Lispro administered by the QS-M Needle-Free Jet Injector generates an earlier insulin exposure

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SANSI 产品安装说明书

customer service.
WARNING: RISK OF FIRE AND SHOCK. Do not connect the module 02 to any other circuits or outlets. CAUTION: RISK OF FIRE AND SHOCK. ONLY intended for use on 15 ampere branch circuits. CAUTION: RISK OF FIRE AND SHOCK. Do not install power supply cord 13 within wall cavity.
This Cable Kit is designed to fit into both interior and exterior walls constructed with:
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Minimum Space into Wall: 3 in. Stud
Minimum Drywall Thickness: 1/2 in. (MAX: 1 in.)
swallowed. Before starting assembly, verify all parts are included and undamaged. If any parts are missing or damaged, do not return the damaged item to your dealer; contact Customer Service. Never use damaged parts!
13
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胰岛素的使用

理想的速效胰岛素类似物应具备的特性
无免疫原性，不引起免疫反应化学性质稳定可与长效胰岛素或胰岛素类似物混合使用，不影响彼
此药效
代谢作用明显强于促进细胞有丝分裂作用
促进外周组织对葡萄糖的利用
作用时间：皮下注射后30－60分钟血浓度达峰值，药
效持续时间少于4 h
制备速效胰岛素类似物的策略
得出"超速"及"超缓"的胰岛素类似物
速效胰岛素类似物
胰岛素多聚体及单体
药用制剂中的胰岛素处于六聚体状态，主要由于浓度过高所致
六聚体外形似一个压扁了的球，直径约5 nm，高度约3.5 nm，由3个相同的二聚体组成胰岛素注射至皮下后扩散至组织间隙液中，逐渐稀释，离解为二聚体及单体，然后透过毛细血管被吸收入血血循环中的胰岛素处于单体状态，可直接发挥生物学效应
锌混悬剂缓效胰岛素(50年代期)
Hallas-Moller，1952年单加锌，不加鱼精蛋白，亦可延长胰岛素的作用在pH中性条件下，加入过量的锌锌含量：0.15 ~ 0.20 mg/100 iu 可使胰岛素处于结晶状态，注入皮下后，再溶解，然后被吸
收按制备方法的不同，可有不同的制剂：半缓胰岛素(semi-lente)，属作用较快的中效制剂，胰岛素处于不定形细粒状态，注射后可较快再溶解，被吸收特慢胰岛素(ultra-lente)，属长效制剂胰岛素，处于结晶状态，颗粒较大，再溶解较慢缓效胰岛素(lente) 以上两种制剂的混合，其作用介于中效及长效之间
Insulin lispro is equipotent to reglular
human insulin:
Binding to human placental insulin

On incremental file system development

On Incremental File System DevelopmentEREZ ZADOK,RAKESH IYER,NIKOLAI JOUKOV,GOP ALAN SIVA THANU,AND CHARLES P.WRIGHT1.INTRODUCTIONData management is a fundamental facility provided by the operating system(OS).File systems are tasked with the bulk of data management,including storing data on disk(or over the network)and naming(i.e.,translating a user-visible name such as/usr/src into an on-disk object).File systems are complex,and it is difﬁcult to enhance them. Furthermore,OS vendors are reluctant to make major changes to aﬁle system,because ﬁle system bugs have the potential to corrupt all data on a machine.Becauseﬁle system development is so difﬁcult,extendingﬁle system functionality in an incremental manner is valuable.Incremental development also makes it possible for a third-party software developer to releaseﬁle system improvements,without developing a wholeﬁle system from scratch.Originally,ﬁle systems were thoroughly integrated into the OS,and system calls di-rectly invokedﬁle system methods.This architecture made it difﬁcult to add multipleﬁle systems.The introduction of a virtual node or vnode provided a layer of abstraction that separates the core of the OS fromﬁle systems[Kleiman1986].Eachﬁle is represented in2·Zadok et al.memory by a vnode.A vnode has an operations vector that deﬁnes several operations that the OS can call,thereby allowing the OS to add and remove types ofﬁle systems at run-time.Most current OSes use something similar to the vnode interface,and the number of ﬁle systems supported by the OS has grown accordingly.For example,Linux2.6supports over30ﬁle systems and many more are maintained outside of the ofﬁcial kernel tree. Clearly deﬁning the interface between the OS andﬁle systems makes interposition pos-sible.A layered,or stackable,ﬁle system creates a vnode with its own operations vector to be interposed on another vnode.Each time one of the layeredﬁle system’s operations is invoked,the layeredﬁle system maps its own vnode to a lower-level vnode,and then calls the lower-level vnode’s operation.To add functionality,the layeredﬁle system can perform additional operations before or after the lower-level operation(e.g.,encrypting data before a write or decrypting data after a read).The key advantage of layeredﬁle systems is that they can change the functionality of a commodity OS at runtime so hard-to-develop lower-levelﬁle systems do not need to be changed.This is important,because OS developers often resist change,especially toﬁle systems where bugs can cause data loss. Rosenthal was among theﬁrst to propose layering as a method of extendingﬁle sys-tems[Rosenthal1990;1992].To enable layering,Rosenthal radically changed the VFS in-ternals of SunOS.Each public vnodeﬁeld was converted into a method;and all knowledge of vnode types(e.g.,directory vs.regularﬁle)was removed from the core OS.Researchers at UCLA independently developed another layering infrastructure[Heidemann and Popek 1991;1994]that placed an emphasis on light-weight layers and extensibility.The original pioneers of layering envisioned creating building blocks that could be composed together to create more sophisticated and richﬁle systems.For example,the directory-name lookup cache(DNLC)could simply be implemented as aﬁle system layer,which returns results on a cache hit,but passes operations down on a miss[Skinner and Wong1993]. Layering has not commonly been used to create and compose building-blockﬁle sys-tems,but instead has been widely used to add functionality rapidly and portably to existing ﬁle systems.Many applications of layeredﬁle system are features that could be imple-mented as part of the VFS(e.g.,uniﬁcation),but for practical reasons it is easier to develop them as layeredﬁle systems.Several OSes have been designed to support layeredﬁle sys-tems,including Solaris,FreeBSD,and Windows.Several layeredﬁle systems are available for Linux,even though it was not originally designed to support them.Many users use lay-eredﬁle systems unknowingly as part of Antivirus solutions[Symantec2004;Miretskiy et al.2004],and Windows XP’s system restore feature[Harder2001].On Unix,a null-layerﬁle system is used to provide support for accessing one directory through multiple paths.When the layer additionally modiﬁes the data,useful new functionality like encryp-tion[Corner and Noble2002;Halcrow2004]or compression[Zadok et al.2001]can be added.Another class of layeredﬁle systems,called fan out,operates directly on top of several lower-levelﬁle systems.For example,uniﬁcationﬁle systems merge the contents of several directories[Pendry and McKusick1995;Wright et al.2006].Fanoutﬁle systems can also be used for replication,load-balancing,failover,snapshotting,and caching. The authors of this paper have overﬁfteen years of combined experience developing layeredﬁle systems on four OSes:Solaris,FreeBSD,Linux,and Windows.We have developed more than twenty layeredﬁle systems that provide encryption,compression, versioning,tracing,antivirus,uniﬁcation,snapshotting,replication,checksumming,and more.ACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.On Incremental File System Development·3 The rest of this paper is organized as follows.In Section2we survey alternative tech-niques to enhanceﬁle system functionality.In Section3we describe four models of layered ﬁle system development.We then proceed to describeﬁve broad classes of layeredﬁle sys-tems in Section4.In Section5we describeﬁve general problems and their solutions that are useful for all types of layeredﬁle systems.We conclude in Section6with guiding principles for future OS and layeredﬁle system developers.2.RELA TED WORKIn this section we describe alternatives to achieve the extensibility offered by layeredﬁle systems.We discuss four classes of related works based on the level at which extensibility is achieved:in hardware,in the device driver,at the system-call level,or in user-level programs.We have a detailed discussion of layeredﬁle system infrastructures in Section3. Hardware level.Slice[Anderson et al.2000]is a storage system architecture for high speed networks with network-attached block storage.Slice interposes a piece of code called a switchingﬁlter in the network hardware to route packets among a group of servers. Slice appears to the upper level as a single block-oriented storage device.High-level con-trol information(e.g.,ﬁles)is unavailable to interposition code at the hardware level,and therefore cannot perform optimizations for speciﬁc devices.Semantically-Smart Disk Systems(SDSs)[Sivathanu et al.2003]attempt to provide ﬁle-system–like functionality without modifying theﬁle system.Knowledge of a speciﬁc ﬁle system is embedded into the storage device,and the device provides additional func-tionality that would traditionally be implemented in theﬁle system.Such systems are relatively easy to deploy,because they do not require modiﬁcations to existingﬁle system yeredﬁle systems share a similar goal in terms of reusing and leveraging existing infrastructures.Unlike a layeredﬁle system,an SDS is closely tied to the format of theﬁle system running on top of it,so porting SDSs to newﬁle systems is difﬁcult.Device-driver level.Software RAID and Logical V olume Managers(LVMs)introduce another layer of abstraction between the storage hardware and theﬁle system.They provide additional features such as increased reliability and performance,while appearing to the ﬁle system as a simple disk,which makes them easy to deploy in existing infrastructure. For example,on Linux a Cryptoloop devices uses a loopback block driver to encrypt data stored on a disk or in aﬁle.A newﬁle system is then created within the Cryptoloop device. Anyﬁle system can run on top of a block device-driver extension.However,block device extensions cannot exploit the control information(e.g.,names)that is available at theﬁle system level.System-call level.SLIC[Ghormley et al.1998]is a protected extensibility system for OSes that uses interposition techniques to enable the addition of a large class of untrusted extensions to existing code.Several OS extensions can be implemented using SLIC such as encryptionﬁle systems and a protected environment for binary execution.The Inter-position Agents toolkit[Jones1993],developed by Microsoft Research,allows a user’s code to be written in terms of high-level objects provided by this interface.The toolkit was designed to ease interposing code between the clients and the instances of the system interface to facilitate adding new functionality likeﬁle reference tracing,customizableﬁle system views,etc.to existing systems.Similarly,Mediating Connectors[Balzer and Gold-man1999]is a system call(and library call)wrapper mechanism for Windows NT thatACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.4·Zadok et al.allows users to trap API calls.System call interposition techniques rely on the communication channel between user-space and the kernel,and hence cannot handle operations that bypass that channel(e.g., mmap operations and their associated page faults).Also,interposing at the system call level results in overhead for all system calls even if only a subset of kernel components (e.g.,theﬁle system)need to be interposed.User level.Gray-box Information and Control Layers(ICL)[Arpaci-Dusseau and Arpaci-Dusseau2001]extend the functionality of OSes by acquiring information about their in-ternal state.ICLs provide OS-like functionality without modifying existing OS code. Dust[Burnett et al.2002]is a direct application of ICLs that uses gray-box knowledge of the OS’s buffer cache management policy to optimize application performance.For ex-ample,if a Web serverﬁrst services Web pages that are believed to be in the OS buffer cache,then both average response time and throughput can be improved.Blaze’s CFS is a cryptographicﬁle system that is implemented as a user-level NFS server[Blaze1993].The OS’s unmodiﬁed NFS client mounts the NFS server over the loopback network interface.The SFS toolkit[Mazi´e res2001]aims to simplify Unixﬁle system extensibility by allowing development ofﬁle systems at the user ing the toolkit,one can implement a simple user-level NFS server and redirect localﬁle system operations into the user level implementation.The popularity of the SFS toolkit demon-strates that developers have observed the complexity of modifying existing time-testedﬁle systems.SiRiUS[Goh et al.2003],aﬁle system for securing remote untrusted storage, and Dabek’s CFS[Dabek et al.2001],a wide area cooperativeﬁle system,were built using the SFS toolkit.Filesystem in Userspace[Szeredi2005],or FUSE,is a hybrid approach that consists of two parts:(1)a standard kernel-levelﬁle system which passes calls to a user-level demon,and(2)a library to easily developﬁle-system–speciﬁc FUSE demons.Developing newﬁle systems with FUSE is relatively simple because the user-level demon can issue normal system calls(e.g.,read)to service a VFS call(e.g.,vfsOn Incremental File System Development·5 YERING MODELSOn Unix,the idea of layering evolved from the vnode interface[Kleiman1986],initially implemented in SunOS in1984.Most of today’s layeredﬁle system models use a vnode interface.Microsoft Windows,on the other hand,uses a message-passing layering model. We describe three Unix models and the Windows model here;these cover the full range of popular or commodity models available.In Section3.1we describe Rosenthal’s object-oriented model.In Section3.2we describe the model contemporaneously developed at UCLA.In Section3.3we describe the layering model found in three modern Unix systems (Linux,FreeBSD,and Solaris).In Section3.4we describe the Windows2000and Win-dows XP message-passing layering model.We present a summary table of the features offered by each layering model in Section3.5.3.1Rosenthal’s Layering ModelIn1990,Rosenthal developed an experimental prototype of a new VFS for SunOS[Rosen-thal1990]with the goal of layering vnodes,so thatﬁle systems can be composed of build-ing blocks.Rosenthal identiﬁed two distinct types of layering.Theﬁrst,shown in Fig-ure1(a),is interposition in which a higher-level vnode is called before the lower-level vn-ode,and can modify the lower-level vnode’s arguments,operation,and results.Today,this is commonly called linear layering or linear stacking.The second,shown in Figure1(b) is composition in which a higher-level vnode performs operations on several lower-level vnodes.Today,this is commonly called fan out.