178-Sleep and IBS
匹兹堡睡眠量表评分标准
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)是由美国匹兹堡大学的精神病学家博士于1989年编制的，后由刘等人翻译成中文。
发现该量表在中国应用时具有较高的信度和效度。
PSQI简单易操作，与多导睡眠图结果相关性高。
已成为国内外精神病学临床评价的常用量表。
它将睡眠的质量和数量有机地结合起来，评价受试者最近一个月的睡眠质量。
该量表不仅可以评价普通人的睡眠行为和习惯，更重要的是可以用来综合评价临床患者的睡眠质量。
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)指导:以下问题是关于你最近一个月的睡眠情况。
请回答以下问题:1.过去一个月，晚上睡觉一般是_点。
在过去的一个月里，从上床到入睡一般需要_分钟。
3.在过去的一个月里，我通常早上_点起床。
4.在过去的一个月里，我通常每晚实际睡_小时(不等于床上休息时间)。
请选择下列问题的最佳答案之一。
5.在过去的一个月里，我被以下影响睡眠的情况所困扰:A.入睡困难(30分钟内无法入睡)(1)无(2)<每周1次(3)每周1~2次(4)≥每周3次。
B.晚上容易醒或醒得早(1)无(2)C.晚上上厕所(1)无(2)D.呼吸困难(1)无(2)E.严重咳嗽或打鼾(1)否(2)F.感觉冷(1)无(2)<每周一次(3)每周1~2次(4)≥每周3次。
G.感觉热(1)不热(2)H.做噩梦(1)没有(2)一.疼痛和不适(1)无(2)J.其他影响睡眠的事情(1)无(2)6.在过去的一个月里，总的来说，你认为你的睡眠质量是(1)非常好(2)好(3)差(4)非常差。
7.在过去的一个月里，你被药物催眠了。
(1)无(2)每周一次(3)每周一次或两次(4)≥每周三次。
8.在过去的一个月里，你经常感到困倦吗？(1)无(2)<每周一次(3)每周1~2次(4)≥每周3次。
9.在过去的一个月里，你是否缺乏精力去做事情？(1)没有(2)偶尔有。
(3)有时候。
(4)经常。
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)睡眠是人体正常生理功能之一，对保持身体和心理健康至关重要。
然而，在现代社会，由于各种原因，许多人的睡眠质量不佳，呈现出多种睡眠问题。
为了评估睡眠质量，匹兹堡大学睡眠医学研究中心设计了一种量表——。
本文将介绍PSQI 的背景、构成要素和评分方法。
一、睡眠问题背景现代社会中，许多人面临睡眠问题。
睡眠问题可能表现为入睡困难、睡眠中断、睡眠呼吸暂停、睡眠梦游等。
长期的睡眠问题会对健康产生负面影响，如抑郁、焦虑、免疫功能下降、认知能力下降等。
因此，科学评估睡眠质量对于人们的健康至关重要。
二、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)的构成要素1. 质量睡眠时间：评估参与者的规律性睡眠时间，包括入睡时间和醒来时间。
2. 睡眠延迟时间：评估入睡的延迟时间，即从躺下入睡到实际入睡所用的时间。
3. 睡眠时间：评估实际的睡眠时间，即从入睡到醒来的时间。
4. 延长睡眠时间：评估早醒后重新入睡的延长时间。
5. 睡眠效果：通过问卷调查评估睡眠的质量，包括入睡困难、睡眠中断、睡眠质量、睡眠效能等指标。
6. 日间功能障碍：评估睡眠问题对白天功能的影响，包括疲劳、嗜睡、注意力不集中等指标。
7. 睡眠药物使用：评估参与者对于改善睡眠质量而使用的药物类型和剂量。
三、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)的评分方法1. 每个构成要素有4个问题，参与者需要根据过去一月的睡眠情况进行自我评估，并按照一个等级标准进行选择。
2. 每个构成要素的得分范围为0-3分，总分范围为0-21分。
3. 总分越高，睡眠质量越差。
总分大于5分被认为是睡眠质量差，而总分低于等于5分则代表睡眠质量较好。
结论：匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)是一种科学有效的评估睡眠质量的工具。
通过对睡眠问题的全面评估和综合量化，能够帮助个体和医疗工作者了解和解决睡眠问题，促进人们的身心健康。
但需要注意的是，该量表只是一种评估工具，诊断睡眠问题还需要综合考虑其他因素。
大学生匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、压力量表和心理韧性量表
大学生匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）、压力量表和心理韧性量表亲爱的同学，你好！以下测评是为了了解大学生的睡眠质量状况、压力状况和心理韧性状况而设计的。
该问卷结果仅用于学术研究，您的信息将会被严格保密，请您认真填写，非常感谢您的参与，谢谢！1. 性别 [单选题] *○男○女2. 您的年龄是 [填空题] *_________________________________3. 您来自 [单选题] *○城镇○农村4. 您的学习阶段是 [单选题] *○大一○大二○大三○大四○硕士及以上5. 在最近一个月中，晚上上床睡觉通常是几点钟？（24小时制，例22:05） [填空题] *_________________________________6. 在最近一个月中，从上床到入睡通常需要几分钟？ [单选题] *○A.小于15分钟○B.16-30分钟○C.31-60分钟○D.大于60分钟7. 在最近一个月中，每天早上通常几点起床？（24小时制，例06:00） [填空题] * _________________________________8. 在最近一个月中，每晚实际睡眠有几个小时？（不等于卧床时间） [填空题] * _________________________________9. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：入睡困难（30分钟内不能入睡） [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周10. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：夜间易醒或早醒 [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周11. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：夜间去厕所 [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周12. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：呼吸不畅 [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周13. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：咳嗽或鼾声高 [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周14. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：感觉冷 [单选题] *○无○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周15. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：感觉热 [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周16. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：做恶梦 [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周17. 近1个月，因下列情况影响睡眠而烦恼：疼痛不适 [单选题] *○无○〈1次/周○1-2次/周○≥ 3次/周18. 在最近一个月中，总的来说，您认为自己的睡眠质量： [单选题] *○B.较好○C.较差○D.很差19. 在最近一个月中，您有用药物催眠的情况吗？ [单选题] *○A.无○B.＜1次/周○C.1-2次/周○D.≥3次/周20. 在最近一个月中，您是否常感到困倦？ [单选题] *○A.无○B.＜1次/周○C.1-2次/周○D.≥3次/周21. 在最近一个月中，您是否做事时感到精力不足？ [单选题] *○A.没有○B.偶尔有○C.有时有○D.经常有22. 从此题开始为压力量表的题目渴望真爱却得不到 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力23. 青春期成长 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力24. 同学关系紧张 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力25. 外形不佳 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力26. 身体不好 [单选题] *○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力27. 同学间互相攀比 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力28. 居住条件差 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力29. 遭受冷遇 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力30. 社会上的各种诱惑 [单选题] *○没有压力○中度压力○严重压力31. 宿舍关系 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力32. 没有男/女朋友 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力33. 没有人说知心话 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力34. 没有学到真本领 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○严重压力35. 独立生活能力差 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力36. 各种应酬/聚餐困难 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力37. 家庭经济条件差 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力38. 偏科 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力39. 学习成绩总体不理想 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力40. 讨论问题时常反应不过来 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力41. 考试压力 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力42. 同学间的竞争 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力43. 学习效率低 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力44. 每学期期末考试成绩排名 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力45. 完成课业有困难 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力46. 有些课程作业太多 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力47. 各种测验繁多 [单选题] *○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力48. 累计两门以上功课考试不及格 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力49. 一门功课考试不及格 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力50. 当众出丑 [单选题] *○没有压力○轻度压力○中度压力○严重压力51. 被人当众指责 [单选题] *○没有压力○中度压力○严重压力52. 从此题开始为心理韧性量表的题目失败总让我感到气馁。
睡眠障碍的诊断工具深入了解匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表
睡眠障碍的诊断工具深入了解匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表睡眠障碍的诊断工具-深入了解匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表睡眠是人类维持健康的重要组成部分，它对我们的身体和心理状态有着深远的影响。
然而，有时候我们可能会面临睡眠障碍的问题，比如失眠、睡眠过度、睡眠呼吸暂停等。
为了准确评估睡眠问题，医学界发展了多项诊断工具，其中最常用和流行的是匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index，简称PSQI）。
本文将详细介绍并深入了解PSQI作为睡眠障碍诊断工具的特点和使用方法。
一、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表简介匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表是由匹兹堡大学医学院的睡眠研究中心开发的，被广泛视为睡眠障碍领域的“金标准”。
该问卷致力于全面评估睡眠质量及相关的睡眠问题，包括入睡质量、睡眠延迟、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠质量、睡眠障碍和用药情况。
二、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表的结构匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表由19个项目组成，分为七个主要分量：主观质量分量、睡眠延迟分量、睡眠时间分量、睡眠效率分量、睡眠质量分量、睡眠障碍分量和用药情况分量。
1. 主观质量分量：通过一个项目来评估参与者对自己睡眠质量的整体评估。
2. 睡眠延迟分量：通过评估参与者入睡需要花费的时间。
3. 睡眠时间分量：通过评估参与者实际睡眠的时间。
4. 睡眠效率分量：通过评估参与者睡觉和清醒的时间比例。
5. 睡眠质量分量：通过评估参与者睡眠中的难度和质量。
6. 睡眠障碍分量：通过评估参与者出现的睡眠障碍种类和频率。
7. 用药情况分量：通过评估参与者使用药物来改善睡眠的情况。
三、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表的使用方法匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表是一种自评量表，可以由被试者自行填写。
通常情况下，参与者会在一段时间内进行连续7天的睡眠监测，然后根据填写的问卷来量化睡眠质量。
为了提高问卷的准确性，填写者需要参照特定的说明进行操作。
填写时应该回忆前一个月的睡眠情况，并根据每个项目的评分标准选择最符合自己实际情况的选项。
达芬奇睡眠记忆训练法
达芬奇睡眠记忆训练法篇一：达芬奇睡眠记忆训练法)达芬奇睡眠记忆训练法来源:未知| 作者:admin | 本文已影响19811 人以前在我的概念里提到天才想到的就是因斯坦我从小也超喜欢因斯坦,可是最近由于对达芬奇的了解天才在我的头脑中慢慢变成达芬奇了！达芬奇睡眠法画坛泰斗达·芬奇是一位刻苦勤勉、惜时如金的人，他创造的定时短期睡眠延时工作法甚为人们所称道。
这一方法是通过对睡与不睡的硬性规律性调节来提高时间利用率，即每工作4小时睡15分钟。
这样，一昼夜花在睡眠上的累计只有1．5小时，从而争取到更多的间工作。
前几年，意大利著名生理学家克拉胡迪奥·斯塔皮参照达·芬奇的方法，对一位航海运动员进行了长达两个月的类似睡眠试验。
经测试，受试者的逻辑思维和记忆运算等能力均完好无损。
这说明达·芬奇睡眠法不仅能满足机体代偿功能的需要，而且还预示着利用人体生理潜力的广阔发展前景。
然而，有趣的是，在20年前，一位画家就这一方法进行了亲身试验，证实了它的有效性。
可是不到半年时间，他又回到正常的8小时睡眠上来。
谈及个中原因，画家不无幽默地承认自己并非天才，更不知道这些多出来的时间该如何打发。
一个提醒：当你处于θ波时，你的大脑细胞会调整它的钠离子和钾离子的比例。
钠&钾离子的比例涉及到细胞渗透压和细胞间物质的传送。
通常情况下，我们都处于β波，是一种轻微的紧张状态，这使我们的钠&钾离子的比例逐渐失衡，这就是引起我们感到疲劳的原因。
一个段简短的θ波(5~10分钟)就可以恢复我们的钠&钾离子的比例平衡并让我们感到精神百倍。
这也是小睡带给我们的好处。
转变为我睡眠的睡眠周期并不是一件难事，我是逐渐调整的。
慢慢减少晚上的睡眠时间，并在傍晚设置一个小睡时间。
小睡的时间只有2个选择，20分钟或90分钟。
20分钟的小睡只让你进入第一个睡眠阶段，避免你进入更深的睡眠，使你醒来时精神百倍。
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(附评分标准及计算方法)
