The phrase “deeply loved by people” is also a common expression in English to describe something that is very popular. Example 2原文：这个城市的夜景非常美丽，每年都吸引着大量的游客。
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1. Understanding
• Read the original text for 3 times. • 1.skim the text with an aim to get the general meaning of the text and mark the difficult words and sentences. • 2.a close reading in which each word each sentence each paragraph is studied and each problem of understanding is solved. • 3.read the text for the third time and pay attention to the big picture of the original text to avoid just seeing the trees of a forest.
• 融融夜色中，熟睡的古城上空远远传来尖 塔守夜人清晰的报时声： • “三… …点… …喽… …一切平安喽！”
• Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5. • 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个框内而任意 乱扔的人将处以罚款5英镑。
• 汤姆猛地站了起来，动作异常敏捷。 • The present crisis in that country is no ordinary economic crisis which will pass away in time leaving everything much as it was before. • 这个国家当前的经济危机根本不是一般的 经济危机，过些时候就会过去，然后和以 往一样。
The Process of Translation
• • • • •
Nida’s four steps: 1.analyzing 2.transferring 3.restructuring 4. checking
• Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. • 因为空气有重量，它施加作用力上任何物 体处于空气中。 • 因为空气有重量，处于空气中的任何物体 都会受到空气的作用力。 • 因为空气有重量，所以处于空气中的任何 物体都会受到空气的作用力。
• The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. • 山开始投它们的长长的蓝色影子在山谷上。 • 山开始向山谷投下蓝色长影。 • 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蓝色长影。
• • • •
The domestic scholars ： understanding correctly expressing constructively checking
• Mencius had a large audience • 蒙休斯有许多学生。 • O Henry was sent to the West, and then he escaped to South America. • 欧亨利先被押解到了美国西部，后来他逃 到南部去了。
• Tom leaped to his feet, moving with surprising agility. • 汤姆纵身跳了起来，他来回走动，显得很 灵巧，这使人感到吃惊。
Hale Waihona Puke • 她怀孕好几个月了。她快要临产了。 • 想和我打架，告诉他们我奉陪，我随时奉 陪。
• Clothes or no clothes, I can read you like a book. • 穿什么衣服，不穿什么衣服，又有什么关 系，我知道你这种人，我一看就明白，就 像看书一样清楚。
• 不管你是否伪装，我都能读懂你的心思。
• Distant but distinct in the warm darkness the voice of the watchman in the steeple called to the sleeping old city. • “three…o’clock…and all’s well.” • 在温暖的黑暗中，从远处清晰传来尖塔看 守人对沉睡中的旧城喊叫的声音。 • “三… …点… …钟… …一切平安！” • 《斯佳丽 》上海译文出版社
• 垃圾入筐，违者罚款5英镑。
• 一般性的经济危机过一段时间就会结束， 然后一切恢复如初，但该国的这场经济危 机绝非一般性经济危机。
Expressing
• Be faithful and smooth. • She is very pregnant. • Gonna fight with me? Tell’em I’m ready for it. I’m always ready for it.
checking
• For the first time we should compare our translation with the original text to see whether there are some words or sentences that have been forgotten to be translated and to see whether there are some mistakes in the translation. • For the second time we should just read the translation to see whether it is smooth in Chinese.