(a)Linear(b)Fan out(c)Fan inFig.1.Types of layering.In a linear layer all operations are intercepted by the top-level vnode,A,and A passes it to a single vnode below.In fan-out,all operations go through the top-level vnode,A,but there are two or more lower-level vnodes.In fan-in,some operations go through the top-level vnode,A,before going to the lower-level vnode,B,but some operations can bypass A and directly access B.Rosenthal introduced two key abstractions to support vnode layering:push and pop for inserting and removing vnodes from a stack.All vnode operations go through the highest-level vnode.Rosenthal replaced all visible attributes in the vnode structure with methods so that layeredﬁle systems could intercept them.Push inserts a vnode at the top of a stack of vnodes,so that all operations destined for the stack of vnodes go to the new top vnode. The top vnode may in turn call the vnodes that are below it.Pop performs the opposite operation:the top vnode from a stack is removed and operations go directly to the lower-level vnode.Two newﬁelds were added to the vnode structure:v above.ACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.6·Zadok et al.The vtop pointer points to the highest level vnode in the stack.All vnode operations go through the highest-level vnode,hence every vnode in the stack essentially becomes an alias to the highest-level vnode.Unfortunately,this prevents fan-in access(shown in Figure1(c)),in which a user process accesses the lower-levelﬁle system directly.Fan-in access is necessary when applications need to access unmodiﬁed data;for example, a backup program should write encrypted data(stored on the lower-levelﬁle system)to tape,not the unencrypted data(accessible through the top layer).Rosenthal also suggested several layeredﬁle system building blocks,but did not implement any of them for his prototype.Rosenthal proposed a set of requirements for a layered vnode interface[Rosenthal1992]. To support interposition,he concluded that the OS must support replacing a vnode’s op-erations vector and private data for each interposer.Moreover,all vnode operations must be mitigated through the operations vector.To support composition,Rosenthal concluded that vnodes must support transactions.The vnode interfaces assumes that each operation is atomic[Kleiman1986].However,to compose twoﬁle systems together,two distinct lower-level vnode operations must be called;thus the overall operation is not atomic. Later,a vnode interface for SunOS based on Rosenthal’s interposition and several exam-pleﬁle systems were developed[Skinner and Wong1993].Of particular note is that some existing VFS operations took multiple vnode arguments,making it impossible to determine which vnode’s operations vector should handle the operation.For example,link would take two vnode arguments,the parent directory and the vnode to insert into that directory. To make each vnode control all of its operations,Skinner and Wong decomposed these larger vnode operations into smaller operations to manage vnode link counts,to update di-rectory entries,and to create objects.Skinner and Wong’s prototype dealt with issues that Rosenthal did not,including concurrency,locking,and per-mount operations.They also developedﬁle system components in a layered manner.Skinner and Wong’s implementa-tion of mount and unmount is a particularly elegant example of push and pop.The OS’s name-lookup code no longer needs special code for mount points.The root vnode of the ﬁle system to be mounted is simply pushed on top of the covered vnode.To unmount aﬁle system,its root vnode is simply popped from the stack.The directory-name–lookup cache was also implemented as an interposition layer.3.2UCLA’s Layering ModelIn the early1990s,Heidemann and Popek also developed an infrastructure for layeredﬁle system development at UCLA[Heidemann and Popek1991;1994].The UCLA model emphasized general VFS extensibility and the ability to compose many small and efﬁcient building block layers into more sophisticatedﬁle system services.The UCLA model sug-gests that each separate service should be its own layer.For example,UFS should be divided into at least three different layers:(1)managing disk partitions,(2)aﬁle storage layer providing arbitrary-lengthﬁles referenced by a unique identiﬁer(i.e.,inode number), and(3)a hierarchical directory component.Breaking up aﬁle system like UFS would allow interposition at several points.For example,an intrusion-detection layer could be inserted above the directory component so it has access to names,but a compression layer could be inserted between the naming layer and theﬁle storage layer to avoid the imple-mentation details of hard links.To provide extensibility,the UCLA model does not have aﬁxed set of operations.In-ACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.On Incremental File System Development·7 stead,eachﬁle system provides its own set of operations,and the total set of operations isthe union of allﬁle systems’operations.If aﬁle system does not support a given opera-tion,then a generic routine for thatﬁle system is called.This routine could,for example, simply return an“Operation not supported”error.However,for a layeredﬁle system,a generic bypass routine can be used.To provide operations with arbitrary arguments,the UCLA interface transforms all of an operation’s arguments into a single structure of argu-ments.Along with the structure,meta-data is passed to the operation that identiﬁes each argument’s offset and ing this meta-data,the bypass routine can generically map its own vnodes to lower-level vnodes and invoke the lower-level operation.The UCLA model uses mount and unmount to instantiate a layeredﬁle system.The existing mount operationﬁts well for two reasons:(1)it creates a new subtree of objects within theﬁle system name space,and(2)creation of subtrees usually requires an existing ﬁle system object(e.g.,to mount a UFSﬁle system you need a device node).Aﬁle-system layer often accesses an existing directory in much the same way that UFS uses a device. For example,to mount an encryptionﬁle system,the path to the encrypted data is used. Caching is essential to provide good performance,but can pose problems if two or more layers cache an object.For example,if two layers concurrently cache the same page or vnode,and one modiﬁes it,then the other one would read stale data.Similarly,if both of them modify the page or vnode,then one of them would lose its update.Heidemann developed a prototype general-purpose cache manager that provided coherent access to all ﬁle system layers[Heidemann and Popek1995].The UCLA cache manager requires lay-ers to request either shared or exclusive ownership of an object before caching it.When required,the cache manager revokes the existing layers’ownership using a callback.In most cases,the cache manager automatically determines when two objects represent the same data.However,if layers may change the semantics of the data,then the cache man-ager cannot correlate the upper-level and lower-levelﬁle’s position.In these cases,the cache manager treats the upper-level and lower-level objects as two distinct objects,and all ownership requests for either object are sent to the layer that changes the semantics. The semantic-changing layer can then invoke the correct callbacks based on its knowledge of the relationship between the original and transformed data.The Ficus replicatedﬁle system and several course projects(e.g.,encryption and com-pression layers)were developed using the UCLA model[Guy et al.1990].3.3Layering in Modern Unix SystemsIn this section we describe layering in three modern Unix-based OSes:Solaris,FreeBSD, and Linux.We discuss their pros and cons in terms of ease of development and perfor-mance.All three systems use the vnode interface to enable layering functionality,but they have key implementation differences that inﬂuence development ease and performance. Solaris.The architecture of the Solaris VFS is nearly identical to the classic vnode architecture.Each vnode has aﬁxed operations vector.Each operation must be imple-mented by everyﬁle system(undeﬁned operations are not permitted).Generic operations for returning“operation not supported”or in some cases success are available.Mutable attributes such as size,access time,etc.are not part of vnodeﬁelds;instead,the vnode operations include functions for managing such attributes.The Solaris loopbackﬁle system,Lofs[SMCC1992],is a null pass-through layer that layers only on directory vnodes.Thus,for regularﬁles on Lofs,vnode objects are notACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.8·Zadok et al.duplicated.Because Lofs does not layer onﬁle vnodes,the data pages ofﬁles are not duplicated,resulting in more efﬁcient memory utilization.However,this makes it harder to extend Lofs to provide functionality like encryption,where two different page contents need to be maintained at the lower level and the layered level.CacheFS[SunSoft1994]is a layered fan-outﬁle system in Solaris which can mount on top of two lower level directories,the source and the cache directory.Whenﬁles in the source directory are accessed through CacheFS,they are copied into the root of the cache directory and indexed using a numeric identiﬁer.FreeBSD.The FreeBSD vnode interface has extensibility based on the UCLA model. FreeBSD allows dynamic addition of vnode operations.While activating aﬁle system, the kernel registers the set of vnode operations that theﬁle system supports,and builds an operation vector for eachﬁle system that contains the union of all operations supported by anyﬁle system.File systems provide default routines for operations that they do not support.FreeBSD uses packed arguments so layers can generically bypass operations as in the UCLA model.FreeBSD’s version of the loopbackﬁle system is called nullfs[Pendry and McKusick 1995].It is a simpleﬁle system layer and makes no transformations on its arguments,just passing the requests it receives to the lowerﬁle system.FreeBSD’s union mounts[Pendry and McKusick1995]logically merge the directories that they are mounted on. Compared to Solaris(and Linux),FreeBSD has the most versatile support for layering at theﬁle system level.Its architecture allows new vnode operations to be created dy-namically.Packing function arguments in an argument structure allows layers to bypass operations that they do not need to intercept easily.Linux.Linux does not have native support for layeredﬁle systems.The Linux VFS was designed to make addingﬁle systems relatively simple by separating genericﬁle system code from the individualﬁle system implementations.Aﬁle system may choose not to implement a method,and the VFS itself provides a sensible default.For example,aﬁle system can use generic routines for most data-oriented operations(i.e.,reading from and writing toﬁles,including via mmap),and only needs to provide two primitive operations to read and write a block from theﬁle.This trend of extracting more and more abstractions is on the rise in the new versions of the Linux yeredﬁle systems are usually not able to use generic methods,because they need to pass the operation to the lower-levelﬁle system,but generic operations do not make it more difﬁcult to develop layeredﬁle systems. On the other hand,providing functionality directly within the VFS makes it more difﬁcult to implement layeredﬁle systems.As shown in Figure2,a layeredﬁle system must appear just like the VFS to the lower-levelﬁle system[Zadok and B˘a dulescu1999],so it must replicate this VFS functionality.Worse,as the VFS changes,the layeredﬁle system must also change,or subtle bugs could be introduced.On Linux,the vnode object is divided into two components:a dentry which represents the name of theﬁle and an inode which represents the actual on-diskﬁle.This separation simpliﬁes support for hard links.On Linux,VFS operation vectors areﬁxed.Operations cannot be added,and the prototype of existing operations cannot be changed.The Linux VFS stores mutable values inside the inode object.This makes it more difﬁcult to maintain cache coherency between the inodes of the layeredﬁle system and the lower level inodes. It also causes performance degradation in layeredﬁle systems as the modiﬁed values in the ACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.On Incremental File System Development·9LayeredFile SystemFig.2.On Unix,layeredﬁle systems consist of two halves:the top half must behave like aﬁle system,and the bottom half must behave like the VFS.lower-level objects need to be copied to the upper-level objects after eachﬁle operation. The existing VFS API requires modiﬁcations to avoid this data redundancy.In particular, the dataﬁelds should not be directly accessible from outside aﬁle system.Instead,reads and writes of these privateﬁelds should be performed by callingﬁle-system methods.Our evaluation,described in Appendix A,shows that the overheads of these method calls would be negligible.FiST[Zadok2001]is a high-level layeredﬁle system deﬁnition language that we de-veloped.FiST includes Wrapfs[Zadok et al.1999],a layered vnode interface imple-mentation for Linux,FreeBSD,and Solaris.Wrapfs is a simple pass-through layer that intercepts name and data operations.The VFS objects of each entity(ﬁle or directory) are duplicated at the Wrapfs level.On Linux,manyﬁle systems have been derived from Wrapfs,including ones for encryption[Corner and Noble2002;Halcrow2004;Shana-han2000],intrusion detection[Keromytis et al.2003],integrity checking[Kashyap et al. 2004,LISA],uniﬁcation[Klotzb¨u cher2004;Wright et al.2006],tracing[Aranya et al. 2004],versioning[Muniswamy-Reddy et al.2004],replication[Tzachar2003],compres-sion[Zadok et al.2001;Indra Networks2004],RAID-like functionality[Joukov et al. 2005],migration[Schaefer2000],and more.When Wrapfs is used on top of a disk-based or a networkﬁle system,both layers cache the pages.This is useful to implement features like encryption,where the lower levelﬁle system’s page and Wrapfs’s page are different(ciphertext vs.plaintext).However,cache incoherency may result if pages at different layers are modiﬁed independently.Wrapfs performs its own caching and does not explicitly touch the caches of lower layers.When writing to disk,cached pages in Wrapfs overwrite the lower levelﬁle system’s pages. This policy correlates with the most common case of cache access,through the uppermost layer.To maintain coherency between the meta-data caches,Wrapfs performs a copy of the attributes from the lower level vnodes to the upper level vnodes after each operation that modiﬁes meta-data.For example,after aﬁle write,the new values for size,modiﬁcation time,etc.are copied from the lower-level inode to the Wrapfs inode.This is required because the Linux VFS stores mutable values asﬁelds in the inode.3.4Layering on WindowsWindows applications use Win32API calls such as ReadFile to performﬁle I/O opera-tions.As seen in Figure3,the Win32subsystem in turn invokes the corresponding native system calls,which are handled by the I/O manager.The I/O manager uses a message-ACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.10·Zadok et al.passing architecture for all I/O-related activity in the kernel[Solomon and Russinovich 2000].Fig.3.Windows layering model.Applications issue system calls,which are dispatched by the I/O manager. The I/O manager routes the request via an IRP to the appropriateﬁle system andﬁlter drivers,andﬁnally to the storage device driver which operates on the logical volume(partition).Filter drivers can intercept calls toﬁle system and storage device drivers.The majority of I/O requests are represented by a data structure called the I/O Request Packet(IRP)that describes an I/O request completely.The I/O manager sends the IRP from one I/O system component to another.For example,when the Win32operation CreateFile is called to open aﬁle,the I/O manager creates an IRP describing the op-eration and sends it to theﬁle system driver.After the driver receives the IRP,it performs the speciﬁed operation,and passes the IRP back to the I/O manager.IRP structure.In Windows,each logical volume has an associated driver stack,which is a set of drivers layered one on top of another.The Windows Driver Model introduced in Windows98and2000has two types of drivers:function drivers andﬁlter drivers[Oney 2003].A function driver is a kernel module that performs the device’s intended function-ality.It is analogous to a lower-levelﬁle system module or disk device driver in the Unix model.Aﬁlter driver is a kernel module that can view or modify a function driver’s be-havior,and can exist above other function drivers.For example,in Figure3Filter Driver1 is above theﬁle system,but Filter Driver2is above the storage device.Each driver owns and maintains a device object that represents its instance on the layered stack of drivers.A ﬁle systemﬁlter driver can view or modify theﬁle system driver’s IRPs by attaching itself to the corresponding driver stack.In a driver stack,a higher-level driver has access to the device object of the driver immediately below ing this object,theﬁlter driver can send an I/O request to the lower-level driver through the I/O manager.An IRP describes an I/O request completely.The IRP has two components.Theﬁrst part isﬁxed:it containsﬁelds that are common to all I/O requests,including the address of the buffer,ﬂags,and other IRP maintenanceﬁelds.The second part is an array of IO LOCATION structures with one element for each of the layered drivers(i.e., function andﬁlter drivers),which describes the current I/O request identiﬁed by a major ACM Transactions on Storage,V ol.2,No.2,May2006.。