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表姓名（）性别（）年龄（）检查日期（）ID号（）匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index , PSQI） ( )指导语：下面一些问题是关于您最近1个月的睡眠状况，请选择或填写最符合您近1个月实际情况的答案。
请回答下列问题：1.近一个月，晚上上床睡觉通常（）点钟。
2.近一个月，从上床到入睡通常需要（）分钟。
3.近一个月，通常早上（）点起床。
4.近一个月，每夜通常实际睡眠时间（）小时（不等于卧床时间）。
5.近一个月，您有没有因下列情况而影响睡眠，请从 ●❍四项中选一项，在下面划“√”：a.入睡困难（30分钟内不能入睡）无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周b.夜间易醒或早醒无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周c.夜间去厕所无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周d.呼吸不畅无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周e.大声咳嗽或鼾声高无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周f.感觉冷无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周g.感觉热无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周h.做恶梦无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周i.疼痛不适无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周j.其他影响睡眠的事情（请写明）无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周6.近一个月您的睡眠质量很好 较好●较差❍很差7.近1个月您是否经常使用催眠药物才能入睡无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周8.近1个月您是否经常感到困倦无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周9.近1个月您做事是否精力不足没有 偶尔有●有时有❍经常有10.你是与人同睡一床（睡觉同伴，包括配偶）或有室友？没有与人同睡一床或有室友 同伴在同一房间但不能同床●同伴或室友在另外房间❍同伴在同一床上11.如果你是与人同睡一床或有室友，请询问他（她）你过去一个月是否出现以下情况......(a)你在睡觉时，有无打鼾声无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周(b)你在睡觉时，呼吸之间有没有长时间停顿无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周(c)在你睡觉时，你的腿是否有抽动或者有痉挛无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周(d)在你睡觉时是否出现不能辨认方向或混乱状态无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周(e)在你睡觉时是否有其他睡眠不宁的情况无 不足1次/周●1-2次/周❍3次或以上/周主观睡眠质量得分（），睡眠潜伏期得分（），睡眠持续性得分（），习惯性睡眠效率得分（），睡眠紊乱得分（），使用睡眠药物得分（），白天功能紊乱得分（），PSQI总分（）评分标准：完成此表约需5~10分钟。
新概念英语第四册课文word版
Lesson1We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.Lesson2Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.Lesson3Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheeseaccompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alpsmust have been very hard indeed.Lesson4In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was firstnoticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed,except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.Lesson5The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) linkwith our ancestral past.Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animalunder close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals heloved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive.Lesson6People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down tofundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburbancreatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill- mannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect.I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.Lesson7I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.Lesson8Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made, washing can go to the laundry, foodcan be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room.It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but thispractice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages fatheris seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works economic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great value if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.Lesson9Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receiptof the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying ac- cording to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo .A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.Lesson10In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do notunderstand them; the manipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a few original, creative men in our political life—if only to create some enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes you might think the machines we worship make all the chief appointments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Between mid-night and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam ofgenius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of our time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever.Lesson11Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids onneighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes--and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!Lesson12What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism. Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surface details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptiness of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; the people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censorship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of these pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the entertainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from being credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import is all thisskill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of effects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, banal, childish ?Lesson13Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which Oxford once knew, and which a great university city should always have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and no benefactions and research endowments can make up for the change in character which the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel, great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber past Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a population which has no interest in learning and knows no studies beyond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camshafts.Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce some interesting children. It might have been thought that the culture of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of the university, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend tolive in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a planet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and the only fruit of the combination of industry and the rarefied atmosphere of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of being lost which hangs over some of the colleges.Lesson14Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it- so at least it seems to me----is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age,can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And it, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.Lesson15When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor--who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer,unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adopted by some banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.Lesson16The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do notneed to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which wecirculate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.Lesson17The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it.In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations. This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number ofindependent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and synthesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which are within his range of competence and understanding.Lesson18Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physicaland mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.Lesson19A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreigncountries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '. The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits thatthis is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formerly took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.Lesson20In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend。
2024-2025学年北京市房山区九年级上学期期中英语试题
