MAIN TOPICS, ABSTRACTS & KEY WORDS
固定电弧等离子弧焊接热传导的数值计算
固定电弧等离子弧焊接热传导的数值计算董红刚, 高洪明, 吴 林(哈尔滨工业大学现代焊接生产技术国家重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001)摘 要:针对固定电弧等离子弧焊接过程建立了二维稳态热传导模型,在模型中考虑了工件表面与周围环境换热及辐射散热对整个焊接热过程的影响,并且将焊接电流在流经工件时产生的焦耳热作为热能方程的源项进行计算。
针对所建立的模型,采用大型商业软件PHOEN ICS(Parabolic hyperbolic or elliptic numerical integration code series)对工件中的温度场以及电流密度的分布进行了计算。
采用该软件对焊接热过程进行数值模拟,可以很方便地对求解变量和边界条件进行操作,显著提高了效率。
比较结果显示,计算结果与实际测量结果吻合良好。
关键词:固定电弧;等离子弧焊;热传导;数值计算中图分类号:TG402 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0253-360X(2002)04-24-04董红刚0 序 言在焊接领域,针对传统的非熔化极钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)和熔化极氩弧焊(GMAW)焊接过程开展的数值模拟工作已经取得了很大的进步[1],但是在等离子弧焊接(PAW)过程中,由于经过压缩后的等离子电弧的特殊性,以及等离子弧焊接熔池独有的特点,尤其是在存在小孔的情况下,使得针对该焊接方法的数值模拟工作产生了很大的困难。
很多研究者在这方面开展了大量的工作,并且也取得了不小的进步。
美国加州大学伯克利分校的Hsu Y F[2]很早就对小孔等离子弧焊接传热与流体流动现象进行数值计算研究工作,作者针对匀速小孔等离子弧平板焊建立了二维准稳态有限元数值模型,没有考虑熔池中高温液态金属蒸发的影响,并且小孔形状预先假定,小孔半径给定为2mm,模型建立在与焊枪垂直的二维平面内,采用Newton2raphson迭代方法求解了小孔等离子弧焊接过程的流场和温度场。
1993年Keanini R G[3]对等离子弧焊接过程建立了三维准稳态有限元模型,计算了小孔等离子焊接熔池中的温度场和流场。
化学词汇常用英文
文献专用英语词汇和基础化学英语词汇英文全称缩写中文Abstracts Abstr. 文摘Abbreviation 缩语和略语Acta 学报Advances 进展Annals Anna. 纪事Annual Annu. 年鉴，年度Semi-Annual 半年度Annual Review 年评Appendix Appx 附录Archives 文献集Association Assn 协会Author 作者Bibliography 书目，题录Biological Abstract BA 生物学文摘Bulletin 通报，公告Chemical Abstract CA 化学文摘Citation Cit 引文，题录Classification 分类，分类表College Coll. 学会，学院Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CD-ROM 只读光盘Company Co. 公司Content 目次Co-term 配合词，共同词Cross-references 相互参见Digest 辑要，文摘Directory 名录，指南Dissertations Diss. 学位论文Edition Ed. 版次Editor Ed. 编者、编辑Excerpta Medica EM 荷兰《医学文摘》Encyclopedia 百科全书The Engineering Index Ei 工程索引Et al 等等European Patent Convertion EPC 欧洲专利协定Federation 联合会Gazette 报，公报Guide 指南Handbook 手册Heading 标题词Illustration Illus. 插图Index 索引Cumulative Index 累积索引Index Medicus IM 医学索引Institute Inst. 学会、研究所International Patent Classification IPC 国际专利分类法International Standard Book Number ISBN 国际标准书号International Standard Series Number ISSN 国际标准刊号Journal J. 杂志、刊Issue 期（次）Keyword 关键词Letter Let. 通讯、读者来信List 目录、一览表Manual 手册Medical Literature Analysis and MADLARS 医学文献分析与检索系统Retrieval SystemMedical Subject Headings MeSH 医学主题词表Note 札记Papers 论文Patent Cooperation Treaty PCT 国际专利合作条约Precision Ratio 查准率Press 出版社Procceedings Proc. 会报、会议录Progress 进展Publication Publ. 出版物Recall Ratio 查全率Record 记录、记事Report 报告、报导Review 评论、综述Sciences Abstracts SA 科学文摘Section Sec. 部分、辑、分册See also 参见Selective Dissemination of Information SDI 定题服务Seminars 专家讨论会文集Series Ser. 丛书、辑Society 学会Source 来源、出处Subheadings 副主题词Stop term 禁用词Subject 主题Summary 提要Supplement Suppl. 附刊、增刊Survey 概览Symposium Symp. 专题学术讨论会Thesaurus 叙词表、词库Title 篇名、刊名、题目Topics 论题、主题Transactions 汇报、汇刊Volume Vol. 卷World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO 世界知识产权World Patent Index WPI 世界专利索引Yearbook 年鉴资料邮件消息编辑引用报告基础化学常用英语词汇1. The Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2. Partial Pressures 分压3. Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离4. The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程5. System and Surroundings 系统与环境6. State and State Functions 状态与状态函数7. Process 过程8. Phase 相9. The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律10. Heat and Work 热与功11. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程12. Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热13. Hess’s Law 盖斯定律14. Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓15. Reaction Rates 反应速率16. Reaction Order 反应级数17. Rate Constants 速率常数18. Activation Energy 活化能19. The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程20. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理21. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂22. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂23. Enzymes 酶24. The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数25. the Direction of Reaction 反应方向26. Le Chatelier’s Principle 列•沙特列原理27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalystsi. 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28. Spontaneous Processes 自发过程29. Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律31. Entropy Changes 熵变32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变33. Acid-Bases 酸碱34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解35. The Proton in Water 水合质子36. The pH Scales pH值37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱38. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量46. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成47. Solubility 溶解度48. The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数49. Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离50. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀51. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应52. Oxidation Number 氧化数53. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平54. Half-Reaction 半反应55. Galvani Cell 原电池56. Voltaic Cell 伏特电池57. Cell EMF 电池电动势58. Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势59. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂60. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程61. Electrolysis 电解62. The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性63. Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型64. Line Spectra 线光谱65. Quantum Numbers 量子数66. Electron Spin 电子自旋67. Atomic Orbital 原子轨道68. The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道69. Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子70. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量71. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理72. Electron Configurations 电子构型73. The Periodic Table 周期表74. Row 行75. Group 族76. Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数77. Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律78. Radius of Atoms 原子半径79. Ionization Energy 电离能80. Electronegativity 电负性81. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷82. Electron Affinities 亲电性83. Metals 金属84. Nonmetals 非金属85. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论86. Covalence Bond 共价键87. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠88. Multiple Bonds 重键89. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道90. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论91. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型92. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道93. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子94. Bond Length 键长95. Bond Order 键级96. Bond Angles 键角97. Bond Enthalpies 键能98. Bond Polarity 键矩99. Dipole Moments 偶极矩100. Polarity Molecules 极性分子101. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子102. Crystal Structure 晶体结构103. Non-Crystal 非晶体104. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积105. Metallic Solids 金属晶体106. Metallic Bond 金属键107. Alloys 合金108. Ionic Solids 离子晶体109. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力110. Molecular Forces 分子间力111. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力112. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键113. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体114. Compounds 化合物115. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构116. Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型117. Chelates 螯合物118. Isomerism 异构现象119. Structural Isomerism 结构异构120. Stereoisomerism 立体异构121. Magnetism 磁性122. Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布123. Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物124. General Characteristics 共性125. s-Block Elements s区元素126. Alkali Metals 碱金属127. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属128. Hydrides 氢化物129. Oxides 氧化物130. Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物131. Hydroxides 氢氧化物132. Salts 盐133. p-Block Elements p区元素134. Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）135. Borane 硼烷136. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）137. Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳138. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物139. Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备140. Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐141. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）142. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸143. Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷144. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）145. Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢146. Sulfides 硫化物147. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）148. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物149. The Noble Gases 稀有气体150. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物151. d-Block elements d区元素152. Transition Metals 过渡金属153. Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾154. Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾155. Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞156. f-Block Elements f区元素157. Lanthanides 镧系元素158. Radioactivity 放射性159. Nuclear Chemistry 核化学160. Nuclear Fission 核裂变161. Nuclear Fusion 核聚变162. analytical chemistry 分析化学163. qualitative analysis 定性分析164. quantitative analysis 定量分析165. chemical analysis 化学分析166. instrumental analysis 仪器分析167. titrimetry 滴定分析168. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法169. regent 试剂170. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析171. product 产物172. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析173. on-line analysis 在线分析174. macro analysis 常量分析175. characteristic 表征176. micro analysis 微量分析177. deformation analysis 形态分析178. semimicro analysis 半微量分析179. systematical error 系统误差180. routine analysis 常规分析181. random error 偶然误差182. arbitration analysis 仲裁分析183. gross error 过失误差184. normal distribution 正态分布185. accuracy 准确度186. deviation偏差187. precision 精密度188. relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）189. coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）190. confidence level 置信水平191. confidence interval 置信区间192. significant test 显著性检验193. significant figure 有效数字194. standard solution 标准溶液195. titration 滴定196. stoichiometric point 化学计量点197. end point滴定终点198. titration error 滴定误差199. primary standard 基准物质200. amount of substance 物质的量201. standardization 标定202. chemical reaction 化学反应203. concentration浓度204. chemical equilibrium 化学平衡205. titer 滴定度206. general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式207. proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论208. acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法209. dissociation constant 解离常数210. conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对211. acetic acid 乙酸212. hydronium ion水合氢离子213. electrolyte 电解质214. ion-product constant of water 水的离子积215. ionization 电离216. proton condition 质子平衡217. zero level零水准218. buffer solution缓冲溶液219. methyl orange 甲基橙220. acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂221. phenolphthalein 酚酞222. coordination compound 配位化合物223. center ion 中心离子224. cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数225. alpha coefficient 酸效应系数226. overall stability constant 总稳定常数227. ligand 配位体228. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸229. side reaction coefficient 副反应系数230. coordination atom 配位原子231. coordination number 配位数232. lone pair electron 孤对电子233. chelate compound 螯合物234. metal indicator 金属指示剂235. chelating agent 螯合剂236. masking 掩蔽237. demasking 解蔽238. electron 电子239. catalysis 催化240. oxidation氧化241. catalyst 催化剂242. reduction 还原243. catalytic reaction 催化反应244. reaction rate 反应速率245. electrode potential 电极电势246. activation energy 反应的活化能247. redox couple 氧化还原电对248. potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾249. iodimetry碘量法250. potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾251. cerimetry 铈量法252. redox indicator 氧化还原指示253. oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）254. chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) 255. dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)256. precipitation 沉淀反应257. argentimetry 银量法258. heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡259. aging 陈化260. postprecipitation 继沉淀261. coprecipitation 共沉淀262. ignition 灼烧263. fitration 过滤264. decantation 倾泻法265. chemical factor 化学因数266. spectrophotometry 分光光度法267. colorimetry 比色分析268. transmittance 透光率269. absorptivity 吸光率270. calibration curve 校正曲线271. standard curve 标准曲线272. monochromator 单色器273. source 光源274. wavelength dispersion 色散275. absorption cell吸收池276. detector 检测系统277. bathochromic shift 红移278. Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数279. hypochromic shift 紫移280. acetylene 乙炔281. ethylene 乙烯282. acetylating agent 乙酰化剂283. acetic acid 乙酸284. adiethyl ether 乙醚285. ethyl alcohol 乙醇286. acetaldehtde 乙醛287. β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物288. bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应289. bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应290. open chain compound 开链族化合物291. molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论292. chiral molecule 手性分子293. tautomerism 互变异构现象294. reaction mechanism 反应历程295. chemical shift 化学位移296. Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转n297. Enantiomorph 对映体298. addition rea ction 加成反应299. dextro- 右旋300. levo- 左旋301. stereochemistry 立体化学302. stereo isomer 立体异构体303. Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂304. covalent bond 共价键305. conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃306. conjugated double bond 共轭双键307. conjugated system 共轭体系308. conjugated effect 共轭效应309. isomer 同分异构体310. isomerism 同分异构现象311. organic chemistry 有机化学312. hybridization 杂化313. hybrid orbital 杂化轨道314. heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物315. peroxide effect 过氧化物效应t316. valence bond theory 价键理论317. sequence rule 次序规则318. electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基319. Huckel rule 休克尔规则320. Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验321. infrared spectrum 红外光谱322. Michael reacton 麦克尔反应323. halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃324. haloform reaction 卤仿反应325. systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法e326. Newman projection 纽曼投影式327. aromatic compound 芳香族化合物328. aromatic character 芳香性r329. Claisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应330. Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排331. Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应332. Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原333. Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应334. positional isomers 位置异构体335. unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应336. unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应337. benzene 苯338. functional grou 官能团p339. configuration 构型340. conformation 构象341. confomational isome 构象异构体342. electrophilic addition 亲电加成343. electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂344. nucleophilic addition 亲核加成345. nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂346. nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应347. active intermediate 活性中间体348. Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则349. cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构350. inductive effect 诱导效应t351. Fehling’s reagent 费林试剂352. phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用353. aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物354. elimination reaction 消除反应355. Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂356. nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振357. alkene 烯烃358. allyl cation 烯丙基正离子359. leaving group 离去基团360. optical activity 旋光性361. boat confomation 船型构象362. silver mirror reaction 银镜反应363. Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式364. Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式365. Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应366. Ketone 酮367. carboxylic acid 羧酸368. carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物369. hydroboration 硼氢化反应370. bond oength 键长371. bond energy 键能372. bond angle 键角373. carbohydrate 碳水化合物374. carbocation 碳正离子375. carbanion 碳负离子376. alcohol 醇377. Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则378. Aldehyde 醛379. Ether 醚380. Polymer 聚合物。
如何写好SCI论文投稿中的Abstract
如何写好SCI论文投稿中的Abstract Abstract是SCI论文投稿中不可或缺的一部分。
它通常作为论文的摘要，摘要的质量很大程度上决定了论文被接受的可能性。
因此，如何写好Abstract是每位研究者必须掌握的技能之一。
2023年，Abstract的写作依然是一项重要的任务。
面对越来越激烈的学术竞争，研究者需要通过Abstract来吸引读者的关注并明确表达自己的研究意义和成果。
下面将介绍一些具体的写Abstract的技巧和注意事项，帮助研究者撰写高质量的Abstract。
首先，Abstract的内容应该准确、简洁、具体。
为了达到这个目的，研究者应该遵循以下几个基本原则：1. 提炼核心内容Abstract不是论文的简单概述，而是针对论文的研究问题、方法和成果进行提炼和总结。
因此，研究者应该首先确定论文的核心问题和贡献，然后将其简洁明了地表达在Abstract中。
2. 使用适当的语言和术语研究者应该使用准确、专业的术语和语言来描述论文的问题和成果。
同时，也要注意使用简洁、易懂的语言，特别是在解释论文的复杂概念和模型时，以便读者能够快速理解。
3. 强调结果和贡献在Abstract中，研究者应该突出论文的贡献和创新点，让读者能够明确地看到论文的价值和意义，从而增加论文的吸引力和可读性。
除了上述基本原则，还有一些细节需要研究者注意，以确保Abstract的质量和可读性。
下面列举了一些具体的技巧和注意事项：1. 遵循SCI期刊的写作规范Abstract的格式和内容要符合SCI期刊的要求，这包括使用适当的字体、字号、行间距、段间距，以及指定Abstract的篇幅等。
研究者应该仔细阅读SCI期刊的投稿说明，确保自己的Abstract符合要求。
2. 遵循逻辑顺序和结构研究者应该遵循逻辑顺序和结构来组织Abstract的内容。
通常来说，Abstract应该包括论文的研究问题、研究方法、主要结果、贡献和意义等。
Abstract常用表达和句式
回顾某领域已取得的研究结果或介绍相关知识常用动词: present, summarize, review, outline句式：… is presented in this paper.This paper reviews the method for dealing with…This article summarizes the theory on…阐明论文写作和研究目的常用词：名词：purpose, aim, objective, goal动词：aim, attempt to, initiate, intend to, seek句式：The purpose of this study is to explore new methods on …The paper attempts to define …in terms of…The study is aimed at finding out the basic similarities between … and …The main objective of the work is to justify…The primary goal of this research is …The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …Based on recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…论文观点和作者观点常用词：argue, account for, address, characterize, concern, contribute, describe, disclose, deal with, devote to, explain, introduce, present, report句式：This paper presents the mathematical model and its algorithm used for …The calibration and experiment design of multivariate force sensors are discussed. This paper reports the preparation and quantum confinement effects of…The principles and methodology of language teaching are described in this article.This paper is mainly devoted to …介绍研究过程和研究范围常用词：过程：analyze, consider, discuss, examine, study, investigate, state, propose 范围：contain, cover, include, outline, scope, field, domain句式：The characteristic of …was investigated.The paper analyzes the possibility of …We study the one-step-synthesis method for … in this paper.This article discusses the method of calculation of …The principle of constructing … is proposedThis paper states the reasons for…This study identifies some procedures for …This article outlines the preliminary process of …The scope of the study covers…The study includes…The paper contains the specific topic on …介绍计算、测量常用词：calculate, compute, determine, estimate, measure, work out句式：This paper determines the proper temperature for …The cooling rate was calculated by means of…The rational rage of power is measured by …In the paper, we measured the orientation and estimated parameter for …The author worked out the probability of …The author has computed equilibrium constant K and …阐明论证常用词：confirm, demonstrate, find, identify, indicate, monitor, note, observe, point out, prove, provide句式：The result of calculation shows that…The initial particles are found to be …It is found that the amorphous silicon nitride show a tendency in…It is noted that … can be found in …The result provides a sound basis for …The study of those properties indicate…The experimental results demonstrate that…The effects of …were observed and monitored.说明试验过程常用词：experiment, test, sample句式：The samples of pyroelectric ceramics (电释热陶瓷)were collected by …We sampled the blood and urine of …The blood screening test for the AIDS antibody has been carried out on…We experimented on the sintering property(流延特性) of …The new protocol architecture for distributed multimedia systems has been tested in …介绍应用、用途常用词：application, use及其动词形式句式：In this paper, the czochralski crystal growth method has been applied in …… technique is used to …The application of the new design is to develop and maintain …展示研究结果常用词：result, cause, increase, lessen, as a result, result in, arrive at句式：As a result we have got pure particle of …The result of observation shows that …The finding of our research on methodologies in … is…The results of calculation show that the minimum velocity arrives at…The relationship between …and …is characterized by …The room temperature resistivity is lessened to …介绍结论常用词：conclude, summary, to sum up, lead to, in conclusion, conclusion句式：It is concluded that the absorption spectra of two kinds of particles include…We concluded that …It is concluded that…The conclusion of our research is …On the basis of …, the following conclusion can be drawn …Finally, a summary is given of …To sum up, we have revealed …Our argument proceeds in …The research has led to the discovery of …进行评述句式：There are hardly any data about …Middle management is considered as the go-between of …The shapes and locations of these inclusions are believed to be related to …The finding is acknowledged as essential to ...Existing methods are not sufficient for …It is difficult to improve the therapy under the conditions of …The disproportion of age groups will unfortunately lead to …The improper use of methods would seriously influence the performance of …The subject will deepen the understanding of …However, it does not mean that there is no limitation of …It is well-known that in the field of …, there are still difficulties and challenges. Environmental protection has become the most important concern of …推荐和建议常用词：propose, suggest, recommend句式：The calculation suggests that…Bulk silk is proposed to be the alternative of ordinary silk because …The finite element method is recommended to …提出进一步研究的可能性常用词：demand, desirable, expect, necessary, necessity, need, require, requirement 句式：Another term of the …need addressing because…However, the development of MRI is absolutely necessary for …To establish a …model continues to be a major concern for …The underway measurement of sea surface temperature has made it necessary to……requires more work on …More concern about the blood cleaning point out the need for …There is a growing demand for …There is a surge in the use of …Although there is already an efficient procedure, more study is still needed.突出论文重点句式：The development of… is the primary concern of this paper. Particular attention is paid on the cultivation of …Interface structure is emphasized in the article because …This paper concentrates on the effects of …The chief consideration is …。
