专业英语第二章

pressures in the economy.
measures changes in the price of a fixed basket of raw materials and semi-finished goods over time. GDP Price Deflator:国内生产总值的价格平减指数 国内生产总值的价格平减指数 measures how the prices of goods and services included in GDP change over time.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
The essentials of rational policymaking
• 1.The selection of national economic objectives. • 2.The identification and /or development of appropriate indicators to use in the process of assessing performance. • 3.The design of instruments that may be used in order to achieve those objectives • 4.A theory detailing the proper use of those tools or instruments.
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
3.Growth GDP（Gross Domestic Product）:is defined as （ ） the market value of final goods and services produced within economy during a year. measure both the level of output of an economy and changes in that output level over time. Nominal GDP Real GDP
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• The theory :How to use the instruments to achieve the objectives • Classical economics:古典经济学 古典经济学 • Neo-Classical:新古典经济学 新古典经济学 • Keynesian economics:凯恩斯经济学 凯恩斯经济学 • Neo-Keynesians：新凯恩斯经济学 ： • Monetarism：货币主义 ： • Supply-side economics：供给学派 ： • Rational expectations：理性预期学派 ：
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• The instruments of macroeconomic policy • 1 Monetary policy: may be described as the deliberate manipulation of the money supply and /or interest rates in order to affect the level of national income, prices, employment, and other economic variables .
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
2.Relative price stability (相对稳定的价格 相对稳定的价格) 相对稳定的价格 It is desirable for the overall level of prices to remain relatively stable over time . CPI ( Consumer Price Index) :A useful measure of inflation measures the price of representative basket of goods and services purchased by the household sector of the economy PPI (Producer Price Index): A useful measure of price and cost
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
Macroeconomics is the study of a nation’s economy as a whole.
• 1.the level of nation’s aggregate income and output • 2.unemployment • 3.inflation • 4.growth • 5.the level of interest rates • 6.the status of a nation’s international trade balance Today .macroeconomics focuses on national economic policy making .
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• Technical Terms
• • • • • • • • • • • • Aggregate Economic Analysis National Income Theory Trade balance Economic policy Economic variable Indicator Inflation/deflation Unemployment Price index Autonomous spending Net export Multiplier effect 总量经济分析 国民收入理论 贸易平衡 经济政策 经济变量 指示器 通货膨胀 通货紧缩 失业率 价格指数 自主消费 净出口 乘数效应
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
1.Employment/unemployment • In addition to the overall unemployment rate, it may be desirable to look at other variables such as the average length of the workweek in order to obtain a more complete picture of how well the economy is performing relative to providing adequate employment and as to the amount of slack, or unused productive potential, exists in the economy.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• A simple macroeconomic model • price level
• • • • O Qe Pe AD Output AS
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• Aggregate Curve AD curve: represents spending forces. • AD curve owes its downward slope to wealth effects and to foreign purchase effect
Monetary policy is usually conducted under the auspice of country’s central bank.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• 2 Fiscal policy: involves the manipulation of the federal budget ,specifically taxes and governmental expenditures, in order to affect the level of aggregate economic activity and other important variables. Disposable income :可支配收入 可支配收入 Transfer payments:转移支付 转移支付
Unit 2 Macroeconomics Part A Macroeconomics: overview 宏观经济概论
• • • • • • • • Teaching content 1.The essential of rational policymaking . 2.Measuring national economic performance . 3.The instruments of macroeconomic policy . 4.The theory :How to use the instruments to achieve the objectives. Teaching Objectives 1. To learn about the instruments of macroeconomic policy. 2. To understand how to use the instruments to achieve the objectives.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
The national economic objectives of most country: • 1.To provide employment opportunities for a majority of their labor force. • 2.To maintain relative price stability. • 3.To grow at a rate sufficient to accommodate a growing population and to allow its citizens to enjoy an improving standard of living .
（均衡收入分配） 均衡收入分配） • 3.Universal access to quality health care and economic freedom.（普遍 （ 的优质医疗和经济自由） 的优质医疗和经济自由）
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
The indicators or means of assessment of national economic performance: 1.Employment/unemployment(就业 失业 就业/失业 就业 失业) Unemployment rate :defined as the number of person unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Labor force: is defined to include those persons who are available for work and are actively seeking employment.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
Other national economic goals of individual countries : • 1.Environmental quality(环境质量 环境质量) 环境质量 • 2.Equitable income distributions