2024-2025学年北京市房山区九年级上学期期中英语试题1. My brother and I like football. ________ often play it together.A．We B．You C．They D．He2. Fu Bao, the panda born in South Korea, returned to China ________ April 3rd, 2024.A．at B．in C．on D．to3. —Bill, ________ you give us a speech about English learning?—Yes, I can. It’s my pleasure.A．must B．need C．can D．should4. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is one of ________ books of Mark Twain in the world.A．famous B．more famous C．most famous D．the most famous 5. — ________ have you talked with your friends on the phone?—For about 20 minutes.A．How long B．How often C．How soon D．How much6. —Hi, Mike! Would you like to go hiking with me?—Yes, I’d love to, ________ I have to finish my schoolwork first.A．but B．so C．or D．for7. —What did you do last Saturday, Tina?—I ________ with my classmates in a program in the National Museum.A．volunteer B．volunteered C．will volunteer D．was volunteering 8. A lot of teenagers ________ their homework or read books in the library every weekend.A．do B．did C．will do D．are doing9. —Amy, what was your brother doing at nine yesterday evening?—He ________ a wonderful tennis match at that time.A．is watching B．was watching C．will watch D．has watched 10. Mary ________ many new friends since she became a middle student.A．is making B．was making C．will make D．has made11. 2024 China Open ________ in Beijing from September, 23 to October, 6.A．is held B．was held C．held D．hold12. — Tom, could you tell me ________ the sports meeting?— Sure! Next Wednesday.A．when did we have B．when we hadC．when will we have D．when we will haveAn Extra-good FriendGrace and I are good friends, but once something unpleasant happened when we both tried out for roles in Alice in Wonderland.Grace really ________ to be Alice and I was sure she could get the leading role. However, the result was that I was picked to be the leading role—Alice. What made me sad is that Grace only got the part of the March Hare. “Do you want to practice together with me?” I asked her after that. “Sorry, I’m busy this week,” said Grace ________, without looking at me. “And I will be always busy.”That night at dinner, my parents noticed I was not excited about getting the leading role. They________ what happened and asked me why. “Well, Grace was not picked to be the leading role—Alice, but I was. She was unhappy. Maybe she will throw away our friendship.”My father said, “Don’t worry about it. I think this is a ________ for you to be an extra-good friend.” “Dad is right,” said my mother. “Sometimes when our friends do well, we may have feelings of envy (嫉妒) and become green-eyed monsters and don’t know how to ________ . Try giving her a little time, space and understanding, and she will change her mind soon.”Over the next week, I tried my best to give Grace some ________. We had less conversation than before. Then one day, on the way to our practice, I met her. “I just want to say you are such a great actress when acting as the March Hare.” I said to her with a bright smile on my face. She also seemed happy and ________ how she understood the role with excitement. WhenI asked her to help me with my role, she agreed and smiled, too. She even said sorry to me for acting that way at first. Later, to my surprise, we became closer to each other.I came to realize that we sometimes may have a ________ time dealing with envy and disappointment in a friendship. All we need to do is to give our friends a little time, space and understanding. This might be the perfect chance for us to be extra-good friends.13.A．hoped B．agreed C．learned D．decided14.A．excitedly B．coldly C．proudly D．worriedly15.A．understood B．believed C．wondered D．thought16.A．prize B．story C．dream D．chance17.A．share B．discuss C．act D．prove 18.A．advice B．space C．care D．help 19.A．missed B．guessed C．supported D．explained 20.A．difficult B．short C．sweet D．busy21 . I am 11 years old. I’m interested in collecting different kinds of pens.. 22 . I love playing basketball, so it’s necessary for me to have suitable shoes.23 . I am preparing for my mother’s birthday. I plan to order a sweet cake for her. A.T he Brown’ StoreThe Brown’s Store is a wonderful place. It has lots of delicious bread and desserts. You can smell the sweetness as soon as you enter. There are also cakes for special events.B.The Fun StoreThe Fun Store is full of toys. There are toys for all ages. You can find dolls, cars, and board games. The staff is friendly and can help you choose the right toy.C.The Hot StoreThe Hot Store has everything for athletes. There are balls, shoes, and sportswear. You can find what you need for your favorite sport.D.The Stationery StoreThe Stationery Store is great for students. It has pens, pencils, notebooks, and other school supplies. You can find colorful and useful items to help with your studies.I I never liked to keep things clean and tidy. However, my roommate Kate was extremely organized. Each of her objects had its place, but mine always hid somewhere. She even labeled (贴标签) everything. I always looked for everything. Over time, Kate got neater (更加整洁) and I got messier. She would push my dirty clothing over, and I would lay my books on her tidy desk. We both got angry with each other. War broke out one evening. Kate came into the room. Soon, I heard her crying, “Take your shoes away! Why under my bed?” Saying nothing, but I saw m y shoes flying at me. I jumped to my feet and started shouting at her. She shouted back louder.The room was filled with anger. We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call. Kate answered it. From her end of the conversation,I could know right away her grandma was seriously ill. When she hung up, she quickly crawled (爬) under her covers, crying. Obviously, that was something she should not go through alone. All of a sudden, a warm feeling of sympathy (同情) rose up in my heart.Slowly, I collected the pencils, took back the books, made my bed, cleaned the socks and swept the floor, even on her side. I got so into my work that I didn’t even notice Kate had sat up. She was watching, her tears dried and her expression was unbelievable. Then, she reached out her hands to catch mine. I looked up into her eyes. She smiled at me, “Thanks.”Kate and I stayed roommates for the rest of the year. We didn’t always agree with each other, but we learned the key to living together: giving in, cleaning up, caring and respecting.24. Kate is a (n) ________ girl.A．organized B．dirty C．messy D．beautiful25. What made Kate so angry one evening?A．She couldn’t find her books.B．She heard the writer shouting loud.C．She found the writer did some cleaning.D．She saw the writer’s shoes under her bed.26. What did the writer realize in the end?A．Environment in a room should be put to the first place.B．The keys to being roommates are to respect and care.C．The writer should learn to be organized from Kate.D．Roommates should agree all the time in their room.When a new mobile phone starts to be sold in stores, many people become excited and can’t wait to buy one. They rush out to the stores and pick one. We can understand that people all want the newest, latest thing. But what should we do with our old mobile phones? Have you ever thought about it? Will you just put it in your drawer and never pay attention to it?Mike Townsend works at Total Recall, a mobile phone recycling company. “Don’t thr ow your old phone away. Send it to us and we’ll recycle it,” he says. “If you throw it away, it goes with other rubbish to become terrible landfill. In other words, it is put in a big hole in the ground—and it becomes a big problem.”There are some toxic (有毒的) materials, like lead, mercury and cadmium in the mobile phones. If your phone goes to a landfill, these toxic materials can get out and get into the water under the ground. That’s the water we want to drink or the water that goes into rivers or the o cean. As millions of mobile phones are thrown away every year, it is not a small thing at all.