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分1. Abstract标准摘要五句话，包含五个层次的内容：1.1 Introduction: 为什么要进行本项研究，现状中本项研究的缺失或者做了但是存在不足;1.2 Method：用什么方法做这个研究;1.3 Data：用什么样的数据来验证你的方法;1.4 Results：从研究中得出什么结论;1.5 Implication：得出的结论对研究领域和实践有什么意义(理论与实践意义)2. Introduction2.1 Research background：目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。
如这一类问题造成的损失很严重，因此研究这一问题很重要。
2.2 Research problem：在上述的这一大研究背景下，要做什么问题(或者方面)的研究;在上述的这一大研究背景下，这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。
2.3 研究现状：别人已经做了哪些东西，别人已经做过什么，发现了什么样的问题?2.4 现存的研究有什么问题与不足：别人有什么没有做过?为什么别人没有做得更好?并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。
2.5 本研究的目标(objective)和研究范围(scope)：本研究弥补这些问题中(这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中)的哪些不足，采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。
陈述本项研究的范围局限，并高度概括本论文研究结论。
2.6 文章结构：本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。
3. Literature review目的：Literature review证明与说明两件事情：一是研究目标的设定是有意义的;二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。
包括三个层次的内容：3.1 对选题(你找到的研究问题)的justification。
即对做过没做好或者没做过的研究问题，在这个研究领域，针对research problem而言，让读者明白本项研究是有意义的;3.2 现存文献中对本文值得参考并可借鉴的东西(包括分析工具和成果);3.3 非相关或者相邻研究领域值得借鉴的东西，侧重于可借鉴的研究方法。
清华大学硕士论文博士论文格式及范文详解
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清华大学硕士论文博士论文格 式及范文详解
———————————————————————————————— 作者: ———————————————————————————————— 日期：
名称
章标题 一级节标题
二级节标题 三级节标题 正文段落
表题与图题
文献
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清华大学硕士论文博士论文编辑排版建议采用的字体、字号
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Abstract写作常用句型及句式
Abstract写作常⽤句型及句式Abstract⼀、在摘要中直接提出论⽂主题的句型和句式1、In this paper, we present a … approach to …本⽂提出了⼀种针对…的…⽅法。
2、In this paper, we describe improved … models for …本⽂介绍⼏种针对…的改进的…模型。
3、We propose a new … model and … algorithm that enables us to …我们提出⼀种新的…模型和…算法，它让我们能够…4、We present a … model that enables …我们提出了⼀种…模型，它使我们能够…5、This paper demonstrates the ability of … to perform robust and accurate …本⽂证明了…进⾏…可靠准确的…的能⼒。
6、In this paper we report results of a … approach to …本⽂报导了…的…⽅法的实验结果。
7、This paper demonstrates that … can effectively … with very high accuracy.本⽂证明，…能够有效地准确地…8、The purpose/goal/intention/objective/object/emphasis/aim of this paper is …本⽂的⽬的是…9、The primary/chief/overall/main object of this study is to survey …本研究的⾸要⽬标是考察…10、The chief aim of this paper/research/study/experiment/the present work is …本⽂的主要⽬标是…11、 The emphasis of this study lies in …我们的研究重点是…12、The work presented in this paper focuses on …本⽂所述⼯作重点放在…13、Our goal has been to provide …我们的⽬标是提供…14、The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …我们的研究⽬标是获取有关…的知识。
abstract 怎么读
abstract 怎么读
“abstract”的发音为：英式英语[ˈæbstrækt]，美式英语[ˈæbstrækt]。
在发音时，注意将重音放在第一个音节上，“æ”发类似“æb”的音，“strækt”部分要清晰发出“str”和“ækt”的音。
“abstract”是一个英语单词，可以用作形容词和名词。
作为形容词时，它的意思是“抽象的”，用来描述不具体、不实际、脱离实际的概念或思想。
作为名词时，它的意思是“摘要”，即对一篇文章、报告或研究的简短、概括性的总结。
此外，“abstract”还可以用作动词，意为“提取”、“抽取”，指从某物中提取出其本质或关键信息。
在计算机科学领域，“abstract”也常用来描述抽象类或抽象方法，这是一种编程概念，用于定义具有共同特性的类的方法，但不包含具体的实现。
总之，“abstract”是一个多功能的英语单词，在学术、商业和日常交流中都有广泛的应用。
正确掌握其发音和用法，有助于提高英语交流和理解能力。
英语学术论文中Abstract写作总结！
英语学术论文中Abstract写作总结！作者简介：晨星，男，湖北武汉人，副高职称，博士，高级程序员，IAMG（国际数学地质协会）会员。
目前研究方向为地理信息数据挖掘与知识发现、地学信息三维可视化。
当年我在攒第一篇 SCI 论文的时候，是先写的 Abstract，然后再写的正文。
在我将自以为很用心撰写的论文交给副导师审阅后，就被他立即请到办公室去畅谈了一番心声：「不是 Abstract 的位置放在正文前面，就将Abstract 放在论文前面写的！你没看到你的Abstract 有问题吗？和全文对得起来吗？」那么，好的 Abstract 应该是怎么样呢？在 SCI 论文写作中，Abstract 是很重要的一部分。
所谓 Abstract，就是对所写论文主要内容的精炼概括。
Abstract 是美国人的说法，英国的科技期刊喜欢称之为Summary。
在英文中，有资料是这么对其定义的：Abstract is a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory in a paper.一篇英文科技论文特别是SCI 论文，是否能被编辑发出审稿乃至最后被录用，在很大程度上取决于论文的 Abstract 质量。
事实上，摘要由于其独特的功能，通常被认为是科技论文最重要的组成部分之一（有的文献认为是最重要的，没有之一）。
据我了解，英文科技论文的 Abstract 主要功能有以下三点：1. 提纲携领，方便检索Abstract 作为对英文科技论文的最主要内容进行不加注释和评论的简短陈述那一部分。
与整篇论文的其他部分相比，它起着至关重要的概括要点的作用。
从本质上讲，Abstract 是把论文的内容浓缩成一篇简短、简洁、概括性强的一个段落的文本。
Abstract 被看成是论文的缩略版或缩写，概括了主体的内容，例如背景、主题/问题、方法、结论和意义。
精心撰写的Abstract是检索科技文献的有用工具（反之，如果 Abstract 写得不佳，对检索该篇论文是个误导），它能使读者能够更快、更方便地识别论文的基本内容，确定论文与其个人兴趣相关性，并最终决定是否需要继续阅读整篇论文。
abstract的用法
Abstract的用法1. 什么是Abstract在计算机科学领域，Abstract（抽象）是一种编程概念，用于描述一种将问题或现实世界中的实体抽象化的方法。
通过抽象，我们可以将复杂的问题简化为更易于理解和处理的形式。
抽象的关键是忽略不必要的细节，只关注最重要的方面。
在软件开发中，抽象是一种重要的设计原则，它可以帮助开发人员构建模块化、可扩展和易于维护的代码。
2. 抽象的作用抽象的作用在于隐藏细节，只暴露必要的接口和功能。
通过抽象，我们可以将复杂的系统分解为更小的模块，并将这些模块组合在一起以实现更大的功能。
抽象可以提高代码的可读性和可维护性，并降低代码的复杂性。
它还可以促进代码的重用，因为抽象可以将通用的功能封装为可复用的组件。
3. 抽象的实现方式在编程中，抽象可以通过多种方式来实现。
下面是几种常见的抽象实现方式：3.1 抽象类抽象类是一种特殊的类，它不能被实例化，只能被继承。
抽象类可以包含抽象方法和具体方法。
抽象方法是没有实现的方法，需要子类根据自己的需求来实现。
抽象类可以用作其他类的基类，通过继承抽象类，子类可以获得抽象类的方法和属性。
public abstract class Animal {public abstract void makeSound();public void sleep() {System.out.println("Zzz");}}3.2 接口接口是一种定义了一组方法的抽象类型。
接口可以被类实现，一个类可以实现多个接口。
接口中的方法都是抽象的，没有实现。
通过实现接口，类可以获得接口中定义的方法，并根据自己的需求来实现这些方法。
public interface Shape {double getArea();double getPerimeter();}3.3 泛型泛型是一种参数化类型的机制，它可以使代码更加通用和灵活。
通过使用泛型，我们可以编写与特定类型无关的代码，提高代码的重用性。
上海高考英语新题型Summary的解题技巧—教师版
高考英语新题型解题技巧一、知识讲解知识点1：Summary的概况I.概念: a short statement that gives the main information about something, without giving all the details.II.考查内容：Summary 综合考察学生获取文章主要信息的能力、归纳总结的能力、写作的能力。
文章主1）本题总分为10分，其中内容5分，语言5分。
（初定）2）评分时应注意的主要方面：内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。
3）词数超过60，酌情扣分。
2.各档次给分要求：1）内容部分A.能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息B.能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。
C.能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。
D.未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。
E.几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。
2）语言部分A.能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
B.能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。
C.基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。
D.基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。
E.几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
1.知识点2：解题步骤I.Summary解题的关键在于用自己的话及有限的文字综述文章核心主旨，表达贯穿全文的大意，但切不可过于泛化。
此过程可分为三步：1.阅读，2.拟稿，3.定稿1.阅读A.标注文章段落或对文章进行分层。
B.给文章或Summary起一个标题, 一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想，避免偏题。
C.划出文章或段落主题句和关键词，并对重要部分进行简要概括。
2.拟稿A.对主题句进行修正，并使用适当连词将主题句、关键词和所概括的重要内容进行串联，组成完整的一篇Summary。
B.Summary尽量用自己的话完成，切不可加入个人观点或评论。
学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style.