管理英语(含答案)

管理英语（含答案）题目：Even the best continually seek ways to ______ their skills.A: sharp B: sharpener C: sharpen答案：C题目：______we can't compete in terms of size I do believe we hold an advantage in terms of dedication to customer service.A: Therefore B: But C: Although答案：C题目：I think things have been a bit difficult for us the last couple of months.____________We've been working hard, but still getting behind.A: You're right. B: I'm afraid. C: I don't think so.答案：A题目：_____________ I'd like to have this film developed.A: What's it? B: May I help you? C: What do you want?答案：B题目：An effective leader sets the tone for the team, encourages a positive workplace culture and is able to ________ cultural change.A: bring down B: bring about C: bring up答案：B题目：There is no _____ the fact that he is the best student in the class.A: deny B: denies C: denying答案：C题目：An effective leader sets the tone for the team, encourages a positive workplace culture and is able to ________ cultural change.A: bring about B: bring down C: bring up答案：A题目：The majority of these team challenges ______ anywhere.A: can deliver B: are delivered C: can be delivered答案：C题目：Companies are ______ interested in your soft skills ______ they are in your hard skills. A: so…that…B: as…as…C: not…until…答案：B题目：The demands and requirements placed on the CEO of Sony are different from ______ on the manager of your local Wendy's restaurant.A: these B: those C: which答案：B题目：An appreciated gift and the gesture of providing it will ______ your coworker's day. A: look up B: lift to C: light up答案：C题目：Reading is the best way to pass time on the train. _____________________, I never go traveling without a book.A: You are joking B: That's true C: It sounds like fun答案：B题目：We would be grateful ______ any information you can give us.A: for B: with C: to答案：A题目：Without his assistance, I _______ the research last month.A: would not have completed B: could not finish C: should not finish答案：A题目：Jack, I'd like to have your opinions about my written report. _____________________. But I have one suggestion.A: It looks fine to me B: You are too modest C: That's a good idea答案：A题目：If demand is rising but the firm _______from allocative communication failure, then stocks will fall and there will be understaffing.A: has been suffering B: is going to suffer C: is suffering答案：C题目：Good work ________ good pay.A: deserves B: requests C: deserts答案：A题目：An employee may express their different understanding and, at the same time, a willingness to ________ with any constructive suggestions.A: comply B: complete C: compose答案：A题目：You'd better not push yourself too hard. You can ask the team and listen.____________A: You are right. B: No, we can't do that. C: I think it will kill our time.答案：A题目：_____ there is smoke, there is fire.A: If B: When C: Where答案：C题目：Would you ______ her novels as serious literature or mere entertainment?A: distinguish B: classify C: mistake答案：B题目：To build the reservoir（水库），thousands of people have to be .A: relocated B: repeated C: reopened答案：A题目：Concentrate on being _______ and real.A: distinct B: disastrous C: decisive答案：A题目：Terribly sorry to interrupt, but may I use your dictionary? Yes, ____________A: of course. B: it doesn't matter. C: no hurry.答案：A题目：I think the primary ______ factor is there's been so much absence lately.A: concerning B: causing C: affecting答案：A题目：This project is too big for me to finish on time. ____________A: Please do me a favor. B: You may ask for help. C: I'll give you a hand.答案：C题目：I think I have made a great mistake. ____________A: I don't think so. You really made an error. B: I don't think so. It's really terrible. C: I don't think so. It's not your fault.答案：C题目：Fifty-five per cent of the respondents said that praise and attention from their supervisor would make them feel ______ the company cared about them and their well-being. A: even if B: as if C: like答案：B题目：What you need to do is to keep things short and sweet, just the.A: questions B: topics C: highlights答案：C题目：The responsibilities in handbook ______ that managers have to be concerned with efficiency and effectiveness in the work process.A: imply B: indicate C: interrupt答案：A题目：I will ask them to _____a new design ,something a bit more toned down.A: come in B: come across C: come up with答案：C题目：______ on the hilltop, you could enjoy the scenery of the city bathed in the sun.A: Standing B: Stand C: Stood答案：A题目：Excuse me, but smoking isn't allowed here. ____________________ .A: Oh, sorry. I didn't know B: That's all right C: Yes, we certainly do答案：A题目：Is it possible for you to work out the plan tonight?____________A: I'll do that. B: I think so. C: I'd love to.答案：B题目：What are you going to do this weekend? _____________________. If time permits, I may go to Shanghai with my friends.A: Don't mention it B: It doesn't matter C: It depends答案：C题目：We are interested in the weather because it ______ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.A: benefits B: affects C: effects答案：B题目：______ the reactions of top managers, middle managers remained silent or provided optimistic, filtered information.A: Fearing B: Feared C: Fear答案：A题目：______ managers spend most of their time in face-to-face contact with others, but they spend much of it obtaining and sharing information.A: Not only B: Do not only C: Not only do答案：C题目：In competitive markets, leaders are ________ increased pressure to maintain a positive work culture.A: under B: below C: beneath答案：A题目：Will you help me arrange a meeting with Mr. Brown, please?____________A: No, no way. B: No, I can't. C: Sorry I can't I have to finish my project right now.答案：C题目：Who was ______ the meeting？A: chairing B: leading C: charging答案：A题目：Cultural differences ________ four categories: religion, nationality, region and lifestyle. A: fall down B: fall off C: fall into答案：C题目：I think a big part of it is ______ we know how to have fun on the job.A: that B: which C: why答案：A题目：Keep a _____ attitude and don't let yourself drown in uncertainty.A: negative B: positive C: neutral答案：B题目：Supervisors should ______ their employees in two-way communication so that understanding takes place.A: enable B: engage C: encourage答案：B题目：At a rough ________, we will take another four weeks to finish this plan.A: value B: estimate C: account答案：B题目：Let your values __________ in your communication.A: come out B: look through C: come through答案：C题目：Current opinion among politicians is that she is______, stands for her principles.A: encourage B: courage C: courageous答案：C题目：The Human Resource Managing Department at Honda is given specific instructions ______ employ the best possible workers.A: how to B: on what to C: on how to答案：C题目：What's the noise? It sounds as if it comes from upstairs. _____________________ . It must be the window-cleaner working, next door.A: I don't think so B: I'd rather not C: I'm not sure答案：A题目：It's about my new role as project coordinator that I'm taking ______.A: off B: on C: away答案：B题目：It is through enthusiasm and quiet intensity ______ we transform creativity and vision into the technologies.A: that B: / C: which答案：A题目：Don't keep water running when you wash hands._____________________.A: I hope so. B: I'm afraid not. C: Sorry, I won't.答案：C题目：Although we can't compete in terms of size, I _____ believe we hold an advantage in terms of dedication to customer service.A: did B: do C: have答案：B题目：How did your meeting go yesterday?____________actually, it was really frustrating. A: Not so good B: Very good C: Nothing special答案：A题目：We need ________ communication skills: listen carefully, think before you speak and manage conflicts diplomatically.A: outstanding B: plain C: general答案：A题目：I would recommend that you ______ on following through with projects.A: worked B: work C: would work答案：B题目：AT&T found that employees with better planning and decision-making skills were ______ to be promoted into management jobs.A: more likely B: more like C: more unlikely答案：A题目：______ employees keep leaving and joining the company, they also retire from time to time leaving empty places in various positions.A: Although B: If C: As答案：C题目：It's no secret that good leaders are also good communicators. Indeed, communication and leadership are inextricably tied. How can you galvanize, inspire or guide others if you don't communicate in a clear, credible and authentic way? Here are 5 essential communication practices of effective leaders: Mind the say-do gap. Trust is the bedrock of effective leadership your behavior is your single greatest mode of communication, and it must be congruent with what you say. If your actions don't align with your words, you are storing up trouble for the future. Make the complex simple. Effective leaders distill complex thoughts and strategies into simple, memorable terms that colleagues and customers can grasp and act upon. The most important thing is to clarify what you want to say, look out for technical jargon and avoid business speak, which add complexity. Say what you mean in as few words as possible. Find your own voice. Use language that's distinctly your own; let your values come through in your communication. Correct use of language and grammar are important, of course, but don't become overly fixated on eloquence for eloquence's sake; concentrate on being distinct and real. People want real, people respect real, people follow real. Be visible. Visibility is about letting your key stakeholders get a feel for who you are and what you care about. Don't hide behind a computer and only interact with people electronically see them face to face and voice to voice, and interact with them in a real, substantial way. In today's environment, where people are often burned out, it's important for employees to have a personal connection with you and the work you believe in. Show the people that work for you that you're engaged and that you care about them and their work. Listen with your eyes as well as your ears. Effective communication is a two-way process, and good leaders know how to ask good questions, and then listen with both their eyes and their ears. Because you are in a position of authority, others may be reluctant to express their real opinions to you directly. You won't always get direct feedback, so you need to also be able to read between the lines and look for the non-verbal munication and leadership dont always go hand in hand.TFThe say-do gap happens when people misunderstand their leaders intention.TFUsing technical jargon makes a leader convincing.TFCommunicating sincerely is always the best.TFObservation is as important as communication when you want to know what people really think.TF答案： B B B A A题目：The employee and the supervisor are clear about the employee's goals, required outcomes or outputs, and how the success of the contributions will be assessed. The goal in employee evaluation is to motivate a high level of quality and quantity in the work that the employee produces.The goals of the best employee performance evaluations also include employee development and organizational improvement. The employee performance evaluation helps employees accomplish both personal development and organizational goals. The act of writing down the goals takes the employee one step closer to accomplishing them.In the event that an employee is not succeeding or improving his job performance, the performance evaluation documentation can be used to develop a Performance Improvement Plan.This plan provides more detailed goals with more frequent feedback to an employee who is struggling toperform. The goal of a PIP is the improvement of the employee's performance, but non-performance can lead to disciplinary action up to and including employment termination.In many organizations, numeric rankings are used to compare an employee's performance with the performance of other employees. Numeric ratings are frequent components of these systems, too.No matter how fair and non-discriminatory, these ratings are made to appear through the endless establishment of criteria for rating, and they boil down to the manager's opinion of an employee's performance. This is why numeric components in an employee performance evaluation process are not recommended.What is the goal in employee evaluation?To motivate outcomes of the employeeTo punish inabilities of the employeeTo reduce costs of the employeeWhat is NOT the goal of the best employee performance evaluation?Employee anization improvement.Employment termination.What does PIP in Para. 6 stand for?Personal Improvement PlanPerformance Improvement PlanPromotion Improvement PlanWhat is the goal of PIP?To improve the employees performance.To protect both the employee and the employer.To create accurate appraisal documentation.What is the purpose of numeric rankings?To perform consistent, regular, non-discriminatory employee performance evaluations.To ensure equitable measurement of an employee's contribution.To compare an employees performance with the performance of other employees.答案： A C B A C题目：Teamwork is extremely important for the success of a company. Teamwork Multiplies Success: Teamwork has often been described as one plus one equals three. On teams, people can work together and accomplish much more than they could by themselves. Your company can also accomplish great things when everyone is working together toward a common goal. Teamwork Makes the Job Easier: Employees now specialize in areas and contribute to the team through the work they produce. By specializing in areas like merchandising or accounting, they become more expert at their tasks and make your team more effective as a result. Working in teams also teaches your associates to work together more effectively and frequently. The new ways of doing things are discovered by team members working together to solve a problem. Teamwork Maximizes Strengths and Reduces Weaknesses: Individual weaknesses can be minimized through the efforts of the team. In your company, you place your people where their strengths can be best used. Weaknesses can be reduced when your people concentrate on their areas of strength. Teamwork Makes Work Fun: Work is more fun when you are a part of a team. You can build on other people's ideas and share in completing the assignment together. You also have another pair of eyes to look at the work, which further reduces mistakes. Studies have also shown that laughter and fun reduce stress, which can also increase effectiveness on the job. Teams that enjoy working together can accomplish great things for your company.Whats function of the phrase one plus one equals three in Para.2?It shows that teamwork has its advantages and disadvantages.It tries to explains that working in a teamwork is better than working individually.It is a humorous way to explain how important the teamwork is in a company.The word associates can probably be replaced by the word ________ in the sentence Working in teams also teaches your associates to work together in Para.3.merchandisersaccountantscolleaguesWhich of the following statements is TREUE according to the passage?Personal shortcomings can be reduced through the efforts of the whole team.Working in a team you might be replaced by a salesman oraccountant.Weaknesses can be increased when your team members focus attention on their strength.Which of the following statements is FLASE according to the passage?Working in a team you can share in completing the assignment together.Working in a team you can improve effectiveness on the job.Working in a team you must be careless because you know somebody can help you.Whats the best title for this passage?The Tips for TeamworkThe Importance of TeamworkThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Teamwork答案： B C A C B题目：Project managers are change agents: they make project goals their own and use their skills and expertise to inspire a sense of shared purpose within the project team. They enjoy new challenges and the responsibility of driving business results. They work well under pressure and are comfortable with change and complexity in dynamic environments. They can shift readily between the big picture and the small-but-crucial details, knowing when to concentrate on each. Project managers cultivate the people skills needed to develop trust and communication among all of a project's stakeholders: its sponsors, those who will make use of the project's results, those who command the resources needed, and the project team members. They have a broad and flexible toolkit of techniques, resolving complex, interdependent activities into tasks and sub-tasks that are documented, monitored and controlled. They adapt their approach to the context and constraints of each project, knowing that no one size can fit all the variety of projects. And they are always improving their own and their teams' skills through lessons-learned reviews at project completion. Project managers are found in every kind of organization -- as employees, managers, contractors and independent consultants. With experience, they may become program managers (responsible for multiple related projects) or portfolio managers (responsible for selection, prioritization and alignment of projects and programs with an organization's strategy). And they are in increasing demand worldwide. For decades, as the pace of economic and technological change has quickened, organizations have been directing more and more of their energy into projects rather than routine operations.Which of the following is NOT enjoyed by project managers?Challenges.Responsibility.Status quo.Which of the following is NOT concerned by project managers?The overall situation.The non-crucial details.The crucial details.Which of the following is a TRUE statement about project managers?They do not need to keep contact with all of a projects stakeholders.They use one model to solve problems in various projects.They improve their skills after completion of each project.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a career possibility for experienced project manager?Becoming general manager of an organization.Running several projects at the same time.Allocating projects to other project managers.Which of the following can be an alternative title for the passage?Requirements of project managers.Future development of project managers.Career development of project managers.答案： C B C A A题目：When Jack Welch, the Chairman and CEO at General Electric (GE) retired in 2001, he could look back at a very successful career. He became CEO in 1981 at the age of 45. At that time, GE had a very complex organizational structure with considerably bureaucratic rules. One of hisfirst changes was to initiate a strategy formulation process with the guideline that each of the businesses should be number 1 or 2 in their respective areas. If this was not the case, managers had the options of fixing the problem, selling their particular business, or closing it. In an effort to streamline the organization, Welch removed the sector level and eliminated thousands of salaried and hourly employee positions. The restructuring was followed by changing the organizational culture and the managerial styles of GE's managers. One such program was the Work-Out（群策群力）.Groups of managers were assembled to share their views openly in three-day sessions. At the beginning of the meetings, the superior presented the challenges for his or her organizational unit. Then the superior had to leave, requesting the groups to find solutions to the problems. Facilitators (会议主持人) helped these discussions. On the last day, the superior was presented with proposed solutions. He or she then had three choices: to accept the proposal, not to accept it, or to collect more information. This process put great pressure on the superior to make decisions. Another program to improve effectiveness and efficiency was Best Practices. The aim was to learn from other companies how they obtained customer satisfaction, how they related to their suppliers, and in what ways they developed new products. This helped the GE people to focus on the processes in their operations that would improve the company's performance. Jack Welch was personally involved in developing managers at GE's training center in Crotonville. Leaders, Welch suggested, are not only those who achieve results but also those who share the values of the company.Jack Welch retired at the age of 65.TFJack Welch insisted that each of the businesses should be at least number 3 in their respective area.TFIf the business could not meet Welchs change requirements, its manager had 3choices.TFThe restructuring went before changing the organizational culture and the managerial styles of GEs managers.TFThe Work Out lasted a week.TF答案： A B A A B题目：When you think of team building, do you immediately picture your group off at a resort playing games or hanging from ropes? Traditionally, many organizations approach team building in this way but, then, they wonder why that wonderful sense of teamwork that had been displayed at the retreat or the seminar fails to impact long term beliefs and actions back at work. I'm not averse to retreats, planning sessions, seminars and team building activities in fact I lead them but they have to form part of a much larger teamwork effort. You will not build teamwork by retreating as a group for a couple of days each year, instead you need to think of team building as something you do every single day.Form teams to solve real work issues and to improve real work processes. Provide training in systematic methods so the team expends its energy on the project, not on trying to work out how to work together as a team to approach the problem.Hold department meetings to review projects and progress, to obtain broad input, and to coordinate shared work processes. If there is friction between team members, examine the work processes they mutually own the problem is not usually their personalities; instead, it is often the fact that the team members haven't agreed on how they will deliver a product or service, or the steps required to get something done.Build fun and shared occasions into the organization's agenda hold pot luck lunches, take the team to a sporting event, sponsor dinners at a local restaurant, go hiking or go to an amusement park. Hold a monthly company meeting, sponsor sports teams and encourage cheering team e ice breakers and teamwork exercises at meetings these helpteam members get to know each other, share details about each other's lives, and have a laugh together.Celebrate team successes publicly. There are many ways you could do this, for instance by buying everyone the same t-shirt or hat, putting team member names in a draw for company merchandise and gift certificates. The only thing limiting you is your imagination. If you do the types of teamwork building listed above, you'll be amazed at the progress you will make in creating a teamwork culture, a culture that enables individuals to contribute more than they ever thought possible together.Team building event is traditionally related to playing games at resort.TFThe author claims that playing games together is as important as form teams to solve real work issues and to improve real work processes for team building.TFRetreat in the first paragraph means withdrawal of troops after a defeat.TFIce breaking motivates team members compete with each other.TFA good teamwork culture enables individuals make more efforts together.TF答案： A B B B A题目：Write a composition with at least 100 words on My Dream Job. Your writing should include the followings.（1）Position: customer service representative（2）Ability: communication and customer service skills（3）Reason: an expert in the product line and strong relationships with customers答案：作文评分标准1．评分原则1）本题总分为20分,按6个档次给分。

服务许可证错误原因中英文对照表

许可证错误原因对照表FLEXnet Licensing Error Codes Error Code Descriptions-1 Cannot find license file.-2 Invalid license file syntax.-3 No license server system for this feature.-4 Licensed number of users already reached.-5 No such feature exists.-6 No TCP/IP port number in license file and FLEXnet Licensing service does not exist. (pre-v6 only-7 No socket connection to license server manager service.-8 Invalid (inconsistent license key or signature.The license key/signature and data for the feature do not match. Thisusually happens when a license file has been altered.-9 Invalid host.The hostid of this system does not match the hostid specified in thelicense file.-10 Feature has expired.-11 Invalid date format in license file.-12 Invalid returned data from license server system.-13 No SERVER lines in license file.-14 Cannot find SERVER host name in network database.The lookup for the host name on the SERVER line in the license filefailed. This often happens when NIS or DNS or the hosts file isincorrect. Workaround: Use IP address (e.g., 123.456.789.123 insteadof host name.-15 Cannot connect to license server system.The server (lmgrd has not been started yet, or the wrong[email=port@host]port@host[/email]or license file is being used, or the TCP/IP port or host name in thelicense file has been changed.-16 Cannot read data from license server system.-17 Cannot write data to license server system.-18 License server system does not support this feature.-19 Error in select system call.-21 License file does not support this version.-22 Feature checkin failure detected at license server system.-23 License server system temporarily busy (new server connecting .-24 Users are queued for this feature.-25 License server system does not support this version of this feature.-26 Request for more licenses than this feature supports.-29 Cannot find ethernet device.-30 Cannot read license file.-31 Feature start date is in the future.-32 No such attribute.-33 Bad encryption handshake with vendor daemon.-34 Clock difference too large between client and license server system. -35 In the queue for this feature.-36 Feature database corrupted in vendor daemon.-37 Duplicate selection mismatch for this feature. Obsolete with v8.0+ vendor daemon.-38 User/host on EXCLUDE list for feature.-39 User/host not on INCLUDE list for feature.-40 Cannot allocate dynamic memory.-41 Feature was never checked out.-42 Invalid parameter.-47 Clock setting check not available in vendor daemon.-52 Vendor daemon did not respond within timeout interval.-53 Checkout request rejected by vendor-defined checkout filter.-54 No FEATURESET line in license file.-55 Incorrect FEATURESET line in license file.-56 Cannot compute FEATURESET data from license file.-571 socket( call failed.-59 Message checksum failure.-60 License server system message checksum failure.-61 Cannot read license file data from license server system.-62 Network software (TCP/IP not available.-63 You are not a license administrator.-64 lmremove request before the minimum lmremove interval.-67 No licenses available to borrow.-68 License BORROW support not enabled.-69 FLOAT_OK can’t run standalone on license server system.-71 Invalid TZ environment variable.-73 Local checkout filter rejected request.-74 Attempt to read beyond end of license file path.-751 SYS$SETIMR call failed (VMS .-76 Internal FLEXnet Licensing error—please report to Macrovision Corporation.-77 Bad version number must be floating-point number with no letters.-82 Invalid PACKAGE line in license file.-83 FLEXnet Licensing version of client newer than server.-84 USER_BASED license has no specified users - see license server system log.-85 License server system d oesn’t support this request.-87 Checkout exceeds MAX specified in options file.-88 System clock has been set back.-89 This platform not authorized by license.-90 Future license file format or misspelling in license file.The file was issued for a later version of FLEXnet Licensing than thisprogram understands.-91 Encryption seeds are non-unique.-92 Feature removed during lmreread, or wrong SERVER line hostid.-93 This feature is available in a different license pool.This is a warning condition. The server has pooled one or moreINCREMENT lines into a single pool, and the request was made on an INCREMENT line that has been pooled.-94 Attempt to generate license with incompatible attributes.-95 Network connect to THIS_HOST failed.Change this_host on the SERVER line in the license file to theactual host name.-96 License server machine is down or not responding.See the system administrator about starting the server, or make sure thatyou’re referring to the right host (see LM_LICENSE_FILE environmen tvariable .-97 The desired vendor daemon is down.1 Check the lmgrd log file, or2 Try lmreread.-98 This FEATURE line can’t be converted to decimal format.-99 The decimal format license is typed incorrectly.-100 Cannot remove a linger license.-101 All licenses are reserved for others.The system administrator has reserved all the licenses for others. Reservations are made in the options file. The server must be restartedfor options file changes to take effect.-102 A FLEXid borrow error occurred.-103 Terminal Server remote client not allowed.-104 Cannot borrow that long.-106 License server system out of network connections.The vendor daemon can't handle any more users. See the debug log forfurther information.-110 Cannot read dongle: check dongle or driver.Either the dongle is unattached, or the necessary software driver for this dongle type is not installed.-112 Missing dongle driver.In order to read the FLEXid hostid, the correct driver must be installed. These drivers are available from your software vendor.-114 SIGN= keyword required, but missing from license certificate. You need to obtain a SIGN= version of this license from your vendor.-115 Error in Public Key package.-116 TRL not supported for this platform.-117 BORROW failed.-118 BORROW period expired.-119 lmdown and lmreread must be run on license server machine.-120 Cannot lmdown the server when licenses are borrowed.-121 FLOAT_OK requires exactly one FLEXid hostid.-122 Unable to delete local borrow info.-123 Returning a borrowed license early is not supported. Contact the vendor for further details.-124 Error returning borrowed license.-125 A PACKAGE component must be specified.-126 Composite hostid not initialized.-127 A item needed for the composite hostid is missing or invalid.-128 Error, borrowed license doesn't match any known server license.-135 Error enabling the event log.-136 Event logging is disabled.-137 Error writing to the event log.-139 Communications timeout.-140 Bad message command.-141 Error writing to socket. Peer has closed socket.-142 Error, cannot generate version specific license tied to a single hostid, which is composite.-143 Version-specific signatures are not supported for uncounted licenses.-144 License template contains redundant signature specifiers.-145 Bad V71_LK signature.-146 Bad V71_SIGN signature.-147 Bad V80_LK signature.-148 Bad V80_SIGN signature.-149 Bad V81_LK signature.-150 Bad V81_SIGN signature.-151 Bad V81_SIGN2 signature.-152 Bad V84_LK signature.-153 Bad V84_SIGN signature.-154 Bad V84_SIGN2 signature.-155 License key required but missing from the license certificate. The application requires a license key in the license certificate. You need toobtain a license key version of this certificate from your vendor.-156 Invalid signature specified with the AUTH= keyword.-500 Invalid server port number.-501 Invalid value in license where an integer was expected.-502 Invalid value supplied for count.-503 Invalid hostid supplied in license.-504 Invalid hostid type supplied.-505 Bad feature line syntax.-506 Internal FLEXnet Licensing error.-507 Bad date format in license file.-508 Bad SERVER line.-509 Bad license string.-510 Server's feature doesn't authenticate on client side.-511 No license checked out.-512 License already checked out.-513 Error list returned.-514 No certicom module available.-515 Wrong or incomplete certicom module.-516 SIGN or SIGN2 required in license certificate.-517 Feature object has no license sources.-518 An Identical license is already checked out on this license source.-519 This license has an asynchronously-queued checkout pending.-521 Library for native hostid couldn't be loaded-522 Already connected to another vendor daemon.-523 No such user, host, or display.-524 Shutdown of license server system failed.-525 Shutdown failed — already connected to license server system.-526 Invalid license source string.-527 Log file switch error.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------译成中文(简体)FLEXnet许可错误代码错误代码说明-1找不到许可证文件。

les AS gR学生手册英文

第十一页,共33页，
Deploying with Oracle JDeveloper
To deploy an application with JDeveloper, perform the following steps: 1. Create the deployment profile. 2. Configure the deployment profile. 3. Create an application server connection to the target
第十六页,共33页，
Planning the Deployment Process
The deployment process includes:
1. Packaging code as J2EE applications or modules
2. Selecting a parent application
including those in a cluster
第十页,共33页，
Deploying with admin_client.jar
The admin_client.jar tool: • Is a command-line utility • Is executed by using the following basic command:
– defaultDataSource to select the data source used by the application for management of data by EJB entities
– dataSourcesPath to specify a application-specific data sources

微软题库(最终中文版)