“At Total Recall, we take the old phones apart. Most of the materials in a mobile phone can be recycled and used again,” explains Mike. “We sell the parts and th ey are used to make new products. For example, there are nickel (镍) and cadmium in phone batteries. The nickel is used to make steel, and the cadmium can be used to make new batteries. The plastic parts of the phones are made into plastic fence posts.”Mi ke says recycling your old phone is easy. “You can usually take it into a mobile phone shop and they’ll send it to us.” So, before you throw your old mobile phone away, use it one last time: search for a mobile phone recycling company near you and give them a call.27. People who work in Total Recall ________.A．sell new mobile phones B．recycle old mobile phonesC．repair old mobile phones D．produce new mobile phones28. The underlined word “landfill” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.A．a low area where rubbish is put and hidden undergroundB．a large area that is much higher than the land around itC．something used for making the environment cleanD．something added to soil to make plants grow fast29. Which is probably the best title for the passage?A．Don’t use old mobile phones.B．Old mobile phones are harmful.C．New lives of old mobile phones. D．History of old mobile phones. Sometimes, when we’re not quite awake but not fully asleep either, our brains might be really good at coming up with new ideas. A new study finds that people who have a light sleep are better at solving problems later.Researchers read stories about some scientists solving difficult problems after a light and short sleep. It is said that the famous inventor Thomas Edison used to look for the twilight (朦胧模糊的) moments between wakefulness and sleep. He used to sit in a chair and hold two balls. As he started to fall asleep, the balls fell down and made a noise that woke him up. This way, he could write down his ideas before he fell into a deep sleep and forgot them.To see if Edison’s idea could work for other people, rese archers asked 103 healthy people to come to their lab. They had to try to solve a difficult math problem 60 times. After that, they got a 20-minute break in a quiet, dark room. They sat in chairs and held a light bottle in one hand, just like the balls in Edison’s hands. The researchers told them to close their eyes and rest or even sleep if they wanted to. After the break, they went back to the math problem.While they were resting, the researchers checked their brain waves. They found that more than half of the people didn’t fall asleep. But 24 people did fall asleep and had a light sleep called N1. Another 14 people went into a deeper sleep called N2.The researchers saw a great difference between the groups. The people who had light sleep, the N1 stage, were 2.7 times more likely to solve it than people who stayed awake. And they were 5.8 times more likely to solve it than those who went into the deeper N2 sleep.However, more work is needed to find out the relation between N1 and creativity. The results are interesting because they suggest that maybe we can learn how to get into this light sleep stage on purpose.It seems that Edison knew something about how being a bit sleepy can help us be more creative. But don’t think that you should copy his habi ts completely. He also thought that sleeping was a waste of time.30. Why does the writer mention Thomas Edison in Paragraph 2?A．To tell the importance of sleep.B．To explain why Edison slept well.C．To introduce Edison’s sleeping habit.D．To show how researchers get their idea.31. Paragraph 3 is mainly about ________.A．why the study was designed B．how the study was carried outC．what result the study showed D．what the future study may focus on32. What can we learn from the passage?A．Holding a ball while sleeping helps people come up with new ideas.B．People can learn some skills after reaching the twilight stage of sleep.C．Light sleep may make people creative and be a better problem solver.D．Staying awake for a long time will make people forget things easily.33. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage?A．To encourage people to sleep less in the daytime.B．To discuss the importance of deep sleep.C．To compare different kinds of sleep.D．To prove the value of light sleep.When ChatGPT came out, Olivia Lipkin, a copywriter (文案写手) in San Francisco, didn’t think too much about it. Over the next few months, however, she found herself with less and less work to do. In April, Lipkin was fired with no explanation. She realized why she lost her job when she heard managers talking about how using ChatGPT was cheaper than hiring (雇用) a human writer.Lipkin was not alone. Eric Fein, a 34-year-old man in the U. S. state of Illinois, ran a writing business for ten years. He became jobless this March. All his customers told him they no longer needed his services because they were turning to ChatGPT. Fein asked his customers to reconsider. He warned them that ChatGPT couldn’t write with his level of creativity. His customers sa id they understood, but it was far cheaper to use the chatbot (聊天机器人) than to pay him Fein’s business was gone almost overnight.Economists (经济学家) predict that AI systems like ChatGPT could replace hundreds of millions of jobs in the future. But for those who write social media posts and ads, the effect is already here. However, experts say that even the best AI systems can’t write as well as humans. It doesn’t have a personal voice or style. Besides, it often gives the wrong answers. But for many companies, the cost savings are worth the drop in quality. In fact, companies that have replaced human workers with chatbots have run into trouble. CNET, a technology news site company, once used AI systems to write articles. The results, however, were full of mistakes. They required a lot of corrections. And the U. S. National Eating Disorders Association Company once replaced its helpline (求助热线) staff with chatbots. But it had to stop using chatbots because it gave people harmful advice.After being replaced by ChatGPT, Fein and Lipkin made the same choice. Fein decided to do a new job that AI can’t do. He is now an air-conditioning technician (空调技术人员) after training. And Lipkin wanted to work as a dog walker. “I’m taking a complete break from the office world.” She says. But she doesn’t work now.34. When was Lipkin fired with no explanation?____________________________35. How long did Eric Fein run a writing business?____________________________36. Why did the U. S. National Eating Disorders Association Company have to stop using the chatbots?____________________________37. What do you think of ChatGPT? Why do you think so? ( Please list at least 2 reasons.)____________________________38. 假如你是李华，你校将接待国外学生代表的来访，届时将举办一场文化交流活动，介绍自己喜欢的书籍，请用英文写一篇短文投稿，推荐一本自己最喜欢的书并说明理由。
高脂肪饮食促进TLR2_的表达促进3T3L1_脂肪细胞分泌IFN-γ_诱导胰岛素抵抗的发生及发展