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
如何写英文Abstract
How to Write an Abstract一、什么是摘要Abstract?an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper.摘要是叙述文章主要内容的一个段落，并且位于文章的开头部分。
摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结，它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息。
它也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。
而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。
因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。
二、写作Abstract的目的对于科技论文的摘要，Abstract的目的有以下几点：1.Introduce journal articles.rm readers about article`s content.3.Help readers decide whether or not to read article.4.Overview conference programs,abstract collections,and book chapters.三、学习写作Abstract的必要性1.Helps you present complex information in a clear,concise manner.2.Helps you read abstracts more effectively.3.Helps you conduct research.4.Helps you write abstracts for future publications.5.Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches.四、Abstract的写作要求e one or more well-developed paragraphs,which areunified,coherent,concise,and able to stand alone（200-300 words).e an introduction-body conclusion structure in which the parts of the parts of the report are discussed inorder:purpose,researcquestions,method,findings,conclusions,recommendations.3.Follows strictly the chronology of the report.五、Abstract的分类rmative abstract 内容摘要- the primary research objective or purpose- method employed in solving the problems- principal findings or results- major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper2.descriptive abstract指示性摘要outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.六、Abstract的结构1.Background – why do you want to do the research?2.Research question – what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?3.Method – how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question?4.Results – what is your answer to the question?5.Conclusions – what implications does the answer imply?七、Abstract的特点1.Concise – write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible.2.Objective – states objectively the main points of the paper.3.Consistent – be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper.plete – cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper.5.Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.八、Abstract的常用句式1、介绍文章背景和目前研究的问题(1) Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)…is as yet undetermined.(2) (The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)…remains unsolved.(3) (Previous studies) have examined…, (the related problem) is that…, despite…(4) (Problems in certain research area) are…, yet (the present solution) hasfrequently been questioned because…(5) This paper describes/presents…(the argument) within…(a theoreticalcontext)(6) While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to…, (the presentagreement) is still problematic.2、叙述研究目的(1) This paper advances the view that…(2) The article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/proposes/holds that/…(3) The purpose/intention of this paper is…(4) The primary goal/aim of this research is…(5) The overall objective of this study is…(6) In this paper/study, we aim at…(7) The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on…(8) This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate…(9) The author intends/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain someknowledge of…3、指出观察问题的视角(1) …from the angle of…(2) …in the light of the context that…(3) To view something at a different angle/from various angles…(4) From the point of view of…(5) From the perspective of…4、指出文章参与者(1) The present study has investigated…by using/analyzing…(participants/materials)(2) In this study, we inquired/examined/evaluated…(participants/materials)(3) The experiments/investigations of the present study involved…(participants/materials)5、研究方法和过程(1) Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using..(2）Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of…(3) The technique the author adopted is referred to as…(4) The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in…(5) The method/approach used in the present study is…(6) The experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting…(7）The procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as…(8) The experiment/study consisted of the following steps: …(9) Included in the experiment were…(10) Based on the idea that…, we conducted the present study, categorized…, and evaluated…6、研究结果、发现、结论(1) The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that…; it is also found that…(2) The results are as follows: …(3) The analysis of the samples indicates that..(4) The data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier by…(5) It is concluded that..; the results also imply the further study into…(6) The investigation/experiment varied by…and the results also revealed that…(7) These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that…(8) Based on/upon the outcome/findings of the research, …(9) The data/results obtained appear to…, thus we may conclude that…(10) As a result of the current experiments, we conclude that…(11）The author points out/recommends/concludes that…(12) In summing up it may be stated that…(13) All the preliminary results throw light on the nature of…(14) These findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusionthat…九、写一份摘要的步骤（1) 在完成整篇论文之后再来起草你的摘要，因为这样你对文章所表达的观点和发现等才能有一个清楚的轮廓。
英文摘要书写技巧
英文摘要书写技巧Abstract Writing Tips (1500 words)Writing an abstract is a crucial skill for researchers and academics as it helps them communicate the essence of their work in a concise and accessible manner. An abstract is a summary of a research paper, report, or article that provides an overview of the main points and findings. This article provides some useful tips for writing effective and compelling abstracts.1. Understand the Purpose of an Abstract: Before starting to write the abstract, it is important to understand its purpose. An abstract serves as a snapshot of the entire work and allows readers to quickly determine if the study is relevant to their interests. It should provide enough information to help readers decide whether to read the full paper or not.2. Follow the Structure: Abstracts generally follow a specific structure that includes the background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions of the study. However, this structure may vary depending on the requirements of the journal or conference you are submitting to. It is essential to follow the prescribed structure to ensure that all the necessary information is included.3. Be Concise: Abstracts should be concise and to the point. Since they have word limits, it is important to prioritize the most essential information and avoid unnecessary details. A good abstract should be between 150-250 words, depending on the guidelines provided by the target journal or conference.4. Use Clear and Straightforward Language: Abstracts should be written using clear and straightforward language. Avoid unnecessary jargon or technical terms that may confuse the readers. Instead, use