1、你建立一个DiliveryList项目，他需要把一个文件写入文件服务器，但是无法进入文件服务器而导致操作失败。

你要配置SQL代理服务器，使代理服务器能读或写入文件服务器，你应该使用哪个账户类型登陆？答案：C 域账户2、（备份与恢复）一个数据库DB1，很少的记录操作被执行，根据公司要求，你必须确定使该数据库在特定的时间点能恢复，怎么做？答案：B 核查全文恢复模型在数据库中被应用3、升级7.0的数据库到SQL服务器实例，根据公司要求，你必须确保可疑页能被检测到，你该怎么办？答案：B PAGE_VERIFY（页码核实）数据库选项应该设置为校验和4、(恢复)你配置SQL服务器实例在启动的时候使用死锁（the -T1222 and -T1204）追踪标记，你必须确保你的失败恢复计划运行使用追踪标记的备份，怎么做？答案：C 你必须备份SQL服务注册表5、用户自定义储存程序的名字都包含前缀usp_，之外，确保不含此前缀的储存程序不能创建，怎么做？答案：B 创建一个策略，这个策略以按条件评估的储存程序的名字为目标6、有一个网络信息服务应用，该应用要匿名进入分析服务器（SSAS）实例，你要确保这个应用能进入SSAS，怎么做？答案：A安全/需要客服认证服务配置被设置为缺省值（false）7、对一个新的应用，SQL 2008 实例不得不安装在一个存在的服务器上，该服务器包括缺省的SQL 2005实例，第三方能进入这两个数据库，用尽可能少的数据库管理，而且不能改变已存在的应用环境来实现？答案：D 安装SQL2008 作为一个命名服务，使新的应用使用新的服务8、创建文件流数据，两个要求：1、文件数据流（FILESTREAM）能被I/O流文件使用，远程客户端能进入文件数据流，确保文件流正常运行，应该配置那个服务？答案：C 配置SQL服务9、现在你控制两个运行在同一个电脑上的实例，SQL 08和05，在SQL 2008中有一个DB1数据库，他用全文索引，包含“root”的几个记录填充到DB1，一个空的记录集当全文索引检查到“root”被返回，你必须确保该查询返回包含有root的记录，怎么做？答案：B 重建全文索引10、（策略）你必须确保所有的SQL实例被连续的设置为命名惯例、安全设置、强迫索引、和数据碎片的避免，怎么做？答案D 在资料库管理中建立一个策略11、（分区表）有一个Dwork数据库，在这数据库中有一个Orderthings的表，这个表在OrderId专栏分区，第一分区包含大于10000的整数，第二个包含0到100000的整数，你不得不加一个新的分区，这个分区包含大于200000的整数，怎么做？答案：D 用拆分改变现有的分区功能12、（死锁，trace）有一个名为在实例Dworks数据库，你从用户的一个报告：DB1有死锁问题。

优泌乐25说明书

PV 5551 AMPHUMALOG® Mix75/25TM75% INSULIN LISPRO PROTAMINE SUSPENSION AND25% INSULIN LISPRO INJECTION(rDNA ORIGIN)100 UNITS PER ML (U-100)DESCRIPTIONHumalog® Mix75/25™ [75% insulin lispro protamine suspension and 25% insulin lispro injection, (rDNA origin)] is a mixture of insulin lispro solution, a rapid-acting blood glucose-lowering agent and insulin lispro protamine suspension, an intermediate-acting blood glucose-lowering agent. Chemically, insulin lispro is Lys(B28), Pro(B29) human insulin analog, created when the amino acids at positions 28 and 29 on the insulin B-chain are reversed. Insulin lispro is synthesized in a special non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered to produce insulin lispro. Insulin lispro protamine suspension (NPL component) is a suspension of crystals produced from combining insulin lispro and protamine sulfate under appropriate conditions for crystal formation.Insulin lispro has the following primary structure:Insulin lispro has the empirical formula C257H383N65O77S6 and a molecular weight of 5808, both identical to that of human insulin.Humalog Mix75/25 vials and Pens contain a sterile suspension of insulin lispro protamine suspension mixed with soluble insulin lispro for use as an injection.Each milliliter of Humalog Mix75/25 injection contains insulin lispro 100 units, 0.28 mg protamine sulfate, 16 mg glycerin, 3.78 mg dibasic sodium phosphate, 1.76 mg Metacresol, zinc oxide content adjusted to provide 0.025 mg zinc ion, 0.715 mg phenol, and Water for Injection. Humalog Mix75/25 has a pH of 7.0 to 7.8. Hydrochloric acid 10% and/or sodium hydroxide 10% may have been added to adjust pH.CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYAntidiabetic ActivityThe primary activity of insulin, including Humalog Mix75/25, is the regulation of glucose metabolism. In addition, all insulins have several anabolic and anti-catabolic actions on many tissues in the body. In muscle and other tissues (except the brain), insulin causes rapid transport of glucose and amino acids intracellularly, promotes anabolism, and inhibits protein catabolism. In the liver, insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in the form of glycogen, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and promotes the conversion of excess glucose into fat.Insulin lispro, the rapid-acting component of Humalog Mix75/25, has been shown to be equipotent to Regular human insulin on a molar basis. One unit of Humalog® has the sameglucose-lowering effect as one unit of Regular human insulin, but its effect is more rapid and of shorter duration. Humalog Mix75/25 has a similar glucose-lowering effect as compared with Humulin® 70/30 on a unit for unit basis.PharmacokineticsAbsorption — Studies in nondiabetic subjects and patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes demonstrated that Humalog, the rapid-acting component of Humalog Mix75/25, is absorbed faster than Regular human insulin (U-100). In nondiabetic subjects given subcutaneous doses of Humalog ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 U/kg, peak serum concentrations were observed 30 to 90 minutes after dosing. When nondiabetic subjects received equivalent doses of Regular human insulin, peak insulin concentrations occurred between 50 to 120 minutes after dosing. Similar results were seen in patients with type 1 diabetes.Figure 1: Serum Immunoreactive Insulin (IRI) Concentrations, After Subcutaneous Injection of Humalog Mix75/25 or Humulin 70/30 in Healthy Nondiabetic Subjects. Humalog Mix75/25 has two phases of absorption. The early phase represents insulin lispro and its distinct characteristics of rapid onset. The late phase represents the prolonged action of insulin lispro protamine suspension. In 30 healthy nondiabetic subjects given subcutaneous doses(0.3 U/kg) of Humalog Mix75/25, peak serum concentrations were observed 30 to 240 minutes (median, 60 minutes) after dosing (see Figure 1). Identical results were found in patients with type 1 diabetes. The rapid absorption characteristics of Humalog are maintained with Humalog Mix75/25 (see Figure 1).Figure 1 represents serum insulin concentration versus time curves of Humalog Mix75/25 and Humulin 70/30. Humalog Mix75/25 has a more rapid absorption than Humulin 70/30, which has been confirmed in patients with type 1 diabetes.Distribution — Radiolabeled distribution studies of Humalog Mix75/25 have not been conducted. However, the volume of distribution following injection of Humalog is identical to that of Regular human insulin, with a range of 0.26 to 0.36 L/kg.Metabolism — Human metabolism studies of Humalog Mix75/25 have not been conducted. Studies in animals indicate that the metabolism of Humalog, the rapid-acting component of Humalog Mix75/25, is identical to that of Regular human insulin.Elimination — Humalog Mix75/25 has two absorption phases, a rapid and a prolonged phase, representative of the insulin lispro and insulin lispro protamine suspension components of the mixture. As with other intermediate-acting insulins, a meaningful terminal phase half-life cannot be calculated after administration of Humalog Mix75/25 because of the prolonged insulin lispro protamine suspension absorption.PharmacodynamicsStudies in nondiabetic subjects and patients with diabetes demonstrated that Humalog has a more rapid onset of glucose-lowering activity, an earlier peak for glucose-lowering, and a shorter duration of glucose-lowering activity than Regular human insulin. The early onset of activity of Humalog Mix75/25 is directly related to the rapid absorption of Humalog. The time course of action of insulin and insulin analogs, such as Humalog (and hence Humalog Mix75/25), may vary considerably in different individuals or within the same individual. The parameters of Humalog Mix75/25 activity (time of onset, peak time, and duration) as presented in Figures 2 and 3 should be considered only as general guidelines. The rate of insulin absorption and consequently the onset of activity is known to be affected by the site of injection, exercise, and other variables (see General under PRECAUTIONS).In a glucose clamp study performed in 30 nondiabetic subjects, the onset of action and glucose-lowering activity of Humalog, Humalog® Mix50/50™, Humalog Mix75/25, and insulin lispro protamine suspension (NPL component) were compared (see Figure 2). Graphs of mean glucose infusion rate versus time showed a distinct insulin activity profile for each formulation. The rapid onset of glucose-lowering activity characteristic of Humalog was maintained in Humalog Mix75/25.In separate glucose clamp studies performed in nondiabetic subjects, pharmacodynamics of Humalog Mix75/25 and Humulin 70/30 were assessed and are presented in Figure 3. Humalog Mix75/25 has a duration of activity similar to that of Humulin 70/30.Figure 2: Insulin Activity After Injection of Humalog, Humalog Mix50/50, Humalog Mix75/25, or Insulin Lispro Protamine Suspension (NPL Component) in 30 NondiabeticSubjects.Figure 3: Insulin Activity After Injection of Humalog Mix75/25 and Humulin 70/30 inNondiabetic Subjects.Figures 2 and 3 represent insulin activity profiles as measured by glucose clamp studies in healthy nondiabetic subjects.Figure 2 shows the time activity profiles of Humalog, Humalog Mix50/50, HumalogMix75/25, and insulin lispro protamine suspension (NPL component).Figure 3 is a comparison of the time activity profiles of Humalog Mix75/25 (see Figure 3a) and of Humulin 70/30 (see Figure 3b) from two different studies.Special PopulationsAge and Gender — Information on the effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of HumalogMix75/25 is unavailable. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparisons between men and women administered Humalog Mix75/25 showed no gender differences. In large Humalog clinical trials, sub-group analysis based on age and gender demonstrated that differences between Humalog and Regular human insulin in postprandial glucose parameters are maintained across sub-groups.Smoking — The effect of smoking on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Humalog Mix75/25 has not been studied.Pregnancy — The effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Humalog Mix75/25 has not been studied.Obesity — The effect of obesity and/or subcutaneous fat thickness on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Humalog Mix75/25 has not been studied. In large clinical trials, which included patients with Body Mass Index up to and including 35 kg/m2, no consistent differences were observed between Humalog and Humulin® R with respect to postprandial glucose parameters.Renal Impairment — The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Humalog Mix75/25 has not been studied. In a study of 25 patients with type 2 diabetes and a wide range of renal function, the pharmacokinetic differences between Humalog and Regular human insulin were generally maintained. However, the sensitivity of thepatients to insulin did change, with an increased response to insulin as the renal function declined. Careful glucose monitoring and dose reductions of insulin, including HumalogMix75/25, may be necessary in patients with renal dysfunction.Hepatic Impairment — Some studies with human insulin have shown increased circulating levels of insulin in patients with hepatic failure. The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Humalog Mix75/25 has not been studied. However, in a study of 22 patients with type 2 diabetes, impaired hepatic function did not affect the subcutaneous absorption or general disposition of Humalog when compared with patients with no history of hepatic dysfunction. In that study, Humalog maintained its more rapid absorption and elimination when compared with Regular human insulin. Careful glucose monitoring and dose adjustments of insulin, including Humalog Mix75/25, may be necessary in patients with hepatic dysfunction.INDICATIONS AND USAGEHumalog Mix75/25, a mixture of 75% insulin lispro protamine suspension and 25% insulin lispro injection, (rDNA origin), is indicated in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus for the control of hyperglycemia. Humalog Mix75/25 has a more rapid onset of glucose-lowering activity compared with Humulin 70/30 while having a similar duration of action. This profile is achieved by combining the rapid onset of Humalog with the intermediate action of insulin lispro protamine suspension.CONTRAINDICATIONSHumalog Mix75/25 is contraindicated during episodes of hypoglycemia and in patients sensitive to insulin lispro or any of the excipients contained in the formulation.WARNINGSHumalog differs from Regular human insulin by its rapid onset of action as well as a shorter duration of activity. Therefore, the dose of Humalog Mix75/25 should be given within 15 minutes before a meal.Hypoglycemia is the most common adverse effect associated with the use of insulins, including Humalog Mix75/25. As with all insulins, the timing of hypoglycemia may differ among various insulin formulations. Glucose monitoring is recommended for all patients with diabetes.Any change of insulin should be made cautiously and only under medical supervision. Changes in insulin strength, manufacturer, type (e.g., Regular, NPH, analog), species, or method of manufacture may result in the need for a change in dosage.PRECAUTIONSGeneralHypoglycemia and hypokalemia are among the potential clinical adverse effects associated with the use of all insulins. Because of differences in the action of Humalog Mix75/25 and other insulins, care should be taken in patients in whom such potential side effects might be clinically relevant (e.g., patients who are fasting, have autonomic neuropathy, or are using potassium-lowering drugs or patients taking drugs sensitive to serum potassium level). Lipodystrophy and hypersensitivity are among other potential clinical adverse effects associated with the use of all insulins.As with all insulin preparations, the time course of Humalog Mix75/25 action may vary in different individuals or at different times in the same individual and is dependent on site of injection, blood supply, temperature, and physical activity.Adjustment of dosage of any insulin may be necessary if patients change their physical activity or their usual meal plan. Insulin requirements may be altered during illness, emotional disturbances, or other stress.Hypoglycemia — As with all insulin preparations, hypoglycemic reactions may be associated with the administration of Humalog Mix75/25. Rapid changes in serum glucose concentrations may induce symptoms of hypoglycemia in persons with diabetes, regardless of the glucose value. Early warning symptoms of hypoglycemia may be different or less pronounced under certain conditions, such as long duration of diabetes, diabetic nerve disease, use of medications such as beta-blockers, or intensified diabetes control.Renal Impairment — As with other insulins, the requirements for Humalog Mix75/25 may be reduced in patients with renal impairment.Hepatic Impairment — Although impaired hepatic function does not affect the absorption or disposition of Humalog, careful glucose monitoring and dose adjustments of insulin, including Humalog Mix75/25, may be necessary.Allergy — Local Allergy — As with any insulin therapy, patients may experience redness, swelling, or itching at the site of injection. These minor reactions usually resolve in a few days to a few weeks. In some instances, these reactions may be related to factors other than insulin, such as irritants in the skin cleansing agent or poor injection technique.Systemic Allergy — Less common, but potentially more serious, is generalized allergy to insulin, which may cause rash (including pruritus) over the whole body, shortness of breath, wheezing, reduction in blood pressure, rapid pulse, or sweating. Severe cases of generalized allergy, including anaphylactic reaction, may be life threatening. Localized reactions and generalized myalgias have been reported with the use of cresol as an injectable excipient. Antibody Production — In clinical trials, antibodies that cross-react with human insulin and insulin lispro were observed in both human insulin mixtures and insulin lispro mixtures treatment groups.Information for PatientsPatients should be informed of the potential risks and advantages of Humalog Mix75/25 and alternative therapies. Patients should not mix Humalog Mix75/25 with any other insulin. They should also be informed about the importance of proper insulin storage, injection technique, timing of dosage, adherence to meal planning, regular physical activity, regular blood glucose monitoring, periodic hemoglobin A1c testing, recognition and management of hypo- and hyperglycemia, and periodic assessment for diabetes complications.Patients should be advised to inform their physician if they are pregnant or intend to become pregnant.Refer patients to the Patient Information leaflet for information on normal appearance, timing of dosing (within 15 minutes before a meal), storing, and common adverse effects.For Patients Using Insulin Pen Delivery Devices: Before starting therapy, patients should read the Patient Information leaflet that accompanies the drug product and the User Manual that accompanies the delivery device and re-read them each time the prescription is renewed. Patients should be instructed on how to properly use the delivery device, prime the Pen to a stream of insulin, and properly dispose of needles. Patients should be advised not to share their Pens with others.Laboratory TestsAs with all insulins, the therapeutic response to Humalog Mix75/25 should be monitored by periodic blood glucose tests. Periodic measurement of hemoglobin A1c is recommended for the monitoring of long-term glycemic control.Drug InteractionsInsulin requirements may be increased by medications with hyperglycemic activity such as corticosteroids, isoniazid, certain lipid-lowering drugs (e.g., niacin), estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenothiazines, and thyroid replacement therapy.Insulin requirements may be decreased in the presence of drugs that increase insulin sensitivity or have hypoglycemic activity, such as oral antidiabetic agents, salicylates, sulfa antibiotics, certain antidepressants (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blocking agents, beta-adrenergic blockers, inhibitors of pancreatic function (e.g., octreotide), and alcohol. Beta-adrenergic blockers may mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia in some patients.Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of FertilityLong-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Humalog, Humalog Mix75/25, or Humalog Mix50/50. Insulin lispro was not mutagenic in a battery of in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity assays (bacterial mutation tests, unscheduled DNA synthesis, mouse lymphoma assay, chromosomal aberration tests, and a micronucleus test). There is no evidence from animal studies of impairment of fertility induced by insulin lispro. PregnancyTeratogenic Effects — Pregnancy Category B — Reproduction studies with insulin lispro have been performed in pregnant rats and rabbits at parenteral doses up to 4 and 0.3 times, respectively, the average human dose (40 units/day) based on body surface area. The results have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to insulin lispro. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies with Humalog, Humalog Mix75/25, or Humalog Mix50/50 in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Nursing MothersIt is unknown whether insulin lispro is excreted in significant amounts in human milk. Many drugs, including human insulin, are excreted in human milk. For this reason, caution should be exercised when Humalog Mix75/25 is administered to a nursing woman. Patients with diabetes who are lactating may require adjustments in Humalog Mix75/25 dose, meal plan, or both. Pediatric UseSafety and effectiveness of Humalog Mix75/25 in patients less than 18 years of age have not been established.Geriatric UseClinical studies of Humalog Mix75/25 did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should take into consideration the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy in this population.ADVERSE REACTIONSClinical studies comparing Humalog Mix75/25 with human insulin mixtures did not demonstrate a difference in frequency of adverse events between the two treatments.Adverse events commonly associated with human insulin therapy include the following:Body as a Whole — allergic reactions (see PRECAUTIONS).Skin and Appendages — injection site reaction, lipodystrophy, pruritus, rash.Other — hypoglycemia (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS).OVERDOSAGEHypoglycemia may occur as a result of an excess of insulin relative to food intake, energy expenditure, or both. Mild episodes of hypoglycemia usually can be treated with oral glucose. Adjustments in drug dosage, meal patterns, or exercise, may be needed. More severe episodes with coma, seizure, or neurologic impairment may be treated with intramuscular/subcutaneousglucagon or concentrated intravenous glucose. Sustained carbohydrate intake and observation may be necessary because hypoglycemia may recur after apparent clinical recovery. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONTable 1*: Summary of Pharmacodynamic Properties of Insulin Products (Pooled Cross-Study Comparison)Insulin Products Dose, U/kg Time of Peak Activity, Hours After Dosing Percent of Total Activity Occurring in the First 4 Hours Humalog 0.3 2.4 (0.8 - 4.3) 70% (49 - 89%) Humulin R 0.32 (0.26 - 0.37) 4.4 (4.0 - 5.5) 54% (38 - 65%) Humalog Mix75/25 0.3 2.6 (1.0 - 6.5) 35% (21 - 56%) Humulin 70/30 0.3 4.4 (1.5 - 16) 32% (14 - 60%) Humalog Mix50/50 0.3 2.3 (0.8 - 4.8) 45% (27 - 69%) Humulin 50/50 0.3 3.3 (2.0 - 5.5) 44% (21 - 60%) NPH 0.32 (0.27 - 0.40) 5.5 (3.5 - 9.5) 14% (3.0 - 48%) NPL component 0.3 5.8 (1.3 - 18.3) 22% (6.3 - 40%) * The information supplied in Table 1 indicates when peak insulin activity can be expected and the percent of the total insulin activity occurring during the first 4 hours. The information was derived from 3 separate glucose clamp studies in nondiabetic subjects. Values represent means, with ranges provided in parentheses.Humalog Mix75/25 is intended only for subcutaneous administration. Humalog Mix75/25 should not be administered intravenously. Dosage regimens of Humalog Mix75/25 will vary among patients and should be determined by the healthcare provider familiar with the patient’s metabolic needs, eating habits, and other lifestyle variables. Humalog has been shown to be equipotent to Regular human insulin on a molar basis. One unit of Humalog has the same glucose-lowering effect as one unit of Regular human insulin, but its effect is more rapid and of shorter duration. Humalog Mix75/25 has a similar glucose-lowering effect as compared with Humulin 70/30 on a unit for unit basis. The quicker glucose-lowering effect of Humalog is related to the more rapid absorption rate of insulin lispro from subcutaneous tissue.Humalog Mix75/25 starts lowering blood glucose more quickly than Regular human insulin, allowing for convenient dosing immediately before a meal (within 15 minutes). In contrast, mixtures containing Regular human insulin should be given 30 to 60 minutes before a meal. The rate of insulin absorption and consequently the onset of activity are known to be affected by the site of injection, exercise, and other variables. As with all insulin preparations, the time course of action of Humalog Mix75/25 may vary considerably in different individuals or within the same individual. Patients must be educated to use proper injection techniques.Humalog Mix75/25 should be inspected visually before use. Humalog Mix75/25 should be used only if it appears uniformly cloudy after mixing. Humalog Mix75/25 should not be used after its expiration date.HOW SUPPLIEDHumalog Mix75/25 [75% insulin lispro protamine suspension and 25% insulin lispro injection, (rDNA origin)] is available in the following package sizes: each presentation containing 100 units insulin lispro per mL (U-100).10 mL vials NDC 0002-7511-01 (VL-7511)5 x 3 mL prefilled insulin delivery devices (Pen) NDC 0002-8794-59 (HP-8794)5 x 3 mL prefilled insulin delivery devices (KwikPen™) NDC 0002-8797-59 (HP-8797)Storage — Humalog Mix75/25 should be stored in a refrigerator [2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F)], but not in the freezer. Do not use Humalog Mix75/25 if it has been frozen. Unrefrigerated [below 30°C (86°F)] vials must be used within 28 days or be discarded, even if they still contain Humalog Mix75/25. Unrefrigerated [below 30°C (86°F)] Pens, and KwikPens must be used within 10 days or be discarded, even if they still contain Humalog Mix75/25. Protect from direct heat and light. See table below:Not In-Use (Unopened) Room Temperature [Below 30°C (86°F)] Not In-Use (Unopened)RefrigeratedIn-Use (Opened) RoomTemperature [Below30°C (86°F)]10 mL Vial 28 days Until expiration date 28 days,refrigerated/roomtemperature.3 mL Pen and KwikPen (prefilled) 10 days Until expiration date 10 days. Do notrefrigerate.Literature revised March 16, 2009KwikPens manufactured byEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USAPens manufactured byEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA orLilly France, F-67640 Fegersheim, FranceVials manufactured byEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA orLilly France, F-67640 Fegersheim, Francefor Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USACopyright © 2007, 2009, Eli Lilly and Company. All rights reserved.PV 5551 AMP PRINTED IN USA。