17803.[9]㊀Li Wenfan ,Fan Pei ,Wang Xiaobo ,et al.Loganin alleviatesmyocardial ischemia -reperfusion injury through GLP -1R /NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis pathway [J ].Environmental Toxicology ,2023,38(11):2730-2740.[10]㊀Zhu Xiangmei ,Tan Yang ,Shi Yuhe ,et al.TMT -basedquantitative proteomics analysis of the effects of JiaweiDanshen decoction myocardial ischemia -reperfusion injury[J ].Proteome Science ,2022,20(1):17.[11]㊀Zhou Fuqiong ,Zhang Zhengguang ,Wang Meiyuan ,et al.Guanxin V attenuates myocardial ischaemia reperfusion in-jury through regulating iron homeostasis [J ].Pharmaceuti-cal Biology ,2022,60(1):1884-1898.[12]㊀Zhang Yu ,Zhu Yuming ,Wang Dong ,et al.Cardiac index :asuperior parameter of cardiac function than left ventricularejection fraction in risk stratification of hypertrophic cardio-myopathy [J ].Heart Rhythm ,2023,20(7):958-967.[13]㊀Xie Dina ,Guo Hanliang ,Li Mingbiao ,et al.Splenic mono-cytes mediate inflammatory response and exacerbate myo-cardial ischemia /reperfusion injury in a mitochondrial cell -free DNA -TLR9-NLRP3-dependent fashion [J ].Basic Re-search in Cardiology ,2023,118(1):44.ʌ文章编号ɔ1006-6233(2024)03-0405-07高脂肪饮食促进TLR2的表达促进3T3L1脂肪细胞分泌IFN -γ诱导胰岛素抵抗的发生及发展白继昌1,㊀谈力欣1,㊀刘赞朝1,㊀杨㊀洋1,㊀朱亚军2(1.河北省石家庄市第二医院,㊀河北㊀石家庄㊀0500002.河北省人民医院内分泌科,㊀河北㊀石家庄㊀050000)ʌ摘㊀要ɔ目的:探讨高脂饮食诱导胰岛素抵抗的机制,以及了解高脂饮食诱导胰岛素抵抗的脂肪细胞的表型变化㊂方法:雄性C57BL /6J 小鼠,给予正常饮食和高脂饮食㊂从正常饮食或高脂饮食喂养2周的小鼠中分离附睾脂肪组织㊂实时荧光定量RT -PCR 检测γ-干扰素(Interferon γ,IFN -γ)和toll 样受体2(toll -like receptor 2,TLR2)mRNA 的表达㊂流式细胞术来检测表达TLR2或IFN -γ的脂肪细胞的数量㊂苏木精-伊红染色分析胰腺组织㊂免疫组化分析脂肪组织中TLR2和IFN -γ的表达㊂FFA 或Zymosan A 处理3T3-L1脂肪细胞,并通过实时荧光定量RT -PCR 检测IFN -γ和TLR2mRNA 的表达㊂结果:对脂肪细胞中基因表达谱的分析表明,高脂肪摄入诱导了IFN -γ和TLR2的表达提高㊂流式细胞术分析显示存在共表达TLR2和IFN -γ的脂肪细胞(TLR2/IFN -γ脂肪细胞),与皮下脂肪组织相比,高脂肪摄入增加了内脏脂肪组织中TLR2/IFN -γ脂肪细胞的数量㊂游离脂肪酸通过TLR2信号增加3T3-L1脂肪细胞中IFN -γ的表达㊂结论:TLR2/IFN -γ脂肪细胞可能通过诱导内脏脂肪组织IFN -γ的表达,参与高脂诱导的胰岛素抵抗的发生㊂ʌ关键词ɔ㊀TLR2;㊀脂肪细胞;㊀IFN -γ;㊀胰岛素抵抗ʌ文献标识码ɔ㊀A㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀ʌdoi ɔ10.3969/j.issn.1006-6233.2024.03.010TLR2Mediates High -Fat Diet -Induced IFN -γSecretionand Insulin Resistance in 3T3L1AdipocytesBAI Jichang ,TAN Lixin ,LIU Zanchao ,et al(The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang ,Hebei Shijiazhuang 050000,China )ʌAbstract ɔObjective :To explore the mechanism of insulin resistance induced by high -fat diet ,and to understand the phenotypic changes of adipocytes induced by high -fat diet.Methods :Male C57BL /6J mice were fed with normal diet or high -fat diet.Epididymal adipose tissue was isolated from mice fed with normaldiet or high -fat diet for 2weeks.The expression of interferon -γ(IFN -γ)and toll -like receptor 2(TLR2)mRNA was detected by real -time fluorescence quantitative RT -PCR.Flow cytometry was used to detect the㊃504㊃ʌ基金项目ɔ河北省2018年度医学科学研究重点课题计划项目,(编号:20180352)ʌ通讯作者ɔ朱亚军number of adipocytes expressing TLR2or IFN-γ.Pancreatic tissue was analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin stai-ning.The expression of TLR2and IFN-γin adipose tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with FFA or Zymosan A,and the expression of IFN-γand TLR2mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR.Results:Analysis of gene expression profiles in adipocytes showed that high-fat intake induced increased expression of IFN-γand TLR2.Flow cytometry analysis showed that there were adipocytes co-expressing TLR2and IFN-γ(TLR2/IFN-γadipocytes).Compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue,high fat intake increased the number of TLR2/IFN-γadipocytes in viscer-al adipose tissue.Free fatty acids increased the expression of IFN-γin3T3-L1adipocytes through TLR2sig-naling.Conclusion:TLR2/IFN-γadipocytes may be involved in high-fat-induced insulin resistance by in-ducing IFN-γexpression in visceral adipose tissue.ʌKey wordsɔ㊀TLR2;㊀Adipocyte;㊀IFN-γ;㊀Insulin resistance㊀㊀脂肪细胞通过调节细胞因子分泌在脂肪和葡萄糖代谢中发挥重要作用㊂脂肪细胞中细胞因子分泌调节的紊乱被认为是代谢综合征的发病机制[1]㊂此外,内脏区域脂肪细胞的过度积累与肿瘤坏死因子α( tumor necrosis factor a,TNF-α)的表达升高有关㊂与内脏脂肪堆积相关的脂肪细胞对细胞因子产生的异常调节似乎导致了代谢综合征中的血脂紊乱㊁高血压和葡萄糖不耐受㊂脂肪细胞的大小根据代谢条件而变化㊂这种特征实际上似乎是肥胖和代谢综合征发病机制的一个因素㊂这些细胞大小的变化伴随着甘油三酯合成㊁游离脂肪酸(FFA)产生和细胞因子产生的变化㊂较大的脂肪细胞倾向于分泌细胞因子IFN-γ和抵抗素,较小的脂肪细胞分泌脂联素[2]㊂因此,脂肪细胞的大小似乎是脂肪组织中细胞因子产生类型的组织学标志㊂研究表明,内脏脂肪的堆积而非皮下脂肪的堆积,是由于堆积的脂肪细胞分泌TNF-α增多而引起系统性胰岛素抵抗[3]㊂IFN-γ通过激活JAK/STAT途径减弱人类脂肪细胞中的胰岛素信号传导㊁脂质储存和分化[4]㊂因此,脂肪细胞根据脂肪组织的积聚位置调节细胞因子的产生,脂肪细胞的功能变化随后导致胰岛素抵抗㊂基因芯片分析发现,内脏区域聚集的脂肪细胞表达多种基因,尤其是蛋白酶基因家族,导致胰岛素抵抗的发生[5]㊂因此,了解积聚在内脏区域的脂肪细胞功能变化的潜在机制,了解分泌IFN-γ和其他细胞因子的细胞的特征是十分重要的㊂本研究的目的是确定哪些类型的脂肪细胞表达IFN-γ,并阐明内脏脂肪细胞功能变化与高脂肪摄入有关的机制㊂1㊀材料与方法1.1㊀从小鼠脂肪组织中分离脂肪细胞:从8周龄开始,给予雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(Charles River,MA)正常饮食或含有20%蛋白质㊁20%碳水化合物和60%脂肪的高脂肪饮食(Research Diet,New Brunswick,NJ)㊂14d后处死两组小鼠,此时对照组平均体重为25.1g,高脂喂养组平均体重为28.3g㊂取附睾㊁肠系膜或皮下脂肪组织,称重,用磷酸盐缓冲盐水冲洗,切碎,在含有4%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和1mg/mL I型胶原酶(NITTA GELATIN,Osaka,日本)的Krebs-Ringer磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)中37ħ消化60min㊂将消化的组织通过250μm尼龙网过滤以去除未消化的组织,并以400rpm离心4min㊂洗涤漂浮的脂肪细胞部分,并用70μm尼龙过滤器将大脂肪细胞与小脂肪细胞分离㊂1.2㊀细胞培养:3T3-L1细胞(American Type Culture Collection,美国)维持在含有25mM葡萄糖(DMEM-H)培养基(Sigma Chemicals,St.Louis,MO)的DMEM 中,该培养基补充有10%胎牛血清(Gemini Bio Prod-ucts,美国)和庆大霉素硫酸盐(Schering-Plough,美国),温度为37ħ,湿度为5%CO2/95%空气㊂3T3-L1脂肪细胞参照前面描述的方法分化㊂1.3㊀酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay,ELISA):将缺乏血清的3T3-L1脂肪细胞与由肉豆蔻酸盐和棕榈酸盐组成的FFAs混合物(Sigma Chemicals)或500μM Zymosan A(Wako Chemicals,Osa-ka,Japan)孵育,并根据制造商的说明书(BioLegend,美国)对培养基中的小鼠TNF-a进行测定㊂1.4㊀使用定量实时逆转录聚合酶链式反应(quantita-tive real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain re-action,RT-PCR)测量mRNA水平:用ISOGEN(Nip-pon gene,日本)从附睾脂肪组织分离的脂肪细胞或3T3-L1脂肪细胞中分离总RNA㊂小鼠TLR2和TNF-a mRNA表达水平通过定量实时RT-PCR测定,基本上如前所述[6]㊂1.5㊀流式细胞仪分析:从脂肪组织中分离的脂肪细胞(1ˑ106个细胞)用4%多聚甲醛固定,PBS洗涤㊂将固定的脂肪细胞与2μg鼠Toll样受体2(toll-like re-㊃604㊃ceptor2,TLR2)单克隆抗体偶联的藻红蛋白(PE)( e-bioscience,美国)在Hanks平衡盐溶液(HBSS)中室温避光孵育60min㊂然后将小鼠TNF-α多克隆抗体(Rockland Immunochemicals,美国)偶联异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)与含有0.1%皂甙(Wako chemicals,日本)的HBSS在室温下避光孵育脂肪细胞60min㊂细胞用PBS洗涤3次,用FACS流式细胞仪流式细胞仪( Becton-Dickinson)分析㊂使用与正常IgG缀合的PE 或FITC孵育的细胞作为阴性对照㊂1.6㊀TLR2的siRNA敲除:用5nmoL TLR2siRNA或Allstars阴性对照siRNA(Qiagen,德国)通过电穿孔转染3T3-L1脂肪细胞㊂处理后的细胞立即在37ħ,湿度为5%CO2/95%空气㊂然后对细胞进处理㊂1.7㊀苏木精-伊红染色和免疫组化分析:石蜡包埋后,切片(4μm厚度)用苏木精-伊红染色㊂使用Im-ageJ软件计算胰岛的大小㊂用抗TLR2和IFN-γ的特异性抗体(Santa Cruz,美国)进行免疫组织化学染色,以检测脂肪组织中的炎症因子和胰岛素途径蛋白表达㊂使用链霉亲和素过氧化物酶组织染色SP试剂盒检测抗体反应性㊂免疫组化阳性染色定义为黄棕色㊂1.8㊀统计分析:本研究的数据以平均值ʃSE的形式表示㊂均值之间差异的显著性通过使用Statistica软件(Tulsa,OK)的单向或双向方差分析和不平衡设计的Tukey检验进行评估,或通过使用Statview软件(Aba-cus Concepts,Berkeley)的双尾不配对Student t检验进行评估㊂P<0.05被认为是具有显著性差异㊂2㊀结㊀果2.1㊀高脂摄入小鼠附睾脂肪中脂肪细胞IFN-γ的表达与脂肪细胞肥大:为了解IFN-γ基因表达与脂肪细胞肥大的关系,分析了高糖摄入对小鼠脂肪组织中IFN-γ表达的影响㊂喂食高脂饮食2周的小鼠和喂食正常饮食的小鼠在口服葡萄糖负荷后血糖水平没有显著差异㊂胰岛素耐受试验表明,与对照组小鼠相比,喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠胰岛素敏感性降低㊂(胰岛素负荷后30min,血糖水平分别为147.7ʃ30.9mg/dL和43.3ʃ32.0mg/dL㊂)与正常组相比,高脂饮食组小鼠附睾脂肪组织中IFN-γmRNA表达水平显著升高(图1A)㊂为了确定脂肪细胞中IFN-γmRNA表达与其大小的关系,我们使用胶原酶处理,然后用2%四氧化锇固定,测量了从附睾脂肪垫分离的脂肪细胞的直径㊂喂食高糖的小鼠中的大脂肪细胞数量高于喂食正常饮食的小鼠(图1B)㊂我们通过尼龙网筛过滤将分离的漂浮脂肪细胞分为两组㊂小脂肪细胞被定义为直径< 70μm,而大脂肪细胞则被定义为具有>70μm的直径㊂在喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠中,两组细胞中的IFN-γmRNA表达水平均增加(图1C)㊂一个值得注意的发现是,高脂肪摄入在较大脂肪细胞中的影响比在较小脂肪细胞中更明显㊂这些结果表明,高糖摄入诱导脂肪细胞,特别是大脂肪细胞中IFN-γ的表达㊂图1㊀附睾脂肪组织和脂肪细胞的细胞大小和IFN-γmR-NA表达㊂从正常饮食或高脂饮食喂养2周的小鼠中分离附睾脂肪组织㊂(A)提取细胞总RNA,实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测IFN-γmRNA的表达㊂结果用18S r RNA表示㊂正常饮食喂养的小鼠附睾脂肪组织作为对照㊂(B)从附睾脂肪组织中提取的脂肪细胞用2%四氧化锇固定,并进行显微拍照㊂使用scion im-age软件测量脂肪细胞的直径㊂(C)从喂食正常饮食或高脂肪饮食2周的小鼠的附睾脂肪组织中分离脂肪细胞,并通过70μm尼龙过滤器分离大小脂肪细胞㊂从脂肪细胞中提取总RNA,并通过定量实时RT-PCR评估IFN-γmRNA的表达㊂通过18S rRNA对结果进行校正㊂使用来自喂食正常饮食的小鼠的小脂肪细胞作为对照㊂∗表示与正常食物喂养的小鼠相比, P<0.05㊂2.2㊀高脂肪饮食小鼠和正常饮食的小鼠在大脂肪细胞中基因表达谱的比较:为了阐明高脂肪摄入诱导分离脂肪细胞中IFN-γ表达的机制,我们使用微阵列分㊃704㊃析了高脂肪饮食小鼠和正常饮食小鼠的大脂肪细胞的基因表达谱㊂对喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠脂肪细胞中表达显著增加的560个基因进行了进一步分析(图2)㊂在这些基因中,我们关注TLR2基因,因为它对免疫细胞中IFN -γmRNA 表达的影响[9]㊂为了确定TLR2表达对分离的脂肪细胞中IFN -γ表达的影响,我们使用流式细胞术来检测表达TLR2或IFN -γ的脂肪细胞的数量㊂在喂食正常饮食的小鼠的附睾脂肪组织中检测到表达TLR2的脂肪细胞㊂我们还观察到,在喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠中,脂肪细胞的数量急剧增加(图3A )㊂在高脂肪摄入的小鼠中,表达IFN -γ的细胞数量也显著增加(图3B )㊂因此,我们试图确定表达TLR2的细胞是否也表达IFN -γ㊂流式细胞术分析清楚地检测到在所有小鼠中存在TLR2/IFN -γ共表达的脂肪细胞;然而,在高脂肪摄入的小鼠中,这些双阳性脂肪细胞的数量急剧增加(图3C -E )㊂因此,我们确定了TLR2和IFN -γ共表达的脂肪细胞的数量在小鼠中通过高脂肪摄入而增加㊂图2㊀正常饮食和高脂饮食喂养小鼠脂肪细胞中的差异表达基因图3㊀流式细胞术分析正常或高脂饮食小鼠附睾脂肪组织中表达TLR2/IFN -γ的脂肪细胞㊂从正常或高脂饮食喂养2周的小鼠中收集附睾脂肪组织,随后分离脂肪细胞㊂脂肪细胞用4%多聚甲醛固定,用PE 标记的抗小鼠TLR2抗体(FL2-H )和抗小鼠TIFN -γ抗体孵育,然后用FITC 标记的二抗(FL1-H )染色㊂从附睾脂肪组织制备的脂肪细胞暴露于PE 偶联的抗小鼠TLR2抗体(A )或抗小鼠INF -γ抗体,然后用FITC 连接的二抗染色(B )㊂(C )将从喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠制备的脂肪细胞暴露于PE 缀合的抗兔正常IgG ,然后用FITC 连接的第二抗体染色作为阴性对照㊂来自喂食正常饮食(D )或高脂肪饮食(E )的小鼠的脂肪细胞暴露于PE 缀合的抗小鼠TLR2抗体和抗小鼠IFN -γ抗体,然后用FITC 连接的二抗体染色㊂2.3㊀TLR2/IFN -γ阳性脂肪细胞主要存在于内脏脂肪组织中:我们还检测了不同类型脂肪组织中TLR2/IFN -γ阳性脂肪细胞的比例(表1)㊂在附睾和肠系膜脂肪组织中,TLR2/IFN -γ阳性脂肪细胞的比例分别为脂肪细胞总数的7.0%和7.7%㊂皮下脂肪中TLR2/IFN -γ阳性脂肪细胞的比例较低(2.0%)㊂高脂肪饮食使附睾和肠系膜脂肪中TLR2/IFN -γ阳性脂肪细胞分别增加到26.9%和18.5%㊂但皮下脂肪(1.2%)中双阳性脂肪细胞比例无明显变化㊂这些结果表明,TLR2/IFN -γ阳性脂肪细胞主要存在于内脏脂肪中,其数量随着高脂摄入而增加㊂表1㊀在正常饮食和高脂饮食小鼠的不同脂肪组织中共表达TLR2和IFN -γ的脂肪细胞的数量脂肪组织附睾脂肪肠系膜脂肪皮下脂肪正常饮食7.0ʃ0.67.7ʃ3.3 2.0ʃ1.9高脂饮食26.9ʃ6.1∗18.5ʃ3.6∗1.2ʃ1.0㊀㊀注:从正常或高脂饮食喂养的小鼠中提取附睾㊁肠系膜和皮下脂肪组织,并分离脂肪细胞㊂4%多聚甲醛固定脂肪细胞,㊃804㊃加入PE 