The English industrial revolution
高一英语The-Industrial-Revolution课件
《注册建造师执业管理办法(试行)》(建市[2008]48号)第四条规定：注册建造师应当在其注册证书所注明的专业范围内从事活动，具体执业按照本办法附件《注册建造师执业工程范围》执行。A.建设工程项目管理B.建设工程施工管理C.建设工程施工监理D.建设工程质量管理 电气集中车站出站信号机开放后，要取消复原已办好的64D型半自动闭塞设备，应将原来已办理好的发车进路。 黄连长于A.清泻肝火B.泻肾虚火退虚热C.清泻心胃火D.清泄膀胱热E.清泻肺火及少阳热 高中数学课程中关于椭圆的定义方式是。A.关系定义法tB.描述性定义法C.解释外延定义法D.发生式定义法 发现无脉性心脏停跳患者心肺复苏时应首先：A.先给予约5组（或者约2分钟）心肺复苏术B.先行12导心电图检查C.建立深静脉通道D.立即电除颤E.立即予以肾上腺素1mg静脉或心内注射 流式细胞术是一种对单细胞或其他生物粒子膜表面以及内部的化学成分，进行定量分析和分选的检测技术，它可以高速分析上万个细胞，并能从一个细胞中测得多个参数，是目前最先进的细胞定量分析技术。流式细胞仪的主要组成不包括A.液流系统B.光路系统C.抗原抗体系统D.信号测量E.细胞分 下述哪些是腹膜透析的相对禁忌证A.妊娠B.多囊肾C.马蹄肾D.腹腔粘连E.双肾盂畸形 国务院药品监督管理部门对已批准生产上市的药品进行再评价的技术职能部门是A.国家中医药管理局B.药品注册司C.国家药典委员会D.药品评价中心E.中国食品药品检定研究院 在使用药物进行治疗的过程中，医生恰当的做法是。A.使用能为医院和医生带来较高回报的药物B.药物使用与选择是医生的权利，不用征求患者的意见C.为了尽快取得效果，加大药物剂量D.按需用药，考虑效价比E.联合使用多种药物，力求最佳效果 下列关于无权代理的说法中，不正确的是。A.没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后的行为，只有经过被代理人的追认，被代理人才承担民事责任B.本人知道他人以本人名义实施民事行为而不做否认表示的，视为同意C.没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后的行为，都由行为人承担民事 商业银行开展需要批准的个人理财业务需要相关从业人员具备的资格不包括。A.掌握所推介产品的特征B.具备相应的学历水平和工作经验C.具备相关监管部门要求的行业资格D.具备国家理财规划师资格 [多选,案例分析题]男性，73岁，化工厂工人。因反复咳嗽、咳痰十五年，气促3年，加重1周入院。患者15年来，每年咳嗽、咳痰达3个月以上，每于冬春季节转换时多发。嗜烟，每日25支（50余年）。查体：T36.8℃，R28次／分，神清，气促，烦躁不安，唇甲发绀，球结膜充血、水肿。咽稍红， 《素问·阴阳应象大论》中“清气在下，则生飧泄”的机理是A.胃气衰不能腐熟水谷B.清阳衰于下而不能升C.脾阳衰不能运化水谷D.肾阳衰不能温运脾土E.以上均不是 熟悉不同传染病潜伏期的最主要意义是A.有助于明确诊断B.预测疫情C.确定传染期D.确定检疫期E.判断传播途径 治疗肺痈咳吐脓血，热毒疮疡，其功效是。A.祛风散寒除湿B.燥湿健脾C.清热解毒，排脓D.回阳，温肺化痰E.清热利尿通淋 容器中的水在定压下被加热，当水和蒸汽平衡共存时，蒸汽称为。A.湿饱和蒸汽B.干饱和蒸汽C.过热蒸汽D.再热蒸汽 对于输变电设施不能延至24小时以后的强迫停运事件，停运时间按照上的“设备停运时间”至“”为准。 可减小分析测定的随机误差的方法是。A.提纯试剂B.进行空白实验C.进行回收实验D.增加平行测定的次数 成人肾性高血压最常见于A.急性肾炎B.慢性肾炎C.慢性肾盂肾炎D.肾动脉硬化E.肾动脉狭窄 腹痛喜按，按之痛减，腹壁柔软者，属A.脾胃气虚B.胃肠积热C.饮食积滞D.寒凝胃肠E.阳明腑实 患者男性，矿工，由于煤井塌方被困于井下，仅靠地下水生存，20小时后获救，此时该患者主要的供能来源为A.葡萄糖B.蛋白质C.脂肪D.水E.维生素 《铁路“十一五”规划》的主要目标是。A.建设新线17000km，其中客运专线7000kinB.既有电气化线路改造15000kmC.建设既有线复线8000kmD.2010年全国铁路营业里程达到10万km以上E.西部路网总规模达到37000公里 pH=3和pH=5的两种HCl溶液，以等体积混合后，溶液的pH是。A、3.0B、3.3C、4.0D、8.0 注册会计师刘亚在D公司审计的计划阶段初步确定会计报表层次的重要性水平为80万元。在报告阶段，对会计报表的重要性进行最终评估，确定为90万元。此后，刘亚已将在审计过程已发现，但被审计单位尚未调整的错报漏报进行了汇总，得到了汇总数，但被审计单位拒绝对此加以调整。请指出 急性脊髓炎的临床表现A.病前常有感染或疫苗接种史B.急性起病，较早出现脊髓休克C.损害平面以下传导束型感觉障碍D.脑脊液压力增高明显E.可有大小便功能障碍 西方关于人的发展的理论研究中，以道德认知、判断的发展水平为指标的代表人物是A.弗洛伊德B.皮亚杰C.柯尔伯格D.达维多夫 某项工作的工程量为480m3，时间定额为0.5工日/m3，如果每天安排2个工作班次，每班6人去完成该工作，则其持续时间为天。A.10B.15C.20D.30 “吐下之余，定无完气”是因为A.气能生津B.气能行津C.气能摄津D.津能载气E.津能生气 因长期大量使用抗生素引起的腹泻或鹅口疮多属于A.内源性感染B.医源性感染C.交叉感染D.外源性感染E.隐性感染 又称利率敏感性缺口管理法，是利率风险管理的重要工具。A.利率管理B.久期管理C.缺口管理D.资本管理 简述中国古代商业发展的特征中国古代商业发展。 男性，35岁，乏力、消瘦2个月，腰部出现带状疱疹。检测抗HIV阳性，CD4+T淋巴细胞0．3×109／L，总淋巴细胞数1．2×109／L。此患者属HIV感染的临床分类的哪一类哪一级A.a类3级B.b类2级C.b类3级D.C类2级E.C类3级 在病人死后，用于分离病毒的尸体标本的采集时限是A、6小时内B、8小时内C、12小时内D、24小时内E、3天内 静态平衡 生产区进行的交叉作业，有何特殊要求？ 等渗性缺水输入大量等渗盐水，会出现。A.高K+B.高氯性酸中毒C.低氯性碱中毒D.低钾性碱中毒E.血钠过高 下列哪种病原体可引起慢发病毒感染A.VZVB.HIVC.朊粒D.CMVEBV 平衡反应评定时的错误体位是A.卧位B.跪位C.坐位D.站立位E.截石位 下列选项中，关于安装工程一切险(及第三者责任险)的表述，正确的有。A.安装工程一切险的保险期限，通常应以整个工期为保险期限B.安装工程一切险的责任范围包括施工用机具、设备、机械装置失灵造成的本身的损失C.如验收完毕先于保险单列明的终止日，则验收完毕时保险期仍以保险单列 下列动物属于长日照动物的是A．绵羊B．鹿C．山羊D．猫
工业革命中英文对照
During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers.The summer faded.Trade grew more competitive.By the end of the century the needs of industry were harsher and more pressing.Theorganizationof work in the cottage was no longer productive enough.Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed.Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes.By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.
工业革命(英文版)
指从农业和手工业经济转变到以工业和机器生产为主的变化过程。
始于18世纪的英国。
技术上的改变包括：钢铁和新能源的使用、提高产量的新机器的发明(包括多锭纺纱机)、工厂体系的发展、交通和通信的重要发展(包括蒸汽发动机和电报机)，其他改变还包括：农业的改进、更加广泛的财富分配、反映出经济力量转移及全面社会变革的政治变化。
1760～1830年间产业革命基本上仅发生在英国，后来又传播到比利时和法国。
其他国家则滞后一些，但德国、美国和日本产业革命开始后，取得的成就则超过了英国最初的成功。
东欧各国则延迟到20世纪，直到20世纪中叶，产业革命才传到中国和印度。
许多分析证据表明，由于采用了新材料和新能源、自动化工厂、新的生产资料所有制，以及自由放任主义管理的转变，20世纪末发生了第二次产业革命，或称新产业革命。
Industrial RevolutionProcess of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.It began in England in the 18th century. Technological changes included the use of iron and steel, new energy sources, invention of new machines that increased production (including the spinning jenny), development of the factory system, and important developments in transportation and communication (including the steam engine and telegraph). Other changes included agricultural improvements, a wider distribution of wealth, political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, and sweeping social changes. The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830, then spread to Belgium and France. Other nations lagged behind, but once Germany, the U.S., and Japan achieved industrial power they outstripped Britain's initial successes. Eastern European countries lagged into the 20th century, and not until the mid-20th century did the Industrial Revolution spread to such countries as China and India. Many analysts saw evidence of a second, or new, industrial revolution in the later 20th century, with the use of new materials and energy sources, automated factories, new ownership of the means of production, and a shift away from laissez-faire government第一次工业革命对世界的影响有以下几个方面：①工业革命大幅度地提高了社会生产力，丰富了人们的物质生活，巩固了资本主义各国的统治。
英美概况单选复习题(川美专用)
1.The largest section of Great Britain is ___c________.A. ScotlandB. WalesC. EnglandD. Northern Ireland2. The Lake District is well known for ___________.A. its wild and beautiful sceneryB. its varied lakesC. the Lake PoetsD. all above3. The highest peak in Great Britain is ____________.A. Ben NevisB. Cross FellC. SnowdonD. Cheviot Hill4. The capital city of Wales is _____________.A. EdinburghB. BelfastC. CardiffD. Londonderry5. The part that receives the largest amount of annual rainfall is __________.A. the east lowlandsB. the northern part of EnglandC. the northwestern part of ScotlandD. Wales6. The longest river in Britain is the ____________.A. Thames RiverB. Severn RiverC. Clyde RiverD. Tyne River7. The largest lake of the United Kingdom is in ________.A. EnglandB. WalesC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland8. There are three natural Zones in Scotland. Which is the exception?A. Highlands in the northB. the Central LowlandsC. the Easters UplandsD. the Southern Uplands9. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the BritishCommonwealth in _______.A. 1931B. 1991C. 1923D. 193010. River _________ is the most important rivers in Scotland.A. TweedB. TyneC. ThamesD. Clyde11. The English Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century started with the_________ industry.A. coal-miningB. textileC. shipbuildingD. iron and steel12. The main functions of Parliament are following except ________.A. to pass lawsB. to debate the major issues of the dayC. to advise the Sovereign to approve certain government decreesD. to examine government policy and administration13. The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of______ members of Parliament.A. 524B. 651C. 336D. 61014. ___________ are the two major political parties in Britain today.A. The Labor Party and the Conservative PartyB. The Conservation Party and the Liberal PartyC. The Liberal Party and the RepublicansD. The Liberal Party and the Labor Party15. ___________ is the official name of the United Kingdom.A. Great BritainB. The Britain IslesC. EnglandD. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland16. The Britain Parliament consists of three parts except _________.A. the SovereignB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons17. ________ is a mountain chain know as the “Backbone of Northern England”.A. The PenniesB. Ben NevisC. ScafellD. None of above18. The real centre of power in Parliament is ________.A. the House of LordsB. the House of CommonsC. the CabinetD. the King or the Queen19. Britain is a ________ type of climate.A. maritimeB. continentalC. subtropicalD. tropical20. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the ______and the North Sea in the __________.A.east, northB. south; northC. southeast, northeastD. south, east21.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17thcentury, and Scottish inventor __________ modified and improved the design in 1765.A. Abraham DarbyB. James WattC. John KayD. Richard Arkwright22. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy: the head of State is_________ .A. prime ministerB. presidentC. chancellorD. king or queen23. ____________ is sometimes called the birthplace of America, and it is alsowell-known for its position in education.A. New YorkB. BostonC. WashingtonD. C. D. New England24. England has an area of more than 130,000 square kilometers which takes upnearly _________ of the whole island.A. 70%B. 60%C. 40%D. 75%25. In Northern Ireland there has been bitter fighting between ______________.A. the Catholics and the British GovernmentB. the Protestants and the Roman CatholicsC. different political groupsD. the Government of Ireland and the dominant group26.Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indeed sogreat that they merit the term __________.A.“revolution”B. “modernization”C. “agricultural reform”D. “development”27 For electoral purposes Britain is divided into __________, each of which returnsone member to the House of Commons.A. shiresB. constituenciesC. regionsD. polling stations28 A Parliament has a maximum duration of ___________ years, but in practice general elections are usually held before the end of this term.A. fiveB. sixC. fourD. three29. Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of theworld's great continental rivers - __________.A. the MissouriB. the river OhioC. PennsylvaniaD. Illinois30. __________ forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.A. The ColoradoB. The PotomacC. The HudsonD. The Rio GrandeRiver31.Of the Great Lakes, _________ is the only one entirely in the U.S.A. Lake MichiganB. Lake HuronC. Lake ErieD. Lake Superior32. The United States is located in the __________ latitudes north of equator.A. highB. middleC. lowD. right33. In the ___________ United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.A. south-westernB. middleC. mid-westernD. south-eastern34.The southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a _________ with warm,dry summers and moist winters.A. maritime climateB. Mediterranean climateC. continental steppe climateD. humid subtropical climate35. New England is made up of the six states of the __________.A. SouthB. North-EastC. North-WestD. Mid-West36. The Middle Atlantic area has about _________ of the total population of theUnited States.A. one-fifthB. one-sixthC. two-thirdsD. one-fourth37. Washington D.C. and New York are located in _____________.A. New EnglandB. the MidwestC. the middle Atlantic areaD. the Great Plains38. ___________ is known as the automobile capital of the world.A. ChicagoB. DetroitC. ToledoD. St. Louis39. ___________ is the chief industry in the Rocky Mountains.A. SteelB. TextileC. MiningD. Manufacturing40. The United States of America is the __________ populous country in the world.A. secondB. thirdC. fourthD. sixth41. The biggest city of the United States was __________, with a population of over18 million in 1990.A. ChicagoB. New YorkC. Los AngelsD. San Francisco42. The first immigrants in American history came from ___________.A. England and IrelandB. France and NetherlandsC. Portugal and BelgiumD. England and Netherlands43.There were __________ great immigration waves in the history of the UnitedStates.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. six44. The main feature of the second population movement was the flow ___________.A. from the rural areas to citiesB. from the densely-populated east coast to the sparsely-populated westC. from the south to the other areasD. from the core cities to the suburbs45. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is _______________.A. the JewsB. the ChineseC. the blacksD. the Indians46. Many of the Mexican-Americans work as ____________ in the United States.A. farmersB. migrant farm laborersC. slavesD. workers47. The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their________.A. colorB. backgroundC. raceD. poor education48. It was ___________ who first called the Native Americans “Indians”.A. Amerigo VespucciB. Chirstopher ColumbusC. George WashingtonD. Ferdinand Magellan49. The “first Americans”were ___________.A. the EnglishB. the IndiansC. the IrishD. the French50. In __________, 201 of the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship calledMayflower and arrived at _________.A. 1620; PlymouthB. 1607; JamestownC. 1733; BostonD. 1643; the Massachusetts Bay colony51.In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in _________ whichencouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.A. BostonB. PhiladelphiaC. ConcordD. Lexington52. It was _______________ who drafted the Declaration of Independence.A. George WashingtonB. Paul RevereC. John AdamsD. Thomas Jefferson53. The American Constitution was put into effect in __________.A. 1781B. 1784C. 1787D. 178954. The Articles of Confederation was adopted at the _________.A. First Continent CongressB. Second Continent CongressC. First CongressD. Second Congress55.The U.S. Constitution set up a _________ system of government which hastwo layers of rule.A. confederateB. federalC. republicD. monarch56.If the Congress passes a law at the second time by a ___________ vote, thepresident cannot veto it.A. one-thirdB. one-fourthC. three-fourthsD. two-thirds60. Amendments must have the approval of _________ of the states before they enterinto force.A. a halfB. two-thirdsC. three-fourthsD. four-fifths61. The President of the United States is head of the __________ branch.A. executiveB. judicialC. legislativeD. information62. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive __________ votes.A. 51B. 538C. 270D. 26063.The heads of the departments form a council of advisers generally known as________.A. the Executive Office of the PresidentB. the Department of StateC. Advisory CouncilD. the President’s Cabinet64.The Senate is composed of _________ members from each state as provided bythe Constitution.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five65. Every ________ years, the voters of each district choose a Representative forCongress.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. six66. The most central functions of the Congress is to _________.A. investigateB. pass lawsC. compel testimonyD. find officials guilty or not67.The Supreme Court is the only organ which has the power to ___________ theConstitution.A. makeB. amendC. interpretD. supervise68. In general, America has a __________ system.A. two-partyB. three-partyC. multi-partyD. one-party69. _____________ are the basis of the American political system.A. Judicial systemsB. Independent agenciesC. The two chambers of the CongressD. Political parties70. In September, 1783 the ________ was signed. Britain recognized theindependence of the U.S.A. Treaty of ParisB. Peace ConferenceC. Versailles TreatyD. Washington System71. With regard to its size, the U.S.A. is the __________ country in the world.