HP OpenView Tiering Matrix 产品说明说明书

Usage Notes1. This matrix is a tool for identifying what tier a system is in. NOT ALL of the listed products are supported on all systems in thismatrix. Please read this introduction carefully and also look at the footnotes on each page provided for special cases.2. Single-user Systems (Unix):For OV Operations Agents, Performance Agents and SPIs a workstation used as a single-user system is classified as a Tier 0 system.3. Desktop Systems (Windows, Linux, Netware):Professional Desktop License is for use on a single-user Intel-based PC that is running Windows NT Workstation, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP Professional, RedHat Linux or Novell NetWare.4. The tiering below is valid for all systems running AIX, HP-UX, Tru64 UNIX, Digital Unix, Linux, Sun Solaris, MS Windows andNovell NetWare. All other systems are tiered / priced using separate product numbers as follows:o OV Multi-vendor Agent - B7442AA,o OV Multi-vendor Operations Agent - B7443AA,o OV Multi-vendor Performance Agent - B7444AA.5. Multiple Partitions (Virtual Servers):a. UNIX-basedIf an OV Agent is being ordered for an UNIX-based system which has multiple partitions / domains (virtual systems) a‘password request form’ specifying the number of ‘additional’ partitions/domains has to be completed and sent to thepassword delivery center. There is one license required based upon the tiering of the hosting system and (n-1) freeadditional Tier 1 licenses for the additional partitions/domains.à One suitable Tier license for the hosting system plus (N-1) free Tier 1 licenses for the hosted systemsb. INTEL-based (VMware, MS Virtual Server)The hosting system requires a license as per the Intel based classification (see page 5) for the base system. For eachhosted systems a free additional Tier 0 license must be ordered.à One suitable license for the hosting system plus N free Tier 0 licenses for the each hosted system In both cases, the password delivery center will validate the request and then supply valid passwords.Example:A customer who has purchased a Tier 4 license for a Sun Enterprise 10000 system with 10 domains / partitions will receiveonly one Tier 4 license for the OV Agent from the purchase of the Tier 4 license and needs to request a password for the 9 additional domains / partitions from the password delivery center (https:///welcome.asp).6. Blade Servers (running Windows / Linux):For blade servers each blade in an enclosure is considered to be a separate system. A customer having an hp bh7800enclosure containing 16 bc1100 server blades would require 16 licenses.For the Tier of a blade please refer to the relevant server category in the Windows/Linux section. Please note that some low-end systems are even classified as a "Desktop Tier"! For example, a bc1100 blade would be classified as a Desktop Tier system.Blade Servers running Unix operating systems can be found in the Unix sections (e.g. IBM JS20).7. Servers marked in blue-grey are obsolete. Servers marked in red are current models.8. All queries / requests for updating the matrix can be sent to .9. This matrix is subject to change. Your right to use OpenView software is limited to the tier you paid for. You may not run thesoftware on systems in higher tiers than the one you paid for without first contacting HP. Upgrading systems may result in additional license and support fees. Contact HP for more information.10. Multicore and Hyperthreading:We treat multicore CPUs as "multiple CPUs", means that each core counts as a CPU. This has large impacts, for example, for Ultrasparc based system (Sun Fire T1000, T2000), as they can have up to eight cores in a single housing.Hyperthreading is not considered to fall in this category, so that each CPU with hyperthreading just counts as one CPU.UNIX Systems Hardware Tier 0 Server Tier Tier 1 Advanced Server Tier 2 Datacenter Server Tier 3 Enterprise ServerTier 4Bull Bull – Escala: D201, D401, E230, E250, E604e, E620, EPC400, EPC430, EPC440, EPC450, D104, M101, M104, M201, PL220R, PL220T, PL240R, PL240T, PL400R, PL400T, R201, R204, R404, S Series S100, S Series S120, T430, T450, T604e, T620, Bull – Estrella: 200, 300, 700, DT604, DT603-L, DT603-M, DT603-S, Mini Tower-MT603-L, Mini Tower-MT603-M, Mini Tower-MT604; Bull – Escala : D204, D404, EPC610, EPC810, IL400R, PL250R, PL250T, PL420R, PL420T, PL450R, PL450T, PL600R, PL600T, PL800R ;PowerclusterServer; RL 470,T610;Bull – Escala: EPC1200A, EPC2400, IL1600R, EPC2450;NovaScale 9080Server; PL820R,PL850R;Bull-Escala:PL1600R,PL1650R,PL3200R;Compaq (running Tru64 UNIX or OpenVMS ) AlphaStation: DS10, DS20E; AlphaServer: 800 5/500, 1000A 5/500, 1200 5/533, 4100 5/466, 4100 5/533, 4100 5/600, DS10, DS10L, DS20, DS20E, TS10, TS20; AlphaStation: ES40; AlphaServer : 8200 5/625, 84005/625, ES40,ES45, GS140,GS60, GS60E ,GS80; HPC160,TS40;AlphaServer GS160; HPC320; AlphaServer GS320; SC Series; Digital (running Digital UNIX) AdvantageCluster Available Server 3620, 3820; AdvantageCluster Computer Server 1000, 2000, 3000; AdvantageCluster File Server 3000; AlphaServer 300: 4/266; AlphaServer 400: 4/166, 4/233; AlphaServer 800: 5/333, 5/400; AlphaServer 1000: 4/200, 4/200 CAB, 4/233, 4/266; AlphaServer 1000A: 4/233, 4/266, 4/300, 4/333, 4/400; AlphaServer 2000: 4/200, 4/233, 4/275, 5/250, 5/300, 5/375; AlphaServer 2100: 4/200, 4/233, 4/275,5/250, 5/300, 4/200 CAB, 4/275 CAB;AlphaServer 2100A: 4/275, 5/250, 5/300, LP5/300, LP 5/375; AlphaServer 4000: 5/300,5/400, 5/466, 5/533, 5/600; AlphaServer4100: 5/300, 5/300E, 5/400; AlphaServer8200: 5/300, 5/350; AlphaStation: 200 4/100,200 4/166, 200 4/233, 250 4/266, 255/233,255/300, 400 4/233, 500/266, 500/333,500/400, 500/500, 600 5/300, 600 5/333,600/266, 600A 5/500; DEC 2000 AXP: 300,500; DEC 2100: A500MP, A600MP; DEC 3000AXP: 300, 300LX, 300X, 400, 400S, 500, 500S,500X, 600, 600S, 700, 800, 800S, 900; DEC7000: 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760; DEC10000 Model 610 AXP; Internet AlphaServer:1000 4/233, 1000 4/266, 1000A 5/300, 4004/166, 400 4/233, 200 4/100; PersonalWorkstation Model 433au;Adv'geCluster C/Svr 4000, Adv'geClusterC/Svr 5000,AlphaServer8200: 5/440;AlphaServer8400: 5/300,5/350, 5/440;Fujitsu Siemens PRIMEPOWER : 100N, 200, 200F, 250, 400, 400N; PRIMEPOWER: 450, 600, 650; PRIMEPOWER: 800, 850; PRIMEPOWER: 900, 1500, 2500,1000, 2000;Fujitsu 1 GP 7000F: 200, 400; GP 7000F: 600; GP 7000F: 1000;2000;1 The Fujitsu systems listed have been replaced by the PRIMEPOWER series; see Fujitsu Siemens category.HardwareTier 0Server TierTier 1Advanced ServerTier 2Datacenter ServerTier 3Enterprise ServerTier 4HP 9000 712/60, 712/80, 712/100, 715/D, 715/G,715/33, 715/50, 715/64, 715/75, 715/80,715/100, 715/100XC, 725/50, 725/75, 725/100,730, 735/B, 735/99, 735/125, 743l/100, 755,755/99, 755/125, 807S, 808S, 815S, 817S,822S, 825S, 827S, 832S, 835S, 835SE, 837S,842S, 845S, 845SE, 847S, 850S, 852S, 855S,857S, 860S, 865S, 867S, 870S/100, 870S/200,870S/300, 870S/400, 877S, 887S, 897S,890/100, 890/200, 890/300, 890/400, 1210;A180, A180C, A400, A500,B132L, B160L,C100, C110, C160, C160L, C180, D200, D210,D220, D230, D250/1, D250/2, D260, D270/1,D270/2, D280/1, D280/2, D310,D320, D330,D350/1, D350/2,D360, D370/1, D370/2,D380/1, D380/2,D390/1, D390/2,E25, E35,E45, E55, F10, F20, F30, G30, G40, G50, G60,G70, H20, H30, H40, H50, H60, H70, I30, I40,I50, I60, I70, J200, J210, J210XC, J280, K100,K200, K210, K220, K250, K260, K260-EG,K360, K370,K380,K400, K410, K420, K450,K460, K460-EG, K460-XP,K570,K580,L1000,L2000, L3000, R380, R390,T500, T520, T600,cx2600, rp2400, rp2405, rp2430, rp2450,rp2470, rp3410-2, rp5400, rp5405, rp5430,rp5450, rp5470rx1600, rx2600; Blade Server bp2200;AlphaServer: DS10, DS15, DS20L, DS25;AlphaStation: DS10, DS15, DS25;HP Workstation: b2000, b2600, c3600,c3700,c3750, c8000, j5600,j6000,j6700, j6750,i2000, zx2000, zx6000;HP VISUALIZE Workstation:B132L+, B180L,B1000, C200, C240, C360, C3000, J282,J2240, J5000, J7000. EPS20, EPS21,MPS10(735/125CL),N4000;V2200,V2250; rp3440-4,rp4410-4,rp4440-8, rp7400,rp7405, rp7410,rp8400;rx1620-2,rx2620-2, rx4610,rx4640-8, rx5670;AlphaServer:ES45, ES47,ES80, GS80,GS1280 8Way;HP 9000Superdome :16 Way (PA-8600,PA-8700);Blades:BL60pEPS22, EPS23,V2500,V2600;rp7420-16;rx7620, rx9610;AlphaServer:GS160,GS1280 (16Way);HP 9000Superdome:32 Way (PA-8600,PA8700);EPS30, EPS31,EPS40;rp8420-32;rx8620;AlphaServer:GS320,GS1280 (32Way),GS1280 (64Way),SC45;HP - IntegritySuperdome:16 Way, 32 Way,64 Way;HP 9000Superdome2:64 Way (PA-8600,PA-8700);16 Socket (upto32 PA-8800),32 Socket (upto64 PA-8800),64 Socket (upto128 PA-8800),all PA-8900modelsIBM eServer pSeries: 610 (6C1), 610 (6E1), 615(6C3), 615 (6E3), 620 (6F0), 640 (B80), 660(6H0),T70; eServer pSeries 630 Workstation;SMP Server: J40, J50, R40, R50;Blade Server: JS20 (AIX)Server: 250, 390, 397, 39H, 43P-140, 43P-150,43P-240, 43P-260, 44P-170, 44P-270, 590,591, 595, B50,C10, C20, E20, E30, F30, F40,F50, G40 SMP, H10, H50, H70, R20, R24;Workstation:25T/25W, 397, 3AT, 3BT, 3CT,41T/W, 42T/W, 43P-100, 43P-120, 43P-132,43P-140, 43P-150,43P-240, 43P-260, 44P-170,44P-270, F40;Power Series: 830, 850; IntelliStation POWER9112 Model 265;POWERserver: 220, 230, 320, 320H, 340,34H, 350, 360, 370, 380, 520, 520H, 530,530H, 540, 550, 550L, 560, 570, 580, 58H,59H, 930, 950, 970, 970B, 980, 980B, 990,G30, J30, R10, R21, R30;POWERstation: 220, 230, 320, 320H, 340,34H, 350, 355, 360, 365, 36T, 370, 375, 37T,40P, 520, 520H, 530, 530H, 550, 560, 570,580, 58H, 590, 730, M20, M2A;SP Winterhawk node, SP Silver node;eServer pSeries:p5 510, p5 520,p5 550, 620 (6F1),630 (6C4), 630(6E4), 650, 655,660 (6M1), 660(6H1);p5 505IntelliStationPOWER 9114Model 275;eServer iSeries:i5 520, i5 550;Cluster Server:HA50, HA-H70;Server: F80, H80,M80;SMP Server: S70Advanced (S7A),S70;SP Nighthawknode;eServer pSeries:p5 570 Express,p5 575, 670; 680;p5 550Q ExpressSMP Server: S80;eServer pSeries:p5 570, p5 590,p5 595, 690;eServer iSeries:i5 570, i5 595;2Former 16, 32, 64 Way Superdomes running PA-8600 or PA-8700 processors, now support PA-8800 and PA-8900 processors.The new processors have doubled the capacity of the Superdome and increased the performance. These new systems running PA-8800 processors are classified as Tier 4. Customers who upgrade an existing HP 9000 Superdome to a PA-8800/PA-8900 powered HP 9000 Superdome are also required to upgrade their licenses to Tier 4.HardwareTier 0Server TierTier 1Advanced ServerTier 2Datacenter ServerTier 3Enterprise ServerTier 4Stratus 3Continuum: 412, 415, 418, 419, 422, 425, 428,429, 439, 449, 616, 619, 629, 1219, 1229;Sun Blade Workstation:100, 150, 1000, 1500,2000; Blade 2500;Enterprise:220R, 250, 420R, 450,3000, 2HACluster Server, 2PDB Cluster Server;Enterprise 2: 1170, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2170,2200, 2300, 2400;Fire: V100, V120, 280R, B100s Blade, B100xBlade, (Note 6), V210, V240, V250;HPC: 2, 450; MediaCenter: 20, 5, 1000E;Netra 20, 120, 240;Netra ct:400, 410, 800,810, 820; Fault Tolerant 1800 Server;Netra Internet Server:i 1140, i1200/2200,i2/1300, i20, i3000, i600, i625, i 1170, i1/200E,i4, i400, i410, i5, i500, i5-170, i525, J 1/145, J1/175, J 2/1200, J 2/1300, J 3000, J4, J5; NetraAX1105S-500 Netra NFS: 2/1300, 2/2300;Netra t:1120,1125, 1400, 1405;Netra t1:100,105, 200; Netra X1;SPARC Xterminal 1; SPARCclassic; ft-SPARC;SPARCserver:630MP-M41, 670MP-M41,690MP-M41, 630MP-M54, 670MP-M54,690MP-M54, 630MP-M52, 670MP-M52,690MP-M52, 1000, 1000E; SPARCserver 4:110, 70, 85; SPARCserver 5: 110, 70, 85;SPARCserver 10: 30; 40; 402MP, 41; 51;512MP, 514MP, 52; SPARCserver 20:151,152MP, 50, 502MP, 51, 514MP, 61, 612MP,71, 712MP; SPARCcluster 1: 2000E HA,2000E PDB; SPARCcluster 1: 1, 2, 4, 1000EHA, 1000E PDB, SPARCstation: ELC, IPC,IPX, LX, Voyager; SPARCstation 2;SPARCstation 4: 110, 70, 85; SPARCstation5:110, 170, 70, 85; SPARCstation 10: 20, 30,40, 402MP, 41, 51, 512MP, 514MP, 52;SPARCstation 20:502MP, 514MP, 612MP,HS14MP, 152MP, 712MP, HS22MP, 151, 50,51, 61, 71, HS11, HS21; SPARCcenter:2000,2000E;Ultra: 5, 10, 60, 80, 450; Ultra 1: 140, 140E,170, 170E, 200E; Ultra 2: 1200, 1300, 1400,1170, 2170, 2200, 2300, 2400; Ultra 30: 250,300;Ultra Enterprise: 5S, 10S, 150; UltraEnterprise 1: 140, 170, 170E; UltraServer 1:140, 170, 170E;Ultra Enterprise Cluster Server: 3000HA,3000PDB;Ultra 3000 Creator3D Workstation Enterprise:3500,4000, 4500, 5000,5500;Fire: V20z, V40z,480R, 3800, 4800,4810, V440,V480, V490,V880, V880zVisualizationServer; V890 ;T1000, T2000HPC: 3000, 3500,4000, 4500, 5000,5500;Ultra 4000Creator3DWorkstationNetra 240 Server;Netra 440 Server;Ultra EnterpriseCluster Server:4000HA,4000PDB,5000HA,5000PDB;Enterprise: 6000,6500;Fire: E2900,E4900, V1280;HPC: 6000, 6500;Ultra EnterpriseCluster Server:6000HA,6000PDB;Netra 1280;Enterprise:10000;Fire: 12K,15K,6800, E25K,E20K, E6900;HPC: 10000;3400 Series; 600/1200 Series only where HP-UX is supportedWindows / Linux / Netware SystemsStandard ServersSee support matrix for supported Windows, Linux, Netware versions.For virtual system details, please refer to bullet point 5.b on the initial pageHardwareTier 0Server TierTier 1Advanced ServerTier 2Datacenter ServerTier 3Enterprise ServerTier 4Intel 486 or higher Itanium4 AMD Opteron5Servers with up to4 CPUS:running supportedversions of Windows,Linux, NetwareServers with up to8 CPUS:running supportedversions of Windows,Linux, NetwareServers with up to32 CPUS:running supportedversions of Windows,Linux, NetwareServers with up to64 CPUS:running supportedversions of Windows,Linux, NetwareBlade ServersNote that the first column is Desktop Tier and there is no Tier 4 column!For details, please refer to bullet point 6 Blade Servers (running Windows / Linux) on the initial pageNote that blades running Unix only are not listed here, but in the standard manufacturer section (like HP BL60p)Hardware Desktop Tier Tier 0Server TierTier 1Advanced ServerTier 2DatacenterServerTier 3EnterpriseServerIntel 486 or higher Itanium6HP:bc1000, bc1100,BL10e, BL10e G2;Sun:Fire B100s;Servers with up to 4 CPUS:Dell:PowerEdge 1655M;HP:BL20p, BL25p, BL30p, BL35p, BL40p,BL60pSun:Fire B200x; V20zBull:NovaScale 2020;IBM:BladeCenter HS20, HS40;Unisys:ES3005;Servers with up to 8 CPUS:HP:BL45p;Sun:V40z4 If it is running any other supported operating system please find it under the relevant vendor class.5Note that as of today (April 2005) not all products are supported on all operating systems, Please refer to the actual support matrix.6 If it is running any other supported operating system please find it under the relevant vendor class.。