标记的抗TLR2抗体㊁抗IFN -γ抗体和FITC 标记的二抗孵育㊂流式细胞仪计数10000个细胞,计算TLR2/IFN -γ阳性细胞占总脂肪细胞的比例(%)㊂数值为3次独立实验的平均值ʃ标准差;∗表示与正常食物喂养的小鼠相比,P<0.05㊂2.4㊀高脂肪饮食对小鼠胰腺功能及炎症反应的影响:H&E 结果显示,与正常饮食小鼠相比,高脂饮食组小鼠的胰岛大小和空泡化有代偿性增加(图4A )㊂与正常饮食小鼠相比,高脂饮食诱导小鼠的胰岛面积显著增加(图4B )㊂免疫组织化学结果显示,与正常饮食小鼠相比,高脂饮食小鼠脂肪组织中TLR2和IFN -γ的表达显著提高(图4C -D)㊂图4㊀高脂肪饮食对小鼠胰腺功能及炎症反应的影响(A )H&E 染色胰腺切片㊂(B )胰岛面积㊂(C )不同组小鼠脂肪组织中TLR2的表达㊂(D )不同组小鼠脂肪组织中IFN-γ的表达㊂∗表示与正常食物喂养的小鼠相比,P<0.05㊂2.5㊀FFAs 诱导TLR2mRNA 表达,TLR2激动剂诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞分泌IFN -γ:与喂食正常饮食的小鼠相比,喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠的血浆FFA 水平增加(图5A )㊂为了确定TLR2表达是否有助于脂肪细胞中IFN -γ的表达,我们检测了FFA 水平对3T3-L1脂肪细胞中TLR2表达与IFN -γ表达的影响㊂用棕榈酸盐和肉豆蔻酸盐的混合物处理以时间依赖的方式诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞中TLR2mRNA 的表达(图5B )㊂用已知的TLR2激活剂Zymosan A 处理也诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞分泌IFN -γ(图5C )㊂为了分析TLR2表达对FFA 诱导的IFN -γ表达的影响,我们通过用TLR2特异性siRNA 预处理3T3L1脂肪细胞来敲低TLR2途径㊂在用对照siRNA 转染的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中,FFAs 诱导IFN -γmRNA 表达增加三倍㊂用TLR2特异性siRNA 处理使FFA 诱导的IFN -γmRNA 表达水平降低40%(图5D )㊂因此,我们得出结论,TLR2的表达通过培养的脂肪细胞中的受体激活引起IFN -γ的表达㊂图5㊀FFA 诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞中TLR2和IFN -γ的表达3T3-L1脂肪细胞用含0.1%BSA 的DMEM -H 孵育过夜后,加入FFA (0.5m M 棕榈酸和0.5m M 肉豆蔻酸)或Zymo-san A (500ng /mL )孵育㊂(A )FFAs 刺激0㊁4㊁8h 后,提取细胞总RNA ,实时荧光定量RT -PCR 检测TLR2mRNA 的表达㊂用18S rRNA 基因表达量对结果进行校正㊂以0时刻的样品作为对照㊂(B )Zymosan A 孵育48h 后,收集条件培养基,ELISA 检测IFN -γ浓度㊂(C )3T3-L1脂肪细胞转染TLR2-siRNA 或control -siRNA 后,用或不用1mM FFA 处理4h ㊂提取细胞总㊃904㊃RNA,并通过定量RT-PCR评估IFN-γmRNA表达㊂结果用18S rRNA基因表达进行校正㊂使用对照siRNA处理的和用FFA未处理的脂肪细胞作为对照㊂∗,P<0.05㊂3㊀讨㊀论本研究的目的是了解小鼠脂肪细胞在高脂肪摄入导致胰岛素抵抗过程中的表型变化㊂本研究进行了微阵列分析,以全面比较喂食高脂肪饮食或正常饮食的小鼠中脂肪细胞的基因表达模式㊂本研究结果表明, TLR2和IFN-γ基因在高脂饮食的小鼠脂肪细胞中高度表达㊂流式细胞术分析鉴定出一组同时表达TLR2和IFN-γ蛋白的脂肪细胞㊂在喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠中,共表达TLR2和IFN-γ的脂肪细胞的数量显著增加㊂附睾和肠系膜脂肪组织中共表达TLR2和IFN -γ的脂肪细胞数量也显著高于皮下脂肪组织㊂在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中,FFA(棕榈酸盐和肉豆蔻酸盐的混合物)诱导TLR2和IFN-γmRNA表达,而TLR2特异性siRNA抑制FFA诱导的IFN-γmRNA的表达㊂脂肪细胞分泌多种细胞因子,参与调节葡萄糖和脂质稳态㊂肥胖个体的脂肪细胞表现出分泌功能的改变,从而导致更高水平的细胞因子或促炎分子(包括TNFa㊁白细胞介素-6㊁血管紧张素原和抵抗素)的释放[7-8]㊂此外,Wada T等研究指出,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型IFN 通过诱导不同的SOCS亚型诱导胰岛素抵抗,IL-6通过增强STAT3介导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中SOCS3的诱导而协同增强IFN-γ诱导的胰岛素抵抗[9]㊂因此,我们重点研究了高脂肪摄入和脂肪细胞中IFN-γ表达之间的关系,以阐明IFN-γ在积聚的内脏脂肪组织中表与喂食正常饮食的小鼠相比,喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠中的大脂肪细胞和小脂肪细胞都表达更高水平的IFN-γmRNA㊂先前已经表明,脂肪细胞肥大与胰岛素抵抗有关[10]㊂然而,脂肪细胞中TNFa基因的表达与胰岛素信号传导受损有关,而与脂肪细胞大小无关[11]㊂我们的研究结果表明,IFN-γ的表达在很大程度上取决于高脂肪摄入以及脂肪细胞肥大㊂微阵列分析表明,高脂肪饮食改变了大脂肪细胞中的各种基因㊂达诱导背后的机制㊂除了IFN-γ表达外,喂食高脂肪饮食的小鼠的脂肪细胞中TLR2基因表达水平显著增加㊂由于TLRs 在固有免疫和适应性免疫中的重要作用,其功能主要在免疫细胞中进行研究[12-13]㊂最近的研究表明,TLR2基因多态性的不同频率与胰岛素抵抗及其相关疾病的高风险显著相关[14]㊂这些观察结果以及我们的观察结果表明,脂肪组织中TLR2的表达可能与人类的胰岛素抵抗有关㊂棕榈酸酯是一种饱和脂肪酸,可激活TLR2并诱导促炎途径,导致肌管中的胰岛素抵抗[15]㊂在本研究中,发现FFA刺激显著增加了3T3-L1脂肪细胞中TLR2和IFN-γmRNA的表达水平,并且脂肪细胞中的TLR2表达的敲低未能通过FFA增加IFN-γ基因的表达㊂因此,脂肪细胞中的TLR2信号被认为是由FFA激活的㊂健康受试者的FFA升高会短暂诱导胰岛素抵抗,肌肉细胞中的FFA暴露会通过NF-κB 和蛋白激酶Cs激活炎症途径[16]㊂FFA水平的升高也可能激活脂肪细胞中的炎症途径,TLR2似乎通过诱导IFN-γ的产生来促进该途径㊂在本研究中,初步鉴定了内脏脂肪组织中共表达IFN-γ和TLR2的脂肪细胞,并且脂肪细胞的数量因高脂肪摄入而增加㊂共表达IFN-γ和TLR2的脂肪细胞可能是脂肪组织中的 病理 细胞,参与代谢综合征中胰岛素抵抗的发展㊂细胞的进一步表征将提供关于脂肪细胞在胰岛素抵抗发病机制中的作用的重要信息㊂ʌ参考文献ɔ[1]㊀Corvera S.Cellular heterogeneity in adipose Tissues[J].An-nu Rev Physiol,2021(83):257-278.[2]㊀Wentworth JM,Zhang JG,Bandala-Sanchez E,et al.Interfer-on-gamma released from omental adipose tissue of insulin-resistant humans alters adipocyte phenotype and impairs re-sponse to insulin and adiponectin release[J].Int Obes(Lond),2017,41(12):1782-1789.[3]㊀Hadrich F,Mahmoudi A,Chamkha M,et al.Olive leaves ex-tract and oleuropein improve insulin sensitivity in3T3-L1 cells and in high-Fat diet-treated rats via PI3K/AkT signa-ling pathway[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2023(2023): 6828230.[4]㊀McGillicuddy FC,Chiquoine EH,Hinkle CC,et al.Interferongamma attenuates insulin signaling,lipid storage,and differ-entiation in human adipocytes via activation of the JAK/STAT pathway[J].Biol Chem,2009,284(46):31936-44.[5]㊀Unoki H,Bujo H,Shibasaki M,Saito Y.Increased matrixmetalloproteinase-3mRNA expression in visceral fat inmice implanted with cultured preadipocytes[J].BiochemBiophys Res Commun,2006,350(2):392-398. [6]㊀Arko-Mensah J,Julian E,Singh M,et al.TLR2but notTLR4signalling is critically involved in the inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced killing of mycobacteria by murine macro-phages[J].Scand Immunol,2007,65(2):148-157. [7]㊀Muzurovic E,Cojic M,Stankovic Z,et al.Epicardial adipo-cyte-derived TNF-αmodulates local inflammation in pa-tients with advanced coronary artery disease[J].Curr Vasc㊃014㊃Pharmacol,2022,20(1):94-95.[8]㊀Luan D,Dadpey B,Zaid J,et al.Adipocyte-secreted IL-6sensitizes macrophages to IL-4signaling[J].Diabetes,2023,72(3):367-374.[9]㊀Wada T,Hoshino M,Kimura Y,et al.Both typeⅠandⅡIFN induce insulin resistance by inducing different isoformsof SOCS expression in3T3-L1adipocytes[J].Am PhysiolEndocrinol Metab,2011,300(6):1112-1123. [10]㊀Jung TW,Park HS,Choi GH,et al.β-aminoisobutyric acidattenuates LPS-induced inflammation and insulin resistancein adipocytes through AMPK-mediated pathway[J].Bi-omed Sci,2018,25(1):27.[11]㊀Nam SW,Kim MS,Han Y,et al.WJCPR11reverses theTNF-α-induced inhibition of adipocyte differentiation andglucose uptake[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2021(578):150-156.[12]㊀Duan T,Du Y,Xing C,et al.Toll-like receptor signalingand its role in cell-mediated immunity[J].Front Immu-nol,2022(13):812774.[13]㊀Zhang ZD,Li HX,Gan H,et al.RNF115inhibits the post-ER trafficking of TLRs and TLRs-mediated immune re-sponses by catalyzing K11-linked ubiquitination of RAB1Aand RAB13[J].Adv Sci(Weinh),2022,9(16):2105391.[14]㊀Yim JJ,Ding L,Schaffer AA,et al.A microsatellite poly-morphism in intron2of human Toll-like receptor2gene:functional implications and racial differences[J].FEMSImmunol Med Microbiol,2004,40(2):163-9. [15]㊀Senn JJ.Toll-like receptor-2is essential for the develop-ment of palmitate-induced insulin resistance in myotubes[J].Biol Chem,2006,281(37):26865-26875. [16]㊀Itani SI,Ruderman NB,Schmieder F,et al.Lipid-inducedinsulin resistance in human muscle is associated with chan-ges in diacylglycerol,protein kinase C,and IkappaB-alpha[J].Diabetes,2002,51(7):2005-2011.ʌ文章编号ɔ1006-6233(2024)03-0411-06槐耳多糖调节SPHK1/S1P/S1PR3信号通路对宫颈癌细胞恶性生物学行为的影响李丽品,㊀马素艳,㊀安入征(河北省石家庄市平安医院肿瘤科,㊀河北㊀石家庄㊀050000)ʌ摘㊀要ɔ目的:探究槐耳多糖(HP)调节SPHK1/S1P/S1PR3信号通路对宫颈癌细胞恶性生物学行为的影响㊂方法:MTT检测槐耳多糖(0㊁25㊁50㊁100㊁200㊁400μg/mL)处理的宫颈癌细胞活力,筛选最佳药物浓度㊂实验分为对照组(Control组)㊁槐耳多糖低㊁中㊁高浓度组(HP-L㊁HP-M㊁HP-H组)和槐耳多糖高浓度+SphK1激活剂K6PC-5组(HP-H+K6PC-5组),观察细胞增殖㊁迁移和侵袭情况;west-ern blot检测SPHK1㊁S1P㊁S1PR3㊁Snail㊁N-cadherin㊁E-cadherin蛋白水平㊂结果:处理24㊁48㊁72h后,与0μg/mL比较,50μg/mL㊁100μg/mL㊁200μg/mL和400μg/mL的HP处理的细胞活力显著降低(P<0.05)㊂HP-L组㊁HP-M组和HP-H组细胞Edu阳性率㊁侵袭细胞数㊁划痕愈合率及Snail㊁N-cadherin㊁SPHK1㊁S1P㊁S1PR3水平显著低于Control组(P<0.05),E-cadherin水平显著升高(P<0.05)㊂HP-H+ K6PC-5组细胞Edu阳性率㊁侵袭细胞数㊁划痕愈合率及Snail㊁N-cadherin㊁SPHK1㊁S1P㊁S1PR3水平显著高于HP-H组(P<0.05),E-cadherin水平显著降低(P<0.05)㊂结论:HP可能通过抑制SPHK1/ S1P/S1PR3信号通路抑制宫颈癌细胞的增殖㊁侵袭和迁移㊂ʌ关键词ɔ㊀槐耳多糖;㊀SPHK1/S1P/S1PR3信号通路;㊀宫颈癌;㊀恶性生物学行为ʌ文献标识码ɔ㊀A㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀ʌdoiɔ10.3969/j.issn.1006-6233.2024.03.011Impacts of Polysaccharide of Trametes Robiniophila Murr on the Malignant Biological Behavior of Cervical Cancer Cells by Regulating theSPHK1/S1P/S1PR3Signaling PathwayLI Lipin,MA Suyan,AN Ruzheng㊃114㊃ʌ基金项目ɔ河北省中医药管理局科研计划项目,(编号:2010132)。
慢性失眠与躯体疾病
慢性失眠与下丘脑-垂体轴
慢性原发性失眠患者存在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺/甲状腺/性腺轴的异常， 与正常对照组相比，原发性失眠组的激素水平除促肾上腺皮质激素 （ACTH）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）外均升高，与抑郁合并失眠组相 比，原发性失眠组促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）、皮质醇、总 T3（TT3）、总T4（TT4）高,而促甲状腺激素释放激素（TRH）,促 性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、ACTH低，Spearman相关分析示： CRH、TRH、GnRH、TSH、皮质醇、TT4、TT3与失眠严重程度呈 正相关。 睡眠剥夺可以看作是一种应激源，使皮质醇升高，进而发挥糖皮质激 素的免疫抑制作用；下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴激活可能是失眠 或睡眠剥夺患者免疫改变的中介因素。
慢性失眠与躯体疾病