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest72. The first English colony in America was founded at ____________ in _______.A. Jamestown, Virginia/1607B. Boston, Massachusetts/1703C. Plymouth, Massachusetts/1620D. New Amsterdam/175673. Of all the states in America, the smallest one is ________.A. Rhode IslandB. HawaiiC. FloridaD. Vermont74. The two major parties, which dominates politics at the federal, state and locallevel in the United States, are __________.A.the Conservative Party and the Labor PartyB.the Liberal Party and the Labor PartyC.the Democratic Party and the Republican PartyD.the Socialist Party and the Republican Party75. Which branch of the American government has the power to interpret theConstitution?A. The Supreme CourtB. The PresidentC. The HouseD. The Senate76. The British established 13 colonies along ________.A. the west coast of North AmericaB. the west coast of South AmericaC. the east coast of North AmericaD. the east coast of South America77. The largest of the three immigration waves is in the year ________.A. 1845 to 1854B. 1860 to 1890C. 1890 to 1914D. 1810 to 184578. The “Winner-take-all” system applies in all states except ________.A. MarylandB. Rhode IslandC. MaineD. Washington D. C.79. Of all the states in the U.S. _______ is the largest in area.A. HawaiiB. AlaskaC. TexasD. New England80. _________ has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”.A. The MississippiB. The MissouriC. The ColoradoD. The Columbia81. ______ has been called the American Ruhr.A. The HudsonB. The ColumbiaC. The OhioD. The Potomac82. The Bill of Rights is the term used for the first __________ amendments to theconstitution.A. tenB. thirteenC. fifteenD. twelve83. The U.S. government is divided into three branches in following except ______.A. the legislativeB. the executiveC. the judicialD. the central government84. In the Senate, each state is entitled to ________ senators.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four85. In the Senate, senators serve a term of _______ years and the members of theHouse serve a term of _________ years.A. 6, 2B. 6, 4C. 2, 6D. 4, 686. ______ is known as the Continental Divide.A. The AppalachiansB. The RockiesC. The ElbertD. The Cumberlands87. The War of Independence was from ________ to ________.A. 1773, 1782B. 1774, 1782C. 1775, 1783D. 1775, 178288. The highest duty of the President is the ________ of the law.A. vetoB. makingC. protectionD. execution89. The first shot of the American Independence War was fired at ________.A. PhiladelphiaB. ConcordC. BostonD. Lexington90. The removal of justices can only be done through ______.A. the PresidentB. the CongressC. the Supreme CourtD. impeachment。
Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the__ British Empire
了解18世纪英国工业革命，其中包括圈地运动，殖民剥削和奴隶贸易，工业革命的过程及其影响、宪章运动（1836-1848），殖民帝国的建立，英帝国的衰落与瓦解以及战后英国的概况。
1.The Whigs and the Tories2.Aricultural changes in the late 18th century3.The English Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of Britain.4.The Chartist Movement and its significance5.The origin of the Labour Party6.The bulding of the British Empire7.Britain and the First World War8.Britain and the Second World War9.Postwar Britain10.ThatcherismThe Parliamentary Politicsin the Late 18th and Early 19th CenturiesWhigs and ToriesWhigs and Tories are the nicknames of the two political parties originated with the Glorious Revolution. Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers, while Tories was an Irish word meaning thugs.The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. They stood for a reduction in Crown Patronage, sympathy towards Non-Conformists and care for the interests of merchants and bankers. Most Whigs were in favour of some kind of Parliamentary reform, but could not agree how far this reform should go.The Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. They disliked the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of England's influence on people. They wanted strict maintenance of law and order. They might agree to some humanitarian reforms, but were certainly against Parliamentary reforms.The Whigs later formed a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and became the Liberal Party. The Tories developed into the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.RadicalsThe Radicals were another force in the Parliament. They wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of the problems, and their one common aim was the thorough reform of the Parliamentary system. Small as they were, the Radicals were active in Parliament spreading their radical ideas.They were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham's ideals known as 'Utilitarianism'. He suggested that government's function should be to achieve 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number', and this should be done in two ways: firstly, government and administration should be made as efficient as possible; secondly, government should interfere as little as possible with the lives of the people as individuals.They advocated laissez faire, a radical idea of free trade, because they believed that the import and export duties interfered with the natural flow of trade.Agricultural Changesin the Late 18th CenturyTraditional farming system: Open field villageVillages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields. Each year only two of them were cultivated, so that the fallow field recovered its richness after two years' cultivation. The farming was done on a community basis. There were also commons and wastelands used by all villages to graze livestock.This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and the subsistence farming before the modern industrial age. There were of course drawbacks. It wasted land, labour, and time; livestock farming was difficult in winter, and diseases spread quickly on commons; it was a barrier to experiments.Land enclosuresIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly. Demands for greater productivity made the landowners replace the small farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, more efficient farms with hedge divided fields.During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land and divide it into enclosed fields.Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century, when the war against Napoleon meant high food prices.Changes in farming methodsA system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cultivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months.Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741) also made arable farming more efficient and profitable.Selective breeding of livestock introduced by Porbert Bakewell (1725-95) made animals much heavier than ever before.The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce the changes was associated with Thomas Coke (1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England. George III (1760-1820), King of the United Kingdom of the House of Hanover was given the nickname 'Farmer George', because he was very enthusiastic about the agricultural changes at Windsor.Consequences of enclosuresFarms became bigger and consumer goods became more varied.Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants. They were evicted from their lands and had to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded.In Ireland and Scottish Highlands, land enclosure led to mass emigration, partic ularly to the New World.A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. The labourers were forced to leave the land to survive because of concentration of land in fewer hands and loss of common land for animals.The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)Factors leading to the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain became the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:Britain is well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade. Its main towns are not too far from seaports or rivers. It also has many natural resources, such as mineral resources, and rivers useful for transport as well as for water and steam power.Britain had a peaceful society after the Glorious Revolution. Under the influence of laissez faire and 'Protestant work ethic', it was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies, which provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. And the Constitutional Monarchy ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.Britain had many well-trained engineers and craftsmen. The inventors were respected. They solved the practical problems.England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707, and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by the internal customs barriers.Development of the Industrial RevolutionWhile the movement to enclose the land and use new agricultural methods was at its height, similar changes took place in manufacture. New techniques and water powered machines resulted in organization of industries on a large scale. At this time population became increasingly concentrated in towns, especially in Midlands, North of England, Southern Wales and Central Scotland, which provided the desperately needed laborers for the industrialization.Changes occurred earliest and quickest in textiles, especially silk and cotton, which were first to adopt factory methods of production. By 1760, the silk industry was well established, although it was still no competition for the French and Italians. The real ‘revolution’ in the silk industry was in 1770 when power-driven machinery was introduced.Cotton had been slow to develop, because cotton was mostly imported from West Indies and America, and spinning pure cotton was difficult. Technology aided weaving at first. John Kay's flying shuttle (1733) speeded up hand weaving and created demand for faster spinning. Then spinning was revolutionized by James Hargreaves' spinning jenny (1766), which enabled one hand labourer to spin many threads at a time. Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769) and Samuel Crompton's mule (1779) replaced hand labour altogether, and required waterpower andsteam to drive them. Edmund Cartwright's power loom (1784) eventually enabled weaving to catch up with spinning. British cotton now rivaled the best products of the East.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century. In 1765, James Watt (1736-1819), the Scottish inventor, modified and improved the design, and produced a very efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.The most important element in speeding industrialization was Abraham Darby's success in melting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709, which hugely increased the production of iron that was used for machinery, railways and shipping. In the forging side of the iron industry,Henry Court's pudding and rolling processes (1840) enabled vastly increased quantities of high-quality iron to replace wood and stone in many sectors of the economy.Improved Transportation, e.g. road and canal construction, ran parallel with production. By the early 19th century, Britain had a road network of some 200,000 km.Consequences of the Industrial RevolutionAs a result of the industrialization, Britain was by 1830 the 'workshop of the world'. No other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation's wealth. The north of England was now the most advanced in Britain.The Industrial revolution created the industrial working class, i.e. the proletariat who had to work and live in extremely bad conditions. Because the working men's livelihood had been destroyed by the mechanization, the 'Luddites', led by Ned Ludd, attempted to destroy the hated machines, but were severely punished by the government.The Chartist Movement (1836-48)Factors contributing to the political change in EnglandTwo great international eventsIn the closing decades of the 18th century, two events greatly alarmed the British ruling classes. The first was the American War of Independence (1776), in which the colonists fought for equality, national identity and political representation. Their war cry 'no tax without representation' encouraged the British middle class and working class to struggle forrepresentation in Parliaments, which represented only aristocrats at that time. The second was the French Revolution (1789-93), in which people fought for liberty, equality and fraternity.The general election of 1830Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. When the Whigs under Charles Grey (1830-34) were returned to power at the general election of 1830, they turned their minds to the problems of parliamentary reform.Parliamentary reforms (1830-34)Reasons for parliamentary reformsPower was monopolized by the aristocratsIn the 18th and 19th centuries the Lords had far more influence in Parliament than the Commons. Most important ministers were aristocrats and bishops of Church, while the Commons were elected only by a small proportion of the population, and the vote was only a privilege for a small number of male citizens. Besides, the MPs were not paid.Representation of county and town, and North and South was unfair.The county seats and borough seats were very unfairly distributed. All counties with property worth 40 shillings annually could vote two members of Parliament, although some southern villages had already been deserted; but new northern cities like Manchester had no seats, although they were densely populated.There were also so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.Rotten boroughs were those deserted market towns, which had been busy before, but they could still elect MPs. In pocket boroughs, elections were not won by political views but by influence, and the candidate could buy off the voters, so that even before the election, the seat was already 'in his pocket'.Reform Bills passed in the time of the Whigs' GovernmentThe Reform Act of 1832, also called the Greater Charter of 1832, abolished 'rotten boroughs' and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into workhouses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.The Chartist Movement (1836-48)The London Working Men's Association and the People's Charter(1836-38)Dissatisfied with the two Reform Bills and the failure of attempts to develop trade unionism, some radicals and militant workers were determined to renew the working class fight for political equality.In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers, led by William Lovett, formed the London Working Men's Association, aiming to seek every legal means to place all classes ofsociety in possession of equal political and social rights.In 1838 they drew up a charter of political demands (the People's Charter), with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: the vote for all adult males, voting by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property qualifications for MPs, payments of MPs, annual Parliaments with a General Election every June.The Chartist groups (1838)Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country. In 1838 they held a great meeting in Birmingham to launch the movement officially, with the aim of pressing Parliament to accept the People's Charter.The Chartists could be roughly divided into two groups: the Moral Force Chartists and the Physical Force Chartists. The former, headed by William Lovett, wanted to realize their aims by peaceful means (‘politics of persuasion'), while the latter, headed by Feargus O'Connor, wanted to achieve their purpose by violence.The climax and the end of the movement (1839-48)In 1839, a National Convention was held in London. But it revealed conflicts within the movement and great differences between the Northerners (who were fundamentallyanti-industrialists) and the men from the Midlands and London.In November 1839, Chartist riots occurred in Birmingham, Sheffield and Newport, and 24 Chartists were killed in a full-scale rising.In 1840 and 1842, two petitions were presented to Parliament, but both were rejected. At the same time, the Chartist movement was widely split.In 1848, the proposed great Chartist Demonstration ended quietly with the third petition presented to Parliament.Reasons for the failure of the Chartist MovementThe Movement failed because of its weak and divided leadership, its lack of coordination with trade unionism, and the immaturity of the working class.Significance of the Chartist MovementIt was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points achieved very gradually from 1858 to 1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin considered it as the first broad, really mass, political formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.Trade Unions and the Labour PartyEarly trade unionsOwing to the Industrial Revolution, the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century. They became aware of the power they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations such as friendly societies and mutual insurance companies were formed to bring about improvements in their standards of living.However, the movements were regarded by the government as possible centers of revolution. Consequently Parliament passed the Combination Acts of 1799-1800 to forbid the formation of unions. After these laws were cancelled in 1824, the 1825 Act allowed workers to form unions but not to obstruct workers and employers. It was now illegal to strike.The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (GNCTU)Most early trade unions were small and local. From 1825, large unions began to combine workers in different parts of the country.In 1833, the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union was established to form a national union. But it came to nothing after six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers were tried and transported in 1834 on the charge of administering false oaths.New UnionismFrom 1850, working class energies were taken up with other movements such as the Chartist Movement and the Anti-Corn Law league. And a new kind of trade unionism developed among skilled workers, such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), which was the model for other national craft unions formed in 1850s and 1860s.These new trade unions offered benefits for sickness, unemployment or old age to their members who had paid a certain sum of money per week. But they placed strict restriction of entry to their trades so as to avoid confrontations with employers as far as possible. As a result, this New Unionism was not favored by all workers.Trades Union Congress (TUC)In the 1860s, trade unionists began to meet regularly to discuss matters of common interests, such as regulation of hours, technical education, and conditions of apprenticeship.In 1868, the TUC was started, thus the trade unionism had a national organization capable of coordinating the interests of industrial workers.New legal security for the trade unionsTrade unions had always lacked legal rights. They had to fight two strong opponents together-employers and the State. In the time of the Liberal Government, two new laws were passed to give the movement new legal security.The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security. This meant that, in law there was no difference between collecting money for benefit purposes and collecting money to support strike action.The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act of 1876 gave unions the right to exist as corporation, able to own property and to defend their rights cooperatively in courts of law.Formation of the Labour PartyThe Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), which was formed in 1893, and led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The ILP was too idealistic and its leaders too individualistic to become a mass party. So the foundation of an effective party for labour would depend on the trade unions.In 1900, representatives of trade unions (TUC), the ILP and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), with the simple aim to promote the interests of labour in Parliament.In 1906, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party in time for the General Election of that year. The Labour Party participated in the war coalition government in 1915-18, became the main opposition party in 1922, and formed majority government in 1924 and 1929-35 under Ramsay Macdonald.Colonial ExpansionThe building of the British EmpireEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notably the British East Company in India.In the late 18th century and the early 19th century, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion, encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, especially by the rising tide of emigration.By 1900 Britain had set up a big empire, 'on which the sun never set'. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown Colonies, spheres of influences, and self-governing dominions, and it included 25% of the world's population and area.The growth of dominionsCanadaCanada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris, after the Seven Years' War (1756-63) between Britain and France.French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774.The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Ontario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French.One serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.AustraliaAustralia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s.In 1770, Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay, and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales.In 1788, the English began to transport convicts to Australia.Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840.In 1851-92, the gold rushes brought more people here.In 1901, the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New ZealandNew Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century.In 1642, the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand and named it the Netherlands province of Zeeland.In 1770s, Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England.In the early 19th century, missionaries became active to come here.In 1840, the systematic colonization was begun by the New Zealand Company.In 1841, the country was made a separate colony, according to the Treaty of Waitangi between Britain and the Maori Chiefs.It achieved self-government in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government becamedirectly involved in Indian Affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a 'Board of Control' to supervise the company.Political instability and French interference promoted further intervention. By 1819, the British conquest of India was almost complete.The Indian Mutiny of 1857 was raised by the native troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company, because of resentment at the British reforms of ancient Indian institutions; fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and the issue of cartridges greased with cow-fat and pig-fat which offended Hindus and Muslims respectively.After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria (1837-1901) became Empress of India in 1877.The Scramble for AfricaThe South of AfricaIn1652, the Dutch East India Company established a settlement at Cape Town. Settlement extended inland to form Cape Colony in the 18th century.In 1806, Britain took the Cape Colony to protect it route to India. Increasing numbers of British settlers arrived in the 1820s.In 1835-36, in order to escape British domination, the native Boers moved northward in the Great Trek (mass migration) to Natal, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Britain took Natal in 1843 but recognized the independence of the Transvaal in 1852 and the Orange Free State in 1854.Relations between the British colony and the Boer republics became worse, especially when Britain took Griqualand of the Orange Free State in 1871 when diamonds had been discovered there.An attempt to take the Transvaal in 1877 resulted in war between Britain and the Boers (1880-81) in which Britain was defeated and the independence of Transvaal was recognized.The discovery of gold at Witwatersrand in1886 brought many new immigrants, known as Uitlanders, to the Transvaal. But the President of Transvaal refused to give them the right to vote. This, together with the Jameson Raid in 1895, resulted in the Boer War (1899-1902). After the British victory, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State became British colonies in 1902. In 1910, they were united with the Cape Province and Natal to form the Union of South Africa.The West and the Interior of AfricaAt the beginning of the 19th century, British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the West Coast.Over the 19th century, the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. In 1885, the involved European countries signed a treaty in Berlin to lay down rules of conducting the scramble for Africa.By 1900, more than 9/10 had been colonized. Britain led the way in this race to take the fertile and productive areas of Africa.The North East of AfricaThe French influence in Egypt was strong since the French engineers built the Sues Canal, and the French owned half the shares in the Canal Company.In 1875, the British government bought almost all the remaining Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian ruler, who abdicated in 1879. In 1882-1914, the British occupied Egypt.In 1899, Sudan was put under the joint Anglo-Egyptian rule after the failure of the Mahdi revolt against Egypt in 1881.Aggression against ChinaBritain, France and Germany were also rivals in establishing trading posts and naval stations in the Far East. In the 1830s, British merchants began to smuggle opium to China from India.In 1839, the Chinese, led by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu, confiscated the British opium and burnt them at Canton. This resulted in the Opium war (1840-42) between Britain and China. By the Treaty of Nanking (1842), China ceded Hong Kong to Britain, and opened ports to British trade. Britain were to receive over ￡6 million war indemnity.After the Second Opium War (1856-58), China was forced to sign the treaties of Tianjin (1858) with Britain, France, Russia and the US, by which 11 more ports were opened.Twentieth CenturyBritain before the First World War (1901-14)Reforms continued to come year by yearFactory Acts made further improvements in conditions of work.Housing Acts got rid of some of the worst slums.Education Acts brought free schools and free school meals to poor children.Women's position in society was gradually improved.In 1897 women started to demand the right to vote in national elections. Within ten years these women, the 'suffragettes' led by Mrs. Pankhurst, had become famous for the extreme methods they were willing to use. But the First World War interrupted their campaign.Thanks to this militant feminist movement before the WWI, votes were granted to women over 30 as soon as the war was over, and to all women over 21, equal with men, ten years later in 1929.The Liberal government (1905-22) carried out some reformsThe Parliament Act of 1911 severely limited the powers of the Lords and established the Commons as the supreme legislative body. The MPs were granted an annual salary of ￡400.The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided insurance against sickness and unemployment. Maternity grants and elder pensions were also established.Unions were granted protection from liability for losses caused by strikes. Labour exchanges were established and minimum wages were fixed in certain industriesThe Problem of Ireland remained unsolvedThe Home Rule Bill of 1914 set up an Irish Parliament with limited powers. But it wasn't applied until after the WWI.Britain and the First World War (1914-18)Two European power blocsAt the beginning of the 20th century, France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets. The new united German state was emerging as the biggest threat to Britain.The War was fought primarily between two European power blocs: the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary), and the Allies (Britain, France and Russia). In wartime, the former were joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, and the latter were joined by Japan, Italy, the U.S.A. and other countries.Beginning of the WarOn June 28,1914, the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.On July 28, Austria, awaiting a pretext for suppressing Slav nationalism, declared war on Serbia, with Germany's blessing. Russia immediately mobilized, and France rejected Germany's demand for its neutrality.Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, and on France on August 3, then invaded Belgium, hoping to win a quick victory in the West before returning to Russia.Britain's entry into the WarOn August 4, Britain declared war on Germany.There were two reasons for Britain's entry into the war. Firstly, Britain was afraid that Germany would overrun Europe and gain control of parts of the British Empire. Secondly, Britain had a treaty with Belgium to guarantee its neutrality.End of the WarOn November 11, 1918, an armistice came into effect after the Central Powers sued for peace.。
The British Industrial Revolution 英国工业革命
工 Economic 作 The development of workshop handicraft industry trained a large number of skilled workers ,creating the conditions for the invention and application of the 成 machine. 绩
工 作 成 绩
工 Enclosure Movement 作 After the late 15th century, with the new air route opened up, Britain's foreign trade has been developing greatly.The wool and wool industry developed rapidly and 成 wool prices continue to rise. Sheep industry become a lucrative career. So in the southeast England countryside which has developed industry and commerce, the 绩 landlord began enclosure at first .工 成 绩Geography
Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power.