博物馆招聘管理员英语作文

博物馆招聘管理员英语作文Museum Recruitment for AdministratorIn today's fast-paced and dynamic world, museums play a vital role in preserving and promoting culture and history. To ensure smooth operations, museums often require competent and efficient administrators to handle various tasks. This essay aims to discuss the qualities and responsibilities of an administrator in a museum recruitment context.Firstly, excellent organizational skills are indispensable for a museum administrator. They need to manage various administrative functions such as scheduling appointments, maintaining records, managing budgets, and coordinating events. The ability to prioritize tasks effectively will ensure that daily operations run smoothly and efficiently.Furthermore, strong communication skills are crucial for an administrator in a museum setting. They need to liaise with different departments within the museum, collaborate withvolunteers or interns, communicate with external partnersor sponsors, and assist visitors with inquiries or concerns. An effective administrator should possess both verbal and written communication skills to facilitate clear andconcise interactions.Another important quality of a museum administrator is attention to detail. They are responsible for ensuring accurate record-keeping, managing inventory, overseeing collections management procedures, and handling financial transactions or grants. Paying close attention to these details is essential to maintain the integrity of the museum's operations.Moreover, a successful candidate for a museum administrator position should possess critical thinking abilities. This includes problem-solving skills when faced with unexpected challenges or conflicts among staff members or external stakeholders. An administrator needs to devise creative solutions while considering the broader goals of the museum.Additionally, flexibility is key in this role due to theever-changing nature of museum activities. Administrators must adapt quickly to new technologies, industry trends, or unexpected circumstances that may affect visitor experiences or operational efficiency.Lastly, knowledge of art history or cultural heritage is advantageous but not always a requirement for a museum administrator position. While it can enhance their understanding of the exhibits and provide valuable insights during discussions with curators or visitors, administrators primarily focus on managing processes rather than curating content.In summary, the recruitment of a museum administrator involves seeking individuals with exceptionalorganizational skills, strong communication abilities, attention to detail, critical thinking capabilities, flexibility, and ideally some knowledge or interest in art history or cultural heritage. By considering thesequalities during the hiring process, museums can ensure effective operations and enhance visitor experiences.。

招募图书管理员英语作文

招募图书管理员英语作文English:As we seek to recruit a new librarian to join our team, we are looking for an individual who possesses a strong passion for literature and is dedicated to fostering a love of reading within our community. The ideal candidate should have a comprehensive understanding of library science and information management, as well as experience in cataloging and organizing library collections. Additionally, excellent communication and interpersonal skills are essential, as the librarian will be interacting with a diverse range of library patrons and colleagues. The ability to adapt to new technologies and digital resources is also important, as our library continues to evolve in the digital age. We are seeking someone who is innovative, organized, and committed to providing exceptional service to our patrons. Finally, a willingness to collaborate with other team members and contribute to the strategic growth and development of the library is crucial for this role.Translated content:在寻求招聘新图书管理员加入我们团队的过程中，我们正在寻找一个对文学充满热情，并致力于在社区中培养阅读爱好的个人。

NPort 管理套件发行说明书

NPort Administration Suite Release NotesSupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Driver signature failure on Windows 7.• Unable to reopen the Grouped-COM port for IP Serial library.• BSOD issue when a Grouped-COM port is opened.• Cannot import encrypted configuration files via the web console.EnhancementsWindows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012,Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2019NPort 5000AI-M12 Series, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200A Series,NPort P5150A Series, NPort IA5000 Series, NPort IA5000A Series• Supports Windows Server 2019.• Supports Moxa Security Guidelines.New Features• Driver version 2.0: Windows 95/98/ME/NT/XP/Vista and Windows Server 2003/2008; Driver version 3.0: Windows 7/8/8.1/10 and Windows Server 2008 R2/2012/2012 R2/2016/2019N/ASupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/AN/AEnhancementsWindows 10, Windows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 95, Windows 98,Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2,Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports encrypted configuration.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Device search failure when the host has more than 16 IP addresses.• NPort Administration Suite could not be run on Windows 2000.EnhancementsWindows 10, Windows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 95, Windows 98,Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2,Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports Windows 10.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Updated IPSerial.dll to fix thread handle always existing.• Utility could not monitor devices with "auto save device" setting when restarting the utility.• Utility could not monitor devices with "manual" setting before executing search function.• Ports mapped by the NPort Administration Suite v1.18 or earlier would disappear when using a version of Administration Suite later than v1.18.• Searching by 802.11 WLAN would fail on Windows 7 or later.• The timeout of IPSerial nsio_checkalive function would not work on Windows 7 Ultimate.• Popup error message "The network component is not ready" when searching for an NPort on Windows 8.• Ports could not be sorted by COM number order when clicking the COM number field in the monitor page.• The ports mapped by NPort Administration Suite v1.19 or earlier could not be opened by using a version of Administration Suite later than v1.19.17.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME,Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • IPSerial.dll upgraded to version 1.7.3.• IPSerial added example code for VB2010.• Updated NPort.dll to support NPort P5150A.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/AN/AEnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT,Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012,Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012.• Supports "Always Accept Open Request" for Windows 2000 and newer.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Driver caused a BSOD when opening and closing repeatedly in Windows 2008 R2.• Driver caused a BSOD when applications open grouped COM ports which contain one or more disabled ports.• In the COM Grouping function, sometimes HyperTerminal may not read the received data immediately.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports NPort 5150AI-M12, 5250AI-M12, 5450AI-M12.• Supports LLDP configuration.• Supports Windows publish.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Application will not work properly when logging as a standard user in Windows Vista/7environments. This version will prompt the user change to an account with administrative rights.• Windows 2008 64-bit driver would cause a BSOD when accessing an invalid memory path.• Modified the Georgetown time zone to GMT-04:00, Caracas to GMT-04:30, and Sofia to GMT +02:00.• The "nsio_RTS" function was not able to control RTS signals.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports NPort P5150A.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• System BSOD when setting and enabling COM grouping functions in Windows 2008 R2.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports NPort 5600-8-DTL Series.• Supports NPort A Series products in NPort.dll library.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Reduced handle counts when application called nsio_init() from IPSerial library.• When closing COM port and applying change to other COM numbers simultaneously, the NPort administrator utility will cause a hang up.• If the nsio_close() function is called several times and then the nsio_open() function is called, it will fail and return an undefined error code.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports Multi-connection by IPSerial library.• Supports Windows 7.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Shortened opening time for COM Grouping.• Shortened setting time for COM Grouping.• Write operation would stop transmitting.• Monitor and port monitor would stop after removing target.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports COM Grouping function for Windows NT.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• Set IP filter netmask error on Windows x64 platforms.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003,Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports NPort 5110A, 5130A, 5150A, IA5450A, IA5450AI, IA5150A, IA5150AI, IA5250A, IA5250AI,5210A, 5230A, 5250A.• Supports COM Grouping function (does not support Windows 95/98/ME/NT).New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• "Import COM Mapping" function would throw an "invalid pointer opertion" message.• Monitor function would cause a memory leak.• Adjusted the IRP completion order for multi-processor environments.• Fixed the buffer protection mechanism for issues while inserting special characters in the serial RX buffer.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003,Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports NPort IA-5250I.New FeaturesN/A• This version also applies to models NPort IA-5250ISupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs Fixed• Upgraded package: IPSerial Library.• Application crash problem with IP serial library when binding more than 8 IPs(alias) for PC.• Loading driver failed in Windows Vista x64.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003,Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series N/ANew FeaturesN/AN/ASupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• SERIAL_PURGE_TXABORT did not reset the WriteCharsQueued counter.• SIO outqueue count was inaccurate under classic mode.• The port number was incorrect in the "UDP Mode Settings: Destination" list.• Startup of Monitor and Port Monitor may fail.• Removal of Monitor and Port Monitor may fail.• The search function would have issues on a Windows 2003 host with dual LAN cards.• Adding COM port would fail if "SERIALCOMM" registry key was absent.• Invalid argument for time encode.• Access violation problem in "IP Address Report List".• Search function supports 16 IP addresses for local host.• "Alive" status in Monitor and Port Monitor may be incorrect.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003,Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series N/ANew FeaturesN/AN/ASupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/AN/AEnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003,Windows Vista, Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports Windows Vista.• Supports 5610-8-DT, 5610-8-DT-J, 5650-8-DT, 5650-8-DT-J and 5650I-8-DT.New FeaturesN/AN/ASupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs Fixed• Improved IoctlGetCommstatus() to report live out queue count.• Improved utility user interface.• Improved COM setting functions. If the selected ports are in use, no change can be made to them.These settings include: COM number, Tx mode, FIFO, and Fast Flush.• Improved COM setting functions. If the users do not have administrative privileges, they cannot add or delete COM ports. However, they can still view the COM settings and open the COM ports.• Improved utility user interface.• Modem dial out caused system halt on multi-processor platforms.• Driver read operations caused double completion (BSOD) on multi-processor platforms.• GetCommStatus caused a BSOD on multi-processor platforms.• ioctl of setting Xon/Xoff character failed.• Fixed bugs detected by Static Driver Verifier, which include a double completion problem and completion of IRP without releasing the cancel spinlock.• FastFlush setting error when COM port number exceeds 127.• COM Mapping problem when a disabled port is opened.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003,Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Added "Network Timeout" function for COM settings.• Added auto message log function.New FeaturesN/AN/ASupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/A• IOCTL_SERIAL_IMMEDIATE_CHAR bug causing a BSOD.• IOCTL_SERIAL_XOFF_COUNTER bug causing system halt.• Accessible IPs export and import configurations did not match.• IOCTL_SERIAL_IMMEDIATE_CHAR bug causing a BSOD.• IPSerial nsio_write and mutli-port connection problems.• Administrator could not remove serial port settings when uninstalling the NPort Administration Suite.• COM Mapping could not import files exported by Administrator v1.2.• Disconnecting an NPort will crash the application while calling nsio_close.EnhancementsWindows 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003,Windows XPIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports PPP Mode and Real COM Mode (RFC2217) operating mode for NPort 56xx.• Supports 64-bit Windows.• Moved nprcmisic.dll to nport.dll to cover all NPort models.• Supports NPort 5130, 5150, 5650, 5650-S-SC, 5650-M-SC.• Supports SERIAL_LSRMST_ESCAPE and SERIAL_LSRMST_MST event types of IOCTL_SERIAL_LSRMST_INSERT requests. SERIAL_LSRMST_LSR_NODATA and SERIAL_LSRMST_LSR_DATA event types are not supported due to driver limitations.New FeaturesN/AN/ASupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs Fixed• Improved Windows 2000/XP/2003 driver "Fast Flush" performance.• Improved disconnection process to prevent application blocking.• Improved NT/2000/XP/2003 driver Ioctl performance (parity, baud, modem...).• High CPU loading with Hyper Threading systems.• COM Mapping rescan prevents some models from being able to be configured.• Port Monitor: When NPort is reconnecting, Administrator increases CPU load to 100%.• Event log lost problem.• IOCTL_SERIAL_SET_WAIT_MASK (npser+114c) BSOD RQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL problem.• (npser+5c13) BSOD KERNEL_MODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED problem.• Verifier testing problem.• Classic mode oqueue length was not correct.• Tx does not stop on network disconnection.• Write blocked after reconnecting.EnhancementsN/AIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • Supports new functions of firmware 2.0.• Added new NPort IA model.• Added Web console toolbar.• Supports IOCTL_SERIAL_XOFF_COUNTER command (Windows 2000/XP/2003), which is used by some 16-bit programs.New Features• Registered COM number usage (Windows 2000/XP/2003). This will avoid other COM device from using the same COM number occupied by this driver.N/ASupported Operating SystemsNotesChangesApplicable ProductsBugs FixedN/AN/AEnhancementsN/AIndustrial Device Servers, NPort 5100 Series, NPort 5100A Series, NPort 5200 Series, NPort 5200A Series, NPort 5400 Series, NPort 5600 Series, NPort 5600-DT Series, NPort 5600-DTL Series • First release.New FeaturesN/AN/A。