王滨
国际睡眠疾病分类第三版(ICSD-3，2014)
国际睡眠疾病分类第三版（ICSD-3)是诊断睡眠疾病的重 要参考指南。
ICSD-3 慢性失眠的诊断标准主要包括：①主诉入睡困难 或维持困难；②有充足睡眠时间和合适的睡眠环境；③日 间功能受损。ICSD-3慢性失眠的时长标准是3个月，而且 增加了至少每周3次作为频率标准，儿童同样适用。
慢性失眠与消化系统疾病
胃食管反流病(GERD) 及消化性溃疡（PUD） Jansson等调查了挪威6500人，发现失眠人群 GERD的发病率较无失眠人群高出3倍；Chen等 调查3000名GERD患者发现该人群失眠发病率为 正常人群的2倍，84%的患者经内镜检查证实存在 食管炎，且食管侵蚀程度与睡眠障碍具有明显的 相关性，提示睡眠紊乱能增加Barret食管（被认 为是一种癌前病变）的发病风险。
美国大学学生睡眠报告
美国大学学生睡眠报告导读：本文美国大学学生睡眠报告，仅供参考，如果能帮助到您，欢迎点评和分享。
美国留学的人数在不断上涨，很多学生去名校读书的机会也越来越多，那么据最近的一个报告，美国大学生睡眠时间因学校而有不同，那么真实情况是怎么样呢?跟着来看看相关资讯吧! 欢迎阅读。
美国大学生睡眠时间报告睡眠质量的好坏和学习效率的高低直接挂钩。
众多研究表明，睡眠质量高，人的学习能力、记忆力、创新能力以及解决问题的能力都会提高。
尽管如此，美国大学的学生却深受睡眠时间缺乏之苦，很多大学生并没有得到7-8 小时的睡眠时间。
健康追踪公司Jawbone 日前公布了美国各大学校学生的睡眠时间。
以下是一组美国大学排名与入睡时间的关系分布图，纵轴表示入睡时间，横轴表示在全美大学排名中的位置。
数据中有两点值得一提：一是：因为军校通常有很严苛的作息规则，公司没有将军校的数据纳入考虑范围;二是：总共睡觉时间并没有依照醒的时间减去在床的时间计算，因为大多数人每晚都会醒一到两次。
Jawbone 会追踪到晚上你不安、未能好好休息的时间段，并不将它记做睡眠时间。
根据统计的数据，下面这25 所美国大学的学生睡眠时间最少25. 纽约大学(New York University) 平均睡眠时间： 6.85 小时平均就寝时间：12:53pm 平均起床时间：8:25am24. 弗吉尼亚联邦大学(VCU) 平均睡眠时间： 6.85 小时平均就寝时间：12:55am 平均起床时间：8:26am23. 加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校(UCSD) 平均睡眠时间： 6.85 小时平均就寝时间：12:48am 平均起床时间：8:16am22. 麻省理工学院(MIT) 平均睡眠时间： 6.84 小时平均就寝时间：1:08am 平均起床时间：8:37am21. 加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA) 平均睡眠时间： 6.84 小时平均就寝时间：12:48am 平均起床时间：8:15am20. 弗吉尼亚理工学院(Virginia T ech) 平均睡眠时间： 6.83 小时平均就寝时间：12:47am 平均起床时间：8:18am19. 德雷塞尔大学(Drexel) 平均睡眠时间： 6.83 小时平均就寝时间：12:45am 平均起床时间：8:16am18. 伦斯勒理工学院(RPI) 平均睡眠时间： 6.82 小时平均就寝时间：1:14am 平均起床时间：8:45am17. 佐治亚理工学院(Georgia Tech) 平均睡眠时间： 6.82 小时平均就寝时间：1:02am 平均起床时间：8:32am16. 康奈尔大学(Cornell University) 平均睡眠时间： 6.81 小时平均就寝时间：1:12am 平均起床时间：8:38am15. 西北大学(Northwestern) 平均睡眠时间： 6.81 小时平均就寝时间：1:03am 平均起床时间：8:27am14. 芝加哥大学(University of Chicago) 平均睡眠时间： 6.81 小时平均就寝时间：12:52am 平均起床时间：8:14am13. 休斯顿大学(Houston) 平均睡眠时间： 6.81 小时平均就寝时间：12:45am 平均起床时间：8:17am12. 加州大学伯克利分校(UC Berkeley) 平均睡眠时间： 6.8 小时平均就寝时间：1:01am平均起床时间：8:24am11. 杨百翰大学(Brigham Young University) 平均睡眠时间：6.79 小时平均就寝时间：12:21am 平均起床时间：7:42am 10. 卡耐基梅隆大学(Carnegie Mellon) 平均睡眠时间： 6.78 小时平均就寝时间：1:13am平均起床时间：8:36am9. 纽约州立大学布法罗分校(UB-SUNY) 平均睡眠时间： 6.76小时平均就寝时间：12:54a平均起床时间：8:22am8. 普渡大学(Purdue) 平均睡眠时间：6.76 小时平均就寝时间：12:52am 平均起床时间：8:19am7. 里海大学(Lehigh) 平均睡眠时间：6.75 小时平均就寝时间：12:47am 平均起床时间：8:15am6. 加州大学戴维斯分校(UC Davis) 平均睡眠时间： 6.75 小时平均就寝时间：12:42am 平均起床时间：8:08am5. 加州大学欧文分校(UC Irvine) 平均睡眠时间：6.73 小时平均就寝时间：12:59am 平均起床时间：8:23am4. 宾夕法尼亚大学(UPenn) 平均睡眠时间： 6.76 小时平均就寝时间：12:54a平均起床时间：8:22am3. 凯斯西储大学(Case Western)平均睡眠时间： 6.71 小时平均就寝时间：12:44am平均起床时间：8:03am2. 圣母大学(Notre Dame)平均睡眠时间： 6.69 小时平均就寝时间：1:09am平均起床时间：8:28am1. 哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University)平均睡眠时间： 6.68 小时平均就寝时间：1:26am平均起床时间：8:49am 没来美国之前，幻想中的美国大学留学是白天和教授热火朝天的讨论学术问题，晚上和朋友吃喝玩乐，party 到天亮。
匹兹堡睡眠量表计算方法
匹兹堡睡眠量表计算方法
宝子们，今天咱们来唠唠匹兹堡睡眠量表的计算方法哈。
这个匹兹堡睡眠量表呢，有好多小项目。
每个项目都有不同的得分情况哦。
比如说关于入睡时间，如果是15分钟内就能入睡，那这个项目的得分就比较低。
要是花了30分钟到60分钟才入睡呢，得分就会高一些。
要是超过60分钟都还没睡着，那这个得分就更高啦。
再说说夜间苏醒情况。
如果夜间苏醒一次或者根本不醒，得分就低。
要是苏醒好几次，那得分肯定就蹭蹭往上涨咯。
还有白天的功能状态。
如果白天精力充沛，该干啥干啥，这个项目得分就低。
要是白天困得不行，工作学习都受影响，那得分就高啦。
那怎么计算总分呢？就是把每个项目的得分加起来呗。
一般来说，总分越低，表示睡眠质量越好。
要是总分比较高呢，可能就意味着睡眠有点问题啦。
不过呢，宝子们也别太紧张。
这个量表只是一个初步的评估工具。
如果发现自己的分数不太好，也不一定就真的有很严重的睡眠问题。
可能是最近压力大啦，或者是睡前吃了啥不合适的东西。
咱要是觉得自己睡眠不太好，除了用这个量表评估，还可以试着调整一下生活习惯。
比如晚上别老看手机啦，睡前喝杯温牛奶啥的。
反正这个匹兹堡睡眠量表的计算方法不难，宝子们可以自己测测看。
要是有啥疑问，也可以找医生聊聊。
毕竟，睡个好觉才能有好心情，每天精神抖擞地面对生活呀。
希望宝子们都能有高质量的睡眠哦。
帕金森病睡眠量表标准
帕金森病睡眠量表标准English Answer.The Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) is a self-report questionnaire that measures the severity of sleep problems in individuals with Parkinson's disease. It consists of 15 items, each of which is rated on a 5-point scale from 0 (never) to 4 (always). The total score ranges from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe sleep problems.The PDSS is a reliable and valid measure of sleep problems in Parkinson's disease. It has been used to assess sleep problems in a variety of clinical settings, including research studies and clinical trials. The PDSS is also sensitive to change, making it a useful tool for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment interventions.The PDSS is a helpful tool for clinicians and researchers who are assessing sleep problems in individualswith Parkinson's disease. It is easy to administer and score, and it provides a comprehensive assessment of sleep problems. The PDSS can be used to identify individuals who are experiencing sleep problems, to track the course of sleep problems over time, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment interventions.中文回答。
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)
匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSＱI)姓名：年龄: 性别:文化限度: 职业：填表日期: 编号:指引语:下面某些问题是有关您近来一种月旳睡眠状况,这仅仅与您旳睡眠习惯有关。
请选择或填写最符合您近一种月白天和晚上实际状况旳选项，并尽量地做精确回答。
其中划有横杠旳部分是需要自己填写。
1.在近来一种月中,您晚上上床睡觉一般是--－－－---－－---点钟。
2．在近来一种月中,您每晚一般要多长时间才干入睡(从上床到入睡）：----------－－-分钟。
3.在近来一种月中，您每天早上一般--－－---－-----点钟起床。
4．在近来一种月中，您每晚实际睡眠旳时间为－-----－---－－-小时（注意不等同于卧床时间，可以有小数)。
从下列问题中选择一种最符合您旳状况旳选项作为答案,并划“√”。
5．在近来一种月中，您与否因下列状况影响睡眠而烦恼,并描述其限度: A．不能在30分钟内入睡:（１)过去一种月没有。
（２)每周平均局限性一种晚上。
（3）每周平均有一或两个晚上。
（4）每周有平均三个或更多晚上。
B.在晚上睡眠过程中醒来或早醒(凌晨醒后不容易再次入睡):(1）过去一种月没有。
(2）每周平均局限性一种晚上。
（３)每周平均有一或两个晚上。
（4）每周有平均三个或更多晚上。
Ｃ.晚上起床上洗手间:（1）过去一种月没有。
(2)每周平均局限性一种晚上。
（3）每周平均有一或两个晚上。
（４）每周有平均三个或更多晚上。
D．晚上睡觉时浮现不舒服旳呼吸:（１）过去一种月没有。
(2）每周平均局限性一种晚上。
（3）每周平均有一或两个晚上。
（4）每周有平均三个或更多晚上。
E.晚上睡觉浮现大声咳嗽或鼾声:(１）过去一种月没有。
（2)每周平均局限性一种晚上。
（3)每周平均有一或两个晚上。
（4)每周有平均三个或更多晚上。
Ｆ.晚上睡觉感到寒冷:(1）过去一种月没有。
(2)每周平均局限性一种晚上。
(3）每周平均有一或两个晚上。
(4)每周有平均三个或更多晚上。
彼得睡眠问卷
彼得睡眠问卷彼得，你的身体很健康，体质很好。
现在你正站在床上进行着每天早晨必做的事——穿衣服，系鞋带。
如果我不告诉你要问你几个问题，那你可能就要边吃早餐，边系鞋带了。
不过，说实话，当我不告诉你今天我想测试你时，我很紧张，因为你是一个十分优秀的人。
所以，我只好用考验来引出下面的测试了。
彼得，你愿意接受挑战吗？请你认真填写这张睡眠问卷，并将它收藏好。
首先，我将检查你是否把它藏好了，之后我将发问，你需要对着你自己回答，然后我将把答案填入表格中，最后我会把结果填入一个统计表中，统计结果可能有点像表格中的问题一样，但也可能不一样。
请你仔细听好了，我将要开始问你问题了。
1、你是否曾经连续两晚，睡眠时间小于7小时？ 2、在过去的半年里，你是否常常在夜里醒来？ 3、每周你的睡眠总时长大概有多少？ 4、你在家中或学校，卧室与洗手间，你是否常感到很疲倦？ 5、你是否通常一直保持清醒？ 6、每天早晨你会赖床吗？ 7、当有噪音或光线刺激时，你是否难以入睡？ 8、如果周围的环境有些吵闹，你会不会立刻醒来？ 9、是否曾在学校或家中摔倒过？ 10、你是否会常常在醒来后大声抱怨，或者突然哭泣？ 11、你是否时常感到疲倦？ 12、如果周围的噪音很大，而且无法安静地思考，你是否难以入睡？ 13、你是否经常在失眠的状态下学习和工作？14、如果某天你醒来太早，你是否难以再次入睡？ 15、如果某天你没有按时起床，而且觉得有些困倦，你是否无法坚持学习？ 16、在一段时间内，你是否感到压力很大？ 17、你是否对周围环境感到厌烦？ 18、如果一段时间内你无法保证充足的睡眠，你是否会很担心自己的健康？ 19、你是否会因为日程安排的原因而改变你的生活规律？ 20、如果你平均每天睡眠不足6小时，而且又没有明显的疾病，你是否会担心自己的健康？ 21、如果你的生活作息时间被打乱了，你是否会怀疑自己是否睡眠不足？ 22、你是否会在周末赖床不起？23、如果有机会回到童年时代，你是否会选择童年时的生活？ 24、你是否常常担心自己在工作中的表现？ 25、如果有一天你醒来的时间太早，而你发现还有很多事情要做，你是否会担心自己会赶不上其他人？ 26、你是否经常容易感到焦虑？。
压力会诱导睡眠,从而减轻焦虑
压力会诱导睡眠,从而减轻焦虑
王聪
【期刊名称】《老年健康》
【年(卷),期】2022()11
【摘要】提到压力,工作上的也好,生活上的也好,我们通常想到的是这些压力会导致失眠,但实际上,有些压力反而会促进睡眠。
近日,英国帝国理工学院和第四军医大学的研究团队合作,揭示了压力是如何促进睡眠的。
该研究表明,压力会促进睡眠,从而缓解焦虑,并进一步确定了相关机制:社会挫败压力会在短时间内增强中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)-生长抑素细胞——VTAVgat-Sst的活性,从而促进睡眠,并抑制促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)的释放,这一回路通过促进睡眠帮助精神和身体功能的恢复。
由于哺乳动物的睡眠是相似的,因此人类大脑中很可能存在相同的机制。
【总页数】1页(P4-4)
【作者】王聪
【作者单位】不详
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】R74
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2.诱导睡眠护理干预减轻顺铂化疗致呕吐的效果
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
DanGartenberg_2017S[丹．加登堡][深睡对大脑有益_以及如何睡得更沉]
![DanGartenberg_2017S[丹．加登堡][深睡对大脑有益_以及如何睡得更沉]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/72cfcfeb710abb68a98271fe910ef12d2af9a9b4.png)
三单形式) electrodes: n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条 scalp: n.头皮;战利品/vt.剥头皮/vi.剥头皮 similar to: 与……相
似;和……相同 delta: n.(河流的)三角洲;德耳塔(希腊字母的第四个字) inhibits: 抑制/阻止 interactions: n.[计]交互,相互作用;
ability to learn and for our cells and bodies to recover.
的学习能力、 我们的细胞和身体的恢复能力。 [02:56]
Deep sleep is how we convert all those interactions that we 深睡让我们把白天的互动 转换为长期记忆和个
at the cost of our naturally occurring circadian rhythm and 然的晝夜节律、 以及我们的身体对睡眠的需求。
our body's need for sleep.
[00:24]
The circadian rhythm dictates our energy level throughout 晝夜节律支配了我们 一整天中的能量多寡, 到最
waves.
These long-burst brain waves are called delta waves.
这些长的脉冲 被称为 δ（delta）波。[02:50]
When we don't get the deep sleep we need, it inhibits our 当我们没有得到我们需要的深睡时, 就会阻碍我们
healthy person when we're sleep-deprived.