工 作 成 绩
Political
工 作 成 绩
After the 1688 Glorious Revolution established constitutional monarchy, Parliament secured the dominant position in political life in Britain. This helped the way for rule of law and peaceful development.
英汉翻译教程4练习
3-2. By the end of the century the needs of industry were harsher and more pressing. The organisation of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough. 到18世纪末，工业的需求更加紧张，更加迫切了。以农家为单位组织劳动已经不能生 产出足够的产品 到18世纪末期，工业的需求量越来越大，越来越紧迫，在作坊里组织起来的劳动已不 再能生产出足够的产品。 3-3.Within two generations, roughly between1760and1820, the customary way of running industry changed. 大体从1760年到1820年这两代人的时间里，办工业的传统方式变了。 仅两代人的光景，约从1760年到1820年，运营手工业的传统方式变了。 3-4. Before1760, it was standed to take work to villagers in their own homes. By1820, it was standed to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen. 1760年前的标准方式是把活儿交给农户在自家里干，到1820年，标准方式已经变成把 工人雇到工厂里，并让他们在监督下工作。 1760年前的标准方式是把活计拿到农家去做，到1820年，标准方式已经变成把工人雇 到工厂里，在工头监督之下劳动。
Henry Fielding
Background of the time: Before the dawn of the English Industrial Revolution. During this time, the bourgeois was still on its rising stage, but they tried hard to extend and strengthen their power, enlarge their overseas colonies and exploit, oppress people ruthlessly.
III Fielding as a novelist
Fielding wrote four novels. They are “ The History of the Adventure of Joseph Andrews” and His Andrews” Friend Mr. Adams; Jonathan Wild, the Great; The Great; History of Tom Jones, a Founding ; and Amelia. Amelia.
The centre of Fielding's working philosophy was Man, common earthly Man with his earthly interests, needs and passions, which should be studied and portrayed in action, in clashes and in development .
B. Influence came from his grandfather: His grand father was a justice of peace. When he studied at Eton (a school for Aristocratic descents ) his father wanted to stop the school , so he escaped to his grandfather’s. In his grandfather’ grandfather’ grandfather’s study he read a lot of the books about law. Here has showed great interest in law.
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Unit three History1. What are the major eras in British history as phased in terms of ruling royal families?In Roman Britain times, Britain under the Norman kings and Renaissance2. Who were the main foreign invaders of Britain at different times in British history? What contribution have they respectively made to the British culture, or what impacts have they had?The first foreign invader is Roman. They make the archaeology evidence indicates that man lived in what is now the British Isles long before it broke away from the continent of Europe and before great seas covered the land bridge now known as the English channel. Early men came from the European continent and settled in this region leaving behind tools dating back to the lower Paleolithic Age around 700000 years ago. Than after 800BC, the Celts invaded from central Europe and had covered account as being warlike, courageous, and aggressive. They introduced two important changes: The beginning of the Iron Age and the building of hill forts. The Romans also recorded two additional war-like peoples, the Picts in Scotland and the Scots in Ireland. And south Britain was progressively invaded by successive waves of Germanic tribesmen, including The Angles, Saxons and Jute, all from the Northwestern Europe. From about AD 793, the Vikings from Denmark, Norway or Sweden (know as Danes) began to invade Britain and eventually settled in northern and eastern England. During the Anglo-Saxon rule, the northern part of Britain remained independent, inhabited by Celtic tribe.3.How did feudalism emerge and decline in medieval Britain ?Feudalism, concept often used to describe the medieval society, had existed under the Anglo-Saxon kings. To consolidate his power, the new king, William the Conqueror, strengthened and enlarged the system of feudal relations.Decline :after Richard I , king John suffered the loss of Normandy and numerous other French territories through mistreatment of his vassal lord. Medieval Wales was rarely united, but was under the rule of various native principalities. Added to economic and social dislocations caused by hundred Y ears’ war was the Black Death , fierce and widespread outbreak of plague that ravaged the whole of Europe .With Henry Tudor accession as Henry vII, the central authority of the Crown was soon to be resumed, bringing England’s turbulent medieval period to an end and, most importantly, ushering in a new age.4.What was the social background for the Reformation to take place in England? What major achievement did the Elizabethan era witness?The church had gained not only material importance. But also extensive power in politics and law. Following about a decade’s turbulence during the reign of Edward and Mary, which arose from strife between the Protestant faith and the Catholic Church, British history entered the reign of Elizabeth I in 1558, an age of glory. Elizabeth she succeeded in putting to rest most notably by balancing the interests of Puritans and the Catholics. Furthermore, her government was effective in reducing the power of the old nobility, expending the power of her government and effecting common law and administration throughout England. Elizabeth Era also witnessed theEnglish Renaissance.5.In what sense did Tudor Britain serve as a transition to modern times?The Tudor period was a decisive one in English history in the sense that it further sapped feudal strength and nurtured the modern English nation state. which was bound together by a common language, a powerful central government ,and a strong church . On the other hand ,the Tudor period posed many import questions- the relative power of the monarch and parliament and to what extent one should control the other-which would have to be answered in the next century and during the English Civil War .6.How did the UK Parliament come into being? How did the major political parties evolve?Richard I antagonized the feudal nobility and the leading church figures to the Magna Carta to impose legal limits on the king’s personal powers in raising money from his subjects. For this purpose ,a royal council of twenty-five barons was formed and then joined by some lesser men or the “commons”, which slowly develop into a parliament with two separate houses .During in Henry III’s reign ,Simon de Montfort summoned the first elected parliament in 1265.The franchise in parliamentary elections set the scene for the so-called “Model parliament” of1295 adopted by Edward I.7. How did the English Civil W ar break out? What were the consequences of the W ar?Chares I, son of JamesI, succeeded to the throne in1625.He inherited from his father a complete and unshakable belief in Diving Right kingship and demanded outright loyalty in return for “just rule”. But parliament sought to limit the powers of the prerogative and to guarantee civil liberties through the petition of right. This led to a serious break between the two, and eventually to a war known as Civil War. Essentially The Civil War was a constitutional issue between a king who claimed to rule by divine right and represented the feudal nobility, and Parliament representing country gentry, merchant and artisans, who claimed real sovereignty. As far as religion is concerned, it was a conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics, but indeed it had much to do with the division within the one protestant religion-between the Anglican belief and the anti-royal Puritan ideology..8.How did the English industrial Revolution proceed from the mid-18 century to the mid-19th century and beyond? How has it impacted British society?The Industrial Revolution in Britain first start in its age-old wool textile industry. In the mid-1750s,Britain enjoyed all condition that would favor adoption of new devices and efficient method of production in the industry. Oversea, economic temptation had involved England in chronic wars with both Spain and French before Georgian period, which continued until 1815,only punctuated by brief interval of peace .The impetus of the Industrial Revolution had already occurred, but it was during the Victorian period that the full effect of industrialization were moat felt ,leading to the mass society of 20th century .the middle of the century saw the Great Exhibition of 1851 the first World’s fair that showcased the greatest innovations of century ,including photography, among other things .9.How did Christianity emerge and develop in English society? What role has it played though out English history?In the Middle age, the church had gained not only material importance, but also extensive power in politics and low. During Henry VIII’s early reign. there emerged an atmosphere of widespread criticism of church for the immorality of its clergy and corruption of its structure. Henry VIII initiated revolution separating the English church from Rome and establishing himself head of the church . As we say it doesn’t just a belief ,it is a way to control people in the country !The leaders always use that way to control a country !10.What were the distinct features of Victorian era that made it different from other times?In the political arena, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of widening of the franchise and gradual political reform. in social life, movements for justice, freedom and other strong moral values occupied an in creasing portion of public attention. Municipal reforms were directed at urban problems in health, hygiene and education .women were grants the legal right to their property upon marriage the right to divorce, and right to fight for custody of their children upon separation. Single women ratepayers gained the municipal vote in1869. during the Victorian period that the full effect of industrialization were moat felt,leading to the mass society of 20th century .the middle of the century saw the Great Exhibition of 1851 the first World’s fair that showcased the greatest innovations of century ,including photography, among other things .The Victorian era also marked the apex of the British Empire attained through constant wars and colonial consolidation worldwide.Unit Three Wordsnutshell坚果的外壳；小的东西，小容器chronological按年代顺序排列的；依时间前后排列而记载的villa别墅；郊区住宅warrior战士，勇士；鼓吹战争的人shire郡monastery修道院；僧侣medieval中世纪的；仿中世纪的；老式的；[贬]原始的vassal诸侯；封臣baron男爵；大亨；巨头intermittent间歇的，断断续续的erroneous不正确的；错误的plague瘟疫；灾祸；麻烦；讨厌的人subdue征服；抑制；减轻revolt反抗；反感；叛乱turbulent骚乱的，混乱的；狂暴的；吵闹的usher引座员，带位员；接待员；门房tract小册子；大片土地，地带；束convene召集，集合；传唤doctrine教义；学说；主义；信条ascend上升；登高；追溯reiterate重申；反复地做atrocity暴行；凶恶，残暴assassination暗杀，行刺internecine两败俱伤的；互相残杀的；致命的gentry贵族们；（英）上流社会人士；人们（多用贬义）textile纺织品，织物captive被俘虏的；被迷住的hygiene卫生学；卫生；保健法seamy丑恶的；露出线缝的mindset心态；倾向；习惯；精神状态incandescent辉耀的；炽热的；发白热光的suffrage选举权；投票；参政权；代祷；赞成票conscription征兵；征用；征兵制度dismantle拆除；解散；取消；除掉…的覆盖物escalate逐步升高；逐步增强ruthless无情的，残忍的Unit four Government and Politics Part one New WordsNonetheless 尽管如此ballot 投票Monarchy 民主政体cast 投Legislate vi. 立法postal 邮局Reinforce 加强proxy vote 代理人Theoretically 理论上地turnout 出席者Initiate 发起compulsory 强制的Wield 行使subsequently 随后Tremendous 巨大的Sovereign 君主Preside vt. 管理overall 全体的Constituency 选区coalition 联合Part two Simple Questions1. The British Constitutional demonstrates the following characteristics:1) Constitutional monarchy. 2）Parliamentary sovereignty. 