Adobe Digital Learning Services Photoshop CC 2015

Adobe Digital Learning Services Exam GuideACE: Photoshop CC 2015 Exam GuideAdobe Digital Learning Services provides this exam guide to help prepare partners,customers, and consultants who are actively seeking accreditation as Adobe CertifiedExperts (ACE). This guide, while designed to describe the exam in detail and provide asmuch information as possible, is not meant to be the sole means of exam preparation.Adobe Digital Learning Services offers courses that provide in-depth training on theexam content.Hands-on experience with the Adobe product suite is also a critical element inpreparing to pass any Adobe certification exam.ACE: Photoshop CC 2015 exam overviewThe typical candidate has between 2 – 5 years’ experience using Adobe Photoshop in a digital imaging, digitalpublishing, and design environments. You might be responsible for digital asset management, production, andexecution of projects in the fields of (but not limited to): photographic art, advertising design, photojournalism,news and media production, social media, mobile, video, web, and 3-D.Exam descriptionThe exam has two parts:•57 multiple-choice questions, covering a range of topics listed below• A short survey that we use to gather information about your product experienceThe exam has a time limit of 90 minutes, and includes a timer to mark the remaining time.Exam scoringAll Adobe exams are reported on a scale of 300 to 700. The passing score for each exam is 550. For moreinformation about scaled scoring, visit the FAQs.Scheduling examsOur exams are delivered worldwide by PSI.To register for the exam:1.Visit Adobe’s credential management system logon page. The logon requires that you have an Adobe ID.If you do not have an Adobe ID, click the link for “Get an Adobe ID”2.After logging on, If you have never taken an Adobe exam before, you will be instructed to create a Profile.After creating your Profile, you will be instructed to update your opt-in Settings..3.Once logged on, click “Home” then click “Schedule your exam at PSI.”4.You will be directed to a new page within CertMetrics where you will click “Click here to log in to PSI.”5.You will be taken to a page hosted by our exam delivery vendor, PSI, that displays the available exams6.Scroll through the list of available exams and press the “Schedule Exam” button for the exam you want totake.7.Select a delivery mode for your exam by choosing either “Test Center” or “Remote Online ProctoredExam.”8.Select your exam language to see options for your exam.9.Select an available date and start time.10.Confirm schedule details to receive a booking confirmation.11.Proceed to payment.12.After payment is successful, you will receive an email confirmation your registration details and a receipt.Exam preparationThe following are typical tasks that you should already be able to perform:•Customizing the Photoshop work environment (workspaces, menus, presets)•Organizing individual Photoshop files using best practices for layer organizations (layer sets, naming of layers)•Applying global tonal and color corrections to images•Applying local image editing and retouching•Organizing image data for easy retrieval•Analyzing available file formats and determining format needed based on intent needs (Web, video, offset press, etc.)•Using basic masking techniques•Using pixel and vector-based tools•Using Creative Cloud servicesExam topics may include:Start a Project in Photoshop•Create new documents•Import and open imagesNavigate and customize the user interface (UI)•Work with panels and menus•Use and customize workspacesUse tools and tool settings•Choose an appropriate tool.•Adjust tool settings•Use the toolsCreate and work with layers•Understand layer concepts•Work with blending modes and opacity•Use layer masks•Apply layer styles•Use Adjustment LayersModify image dimensions•Crop images•Resize imagesApply global tonal and color adjustments to images•Adjust color and tonal levels with curves.•Apply global adjustments by using the Camera Raw filterApply local adjustments to images•Work with tools to retouch an image•Work with tools to adjust the tone of an imageWork with filters•Understand and work with filters•Understand and work with Smart filtersUse pixel and vector-based tools•Understand pixel and vector tools•Choose and apply Typekit fontsCreate selections•Understand available methods for creating selections•Edit selectionsGet images out of Photoshop•Prepare images for print•Understand file formats when saving imagesExam preparation checklist•I have at least two years’ experience with Adobe Photoshop.•I am familiar with Camera Raw and Adobe Bridge.•I can complete the tasks outlined in the “Exam preparation” section without assistance.•I have read and studied the topics listed in this exam guide.Sample questions1. A user just cut a selection from a photograph in Adobe Photoshop and wants to place it into a newfile.Which document type automatically sets the canvas size in the new document to match the user's selection?A. PhotoB. WebC. ClipboardD. Film & VideoAnswer: C2.What are two features that can be saved with a custom workspace? (Choose two.)A. FontsB. GuidesC. Color SwatchesD. Panel locationsE. Keyboard shortcutsAnswer: D and E3. A user has an image on a single color background and wants to remove the background using the leastnumber of steps.Which tool should be used?A. Magic Wand ToolB. Magic Eraser ToolC. Quick Selection ToolD. Background Eraser ToolAnswer: B4. A user is working on a Photoshop document that has a large number of layers and wants to display onlythe layers that contain pixel-based data.Which filter type should be selected in the Layers panel?A. KindB. ModeC. EffectD. AttributeAnswer: A5. A user is resampling an image in the Image Size dialog and wants to enable the Reduce Noise slider.Which resampling method should be used in this situation?A. AutomaticB. Bicubic Sharper (reduction)C. Nearest Neighbor (hard edges)D. Preserve Details (enlargement)Answer: D6.Which tool in the Curves dialog box allows the user to most accurately select specific tones of the imagefor adjustment?A. PencilB. Edit PointsC. Modify Curve (hand)D. Gray Point (eyedropper)Answer: C7.How could a user apply a non-destructive vignette to an image?A. Use the Burn Tool to selectively brush in image edge darkeningB. Add a Photo Filter layer and adjust the vignette slider for each edgeC. Apply a Black to Transparent Gradient to the edges of an overlaidempty layerD. Select the Multiply blending mode and use the Brush tool to paint thedarker areasAnswer: C8. A user is attempting to make a new digital photograph have an aged appearance.Which filter should be used to simulate this?A. Noise > DespeckleB. Other > High-PassC. Pixelate > PointillizeD. Filter Gallery > Film GrainAnswer: D9. A user has a picture of two people shaking hands and wants to select only the hands to add them intoanother image.How should this be achieved?A. Select the handshake with the Slice Tool. Copy the selected pixels.Open a second image in Photoshop and paste the copied pixels into thenew photo.B. Select the handshake with the Magic Wand Tool. Copy the color range.Open a second image in Photoshop and paste the copied pixels into thenew photo.C. Select the handshake with the Quick Selection Tool. Copy the selectedpixels. Open a second image in Photoshop and paste the copied pixelsinto the new photo.D. Select the handshake with the Crop Tool. Delete the cropped pixels.Select all and copy the remaining pixels. Open a second image inPhotoshop and paste the pixels into the new photo.Answer: C10. A user is creating an app icon from an existing logo file.Which tool and key combination creates a perfect square selection?A. Magic Wand tool + Alt (Option)B. Rectangular Marquee tool + ShiftC. Quick Selection tool + Alt (Option)D. Elliptical marquee tool + Ctrl (Command)Answer: B11.Which file format will allow the user to include an alpha channel to use as a clipping path in InDesign?A. GIFB. PNGC. TIFFD. JPEGAnswer CAdobe Inc. 345 Park Avenue San Jose, CA 95110-2704 USA Adobe, Photoshop, and the Adobe logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Inc. in the United States a nd/or o ther countries.© 2018 Adobe. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA. 08/16。

“您需要来自administrator 的权限才能对此文件进行更改”

2、如果这里没有你要选的用户击添加—高级—立即查找—要选的用户（如zsy）--确定。之后就和1一样改选择的用户权限了，如图：
三、一路确定下去后就可以删除文件夹了
~]
“您需要来自administrator的权限才能对此文件进行更改”
当我删除一个非系统文件夹时，提示“您需要来自administrator的权限才能对此文件进行更改”从网上找了很久，大多是两方面的但试过后还是不行，没办法自己找找真找到了。
一、取得所有权（大多一样，但少了其中一步真的不行，我就是少了一个地方打勾）
要删除的文件—右键属性—安全—高级—所有者—编辑
选择所有者---把“替换子容器和对象的所有者”（一定要选，我就是之前没有，弄了好久）点击确定，如图：
二、更改权限
要删除的文件夹—右键属性—安全—高级—权限—更改权限
1、选择要改的用户（我这里是zsy(zsy-PC\zsy)）--将“使用可从些对象继承的权限替换所有子对象权限”(我少点了这个也是不行的)---编辑—“完全控制”后面点允许—一直确定

冰果英语作文系统登录

冰果英语作文系统登录Step 1: Access the SystemTo begin the process of logging into the Binguo English Essay System, you will first need to navigate to the system'sofficial website. This can be done by entering the URL into your web browser's address bar or by searching for "Binguo English Essay System" using a search engine.Step 2: Locate the Login PortalOnce you are on the homepage, look for the login portal,which is typically situated at the top right corner of the webpage. The login portal may be labeled as "Login," "Sign In," or with an icon representing a user or a key.Step 3: Enter Your CredentialsClick on the login portal to reveal the login form. You willbe prompted to enter your username and password. These credentials are unique to your account and should be kept confidential to maintain the security of your personal information.Step 4: Check for CaptchaSome systems require users to complete a captcha to verifythat they are not bots. If a captcha is present, follow the instructions provided, which may involve clicking on images, typing in a series of numbers, or dragging and dropping items.Step 5: Log InAfter entering your credentials and completing any captcha challenges, click the "Log In" or "Sign In" button to submit your information. If your details are correct, you will be granted access to the system.Step 6: TroubleshootingIf you encounter any issues during the login process, such as forgotten passwords or locked accounts, look for a "Forgot Password" link or "Help" section on the login page. These features can assist you in recovering your account or resetting your password.Step 7: Explore the SystemUpon successful login, you will be taken to the system's dashboard or main interface. Here, you can access various features of the Binguo English Essay System, such as essay writing tools, grammar checkers, and vocabulary builders.Step 8: Log Out SafelyWhen you have finished using the system, it is important to log out to protect your account from unauthorized access. Look for a "Log Out" or "Sign Out" button, usually located in the top right corner of the interface, and click it to securely end your session.By following these steps, you can efficiently and securely log into the Binguo English Essay System to enhance your English writing skills and make the most of the available resources.。

申请成为图书管理员英语作文

申请成为图书管理员英语作文[English Answer]Dear [Recipient Name],。

I am writing to express my keen interest in theposition of Librarian as advertised on [website/platform]. With my extensive experience in library and information science, coupled with my unwavering passion for literature and knowledge dissemination, I am confident that I can make significant contributions to your esteemed organization.Throughout my career, I have consistently exceeded expectations in various library settings. As a Reference Librarian at [Library Name], I provided impeccable research assistance, guiding patrons through complex inquiries and unearthing obscure information. My ability to translate patrons' needs into effective search strategies was instrumental in enhancing their research outcomes.Furthermore, my role as Collection DevelopmentLibrarian at [Library Name] honed my expertise in acquiring and managing library materials. I conducted thorough collection assessments, gap analyses, and vendor negotiations to ensure the library's collection remained relevant and comprehensive. My keen eye for curating high-quality resources and my understanding of user preferences contributed to the library's reputation as a vibrant and indispensable hub for learning.Beyond my technical skills, I am an ardent advocate for literacy and lifelong learning. I have a proven track record of developing and implementing innovative programs that promote reading and information literacy among all ages. I am particularly passionate about fostering a love of reading in children, and I have organized numerous storytime sessions, book clubs, and author visits to ignite their imaginations.I am also an active member of the American Library Association (ALA) and the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). Through theseprofessional organizations, I stay abreast of industry best practices, participate in research initiatives, and engage with fellow librarians to exchange ideas and collaborate on innovative projects.My academic credentials include a Master of Library and Information Science from [University Name], where I specialized in Information Organization and Retrieval. Additionally, I hold a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature from [University Name], which has instilled in me a deep appreciation for the power and beauty of written words.I am confident that my skills, experience, and unwavering passion for librarianship make me an ideal candidate for this position. I am eager to join your team and contribute my expertise to the success and growth of your library.Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to discussing my qualifications further and demonstrating how my contributions can benefit yourorganization.Sincerely,。

Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Illinois Remittance

Go toAvailitySelectAvaility Portal LoginEnter User ID and PasswordSelect Log in1)Getting StartedAug. 2021The Availity Remittance Viewer tool is an electronic solution that offers providers and billing services the ability to search, view, sort, save and print payment and remittance information. This tool is available to registered Availity users that are currently enrolled to receive the Electronic Remittance Advice (835 ERA) from Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Illinois (BCBSIL). Listed below you will find detailed information as well as helpful hints to retrieve remittance information.If you are not enrolled for ERA delivery from BCBSIL, refer to the EFT & ERA Enrollment User Guidefor instructions.Select Claims & Paymentsfrom the navigation menuSelect Remittance Viewer2)Accessing Remittance ViewerNote: Only registered Availity users can access and use Remittance Viewer.Note: Contact your Availity Administrator if Remittance Viewer is not listed in the Claims & Paymentsmenu.3)Managing,Granting and Getting AccessSelect Manage Access on the Remittance Viewer home pageAdministrators must first complete the following authentication process to use Remittance Viewer. If your organization has already completed this process, proceed to step 4.Complete the Authentication on -screen wizard (this one-time process must be completed for each of your billing NPI’s)•Select Organization•Enter Tax ID•Enter 15-digit Check/EFT Trace Number•Enter Check/EFT Amount•Enter Check/EFT Date•Paper Check –use the issue date •EFT Payment –use the deposit date•SelectGet AccessOn the Verify Data page:•Select the Payer whose ERAs you want to access•Select Accept•Logout of Availity and log back inQuick Tips:→Complete Authentication using a payment received from BCBSIL within the last 30 days.→How to manually create the Check/EFT trace number:Enter C, the last two digits of the year payment was issued, 3-digit Julian date (paper check use issue date, EFT use deposit date), the 8-digit check/EFTnumber, and enter zero for the last number. For example, C20123123456780.Under Manage Access•Search for your Organization ID•Select Get Access –get access to stored 835 ERA data for your providerorganizationQuick Tip:→When delegating access to another organization (e.g., billing service), that organization must be registered with Availity to access 835 ERA data in Remittance Viewer. Youwill need their Availity Customer ID.Under Actions•Select theDelegate Access icon ( ) under Actions to give access to another organization or your billing service •Select the Revoke Access icon ( ) under Actions to revoke access for a delegated entity (e.g., billing service)BCBSILBCBSILBCBSILBCBSILRemittance Viewer will display the provider organization’s last 48 hours of remittances upon opening the tool.Search Options:Search by Check/EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) numberSearch by Claim numberFilter by functionality4)Search Options & NavigationSelect Check/EFTtabEnter the BCBSIL check or EFT trace numberNote: Users can search by using a whole or partial check/EFT number. 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Considerrefining your search by starting broader and then narrowing down criteria. 7)Viewing Claim ResultsAll applicable claims for the Claim Number search will return, along with any adjustments and/or service line details Select Supplemental to view inpatient and outpatient adjudication informationSelect Print PDF to create and print resultsBCBSILPO Box 805107Chicago, IL 60680-4112Note: Users can search by using a whole or partial claim number. However, for claims, you can search with multiple criteria at the same time (i.e., check, claim, NPI, Tax ID, member ID and/or patient control number). If entering partial criteria, usersmust select which criteria is desired to complete the search.Availity is a trademark of Availity, LLC, a separate company that operates a health information network to provide electronic information exchange services to medical Have questions or need additional education? 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AdminiStor Plus 6.2.1 用户手册说明书

Speciﬁcations are subject to change without notice.Copyright 2004. All Rights Reserved. Page 1 of 1R EAD M ENo. 91-9-94690001 (Y1)DOCUMENT TITLE: AdminiStor Plus, Version 6.2.1 (Build 07)RELEASE DATE: May 6, 2004AFFECTED PRODUCTS: imageRAID SCSI Series Storage Systems (IRS-JBOD, IRS-1U160-xx and IRS-2U160-xx).This ReadMe document contains updates to the AdminiStor 6.2.1 documentation and last-minute product information.Known Limitations/ProblemsThe following is a list of the known limitations or anomalies for this release of AdminiStor version 6.2.1 software.1.(Red Hat Linux and Solaris Only) When using AdminiStor with the imageRAID SCSI Series product families, you must havethe imageRAID Controller set to LUN 0 to ensure proper communication with the software.2.(Red Hat Linux Only) If the kernel and host bus adapter (HBA) for SCSI or Fibre Channel do not support multiple LUNsand are properly implemented, you will need to follow the instructions in the Installation chapter to re-compile the kernel and conﬁgure a QLogic HBA driver for proper operation of AdminiStor. Caution should be used, since re-compiling the kernel and adding a driver may replace the current conﬁguration in use.3.(Red Hat Linux 7.1 Only) If your AdminiStor GUI is not being displayed correctly, it may be due to a problem with JavaRuntime Environment (JRE) 1.3.1. Download and install Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 1.4 beta from Sun Microsystem’s web site.4.(Red Hat Linux 7.2 Only) You must download and install Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 1.4 beta from Sun Microsystem’sweb site.5.The enclosure component environmental monitoring is displayed under the Client View menu Physical mode, and is viewedby choosing the Enclosure Service icon. The imageRAID Controller’s voltage and temperature is monitored under theController Panel - Environmentals tab.6.In an Active-Active Single Port conﬁguration, where two independent hosts will be accessing each controller independentlythrough a single HBA port, each host computer will only be able to conﬁgure and/or monitor the controller to which it is connected, regardless of the fact that both controllers reside in the same enclosure. In order to conﬁgure and/or monitor both controllers, AdminiStor Server must be installed on one host and the AdminiStor Host on the other host system. In an Active-Active Dual Port conﬁguration, only AdminiStor Server will need to be installed.This is due to a problem in the operating system where it does not see the other controller or in an Active-Active Single Port conﬁguration where the controller does not allow itself to be seen on both channels. Therefore, the operating system cannot communicate with both controllers.7.(All Platforms) If you have setup an Active-Passive conﬁguration topology, and if the active (primary) controller fails, thestorage system and imageRAID Controllers will correctly fail-over to the passive controller where it will now take ownership and responsibility for all operations. However, AdminiStor will indicate that the primary controller failed and the deviceswhich belong to it disappeared. To correct this condition log out of the AdminiStor domain, stop and re-start the Unix/Linux/ Solaris daemon or Windows service, then log back into your AdminiStor domain. You will now see the failed-over controller and all of your devices associated with that controller. This issue does not affect data. You can also verify that operations arenormal by monitoring the situation using the VT-100 terminal and Disk Array Administration onboard software. (Refer to theAdminiStor Software Guide - Startup and Navigation, for speciﬁc information on starting and stopping the AdminiStor service or daemon.)。