terminology that is easily understandable to a broad audience. Remember that the purpose of an abstract is to present your work to a wider audience, including non-specialists.5. Highlight Key Points: Since abstracts serve as a summary, it is important to highlight the key points of your work. These are usually the main objectives, methods, major findings, and significant conclusions. By emphasizing these key elements, readers can get a clear idea of your research without going through the entire paper.6. Be Accurate and Objective: When writing an abstract, it is crucial to be accurate and objective. Avoid making exaggerated claims or overgeneralizations about your findings. Stick to the facts and provide a fair representation of your research. This will help establish credibility and trust among the readers.7. Avoid Citations and References: Abstracts should not include citations or references to other papers or sources. It is not the place to provide a detailed literature review. Instead, focus on summarizing your own work without external references.8. Proofread and Edit: Like any other piece of writing, abstracts should be proofread and edited to ensure clarity and correctness. Pay attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that the abstract reads smoothly and provides a coherent summary of your study.9. Revise for Different Platforms: If you plan to submit your work to multiple journals or conferences, it is important to revise your abstract accordingly. Each target platform may have different requirements, such as word limits or specific sections to include. Tailor your abstract to meet these requirements, ensuring that it optimally represents your research for each platform.10. Seek feedback: Lastly, it is always beneficial to seek feedback from colleagues, mentors, or writing professionals. They can provide valuable insights and suggestions for improving your abstract. Incorporate their feedback to enhance the quality and impact of your abstract.In conclusion, writing an abstract requires careful consideration and attention to detail. By following these tips, you can effectively summarize your research and engage readers, ultimately increasing the visibility and impact of your work.11. Customize for Different Disciplines: It is important to keep in mind that abstracts may vary across different disciplines. Depending on the field of study, different aspects may be prioritized. For example, in scientific research, the methods and results sections may be more emphasized, while in humanities research, the theoretical framework and analysis may be more prominent. Therefore, it is crucial to tailor your abstract to the specific requirements and conventions of your discipline.12. State the Problem or Research Question: Start your abstract by clearly stating the problem or research question your study addresses. This helps readers understand the purpose and relevanceof your work. Be brief but specific in describing the issue you are investigating.13. Provide Context: In addition to stating the problem, it is important to provide some context for your study. This can include a brief background or literature review to explain the significance of the research. However, be cautious not to make the abstract too lengthy or to include excessive details. Focus on the key aspects that are directly relevant to your study.14. Summarize the Methodology: Briefly describe the methodology or approach used in your study. This includes the research design, data collection methods, and any analytical techniques employed. Highlight the key steps or procedures that are crucial for understanding your findings.15. Summarize the Results: Outline the main findings or results of your study. Be concise and specific, avoiding ambiguous or vague statements. If possible, use quantitative or qualitative data to support your conclusions. It is important to convey the most significant findings in a clear and understandable manner.16. Emphasize Novelty or Contribution: If your study has a unique or innovative aspect, make sure to highlight it in the abstract. This could be a novel methodology, a new theoretical framework, or a significant contribution to the existing literature. By emphasizing the novelty of your work, you can attract the attention of readers and make your abstract stand out.17. State the Implications and Conclusions: Conclude your abstractby summarizing the implications and conclusions of your study. Explain how your findings contribute to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in your field. If applicable, mention any limitations or caveats of your study. By providing a clear and realistic assessment of your work, you can demonstrate its importance and practical implications.18. Include Keywords: Many journals and conferences require authors to include a list of keywords in their abstracts. Keywords are specific terms or phrases that represent the main topics or themes of your research. They help search engines and researchers find your work more easily. Choose keywords that accurately reflect the content and scope of your study.19. Pay Attention to Formatting and Style: When writing an abstract, it is important to adhere to the specific formatting and style guidelines of your target journal or conference. This includes font size, word limits, and citation styles, among others. Ensure that your abstract is properly formatted and meets all the requirements to avoid potential rejection or issues during the submission process.20. Keep Revising and Improving: Abstract writing is an iterative process. It is rare to have a perfect abstract in the first draft. Continuously revise and refine your abstract to make it more compelling and impactful. Seek feedback from colleagues, mentors, or experts in your field. Incorporate their suggestions and polish your abstract to enhance its quality and effectiveness.Writing an abstract is a skill that improves with practice. Byfollowing these tips and continually honing your abstract writing abilities, you can effectively communicate the essence of your research and increase its visibility and impact in your field. Keep in mind that abstracts play a crucial role in attracting readers' attention, so invest time and effort into crafting a clear, concise, and engaging abstract that accurately represents your work.。
Abstract所应该包含的内容