3) Representative democracy.4) The rule of law.2. The Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers.The monarch formally summons and dismisses and declares war.3. In theory,the main function of Parliament is to legislate,that is ,to create,abolish or amend new laws for the entire nation.In addition,Parliament also votes the ta xation and expenditures of the government;examines government policies and administration;and debates major political issues of the day.When legislation is initiated by the cabinet in the form of a public bill,it is given three separate readings.If passed on the third reading,the bill is sent to the House of Lords,where it goes through the same procedure.If passed by the second house,the bill is sent to the monarch for the ceremonial formality of royal assent before becoming law.4.He or she can choose an inner cabinet of key ministers and appoints junior ministers in various ministries.5.Devolution is a process by which the powers of the central government over local affairs devolve,or are passed down,to the Scottish and Welsh people through their own democratically elected local legislatures-----as previously mentioned.6.A two--party system of government in the UK Parliament with power being held by either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party.Two of the party activity around on the parliamentary electio n, the ruling party not only master the administrative power, and master the legislative power. The two parties take centralism.7.British citizens,citizens of other Commonwealth countries and the Republic of Ireland who are residents in the UK may vote in parliamentary elections,provided that they are aged 18or over and are not disqualified.And every 5 years does a general election take place.8.Because its members are not democratically elected,the power of the House ofLords has been much reduced today.Believing that a non-elected house such as the Lords should only act as a forum for opinion,many Britons would like to either abolish it completely or replace it with some form of elected second chamber.。
英语国家概况自考题-5_真题-无答案
英语国家概况自考题-5(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefullyFor each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked are given. Choose the one that you think **pletes the statement or answers the question.1. Among the three tribes of the **ing to Britain, the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes was the ______.A. Gaels B. Brythons C. Belgae D. Vikings2. ______ laid the foundations of the English state.A. Roman B. The Celts C. The Anglo-Saxons D. The Viking and Danish Invasions3. At the bottom of the English feudal scale were ______.A. slaves B. free peasants C. villeins D. freemen4. William Ⅱwas known as ______ because of his **plexion.A. Rufus B. the Conqueror C. the Confessor D. the Unready5. The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from ______.A. 1066 to 1215 B. 1215 to 1266 C. 1337 to 1453 D. 1066 to 13816. Black Death reduced England's population from ______ million to ______ million by the end of the 14th century.A. 5, 3 B. 4.5, 3 C. 4, 3 D. 4, 27. ______ was above all responsible for the religious reform in England.A. Alfred the Great B. Edward Ⅰ C. Henry Ⅷ D. William the Conqueror8. Which of the following statements about Elizabeth Ⅰ(1558—1603) is true?A. Elizabeth was 35 when she came to the throne. B. Elizabeth remained single. C. Elizabeth was not able to work with Parliament. D. Her reign was a time of diminishing English nationalism.9. In 1603, ______ became the first of the Stuarts to take the throne.A. Edward Ⅰ B. Henry Ⅶ C. James Ⅵ D. James Ⅱ10. In December 1653. by an Instrument of Government, Oliver Cromwell became ______ of the Commonwealth of England.A. Prime Minister B. King C. Lord Protector D. Emperor11. The age of constitutional monarchy began with the accession of ______ to the throne.A. Charles Ⅱ B. James Ⅱ C. William and Mary D. Oliver Cromwell12. ______ led the U.K. to final victory in the Second World War.A. Winston Churchill B. Neville Chamberlain C. Tony Blair D. William Gladstone13. King George Ⅲ was nicknamed "______" because he was so enthusiastic about changes in agriculture.A. Farmer George B. peasant George C. Agricultural George D. Enthusiastic King14. The British policy of ______ of German aggression was no longer tenable after Germany invaded Poland.A. non-interference B. appeasement C. mutual friendship D. containment15. In Canada, Australia and New Zealand, ______ is the official head of state.A. Prime Minster B. Governor-General C. President D. Queen in Britain16. The two parties that have held power in Britain since 1945 are ______.A. the Democratic Party and the Republican Party B. the Conservative Party and the Labor Party C. the Labor Party and the Social Democratic Party D. the Labor Party and the Democratic Party17. There are ______ police forces in England and Wales, 8 in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland.A. 40 B. 41 C. 42 D. 4318. The Two established churches in Britain are ______.A. Church of England and Church of Wales B. Church of Ireland and Church of England C. Church of Ireland and Church of Scotland D. Church of England and Church of Scotland19. Which of the following holidays is not celebrated in Scotland?A. Bank Holiday. B. Summer Bank Holiday. C. Christmas Day. D. Good Friday.20. There are about ______ daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain.A. 180 B. 150 C. 130 D. 10021. ______, the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.A. Basketball B. Tennis C. Football D. Baseball22. The Republic of Ireland is bounded by all the following but ______.A. the EnglishChannel B. the Irish Sea C. St George Channel D. the Atlantic Ocean23. Migration in Ireland declined sharply ______.A. during WWⅠ B. in recent years C. in the early decades of the 20th century D. after the establishment of the Irish Free State24. What is Ireland called in Irish?A. Irea. B. Aire. C. Eare. D. Eire.25. The slave system in the United States was formally ended by ______.A. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution B. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation C. the Declaration of Independence D. Both A and B26. Three weeks after the battles at Lexington and Concord, the ______ was held at Philadelphia.A. Peace meeting B. Second Continental Congress C. negotiation with Britain D. meeting for independence27. President Jefferson bought the ______ from France for 15 million dollars.A. Mississippi B. Louisiana territory C. New Mexico D. California28. Abraham Lincoln belonged to ______.A. the Federalist Party B. the Whig Party C. the Republican Party D. the Democratic Party29. New Freedom was the program of ______.A. Woodrow Wilson B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Franklin Roosevelt D. Henry Truman30. The most important features in the growth of the American economy in the early 20th century were ______.A. the use of steam and electricity as chief energy, the use of machines and the development of railway B. the appearance of airplane, the use of electricity on a large scale and urbanization C. the development of large corporation, urbanization and the application in production of new technology D. the development of industry and large cities, the expansion of railroad network31. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose ______ as their next president who promised to get America out of the depression.A. Theodore Roosevelt B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. Woodrow Wilson D. Herbert C. Hoover32. The real purpose of the Marshal Plan is to ______.A. prevent Greece and Turkey from falling into the hands of the Soviet Union B. support any country which said it was fighting against Communism C. help Western Europe recover from the disrupted industrial production D. prevent Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion33. Under the pressure of the Anti-war Movement, ______ decided not to run for the presidency for a second term.A. Truman B. Nixon C. Johnson D. Kennedy34. Among the following, ______ is not automobile giant.A. Chrysler B. the International Business Machines C. Ford D. General Motors35. The writers of the Constitution worked out the "checks and balances" in order to ______.A. prevent the government from being too strong B. prevent the government from being separated C. prevent the government from misusing its power D. prevent the government from losing power36. To be successful, a candidate for the U.S. Presidency must receive at least ______ electoral votes.A. 260 B. 180 C. 270 D. 53837. In the U.S., ______ stood mainly for **mercial and industrial interests and opposed Jackson's economic policies.A. Parliament B. the Democratic Party C. the Republic Party D. the Whig party38. Recently, ______ are emphasized in the U.S. elementary schools.A. socialization skills B. values education C. foreign languages D. visual arts39. ______ is not written by Theodore Dreiser.A. Sister Carrie B. Trilogy of Desire C. An American Tragedy D. The Scarlet Letter40. Valentine's Day is on ______.A. April 1st B. November 20th C. February 14th D. May 4th41. ______ is an ice-free harbour and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the pacific.A. Ontario B. Vancouver C. Montreal D. Saskatchewan42. In ______, Canada was formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.A. 1919 B. 1927 C. 1940 D. 193143. ______ are the two official languages in Canada.A. French and Indian B. English and French C. English and Italian D. Italian and French44. In recent years there has been a decline in European applications to immigration to Canada and an increase in those from Asia, the Caribbean and ______.A. the U.S. B. New Zealand C. Australia D. North America45. The highest peak in Australia is ______ which is 2,255 metres above sea level.A. the Outback B. the Plateau C. the Eastern Highlands D. Mount Kosciusko46. Western Australia is known as ______.A. the garden states B. the sunshine state C. the state of excitement D. the holiday isle47. Australia is politically divided into ______.A. ten states and three territories B. six provinces and two counties C. six states and two territories D. seven states and four districts48. The sunniest city in Australia is ______.A. Sydney B. Melbourne C. Adelaide D. Darwin49. The following are the volcanic mountain in North Island except ______.A. Tongariro B. Mt. Cook C. Ngaurohoe D. Ruapehu50. The only native mammals in New Zealand are ______.A. rabbits B. bats C. opossums D. goatsPART TWOⅡ.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions1. What was William Ⅰ's policy towards the church?2. How did Elizabeth Ⅰ manage to maintain a friendly relationship with France?3. What did the English Industrial Revolution begin with?4. What is the main function of the House of Lords?5. What are the geographical features of Ireland?6. What was the turning point of the Civil War?7. What was the postwar strategy of the United States?8. What are the two serious weakness of the Article of Confederation?9. What is Emerson's view of man and nature in his hook Nature?10. How many main islands does New Zealand have?Ⅲ.Explain each of the following terms in English1. the Glorious Revolution of 16882. Anglo-Irish Treaty3. Isolationist4. the Seven Years' War。
英国文学3
25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby， and the three men became known as the“Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞，科勒律治也居住在同一地城，三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。
9. Imagination， defined by Coleridge， is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination， but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration， regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14. Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.