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Workflow:Annotated pdf,CrossRef and tracked changesPROOF COVER SHEETJournal acronym:IEDDAuthor(s):Jinbo Hu,Hui Shi,Changhong Zhao,Xiyue Li,Yue Wang,Qingfeng Cheng,Richa Goswami, Qianna Zhen,Mei Mei,Ying Song,Shumin Yang and Qifu LiArticle title:Lispro administered by the QS-M Needle-Free Jet Injector generates an earlier insulin exposure Article no:1198772Enclosures:1)Query sheet2)Article proofsQueries are marked in the margins of the proofs,and you can also click the hyperlinks below.Content changes made during copy-editing are shown as tracked changes.Inserted text is in red font and revisions have a red indicator©.Changes can also be viewed using the list comments function.To correct the proofs,you should insert or delete text following the instructions below,but do not add comments to the existing tracked changes.AUTHOR QUERIESGeneral points:1.Permissions:You have warranted that you have secured the necessary written permission from the appropriatecopyright owner for the reproduction of any text,illustration,or other material in your article.Please see/permissions/usingThirdPartyMaterial.asp.2.Third-party content:If there is third-party content in your article,please check that the rightsholder details forre-use are shown correctly.3.Affiliation:The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that address and email details are correct for allthe co-authors.Affiliations given in the article should be the affiliation at the time the research was conducted.Please see /preparation/writing.asp.4.Funding:Was your research for this article funded by a funding agency?If so,please insert‘This work wassupported by<insert the name of the funding agency in full>’,followed by the grant number in square brackets ‘[grant number xxxx]’.5.Supplemental data and underlying research materials:Do you wish to include the location of the underlyingresearch materials(e.g.data,samples or models)for your article?If so,please insert this sentence before the reference section:‘The underlying research materials for this article can be accessed at<full link>/description of location[author to complete]’.If your article includes supplemental data,the link will also be provided in this paragraph.See</preparation/multimedia.asp>for further explanation ofsupplemental data and underlying research materials.6.The CrossRef database(/)has been used to validate the references.Changes resulting frommismatches are tracked in red font.AQ1Please confirm whether we can change“rapid-acting insulin”to“rapid-acting insulin analogs”in the sentence “Whether the differences...”.AQ2Please check the inconsistency regarding the abbreviation of Insulin,given as“INS”and“Ins”,and confirm if it is OK or please ensure consistency.AQ3Please provide the manufacturer’s details(name of manufacturer,city,state,country)for the software programs mentioned in this article.AQ4Please spell out the abbreviations mentioned in Table1in the corresponding table footnote.AQ5Please note that the Funding sections have been updated with information provided through CATS and the funder names have been crosschecked with the Open Funder Registry and have been found to be invalid.Please correct them.AQ6The PubMed(/pubmed)and CrossRef(/)databases have been used to validate the references.Mismatches between the original manuscript and PubMed or CrossRef are tracked in red font.Please provide a revision if the change is incorrect.Do not comment on correct changes. AQ7Please note that reference citations are mandatory as per journal style.Papers of special note should be shown as either of interest or of considerable interest to readers(identified by•and••(single and double bullet marks), respectively)with a short note below the corresponding references(refer previous articles for example).How to make corrections to your proofs using Adobe Acrobat/ReaderTaylor&Francis offers you a choice of options to help you make corrections to your proofs.Your PDF proofﬁle has been enabled so that you can mark up the proof directly using Adobe Acrobat/Reader.This is the simplest and best way for you to ensure that your corrections will be incorporated.If you wish to do this,please follow these instructions:1.Save theﬁle to your hard disk.2.Check which version of Adobe Acrobat/Reader you have on your computer.You can do this by clicking on the“Help”tab,and then“About”.If Adobe Reader is not installed,you can get the latest version free from /reader/.3.If you have Adobe Acrobat/Reader10or a later version,click on the“Comment”link at the right-hand side to view the Comments pane.4.You can then select any text and mark it up for deletion or replacement,or insert new text as needed.Please note that these will clearly be displayed in the Comments pane and secondary annotation is not needed to draw attention to your corrections.If you need to include new sections of text,it is also possible to add a comment to the proofs.To do this,use the Sticky Note tool in the task bar.Please also see our FAQs here:/production/index.asp.5.Make sure that you save theﬁle when you close the document before uploading it to CATS using the“Upload File”button on the online correction form.If you have more than one file,please zip them together and then upload the zip file.If you prefer,you can make your corrections using the CATS online correction form.TroubleshootingAcrobat help:/acrobat.htmlReader help:/reader.htmlPlease note that full user guides for earlier versions of these programs are available from the Adobe Help pages by clicking on the link“Previous versions”under the“Help and tutorials”heading from the relevant link menting functionality is available from Adobe Reader8.0onwards and from Adobe Acrobat7.0onwards.Firefox users:Firefox’s inbuilt PDF Viewer is set to the default;please see the following for instructions on how to use this and download the PDF to your hard drive:/en-US/kb/view-pdf-files-firefox-without-downloading-them#w_using-a-pdf-reader-pluginORIGINAL RESEARCHLispro administered by the QS-M Needle-Free Jet Injector generates an earlier insulin exposureJinbo Hu,Hui Shi,Changhong Zhao,Xiyue Li,Yue Wang,Qingfeng Cheng,Richa Goswami,Qianna Zhen,Mei Mei,Ying Song,Shumin Yang and Qifu LiDepartment of Endocrinology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,ChinaARTICLE HISTORYReceived 7January 2016Accepted 26May 2016Published online xx xxx xxxx KEYWORDSPharmacokinetic;pharmacodynamic;insulin lispro;QS-M needle-free jet injectorconventional insulin pens [5–9].A randomized,double-blind,double-dummy,study conducted by Engwerda et al .that to the conventional pen,enhanced absorption and reduced duration of glucose-lowering action were found when aspart was administered by the jet injector.Whether the differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK –PD)profiles can be extrapolated to other rapid-acting insulin needs to be further investigated.QS-M needle -free jet injector (Beijing QS Medical Technology Co.,Ltd.,China)was approved for insulin injection by the China Food and Drug Administration in 2012.Apart from insulin aspart,lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analog oftenaimed at comparingthe QS-M of Chinese nine women)were were:(BMI)of 172;blood pressure ,and the informed con-sent.The exclusion criteria were:subjects with insulin allergy or other allergic history;subjects with chronic diseases such as diabetes,cardiovascular diseases,liver or kidney disease.Subjects who used alcohol were also excluded.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.2.2.Study design and PK –PD samplingThis trial (NFJI-2015)is registered at (ID num-ber:NCT02443714).Double-blind,double-dummy,rando-mized study design was used.In phase I,nineCONTACT Qifu Li liqifu@ ;Shumin Yang 443068494@ Department of Endocrinology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing MedicalUniversity,No.1Street,Yuzhong District,China *Jinbo Hu and Hui Shi are co-first authors.EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY,2016/10.1080/17425247.2016.1198772©2016Informa UK Limited,trading as Taylor &Francis GroupC/e:FY C/e QA:JNsubjects were administered with lispro (Humalog,Eli Lilly and Company,US)0.2IU/kg by the QS-Mjetinjector(Beijing QS Medical Technology Co.,Ltd.，China)andcompar-ablevolume of placebosolution (placebosolution consistedof normalsaline ,which wasinjectedinto an empty insulinvial under aseptic condition s )by an insulinpen (HumaPen Eli Lilly and Company,US)in the abdomen nine subjects were administered with lispro 0.2IU/by a conventional pen and a comparable volume of pla-cebo solution by a needle -free jet injector in the abdomen simultaneously.Seven-hour euglycemic glucose clamp tests were then performed by an experienced nurse [12–14].Two catheters were inserted intravenously.One catheter was inserted for blood sampling,and the hand was kept in a heated box at 60°C to arterialize venous blood [15].The other catheter was placed in an antecubital vein of the con-tralateral arm for administration of 20%glucose.The glucose infusion rate (GIR)was determined by plasma glucose mea-surements at 5-min intervals during the first 4h and at 10-min intervals thereafter.Venous blood was sampled for detecting plasma insulin every 10min during the first hour and every 30min during the hours.To maintain the euglycemic level (5.0mmol/L),regulated according to levels of plasma glucose.There was a one-week washout period between phase I and phase II of the study.In phase II ，lispro and comparable volume of placebo solution were adminis-tered by jet injector or cedures were similar to 2.3.Assay Plasma glucose was using the Biosen Elektronik GmbH,quantified using a [Beckman Coulter ’s DxI Coulter,Inc.250S.2.4.Statistical Early insulin exposure (AUC)of insulin and GIR AUC GIR,0–20min )[16–18].AUC GIR,0–20min .Secondary PK –PD end points included the following:AUC of insulin at various time intervals (AUC INS,0–20min ,AUC INS,0–120min ,and AUC INS,0–420min ),the time to peak plasma insulin concentrations (Ins-T max),maximal insulin levels (Ins-C max),and 50%time time intervals (AUC GIR,0–120min GIR,0–420min ),the time to maximum GIR (GIR-T max),the maximum GIR levels (GIR-C max),and 50%glucose clearance time (GIR-).Power Analysis and Sample Size software 11(PASS 11)was used to calculate the sample size.In the procedure of inequal-ity tests for two means in a 2×2design usingdifferences,a two-sided t -test achieved power to infer that the mean difference was not 0when the total sample size of a 2×2design was actual mean differencewas standard deviation of the period differences for each within each sequence was the signifi-cance level was 0.05.SAS software (Version was used to generate the random allocation sequence.All statistical ana-lyses were performed using SPSS 13.0(Chicago,USA).Normally distributed variables were presented as the mean ±SD,whereas variables with a skewed distribution were ana-lyzed after logarithmic transformation ,and the results were presented as median values with the interquartile range (IQR)in parentheses.The PK –PD parameters were tested by paired t -tests.Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the cor-relations between individual variables.<0.05was con-sidered statistically significant.3.Results3.1.Subject dispositionThe average age of the subjects was 25.76±1.86years,and the mean BMI was 21.21±2.12kg/m 2.Average glycemic levels in subjects who were administered lispro using needle-free injector and insulin pen during the clamp trial were 5.13±0.42vs.5.09±0.46mmol/L,respectively,P =0.523.There was no significant difference in the average plasma glucose maintained during the glucose clamp procedure for the needle-free injector or insulin pen dosing portion of the study.All 18subjects completed both injections euglycemic glucose clamp tests.Pharmacodynamicsto the lispro injected by conventional insulin pen,a higher 20-min GIR was observed (3.71±2.38vs.±0.87mg.kg −1.min −1,P <0.001),and the GIR –time were shifted to the left when lispro was injected by jet injector (Figure 1(a )).A mean difference of about observed in GIR-T max when lispro was adminis-the jet injector compared to the conventional pen (73.24±29.89vs.116.18±51.89min,P =0.006).The faster and higher exposure of lispro in the early period into a greater glucose-lowering effect,illustrated as GIR for the first 20min in the subjects whereusing the jet injector (AUC GIR,0–20min 24.91±15.25vs.12.52±7.60mg·kg −1,P <0.001).GIR-T AUC50%was also significantly shortened when lispro was administered by a jet injector (153.89±21.60vs.170.00±19.02min,P =0.023).The total glucose-lowering effect (AUC GIR,0–420min )and GIR-C max were similar between the two groups (Table 1).3.3.PharmacokineticsCompared to lispro injected by the conventional insulin pen,asignificantly higher 20-min insulin concentration was seen (33.79±23.34vs.10.47±5.35mU/l,P <0.001),and the concentration –time curves were shifted to the left when lispro was injected by the jet injector (Figure 1(b ));furthermore,AUC of insulin concentration for the first 20min (AUC INS,0–20min )was significantly larger when lispro was administered by the2J.HU ET AL.jet injector (0.36±0.24vs.0.10±0.04U.min.L −1,P <0.001),and a significantly reducedIns-T max andalsoobserved,indicating a by jet injector.Total insulin exposure (AUC INS,0–420min )and Ins-C max were similar between the two devices (Table 1).Discussionstudy demonstrates that lispro administered by the QS-M jet injector was more rapidly absorbed ,leading tolispro exposure and therefore an earlier glucose-effect,when compared with the conventional insulin pen in Chinese subjects.Needle-free jet injectors display a cone-like dispersion pat-tern in the subcutaneous tissue with a relatively large surface area [4].Rapid-acting insulin administered via jetpredicted to result absorption and greater effects in the early time period after administration.Previous data on the rapid-acting insulin analogs administered by the needle -free jet injector are lim-ited.A non-randomized study has evaluated profiles of insulin lispro using jet injector technology,but the sample size was small and the dose of insulin lispro was unreasonable[5].A study conducted by Engwerda et al.in 18healthy volunteers,using a randomized,double-blind,double-dummy,study design,found that GIR-T max as well as Ins-T max were significantly shorter when aspart was injected rate –time (a)and plasma insulin concentration –time (b)profiles of lispro)(euglycemic glucose clamp.−1min GIR-T AUC50%153.89±21.60170.00±19.020.023GIR,0–20min (mg kg −1)24.91±15.2512.52±7.60<0.001AUC GIR,0–120min (mg kg −1)886.00±216.27749.14±202.070.047AUC GIR,0–420min (mg kg −1)2393.28±518.582370.11±406.320.703Pharmacokinetic Ins-T max(min)37.78±11.1480.56±37.18<0.001Ins-C max(mU L 1)48.29±23.5343.06±16.540.446Ins-T AUC50%(min)81.67±20.07115.00±18.66<0.001AUC INS,0–20(U min L 1)0.36±0.240.10±0.04<0.001AUC INS,0–120(U min L 1) 3.24±1.38 2.87±1.250.415EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY 3Table 1: GIR: the glucose infusion rate; AUC: area under the curve; GIR-Tmax: the time to maximum GIR; GIR-Cmax:the maximum GIR levels; GIR-TAUC50%: 50% glucose clearance time; AUCGIR,0-20min: AUC of GIR from 0 to 20min; AUCGIR,0-120min: AUC of GIR from 0 to 120min; AUCGIR,0-420min: AUC of GIR from 0 to 420min; INS-Tmax:the time to peak plasma insulin concentrations; INS-Cmax: the maximal insulin levels; INS-TAUC50%: 50% insulin absorption time; AUCINS,0-20min: AUC of insulin from 0 to 20min; AUCINS,0-120min: AUC of insulin from 0 to 120min; AUCINS,0-420min: AUC of insulin from 0 to 420min.compared to conventional pen injection[3].The results of our experiment were consistent with the abovefurtherconfirmedthe advantage of theQS-M jetfor deliveringlispro inthe Chinese population.Both Engwerda ’sstudy andour study showed no signifi-cant difference intotal AUC INS and AUCstudy revealedthat AUC GIR,0–20significantly in the jet injector group,indicating insulin exposure in the early time period after administration.In healthy individuals,there is an early-phase insulin secretion after glucose load,which is defi-cient in type -2diabetes [19].Timely insulin administration to restore early-phase insulin secretion is important to improve postprandial glucose excursions [20].The time of physiological early-phase insulin secretion is about 30oral glucoseloading [21,22].Our results showed that Ins-T max of lispro insulin administered by conventional 80.56average Ins-T max was 37.78jet injec-tion,sug-gesting that injection resembles the pattern of endogenous early-phase insulin secretion more closely.One of the major concerns with jet injector is the adverse reactions.Some studies have reported no local reactions after jet injections of insulin [3],whereas others have reported significant reaction,including immediate pain,delayed pain,bleeding ,and hematomas [6,7].In the present study,a trained nurse was arranged to perform the injection,and no hemato-mas,bruising ,and injection group.There are several small sample design makes ble-dummy ensures were blinded during the were avoided.individuals,rather clinical relevance of the tor and insulin pen has studies in patients with M jet injector in lispro diabetic patients.In conclusion,lispro injector results in an the conventional pen,similar overall potency.Enhanced insulin absorp-jet injection mainly occurred during the early period after closely resembles the pattern of endogenous insulin secretion.The improved pro-files of lispro by jet injection might better mimic the physio-logical postprandial insulin secretion.5.Contribution statementJinbo Hu and Hui Shi designed the study,oversaw the data collection,and wrote the manuscript.Changhong Zhao and Xiyue Li assisted with the data collection,and contributed to the writing and editing of the manuscript.Yue Wang and Qingfeng Cheng assisted with the data collection.Richa Goswami and Qianna Zhen contributed to the study designand data collection.Mei Mei and Ying Song provided statisti-cal expertise,and contributed to the writing of the manu-script.Shumin Yang and Qifu Li are the guarantors of this work and,as such,had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.Declaration of interestThe authors thank Laboratory of Endocrine and Laboratory of Lipid &Glucose Metabolism,the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.This research was supported by the National Key Clinical Specialties Construction Program of China,the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81370954and The Fundamental Science &Advanced Technology Research of Chongqing (Major Project,cstc2015jcyjBX0096).The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials dis-cussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.FundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants [81370954];The Fundamental Science &Advanced Technology Research of Chongqing [Major Project,cstc2015jcyjBX0096];National Key Clinical Specialties Construction Program of China;References1.Friedberg SJ,Lam YW,Blum JJ,et al.Insulin absorption:a major factor in apparent insulin resistance and the control of type 2diabetes mellitus.Metabolism.2006;55:614–619.2.Home PD.The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences.Diabetes Obes Metab.2012;14:780–788.3.Engwerda EE,Abbink EJ,Tack CJ,et al.Improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of rapid-acting insulin using needle-free jet injection technology.Diabetes Care.2011;34:1804–1808.4.Mitragotri S.Current status and future prospects of needle-free liquid jet injectors.Nat Rev Drug Discov.2006;5:543–548.5.Sarno MJ,Bell J,Edelman SV.Pharmacokinetics and glucodynamics of rapid-,short-,and intermediate-acting insulins:comparison of jet injection to needle syringe.Diabetes Technol Ther.2002;4:863–836.6.Zhou MC,Wang Y,Dong YX,et al.A comparative study of the effects of needle free (INJEX30)versus insulin pen injection on insulin absorption in diabetic patients.Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi.2013;52:741–744.7.Engwerda EE,Tack CJ,de Galan BE.Needle-free jet injection of rapid-acting insulin improves early postprandial glucose control in patients with diabetes.Diabetes Care.2013;36:3436–3441.8.de Galan BE,Engwerda EE,Abbink EJ,et al.Body mass index and the efficacy of needle-free jet injection for the administration of rapid-acting insulin analogs,a post hoc analysis.Diabetes Obes Metab.2013;15:84–86.9.de Wit HM,Engwerda EE,Tack CJ,et al.Insulin administered by needle-free jet injection corrects marked hyperglycaemia faster in overweight or obese patients with diabetes.Diabetes Obes Metab.2015Aug 11;17:1093–1099.doi:10.1111/dom.12550.[Epub ahead of print].10.glargine versus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro in people with type 2diabetes on oral hypoglycaemic agents (APOLLO):an open randomised controlled ncet.2008;29:1073–1084.11.Hedman CA,Lindström T,Arnqvist HJ.Direct comparison of insulinlispro and aspart shows small differences in plasma insulin profiles after subcutaneous injection in type 1diabetes.Diabetes Care.2001;24:1120–1121.4J.HU ET AL.12.Yang S,Li Q,Zhong L,et al.Serum pigment epithelium-derivedfactor is elevated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and correlates with insulin resistance.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2011;96:831–836.13.Weiping L,Qingfeng C,Shikun M,et al.Elevated serum RBP4isassociated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Endocrine.2006;30:283–287.14.Zhu Q,Zhou H,Zhang A,et al.Serum LBP is associated with insulinresistance in women with PCOS.PLoS One.2016Jan22;11:e0145337.15.Abdul-Ghani M,DeFronzo RA.Fasting hyperglycemia impairs glu-cose-but not insulin-mediated suppression of glucagon secretion.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2007;92:1778–1784.16.Vilsbøll T,Krarup T,Madsbad S,et al.Defective amplification of thelate phase insulin response to glucose by GIP in obese Type II diabetic patients.Diabetologia.2002;45:1111–1119.17.Cengiz E,Tamborlane WV,Martin-Fredericksen M,et al.Early phar-macokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of mixing lispro withglargine insulin:results of glucose clamp studies in youth with type 1diabetes.Diabetes Care.2010;33:1009–1012.18.Heise T,Hövelmann U,Brøndsted L,et al.Faster-acting insulinaspart:earlier onset of appearance and greater early pharmacoki-netic and pharmacodynamic effects than insulin aspart.Diabetes Obes Metab.2015;17:682–688.19.Cheng K,Andrikopoulos S,Gunton JE.First phase insulin secretionand type2diabetes.Curr Mol Med.2013;13:126–139.20.Weng J,Li Y,Xu W,et al.Effect of intensive insulin therapy on beta-cell function and glycaemic control in patients with newly diag-nosed type2diabetes:a multicentre randomised parallel-group ncet.2008;24(371):1753–1760.21.Mitrakou A,Kelley D,Mokan M,et al.Role of reduced suppressionof glucose production and diminished early insulin release in impaired glucose tolerance.N Engl J Med.1992;326:22–29.22.Del Prato S.Loss of early insulin secretion leads to postprandialhyperglycaemia.Diabetologia.2003;46(Suppl1):M2–M8.EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY5。