Abstract 所应该包含的内容：Background: introduce the topic (optional)Purpose of the study: study aimMethods of the study: overview of the methodsFinding/Results of the study: overview of resultConclusion, implication of the study标志性的句子Topic sentence — introducing the purposeThe purpose of this paper is …The primary goal of this research is …The work presented in this paper focuseson several aspects of …The overall objective of this study is …In this paper, we propose …Summaries, as you know, are common in all kinds of writing, usually appearing at the end of a chapter or article, highlighting the major point of the piece and outlining the significant detail. However, writers use many other forms of summary too. In business writing, for example, reports often begin with a summary, called an executive summary, allowing the reader a chance to see if the report (or some section of the report) is relevant to him/her before reading much of it. In academic writing, essays, articles, and reviews often be gin with a summary too, called an abstract.Abstracts are very common in academic writing, and they have a fairly standard form. In essence, abstracts inform the reader of six bits of information about the piece of writing being summarized:purposeWhat is the author's reason for writing?What is the author's main idea?scopeWhat is the author's focus in this piece?Where does the author concentrate his/her attention?methodWhat kinds of evidence does the author provide?How does the author try to convince the reader of the validity of his/her main idea? resultsWhat are the consequences of the problem or issue that the author is discussing? recommendationsWhat solutions does the author present to the reader to resolve the problem of issue in the piece?Does the author recommend action or change in his/her piece?conclusionsDoes the author describe a 'cause and effect' relationship or explain the origins of thisissue or problem?What conclusions does the author draw from his/her study of the issue or problem?Abstracts are not long — only about a paragraph. (If each point above, for example, got its own sentence, then the abstract would be six sentences long. Many writers find that they can combine several of the sentences of the abstract when the ideas are closely related.) At the beginning of an essay, abstracts allow you to introduce your subject to your readers before you go into your analysis in detail.。
热点应力有限元分析的主要影响因素_贾法勇
(1)在距离焊趾 0 .4 t 和 1 .0 t 处测量应力值 , 进行两点线性外推
2 接头形式
采用三点弯接头进行有限元分析 , 加载方式为 主板两端全约束 、支板端部拉伸 , 拉伸应力为1 MPa 。 有限元计算结果显示热点在主板焊趾部位 , 是典型 的“a”型热点 。
2 8
焊 接 学 报
主板的厚度)处 , 非线性应力峰值基本消失 , 外推点
应该从这个位置开始 。热点应力一般采用两点线性 外推 , 要求精度较高可以采用三点二次外推 , 图 3 是 热点应力外推示意图[ 3, 4] 。
第 24 卷
图 1 热点应力的组成 Fig.1 Components of hot spot stress
热点应力由膜应力和弯曲应力两部分组成 , 是 构件表面热点处膜应力和弯曲应力之和的最大值 , 不包括焊趾处局部缺口引起的非线性应力峰值 , 这 也是热点应力和缺口应力的区别 。图 1 和图 2 分别 表示热点应力和缺口应力的组成[ 3, 4] 。 1 .3 热点应力的外推原理
热点应力呈线性分布 , 一般用外推的方法得到 。 为避开非线性应力峰值的影响 , 外推测量点应该距 离 焊趾有 足够的距离 。一般 在距离焊趾0 .4 t (t 为
热点应力方法最早应用于焊接管节点的疲劳分 析 , 现在它的应用范围越来越广 , 已经发展到了所有 类型的板结构 。 一般说来 , 难以用分析方法确定结 构元件的非连续性 , 进 而难以确定它 的热点应力 。 目前多采用有限元计算或应变片实际测量法求解结 构热点应力 。对于大型复杂焊接结构 , 有限元分析 是至关重要的 。但是不同研究者得到的疲劳数据相
Summarywriting
Summary writingI. overviewThe abstract is a concise summary of the main content of the article. Americans refer to the abstract as "Abstract", while the British prefer to call it "Summary"".In general, international publications require the number of articles to be published, including a summary portion of not more than 1 words. However, the number of words required in the abstract is less. Therefore, when writing abstracts, the most succinct language is used to express the essence of the thesis. The emphasis of the thesis should be on the results and conclusions of the study.International conferences require abstracts of words ranging from 200 words to -500 words. International journals require that the words used in the abstracts are usually 100 words -200 words. The position of the abstract is usually at the head of an article, covering the whole text and pointing out the whole purpose. Language requires refining as much as possible. Abstracts are commonly used in third person writing.Scientific books, papers, and academic reports are usually accompanied by a summary of content, which saves time for readers and enables them to understand the main content without having to read the full article. The books are placed on the inside front cover, or abstract; papers and academic reports, generally placed in front of the body. Abstract should be concise and to the point, to be able to stand alone, so that readers can accurately understand the meaning of books. Whenwriting a summary, it is better to use third person complete declarative sentences, which are generally not more than 200 words long.Abstracts are classified into two categories: declarative (Descriptive) and informative (Informational). A declarative Abstract stating only the subject of a book or article, without introducing content. In addition to the introduction of the theme, informative abstract should also introduce the main points of the article and the main content of each point.It can consist of three componentsThe purpose or purpose of analysing an article or a book;Introduction of the main content, so that readers can quickly understand the general situation of articles or books;Put forward conclusions or suggestions for your readers' reference.Two, common sentence patternThe common abstract sentence patterns are:1) This, paper, deals, with...()) This, article, focuses, on, the, topics, of (that, having, etc,)...()) This, eassy, presents, knowledge, that...4) This, thesis, discusses...5) This, thesis, analyzes...()) This, paper, provides, an, overview, of...7) This, paper, elaborates, on...()) This, article, gives, an, overview, of...()) This, article, compares... And, summarizes, key, findings.,()) This, paper, includes, discussions, concerning...()) This, paper, presents, up, to, date,, information, on...()) This, article, covers, the, role, of,, chemicals, in...()) This, paper, addresses, important, topics, including...14) This, paper, touches, upon...15) This, paper, strongly, emphasizes...()) This, eassy, represents, the, Preceedings, of...()) This, article, not, only, describes... But, also, suggests...18) This, paper, considers...()) This, paper, provides, a, method, of...()) This, paper, introduces, an, applicable, procedure,, to, analyze..()) This, paper, offers, the, latest, information,, regarding...()) This, paper, is, devoted, to, examining,, the, role, of...23) This, article, explores...()) This, paper, expresses, views, on...()) This, paper, reflects, the, state, of,, the, art, in...()) This, paper, explains, the, procedures, for...()) This, paper, develops, the, theory, of...28) ThisHow to write English summaryStep 1: readA. first read and read the original. Read the given text carefully. If you don't understand it again, read it two more times. The more you read, the more you understand the sourcetext.B. draws up a title. The topic reflects the author's understanding of the original. The topic of the outline should be clear. The main content or subject of the original text can be known at first reading, and no obstacles should be set up, such as no 5 W problems (When, What, Where, Who, Why) and a H problem (How). The form of a topic can be written in sentences or phrases.Use the words, phrases, or short sentences that summarize the theme of the article as the title. You can also use the subject sentence in the text as the title. Topic sentences usually appear at the beginning or end of an article. A good title helps to define the main idea of the article. As the title of an article should be eye-catching and attractive, can arouse the readers to think about the question. But as an outline of the subject, must be concise