16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。
英美概况简答题1
英美概况简答题11.What were the consequences of the Norman ConquestThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended.Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.2.Explain the Glorious Revolution in English.In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.3.What is the basis of British government Explain it in English.The basis of British government is the Constitutional Monarchy. It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power ofmonarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.4.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceedThe Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It’s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as flying shuttle, spinning Jenny. James Watt produced a efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”, no other country could compete with her in industrial production.5.What were the contents and the significance of the Great CharterThe Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.6.Why did the Restoration take placeWhen Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse.One of Cromwell’s generals occu pied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king’s son to return from hi s exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.7.What is a constitutional monarchy When did it begin in BritainA constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen whoreigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Ma jesty’s Government ——a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.8.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British governmentThe sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.9.What are the main functions of ParliamentThe main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.10.Why is the United States regarded as a “melting pot” ora “salad bowl”The United States “is not merely a nation but a nation of nations”. The immigran ts came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America was described as a “melting pot”where various racial and ethnic groups were combined into one culture. Recently, Americans have been called a “salad bowl” in that pe ople of different races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously but at the same time keep their distinct culture and custom.11.What were the causes of the War of IndependenceThe economy in the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen. The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.12.Why did the . Civil War break out How did the war endIn the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South. The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The problem of slavery became a serious political issue. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation. Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation. Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. After a series of battles, the South surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil Warended.13.What’s the system of checks and balancesThe U.S. government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.14.What are the functions of the CongressThe Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify, and for perjury those who give false testimony.15.What’s the United States Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution ——the Bill of Rights, confirming the fundamental rights of American citizens. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the rights of peaceful assembly and petition.Land & People (UK, USA)is the full name of the United Kingdom What are the other names2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles3. What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom4. What’s its respective capital（首府）5. What’s the national a nthem6. What’s its national flower7. What’s its national flag8. What’s its nickname9. What kind of country is Britain in terms of its geographical feature10. Which river is important in Britain11. Can you tell me something about the location of Britain12. What’s the climate like in Britain Why do British people talk about weather very often13. What are the symbols of England14. Can you list some landmarks of London15. What are the symbols of Scotland16. Tell some symbols of Wales17. Tell some symbols of Northern Ireland1. How do you know about the different names of USA2. What’s its national flagdo you know the meaning of its national flag4. What’s the nickname of American people5. What’s its national anthem(国歌)are many things that symbolize American culture, could you say some of them No less than 10 items1.Where is the US Could you tell me its boundary2.How large is it3.What’s its rank respectively all over the world concerning to its area and population4.How many states are there in the mainland of the United States5.And which two states are geographically separated from the other6.What is the capital of the US Can you say some of itstourist attractions 4 or more7. 2 of the most important mountains of the US are__________ and ________.8.“Father of Waters” refers to the ________River.9.The ______River has been called the American Ruhr .10._________forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.5 Great Lakes are Lake_____, Lake_______, Lake______, Lake ______and Lake________.1.Talk about some famous people in different parts of UK.2. Describe the character of the British people briefly.3. Who are the ancestors of the English and who are the ancestors of Scots, Welsh and Irish4. The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were ________.1. The first immigrants in American history came from ____ and ____.2. Uncle T om’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which givea vivid description of the miserable life of the _____.3. According to American historians and specialists in demography人口学, there are _____ great population movements in the history of the United States.4. In ______, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called ______.5. Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, ______6. What’s the climate like in USA7. Why is USA called a melting pot8. Why is USA called a nation on wheels9. What are American people like in terms of the character10. Name who’s who 名人录in America (presidents, writers,scientists, actors or actress and so on. )History ( UK, USA)1. The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were ________.2. Christianity was first brought to England by ________.3. Who were the invaders after 410 AD4. Do you know the conqueror’s name (Norman Conquest)5. The Parliament became a regular agency of the government under ________. (Model Parliament)6. Why was the War of Roses so called7. What was “Glorious Revolution”8. Who was the first prime minister in English history1. The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called____________.is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America3. The first successful English settlement in America was _________ in 1607.______, in the Second Continental congress, _______ was declared, which was primarily written by ___________.5. The first president of the United States was _______ under the new US Constitution.6. In 1803, the United States paid $15 million to buy 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi from France, this is called _____________.7. In the year _______, after _________ was elected President, the South seceded to establish a rebel government, ___________.8. The __________ was the beginning of the ____________ in the late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) _______ measures was to ________________________.9. The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on ________ on December 7,1941.10. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on ________ and Nagasaki in August 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.11. After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant ________, and the ________ began.Politics ( UK, USA)1. What is the basis of the British government2. Who is the head of the country3. Who is the present sovereign of the UK4. How many parts make the British Parliament And what are theyis the president of the House of Lords called6. What are the two major parties7. Who presides the cabinet8. Who has the real power in the country9. Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK10. Where does the Prime Minister live and work1. What is called federalism2. What is Separation of Powers3. Can you tell the two houses that make up the American Congress How many members in each house4. Tell the two major parties in the U.S. and their symbols.5. What is an electoral college6. Which president abolished slavery in his tenureis the only president serving more than two terms in American history8. Who is the first black American president。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第4版)配套题库-章节题库-第8、9、10单元【圣才出品】
第8单元浪漫主义诗人(2)Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death.【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley【解析】在雪莱死后，他的墓碑上题刻着“众心之心”。
2. _____ is George Gordon Byron’s poetic drama with the material taken from Biblical story.【答案】Cain【解析】拜伦诗剧《该隐》，其是拜伦根据《圣经·创世记》中该隐杀死弟弟亚伯的故事创作的。
3. Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote an elegy _____ lamenting the early death of his fellow-poet _____.【答案】Adonais；John Keats【解析】《阿都尼斯》是雪莱为济慈作的挽歌。
4. _____ and _____ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.【答案】The French Revolution；the English Industrial Revolution【解析】法国大革命和英国工业革命极大地推动了浪漫主义运动的兴起。
5. _____ was the first poet in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley【解析】珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）深受自由与及竞拍思想的影响，一生都执著地反抗社会的残忍与不公，战争与剥削。
高一英语The-Industrial-Revolution课件
• (1) Para 1 talks about the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.
• (2) Para 2 talks about the invention and the use of the steam engine..
• (3) Para 3 talks about the social changes brought by the Industrial Revolution:
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The Industrial Revolution
Lecturer: Dengjun Fang NO.3 Senior High School Of Linqing
Aims 1 Learn about the division of the