采用小波变换和双向长短期记忆网络的脑电睡眠分期模型
采用小波变换和双向长短期记忆网络的脑电睡眠分期模型王天宇;陈晗;王刚;吴宁
【期刊名称】《西安交通大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2022(56)9
【摘要】针对睡眠生理信号采集难度大、睡眠分期精度低的问题,提出一种采用小波变换和双向长短期记忆网络的脑电睡眠分期模型。
首先使用连续小波变换提取睡眠脑电的时频图;然后使用卷积神经网络从脑电信号的时频图中提取睡眠相关的脑电特征,作为单个睡眠片段的分期依据,再使用双向长短期记忆网络进一步提取睡眠片段之间的状态转换规则;最后利用深度学习方法建立特征、规则与睡眠阶段的映射,使用数据扩充和两步训练法训练模型,削弱数据不均衡的影响,完成连续片段的睡眠分期。
采用SHHS公开数据库的5793名被试者的睡眠脑电数据对该模型进行验证,实验结果表明,睡眠分期准确率达到85.82%,整体F1达到78.39,Kappa系数达到0.799,和现有方法相比性能明显提升。
【总页数】8页(P104-111)
【作者】王天宇;陈晗;王刚;吴宁
【作者单位】西安交通大学电子与信息学部;西安交通大学生物医学信息工程教育部重点实验室;西安交通大学生命科学与技术学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TN911.6
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2.K-means聚类神经网络分类器在睡眠脑电分期中的应用研究
3.基于双向长短期记忆神经网络的风电预测方法
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
通过匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表了解你的睡眠健康状况
通过匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表了解你的睡眠健康状况睡眠是人体休息恢复的重要一环，良好的睡眠质量对身体健康至关重要。
然而，现代人常常面临忙碌的工作和生活压力，导致睡眠问题日益普遍。
为了解决这一问题，匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index，PSQI）成为了一种常用的睡眠评估工具。
通过PSQI，我们可以了解自己的睡眠健康状况，并采取相应措施改善睡眠质量。
PSQI是由匹兹堡大学医学院的睡眠医学专家编制的一份标准化问卷，用于评估睡眠质量。
该问卷涵盖了7个方面的内容，包括睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、使用药物帮助睡眠以及日间功能状态。
通过回答这些问题，我们可以得到一个0-21的总分，分数越高表示睡眠质量越差，低于5分为良好的睡眠质量。
在问卷中，我们需要对自己的睡眠情况进行评估。
首先是睡眠质量的评价，通常要回答的问题是“在过去一个月中，你总体上认为你的睡眠质量有多好（每晚睡觉质量总体上是好的、还是不太好的）？”另外，入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率也是评估的重点内容。
我们需要对自己的平均入睡时间、平均睡眠时间以及睡眠效率（计算公式：实际睡眠时间/入睡时间）进行评估。
此外，还需要评估是否存在睡眠障碍，例如睡眠中断、频繁醒来等情况。
使用药物帮助睡眠也是PSQI的评估内容之一。
我们需要回答是否通过使用药物来改善睡眠，以及药物的种类和频率。
同时，还需要评估自己在日间的功能状态，例如是否感到困倦、疲惫、注意力不集中等情况。
通过回答PSQI的问题，我们可以获得一个综合的睡眠质量评分。
根据得分，我们可以了解自己的睡眠健康状况，并采取相应的改善措施。
如果得分较高，说明睡眠质量较差，我们可以针对问题进行对策，如改善睡眠环境、保持规律的作息时间、减少压力等。
如果得分较低，说明睡眠质量较好，但仍可以通过一些方法来进一步提升睡眠品质。
总之，PSQI是一种通过匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表来了解自己睡眠健康状况的有效工具。
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International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal DisordersIFFGD700 W. Virginia St., #201 Milwaukee, WI 53204Phone: 414-964-1799 Toll-Free (In the U.S.): 888-964-2001Fax: 414-964-7176Internet: IBS (178) © Copyright 2003-2012 by the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Sleep and Irritable Bowel SyndromeBy: William C. Orr, Ph.D., Lynn Health Science Institute, Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OklahomaSleep complaints are quite common in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, as well as other gastrointestinal disorders including gastroesophageal reflux disease.1-3 Estimates of the incidence of sleep complaints in IBS patients range from approximately 30–70%.1,2 Lethargy and daytime fatigue, which are common side effects of sleep disturbances, seem to also be common complaints in IBS patients. In fact, there have been several studies which have attempted to relate gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS patients to sleep disturbances and vice versa. These studies have shown some relationship between these two symptoms, but the data are not particularly compelling.4,5 Certainly, abdominal pain, and pain from any source, can cause difficulty sleeping as well as arousals from sleep and consequent sleep fragmentation [interruptions of the sleep pattern, either to a lighter stage or to wakefulness, that reduce the total amount of time spent in the deeper levels of sleep]. It is safe to say that the average clinician does not necessarily inquire regarding sleep complaints in patients with functional bowel disorders, and frequently patients trivialize these complaints and do not mention them to their treating physician. Both circumstances are regrettable, and a further examination of the relationship between sleep disorders and functional bowel disorders should be helpful to both parties.Sleep physiologySleep is a compelling biological phenomenon, which is associated with remarkable behavioral and physiological changes. It is a reversible state of behavioral unresponsiveness associated with a welcome sense of revitalization and alertness. Our understanding of the physiological underpinnings of this revitalization is evolving, but remains poorly understood. Sleep complaints are commonly associated with diminished quality of life, coexisting anxiety and depression, gradually diminished performance, and often underlying physiologic sleep abnormalities. Physiologically, sleep is accompanied by unique alterations in the regulation of life-sustaining functions such as respiration and thermal regulation. It has been well documented that during the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep, normal mechanisms of respiratory and temperature control are suspended.6 Thus, REM sleep could be considered an interval of considerable physiologic risk, especially in individuals with compromised respiratory functioning. REM sleep occupies about 25% of normal sleep, and occurs with increasing duration in 90-minute intervals throughout a normal night of sleep.7 Thus, almost paradoxically, these intervals of risk are woven into the fabric of normal sleep, which would seem to belie the familiar pleasures of a good night’s sleep.Sleep and gastrointestinal functionSleep related changes in gastrointestinal functioning have been somewhat less obvious and less dramatic. Also the invasive nature of gastrointestinal monitoring and the relative lack of availability of sleep laboratories have both conspired to retard the development of knowledge with regard to sleep related changes in the way the intestines work (intestinal physiology). Thus, the understanding of the relationship between sleep physiology, alterations in sleep functioning, and sleep complaints in patients with irritable bowel syndrome must include studies that examine the basic physiology of sleep in this patient population. We have conducted numerous studies in our sleep laboratory, which have examined the sleep physiology, autonomic physiology, as well as subjective sleep complaints in a large group of patients with IBS. Our initial interest was to determine whether or not there were objective physiologic abnormalities and/or differences in autonomic functioning during sleep in patients with IBS.8 Our initial study examined differences in physiologic functioning during sleep in patients with IBS. This was done via a particular technique for analyzing beat-to-beat heart rate variability to assess how the nervous system regulates this function. Of particular interest is the fact that, in this study, we documented that IBS patients had a notable difference in how cardiac function was regulated during sleep. This was not evident in the waking state, and we have felt that this apparently unique alteration noted only during sleep may be a biological marker of patients with IBS. These results beg the question as to whether the actual sleep architecture [i.e., the pattern of sleep stages] is different in patients with IBS.Sleep and IBSThese results prompted a series of follow-up studies, which have been published in collaboration with several of my graduate students, Sigrid Elsenbruch, Michael Harnish, and Jennifer Thompson. These studies have provided unique data regarding the physiologic function of IBS patients during sleep, and how this may relate to subjective sleep complaints noted in this patient population. All of these studies have involved the administration of several questionnaires, which address sleepdisturbances, and quality of life alterations due to sleep disturbances, as well as full sleep laboratory evaluations to objectively determine sleep patterns. Our initial study revealed that patients diagnosed with IBS did not exhibit any differences in objective sleep measures such as total time, sleep onset time, the amounts of each sleep stage, or arousal responses in sleep fragmentation, compared to a group of age and sex matched normal volunteers.9 However, subjective sleep disturbances as noted by several questionnaires were quite significantly elevated in the IBS group. Thus, we concluded that the IBS patients resembled many patients complaining of clinical insomnia in that the sleep complaints appeared to be primarily related to a sleep state “misperception.” That is, the sleep physi ology was quite normal, but the patients continued to perceive and complain of a variety of subjective sleep abnormalities.In attempting to further delineate this discrepancy, we were stimulated by the publication by Fass and colleagues, who reported that sleep complaints were more severe in patients who had dyspeptic symptoms in conjunction with their IBS complaints (i.e. altered bowel habit and abdominal pain).3 Thus, in a subsequent study we stratified IBS patients into two groups, those with bowel symptoms only, and those with both lower bowel symptoms and upper dyspeptic symptoms. These were compared to a group of 23 normal volunteers.10 In this study we documented subjective sleep quality, insomnia symptoms, alertness, anxiety, stress, and daytime and nighttime GI symptoms over a period of four days. The IBS patients clearly reported significantly more dissatisfaction with their sleep quality, as well as increased daytime fatigue and non-restful sleep. Of particular interest, however, is the fact that these complaints were significantly greater in those IBS patients who also had dyspeptic symptoms. Nocturnal GI symptoms were also particularly elevated in those patients who had dyspeptic symptoms. Once again, the sleep physiologic evaluation did not reveal any differences between the patient groups and the normal volunteers. Significant correlations, however, were found between psychological distress and subjective sleep complaints in the patient group. These results provided substantial validation of the Fass data, and stimulated further investigation into how the psychological symptoms, which are commonly noted in IBS patients, may contribute to the subjective sleep complaints, and possibly the abnormal physiology during sleep noted in the above studies. Psychological factorsOur previous research, thus, led us to pose the question as to whether depression and/or anxiety may be the most important underlying factor in producing the sleep and physiologic abnormalities in patients with IBS. We therefore undertook a subsequent study, which identified and stratified patients with IBS into those with significant depression (as determined by a subjective depression rating scale), and those with IBS without significant depressive symptomatology. The results of this study proved to be quite enlightening. The patients with IBS plus significant depressive symptoms were noted to have a significant increase in subjective sleep complaints, although the IBS patients without depressive symptoms also had elevated subjective sleep complaints (preliminary data presented at DDW 2003, Orlando, Florida). The sleep pattern was also notably abnormal in that the IBS patients with depressive symptoms had a significantly higher rate of arousals from sleep. This is the first time that any sleep abnormality has been documented in patients with IBS, and it clearly appears to be related to the existing coexisting depression. SummaryThe results of these studies suggest that IBS patients do have distinct physiologic abnormalities, which are unmasked during sleep, and sleep complaints appear to be specifically related to sleep disturbances associated with a high level of depressive symptomatology. The high incidence of sleep complaints is very likely accounted for by the high incidence of psychological abnormalities such as depression and anxiety in this patient population. These two psychological factors have been known for some time to contribute significantly to sleep complaints, and individuals with a clinical diagnosis of depression have been shown to have very specific sleep abnormalities.11 It therefore behooves the clinical gastroenterologist to be aware of, and take special note of the presence of these psychological symptoms and treat them appropriately. Almost certainly, this will result in marked improvement in sleep complaints, and the overall quality of life in patients with IBS.1.Jarrett M, Heitkemper M, Cain K, Burr R, Hertig V. SleepDisturbance Influences Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis and Sci. 2000;5:952-959.2.Elsenbruch S, Harnish MJ, Orr WC. Subjective and objectivesleep quality in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2447-52.3.Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ3rd. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophagealreflux: a population-based study in Olmsted County,Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 1997;112(5):1448-56.4.Goldsmith G, Levin JS. Effect of sleep quality on symptoms ofirritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1809-14.5.Jarrett M, Heitkemper M, Cain KC, et al. Sleep disturbanceinfluences gastrointestinal symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:952-9.6.Douglas NJ. Control of ventilation during sleep. In: Principalsand Practice of Sleep Medicine. Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W (eds.), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1994:204-211.7.Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Normal human sleep: Anoverview. Principals and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W (eds.), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders,1994:16-25.8.Orr WC, Crowell MD, Lin B, Harnish MJ, Chen JD. Sleep andgastric function in irritable bowel syndrome: Derailing thebrain-gut axis. Gut. 1997;41:390-3.9.Elsenbruch S, Harnish MJ, Orr WC. Subjective and objectivesleep quality in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastro,1999;94(9):2447-2452.10.Elsenbruch S, Thompson JJ, Harnish MJ, Exton M. & Orr WC.Behavioral and physiological sleep characteristics in womenwith irritable bowel syndrome. A J of Gastro 2002;97:2306-14.11.Armitage R, Hoffman R. Sleep electrophysiology of majordepressive disorders. Current Review of Mood & AnxietyDisorders 1997;1:139-151.Opinions expressed are an author’s own and not necessarily those of the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). IFFGD does not guarantee or endorse any product in this publication nor any claim made by an author and disclaims all liability relating thereto.This article is in no way intended to replace the knowledge or diagnosis of your doctor. We advise seeing a physician whenever a health problem arises requiring an expert's care.IFFGD is a nonprofit education and research organization. Our mission is to inform, assist, and support people affected by gastrointestinal disorders. For more information, or permission to reprint this article, write to IFFGD, 700 W. Virginia St., #201, Milwaukee, WI 53204. Toll free: 888-964-2001. Visit our websites at: or .。