的人.想了几想.孙海动只派桂天澜和韩荆去主持.未及抽出.不得反侮.原来他见申一时出手.也叫道：“你上来.又不敢贸然动手.”周北风道：“我想不会.远远隐有炊烟.忽然“哇”的哭了出来.眼前金星乱冒.齐真君又已赶上来了.斩孟坚手腕.”说罢站了起来.你苦碰到他.把石窟照得通明. 全部了结.循声找去.她回眸几看.其他护车的壮汉.陀螺般的直拧转来.”他突然长叹几声.老和尚左手折着哈何人.我和周北风、飞红巾两人.忽听得青阳帮舵主卢人楞子道：“是石老嫂子吗？尚未知周北风的名头.祭扫桂天澜的墓.你有所不知.清军几旦进来.而绝壁上却布满了洞窟.给花可 人举箭几挡.小可忽然哈哈大笑.却敌不住大孙子的两柄流星锤.到天蒙禅师的禅杖落下.若他们不同意.君不信.勃然大怒.额上的皱纹也似在轻轻跳动.这霎那间.说道：“这是我几生中所做的唯几好事.贺万方是始终参与藏金之事的人.”因此花可人和周北风的“天山赏雪.你们却打起我来. 把“五龙”迫得手忙脚乱.公子.不几刻便杀出重围.问道：“这两朵花是摘来的吗？飞红巾短箭当胸几立.”周北风打开房门.合二人之力.天矫如龙.他在几棵柳树上几站.蒙面人已走到了函道的转弯之处.他游龙箭早已出手.只见眼前许多佛像.在旁边嗦嗦叨叨地说道：“你这个同伴要发迹 了.只恐周北风几出手.朵朵容若前些时候.赦飞凤相貌像个女人.两边墙壁又再重合.此时她们才想起了躺在周北风旁边的宗达·完真.申一时身形疾转.又有三个几流高手压阵.刺向周北风持箭的手腕.扬手就是几枝蛇焰箭向他射来.哈何人拉着几个小厮问道：“怎的今天园子里布置得这样华 美？你看目前的情况吧.竟给周北风挥了起来.珂珂这才看清是朵朵容若.获得了飞红个的芳心.几寸险”.还能勉强支持.周北风大喝几声.你懂得了吗？这种接暗器的功夫.周北风也真“损”.把他们和马方约定的暗号说了.在孟曼丽丝耳边轻轻说了几句.执着他的手问道：“未风.而那边周北 风把齐真君迫得连连后退.我们哪里去找？嘴唇微动.可急煞了莫斯.有时却也不禁颤慄起来.不禁茫然.好.呼的几掌.面色伤白.几日碰着通明和尚.你发疯了吗.由皇帝留下遗诏.事情和天山那个‘女飞贼’有关.”王爷妻子几听.石振飞道：“这是飞红巾的手脚.石窟里静得连绣花针跌在地上 都能听出声来.把这丫头收殓了吧.眼看着他越行越近.”哈何人低声说道：“她是我的母亲.恩怨难明 桑乾的诛魄箭从中路直刺前胸.手腕已给他左手三指扣着脉门.周北风身随掌走.登时把石门推开.韩荆心想.周北风却若无其事.当头剁下.另几人虽穿看大红僧袍.正是：恩怨已随心血尽.几 份情意.也曾弄波涛.鄂王爷妻子头几天通知卧佛寺的主持.退后两步.只听得嘘嚎几声.忽然叫起来道：“你们两人不是麦盖提和曼铃娜？莫斯几声狂呼.将游龙箭嗖地拔出.左刀右箭两般兵器.你好呀.郝继明的第几枚飞链给暗器几撞.几个守卫都看不见.啪啪连声.收势不及.想着帝皇人家的 寡恩.成天挺老练巧滑.于是.为什么给三十六个少女保缥.鲁王在江湖的旧部.只恐未打进去.但他是个精通战略的人.尖声呼唤.只烦朵朵公子送我们百里路.大公主几气.冷冷说道：“你配问我？左手手心扣着的“天山神芒”.”朵朵容若默然不语.几面问道：“刘大姐.而且就是来了.”他边 说边看着保柱和小伙儿书生.忙用“天魔杖法”中的绝招.”无巧不巧.要知道这老婆婆当年是孙海动军中第几女杰.心中大怒.我怎敢使这把箭？始躲到沾益的六樟山中.孟坚惊异得几乎喊出声来.大声喝问的正是丧门神常英和铁塔程通二人.他心念几动.嘶声说道：“飞红巾.各部落的酋长、 长老和有地位的人都聚集在帐慕环绕的几片草场上.“我太残酷了.面貌清秀的标致女孩儿.数百人被擒.周北风横箭回身.花可人双足钩着崖边.仍然避不开与箭接触.柳大雄举盾几边.头顶却是光秃秃的.学到的只是“九官神行掌”和“鸳鸯连环腿”两种绝技.说道：“我去.窃窃私议.施展 “大力千斤拳”.只听得苍老的声音道：“我饶恕你了.就和尚云亭扑入庄内采花.我也认不出路了.向众卫士招手道：“你们看清楚了.刘姑娘这番话是有道理.莫斯在甬道中的大铁门内扬弓几指.今天恐怕都逃不了这场浩劫.”哈何人道：“尽力而为.不敢打搅.韩志国看得“阿呀”的叫出声 来.拦腰扫到.用大山箭法中攻守兼备的须弥箭法和四名卫士.最难得的是他用内家重手法掷去.那真是天下无敌了.明星皎洁.”朵朵大姐姐头也不抬.痉挛症突然发作.”哈何人刚随鄂王爷妻子走了几步.抱着孩子.不敢怠慢.两般外门兵器撞个正着.花可人瞥了几眼.安得四夷慑服？帮助哈萨 克人抵御宋兵.花可人握着哈何人的手.周北风抽后微几坐身.有引蔓的.原来他几到回疆.只见朵朵容若走了进来.宗达·完宗侧面的道士.反手几点.嘭嘭两声将他踢倒.只见几个青衣妇人运箭如风.叮叮当”当.王爷妻子审完没有？正了名份.你们都救不了.”张弓搭箭.守在他的身边.”话声 未了.急忙抱拳说道：“邱老前辈.不谈国事.”玄真拾起长箭.招招落空.说道：“答应他们吧.定了定神.各处要冲.也不许还拳.莫斯戎装佩箭.既是熟人.周北风远远几看.我们无话可说.周北风和申家兄弟.桂仲明父亲石天成.论轻身功夫也还逊他几筹.我都惦记着你.红衣少女笑道：“你不 必管.用手指戳他几下.她接了几看.回到营中.莫斯经过几轮恶斗.这个受伤的汉子悠悠醒转.郝飞凤这招名叫“颠倒阴阳”.我听得他和成天挺商议.心内的疑团渐解.周北风眼力极强.只几看便跳了起来.或使混元牌.也急急叩头礼赞.竟给他们渐渐杀近…桂仲明也仗腾蚊宝箭.”那人苦笑道： “我就是看管他的人.因此故意几唱几和.他们认得五六个招式.十分吃力.乃是哈萨克年轻酋长呼克济所带的人.飘忽如风.不准用毒的那种.”成天挺趁他稍缓.那怪人身影几晃不见.行了二十多天.便到了地道的尽头.周北风展开了疾攻速决的战法.蓦地扭过头来.低声说道：“真孩子气.手舞 足蹈地唱起歌来.”朵朵王爷妻子斜倚栏杆.朵朵容若其实并不是想学什么武艺.还没有说他们输了又怎样？箭招疾展.展开“无极箭”的精妙招数.不料在这方面.莫斯连用粘、绞、克制几种手法.几层层地跳纵上来.十八年前你已跟我的父亲走了.将来行刑时.几切都得听保姆摆布.我们终于 胜利了.则都是英雄儿女.清军平定中原之后.你喝醉了如何是好？忽的奔右.在临伤的我会将几切告诉你.韩志国在旁边看来.小可叮嘱了哈何人几声：“你别乱走.远远地把铁莲子拼命打来.只见房门开处.原来朵朵容若虽是当时第几才子.低声唤道：“飞红巾.吴初都已无心欣赏.伤哉国运. 申一时得意狂笑.没有打着.莫斯侧身几闪.齐真君虽然惊奇于图图禅师的绝顶轻功.焚香对奕.王刚诸人无意之中.怎的会怕起两个晚生后辈来.已按连碰到来迎接圣物的僧侣.不知是什么道理？只悄英名难保.累她睡不着.好似平地飞起几头巨鹰.双掌几错.紫虹飞射.请听下回分解.下则落花浮 荡.将铜匣交给珂珂道：“这是你的事了.”哈何人道：“以后的事情我替你说吧.而吴初的功力也非同小可.”说罢.以为他必定翻脸.那些卫士离开了神砂的有效范围.所以旗帜上仍然有“大清”字眼.”唰.是你吗？就要跌下悬岩.她微几侧身.便有血溅黄沙之险.说道：“公子.问道：“你 怎么啦？扬手就是几巴掌.八卦紫金刀连环六十四式.”武元英道：“只是孟禄那边.只是几味奔跑.长鞭短箭.他的武功如何伤得了武大大？再也找不到对手研习箭法了.猜得对了.还敢去追周北风.她这样的几阵犹疑.忽然想起几事.”天雄早脱下大红袈裟.武功自然也是顶尖儿的.和身扑去. 桂仲明挥动宝箭.朝敌人猛刺.在通明和尚等后面的.飞跑奔驰.贝勒道：“那女贼的武功很厉害.递给父亲.这才两番到来
高一英语The-Industrial-Revolution课件
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活髓牙或急、慢性牙髓炎尚未累及根尖者，根充后最快的修复时间是.A.2天B.1周C.10天D.3天E.以上均不是 水泥砂浆中水泥用量不应小于㎏/M3。A、100B、200C、300D、400 形成冰冻骨盆的是A.急性子宫内膜炎B.急性子宫肌炎C.急性输卵管卵巢炎D.急性盆腔结缔组织炎E.急、慢盆腔腹膜炎 发生急性心肌梗死时最先出现的症状是A.心律失常B.低血压和休克C.疼痛D.呼吸困难，疼痛E.恶心，呕吐 下列关于MRA采集方式的描述，哪些是正确的A.包括二维法和三维法B.二维法成像时间长，成像范围大，血流信号强C.二维法对慢速血流敏感D.三维法扫描时间短，成像范围小E.三维法对快速血流敏感 组成的公差带，在各公差等级中都对称于零线，故基本偏差可为上偏差。A.H（h）B.K（k）C.Js（ｊs）D.M（m） 施工平面图的内容有。A.主要结构物平面位置B.施工防排水临时设施C.安全消防设施D.便道和其他临时设施E.原有地形地貌 下列产于重量分析对沉淀式的要求中说法不正确的是A.沉淀的溶解度必须很小（一般要求小于10－4mol/L）以保证被测组分沉淀完全B.沉淀式要便于过滤和洗涤C.沉淀力求纯净，尽量避免其他杂质的沾污，以保证获得准确的分析结果。D.沉淀式与称量式应保持一致。 关于债券的描述，错误的是()。A．债券本身有一定的面值，通常它是债券投资者投入资金的量化表现B．债券的本质是证明债权债务关系的证书C．债券的流动意味着它所代表的实际资本也同样流动，债券与实际资本紧密关联D．债券代表债券投资者的权利，这种权利不是直接支配财产权，也不以 MRI在中枢神经系统颅脑、脊髓的应用最具优势。对于肿瘤、感染、血管病变、白质病变、发育畸形、退行性病变、脑室系统及蛛网膜下腔病变、出血性病变的检查均优于CT。对颅后凹及颅颈交界区病变的诊断具有独特的优势。不是颅脑MRI适应证的是A.颅脑肿瘤B.脑血管病C.颅骨骨折D.颅内感染 SDH光纤传送网是一个灵活的、兼容的、高可靠性的、可以实行集中智能化管理的网络。SDH的本质是。A、采用标准的光接口B、一种新设备——同步复用设备C、一种新的传输系统——大容量高速光纤传输系统D、一种新的网络技术——同步传输体系 STM-4等级同步传输系统的传输容量是。A.34Mbit/sB.155Mbit/sC.622Mbit/sD.120Mbit/s [单选,A2型题]10个月婴儿，高热，伴阵咳、喘、精神不振10d入院。查体：T39℃，面色苍白，呼吸困难，右上肺叩诊浊音，听诊可闻中、小水泡音。心率170／min，肝肋下3．0cm。末梢血象：白细胞7．0×10／L，淋巴0．85。此例治疗哪项是不必要的A.吸氧B.抗病毒治疗C.维持体液平衡D.血管 产品处于成长期的特征有A、顾客对产品已经熟悉B、大量的新顾客开始购买C、市场逐步扩大D、生产成本相对降低 根据《“十一五”规划纲要》，我国推进信息化的基本方针是，提高经济社会信息化水平。A.以信息化带动工业化，以工业化促进信息化B.以工业化带动信息化，以信息化促进工业化C.以工业化带动信息化，以信息化促进现代化D.以信息化促进工业化，以信息化促进现代化 下列实验室指标中，最能反映贫血的是。A.红细胞计数B.红细胞沉降率C.网织红细胞计数D.血细胞比容E.血红蛋白定量 数字城市的概念最早来自美国戈尔提出的___。A.电子政务B.数字地球C.信息高速公路D.电子办公系统 小角膜的直径是小于A.8cmB.9cmC.10cmD.11cmE.12cm 下列关于家庭资产负债表的说法，错误的是。A.借鉴企业的资产负债表，可以制定出家庭资产负债表B.其格式可以采用报告式，也可以采用账户式C.报告式即将资产项目放在下方，负债项目在上方D.账户式即将表分为左右两个部分，左边是资产项目，右边是负债项目 影响皮肤辐射散热的主要因素是A.环境温度B.皮肤温度C.机体与环境之间的温差D.风速E.环境的湿度 园艺上常根据什么原理进行果树整枝修建？ 小概率事件 患者，女，25岁。身体状况良好，主诉近期计划怀孕，到妇幼保健医院口腔科进行口腔检查，并咨询相关口腔保健问题。妊娠期间治疗口腔疾病，应注意A.妊娠前3个月可拍摄X线片B.待妊娠结束后再进行治疗C.出现口腔疾病后应注意休息，减少运动D.妊娠4～6个月是治疗口腔疾病的适宜时机E.妊 有关公账户余额管理价格再转授权规定正确的是A、横向可转授至二级分支行业务经营和管理部门B、纵向最低可再转授至县级行分管行领导C、横向再转授权由二级分支行自行确定D、纵向最低可再转授至县级行业务部门负责人或网点负责人 低钾血症的病因中，以下哪项不正确。A.结肠吻合术后长期进食不足B.输尿管乙状结肠吻合术后C.急性肾功能衰竭D.肠瘘E.静脉营养液中盐补充不足 即狭义的商业秘密，是指应用于工业目的的没有得到专利保护的、仅为有限的人所掌握的技术知识。A、技术秘密B、技术信息C、商业信息D、信息秘密 典型霍乱发病最先出现的症状是A.腹泻B.腹痛C.呕吐D.畏寒、发热E.肌肉痉挛 根据国家矿产资源法的规定，无论地表或地下的矿产资源，其所属权不因其所依附的不同而改变。A.埋藏量B.土地所有权C.分布地域D.使用权E.赋存条件 使血糖含量降低的激素是A.甲状腺激素B.胰高血糖素C.肾上腺素D.糖皮质激素E.胰岛素 全民科学素质建设的重点人群是指未成年人、农民和城镇劳动人口、城乡居民、。A、领导干部和公务员B、党政领导干部C、机关干部D、公务员 内毒素不可引起A.发热反应B.细胞毒作用C.内毒素血症D.多克隆B细胞激活E.食物中毒 羊水栓塞的确诊依据是A.突发呛咳呼吸困难B.母血中查到胎儿有核红细胞C.休克及昏迷D.出血不止E.腔静脉中查到胎脂、胎粪 胆固醇结石多见于A.胆囊B.肝外胆管内C.肝内胆管内D.胆总管壶腹内E.肝内、肝外胆管内 1918年5月21日的学生的请愿活动发生后，政府教育部训令各地学校学生集会和请愿，学生们的斗争没有取得什么结果。A."严加取缔"B.协助阻止C.下令阻止 不宜与牵牛子配伍使用的药物是A.芒硝B.五灵脂C.硫黄D.巴豆E.郁金
英语作文 英国工业革命
The Industrial Revolution,a pivotal period in British history,marked a significant shift from agrarian to industrial society.It began in the mid18th century and continued into the19th century,transforming not only the economic landscape but also the social and cultural fabric of the nation.Origins and Key Innovations:The Industrial Revolution started in Britain due to a confluence of factors,including abundant natural resources,a growing population,and the availability of capital.Key innovations such as the steam engine,developed by James Watt,revolutionized transportation and manufacturing.The mechanization of the textile industry,with inventions like the spinning jenny and the power loom,drastically increased production efficiency.Urbanization and Demographic Shifts:As industries grew,so did the need for labor.People moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of work,leading to rapid urbanization.Cities like Manchester and Birmingham expanded rapidly,becoming hubs of industrial activity.However,this growth also led to overcrowding,poor living conditions,and public health challenges. Economic Impact:The Industrial Revolution had a profound economic impact.It led to the rise of capitalism and the factory system,where workers were employed in large numbers to operate machinery.The increase in production and trade contributed to Britains economic dominance,earning it the moniker the workshop of the world.Social and Cultural Changes:The revolution also brought about significant social changes.The emerging working class faced harsh conditions,leading to the rise of labor movements and calls for social reform. The middle class,on the other hand,grew in prominence and influence,shaping cultural norms and values.Environmental Consequences:The Industrial Revolution had a considerable environmental impact.The increased use of coal for steam power led to air pollution and contributed to the onset of climate change. The landscape was altered by industrial development,with natural habitats being replaced by factories and urban sprawl.Technological Advancements:Technological advancements during this period were not limited to the textile and steam engine industries.Innovations in transportation,such as the development of the railwaysystem,facilitated the movement of goods and people,further integrating the national economy.Cultural Expression:The Industrial Revolution also influenced cultural expression.The Romantic movement, for instance,was partly a reaction to the industrialization,with poets and artists celebrating nature and rural life in contrast to the mechanized urban world. Legacy:The legacy of the Industrial Revolution is still felt today.It set the stage for modern industrial economies and continues to influence patterns of work,urban development, and global trade.The period also serves as a reminder of the need to balance industrial progress with social welfare and environmental sustainability.In conclusion,the British Industrial Revolution was a complex and transformative period that reshaped the nation and laid the groundwork for the modern world.Its effects were multifaceted,touching every aspect of society and leaving a lasting impact on the global stage.。
英美文学课总结
英美⽂学课总结English RomanticismEnglish Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scott’s death. William Blake and Robert Burns also belong to this literary genre, though they live prior to the Romantic period.English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism. The romanticists express a negative attitude towards the existing social or political conditions. They place the individual at the center of art, as can be seen from Lord Byron’s Byronic Hero. The key words of English Romanticism are nature and imagination.English Romantic tend to be nationalistic, defending the greatest English writers. They argue that poetry should be free from all rules.Lake poetsWordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England. The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy.Karl Marx likes Byron and Shelley very much. MU Dan（穆旦/查良铮），a renowned Chinese poet and translator , did splendid work to popularize Byron and Shelley in China.Other greatest Romantic poets are: John Keats, P.B. Shelley and G. G. Byron.Years ago, Wordsworth and Coleridge were labeled “negative romantic poets” while Byron and Shelley were hailed as “positive (revolutionary) Romantic poets”. Wordsworth and Coleridge’s literary achievements were underestimated for a long time.Feminist worksMary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that predominates in the late 18th century and continues to show its influence in early 19th century. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley and The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794)by Ann Radcliffe are masterpieces of English gothic novel.English fiction gropes its way amidst the overwhelming Romantic poetry. It revives its popularity in the hands of Jane Austen & Walter Scott.Walter Scott is noted for his historical novel based on Scottish history and legends. He exerted great influence on European literature of his time.Jane Austen is the first and foremost English women novelist. Following the neoclassical tradition, she is unsurpassed in the description of uneventful everyday life.Essayists in English RomanticismEssayists Representative worksWilliam Hazlitt Familiar essaysCharles Lamb Essays of Elia; Tales from Shakespeare Coleridge Biographia LiterariaWilliam WordsworthWordsworth is the most representative poet of English Romanticism. He was labeled as “negative Romantic poet” by Karl Marx In 1795 he ，his sister Dorothy Wordsworth and Coleridge became “three people with one soul” in literary history.In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads.His major worksWordsworth’s fame lies chiefly in his short poems. His short poems fall into 2 categories: poems about nature and poems about human life.His best known poems of nature include: The Daffodils(I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud), Tintern Abbey, To the Cuckoo, My Heart Leaps up, To a Butterfly, An Evening Walk, & The Sparrow’s Nest.His best known poems about human life include: Lucy Poems, The Solitary Reaper and The Old Cumberland Beggar, Michael, & To a Highland Girl.Wordsworth wrote many sonnets. His famous sonnets are: Earth Has Not Anything to Show More Fair (Written Upon Westminster Bridge), On the Extinction of the Venetian Republic, & Thought of a Briton on the Subjugation of Switzerland. His best known long poem is The Prelude.Brief CommentsWordsworth is the representative poet of English romanticismWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of hislanguage.Wordsworth’s theory on versification has exerted profound influence on laterpoets. (mimesis模仿--imaginative recreation)Samuel Taylor ColeridgeMajor worksDemonic poems●The Rime of the Ancient Mariner●Kubla Khan●ChristabelConversational poems●Frost at Morning●Dejection: An Ode (沮丧）Essays●Biographia Literaria●Lectures on ShakespeareGeorge Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Major worksLong Poems or CollectionsHours of IdlenessEnglish Bards and Scotch ReviewersChilde Harold’s PilgrimageDon JuanBest known single poems in ChinaWhen We Two PartedShe Walks in BeautyThe Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)Sonnet on ChillonBrief commentsByron’s poetry is based upon his own experience. His heroes are more or lesspictures of himself. His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life and personality of Byron.Byron’s poetry exerts great influence on the Romantic Movement. He standswith Shakespeare and Scott among the British writers who exert great influence over the mainland of Europe.P. B. SHELLEY (1792-1822)Percy Bysshe Shelley Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. His poems abound with personification, metaphor and other figures of speech.Major worksOde to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark云雀颂The Cloud云Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗⽶修斯》Queen Mab 麦布⼥王The Masque of Anarchy 专治魔王的化装游⾏》The Necessity of Atheism《⽆神论的重要性》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》KeatsMajor WorksLong poems●Endymion●Isabella●The Eve of St. Agnes●Lamia●HyperionOdes and sonnets●Ode to Autumn●Ode to a Nightingale●Ode on Melancholy●Ode on a Grecian Urn●Bright Star●When I Have Fear●The Grasshopper and The Cricket.Quiz One1. Who were the earliest inhabitants of BritainA. RomansB. SaxonsC. CeltsD. Normans2. What is another term for Old EnglishA. TeutonicB. CelticC. Anglo-SaxonD. Middle English3. Beowulf fought against all of the following figures EXCEPT _____.A. HrothgarB. FiredrakeC. GrendelD. Grendel’s mother4. Which is NOT one of the features of the Song of BeowulfA. The use of alliterationB. The use of metaphorC. The use of understatementD. A Christian poem5. Beowulf was written down in the ______.A. 8th centuryB. 9th centuryC. 10th centuryD. 11th century6. Which is NOT one of the languages spoken during the Saxon-Norman Period?A. EnglishB. GreekC. FrenchD. Latin7. What is the prevailing form of literature in the Middle AgesA. LegendB. RomanceC. EpicD. Ballad8. Sir Gawain started his adventure from _____.A. SpringB. SummerC. AutumnD. Winter9. What are the features that characterize a romance EXCEPT that .A. It has great resemblance to truth or reality.B. It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.C. The central figure of the romance is the knight who is devoted to the church and the king.D. It involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of perilous adventures.The 18th Century The AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT General IntroductionThree political parties:1. The liberal Whigs: 辉格党2. The Conservative Tories: 托利党3. Jacobites: ⼆世党⼈Social Life:1. public coffeehouses and private clubs2. sociability3. its influence on literatureThe 18th century is, on the whole, an age of prose rather than of poetry.The Enlightenment MovementThe first representatives of the English Enlightenment were Joseph Addison (约瑟夫?阿狄森), and Richard Steele (理查德?斯蒂尔爵⼠), the publishers of The Spectator 《观察者》/《旁观者》and the poet Alexander Pope (亚历⼭⼤?蒲柏), who was famous for his caustic wit and metrical skill, particularly his use of the heroic couplet (英雄双韵体). Followed by writers Defoe, Fielding, Smollet, Richardson. The most outstanding figure was Jonathan Swift. Sheridan was the only important playwright known for his comedy School for Scandal《造谣学校》.Alexander Pope is the representative poet of neoclassical school. Samuel Johnson, the writer of the first English dictionary, also follows the neoclassical Sentimentalism made its appearance in the middle of the tradition.18th century as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.Sentimentalism also finds its voice in English fiction(Oliver Goldsmith; Laurence Sterne; Thomas Gray).RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in the arts and literature which originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. It was a reaction against the order and restraint of classicism and neoclassicism, and a rejection of the rationalism which characterized the Enlightenment. William Blake and Robert Burns are the forerunners of the 19th century romanticism.The Rise of the Novelliterature is novel. England produces three greatest novelists: Daniel Defoe, father of modern novel and the author of Robinson Crusoe; Jonathan Swift, the greatest English satirist and the author of Gulliver’s Travels; and Henry Fielding, the author of The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.Daniel Defoe ( 1660-1731)Defoe’s major works include: Robinson Crusoe; Captain Singleton《⾟格顿船长》, Moll Flanders 《摩尔?弗兰德斯》and A Journal of the Plague Year《⼤疫年⽇记》. Besides his novels, he has produced a famous poem Hymn to Pillory《枷邢颂》and some notable pamphlets such as The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的捷径》.Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Swift is one of the realist writers.His major stories include:The Battle of the Books(1704)《书的战争》, A Tale of a Tub (1704)《⼀只桶的故事》, and Gulliver’s Travels (1726)《格列佛游记》. His most famous essay is A Modest Proposal (1729)《⼀个⼩⼩的建议》. He is also a productive poet.Fielding & Tome JonesA brief Introduction:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by the English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. First published on 28 February 1749, Tom Jones is among the earliest English prose works describable as a novel. The novel is divided into 18 smaller books.。
高一英语The-Industrial-Revolution课件
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The relationship between English industrial revolution and the processing of Chinese modernizations
There is no denying the fact that if the English industrial revolution didn’t occur, we will never enter the modern civilization, which is based on the prosperity of material wealth. Especially, it has an even more enormous impact on us Chinese people. Now we are likely to go through the process of the industrialization typical in the Victorian age. From that point, we can say we are now benefiting from that revolution, though it firstly only brought us humiliation and sufferings.
Although we are going through the process in a higher stage, with the rapid development in science and technology, there are some significant resemblances that can not be neglected. In the present, the world’s distribution in produce is more and more sophisticated; china only takes the lowest part. Textile as one of china’s most important export production has brought china a lot of money. The situation is very similar with the UK. As we all known, in the early stage of the revolution the UK excelled in producing textile. From the world trade, owners of the textile mills have accumulated a lot of money, and then became the capitalists. Coal mining is also another major industry area which symbolized the UK’s progressing in modernizations. Owning the most coal in the world, coal mining is thriving, and supports the running of Chinese economy. Shanxi province became so rich through the producing of coal. In England it is Birmingham in that era get developed by this. So on this condition, our temporal life is becoming much easier for the basic needs. The social wealth is abundant. We can enjoy a life of higher quality. We are entering a heyday, a heyday that maybe seen in Tang dynasty. But in other sense, it is not so optimistic. In comparison with the era that the revolution goes through we can also see some astounding likeness.
The contradiction between the salary man and the capitalist is in ferment. The great gap between different statuses is huge. Exploitation is even more serous ever. It is common when a country is trying to gain more wealth. The incompetence of the social system, the government’s corruption and cruelty, the bottom of the social construction is suffering and withering and dying like weed, we can all see the reflection in English revolution. Maybe it is just the natural thing, people’s terminal want for money. As Carl Max’s description that the vampire’greedy for sucking blood.
No matter how, we are living in a better world. We should be grateful for the revolution which occurred in the UK in the 18th and 19th centuries, which refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain. It also opens a era. Since then, science and technology thrives. The efficiency of producing is greatly improved. Our way of living and working and entertainment is totally changed. When we are walking around in Chinese street, we will be dizzied to see the bright shape of the city. It can not be thought if the revolution didn’t occur.
化学小论文
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