and clear, clear theme, there is no mystery.C. make a good outline (outline). In the author's writing, there is usually an outline of writing, so that the writing will be complex and informal. The reading process is a sort of original framework, decoding process understanding and the thorough understanding of the original text. In this process, we must make a rough outline, the outline of great help to the understanding of the original, especially in the outline of the newspaper is more obvious. Because the newspaper from the sequence, the layout to the main argument of this way are different from Chinese works: Chinese argument is more concentrated in foreign; interpretative reports are explainedand fine. The finer the article, the more complicated and messy the impression is. Therefore, a small outline (if only a few words or phrases) is used to write an outline, and the articles will be in good order and will not miss the main points in the original. Because the summary should also be meaning coherence, text cohesion of a paragraph or paragraphs of text.D. fast batted. Draw up the outline, writing the same as far as possible, once written. Once the first draft is drawn, the tree has branches, and the writing is half done. Then read the text, compare, modify and polish to see if you have missed any important information or main content. In addition, the word used to see whether appropriate collocation, convey ideas. Modifications in this process are important because each word in the outline is useful. What may be available may be deleted. Let others read the outline, basic need not understand the original text, enough.E. pay attention to writing details. First, examples and data problems. The example data in the summary should not be used. One or two illustrative questions can be used; second, the question. Try to use your own words when writing summaries, and of course not exclude references. Newspapers in some phrases, sentences are very wonderful. If the reference properly, will play an important role (writing outline of the newspaper is even more so). Conversely, improper citation is superfluous. It's important to note that references are not copied, but used instead. Add more polish to the language. Pay attention to the proper adjustment of parts of speech, tenses, voices, etc.. Third, the rewritten sentences, according to the needs of the text, change the verbs into nouns, and change the person, tenseand voice. This is what I used.The second step: hands-on writingA. abstracts should be only 1/3 or 1/4 long of the original text. So the first count the number of words, and then divided by three to get a digital. The number of words in an abstract can be less than this number, but never exceed this number.The B. summary should be done in its own words. Don't quote sentences from the original.The C. should follow the logical order of the original text. So you don't have to reorganize your opinions and facts.D. abstract must be comprehensive and clear to show the information contained in the original text so that your readers can master the original meaning of the material without looking through the original text.E. can use several of the following techniques when writing abstracts:1) delete details, leaving only the main points.2) select one to two examples. The text may contain 5 or more examples, and you only need to choose between one and two examples.3) turn a long description into a short, simple sentence. If there are ten sentences used to describe someone or somethingin the material, then you just have to turn them into one or two sentences.4) avoid repetition. In the original text, the argument may be repeated in order to emphasize a topic. But this is not available in the abstract. The stressed restatement should be deleted.5) compress long sentences. For the following two cases:"His, courage, in, battle, might, without, exaggeration, be, called, lion-like..""Can be summarized as: "He, was, very, brave, in, battle.."""He, was, hard, up, for, money, and, was, being, pressed,, by, his, creditor..""Can be summarized as: "He, was, in, financial, difficulties..""6) you can also use the phrase instead of sentence or clause. See the examples below:"Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago"可以概括为：“美丽的山和泰山一样，只有少数的人曾经去过，是许多访问的今天，由于更好的工资、带薪休假，新的酒店和更好的运输服务。
abstract怎么写
1.abstract怎么写abstract（抽象）修饰符，可以修饰类和方法1,abstract修饰类，会使这个类成为一个抽象类，这个类将不能生成对象实例，但可以做为对象变量声明的类型，也就是编译时类型，抽象类就像当于一类的半成品，需要子类继承并覆盖其中的抽象方法。
2,abstract修饰方法，会使这个方法变成抽象方法，也就是只有声明（定义）而没有实现，实现部分以"；"代替。
需要子类继承实现（覆盖）。
注意：有抽象方法的类一定是抽象类。
但是抽象类中不一定都是抽象方法，也可以全是具体方法。
abstract修饰符在修饰类时必须放在类名前。
abstract修饰方法就是要求其子类覆盖（实现）这个方法。
调用时可以以多态方式调用子类覆盖（实现）后的方法，也就是说抽象方法必须在其子类中实现，除非子类本身也是抽象类。
注意：父类是抽象类，其中有抽象方法，那么子类继承父类，并把父类中的所有抽象方法都实现（覆盖）了，子类才有创建对象的实例的能力，否则子类也必须是抽象类。
抽象类中可以有构造方法，是子类在构造子类对象时需要调用的父类（抽象类）的构造方法。
举个简单的例子下面有一个抽象类abstract class E{public abstract void show();//public abstract 可以省略}然后其它类如果继承它通常为了实现它里面的方法class F extends E{void show(){//写具体实现的代码}}最后再主方法里面定义一个父类引用指向子类对象，就会发生多态现象，比如E e=new F();e.show();实际调用了子类里面的show（)方法这是从网上粘贴的，不知道符不符合你的意思2.abstract怎么写abstract（抽象）修饰符，可以修饰类和方法 1,abstract修饰类，会使这个类成为一个抽象类，这个类将不能生成对象实例，但可以做为对象变量声明的类型，也就是编译时类型，抽象类就像当于一类的半成品，需要子类继承并覆盖其中的抽象方法。
征文通知英语作文模板
征文通知英语作文模板英文回答：Call for Papers Template。
[Event Title][Dates][Location][Organizer]Call for Papers Deadline: [Date]Conference Theme and Objectives:[Describe the main theme and objectives of the conference, and how the conference will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.]Conference Topics:[List the main topics that will be covered at the conference. These topics should align with the conference theme.]Abstract Submission Guidelines:Abstracts should be no more than [number] words in length.Abstracts should include the following information:Title of the paper。
Author(s) and their affiliations。
A brief description of the research problem, methods, results, and conclusions.Abstracts should be submitted in [format] (e.g., Word,PDF) to [email address].Paper Presentation Guidelines:Papers should be no more than [number] pages in length.Papers should be written in [language] and should conform to the [style guide].Papers will be peer-reviewed and authors will be notified of the acceptance status of their papers by [date].Accepted papers will be presented at the conference in [format] (e.g., oral presentation, poster presentation).Conference Registration:Registration for the conference is available online at [website address].The registration fee includes access to all conference sessions, materials, and refreshments.Important Dates:Call for Papers Deadline: [Date]Notification of Acceptance: [Date]Conference Dates: [Dates]Contact Information:For any inquiries, please contact [contact person] at [email address] or [phone number].中文回答：征文通知。
英文科技文献常用词及其缩写
英⽂科技⽂献常⽤词及其缩写英⽂科技⽂献常⽤词及其缩写Abstracts Abstr ⽂摘Abbreviation 缩语和略语Acta 学报Advances 进展Annals Anna. 纪事Annual Annu. 年鉴，年度Semi-Annual 半年度Annual Review 年评Appendix Appx 附录Archives ⽂献集A.s.=almost surely⼏乎处处Association Assn 协会Author 作者Bibliography 书⽬，题录Biological Abstract BA ⽣物学⽂摘Bulletin 通报，公告Chemical Abstract CA 化学⽂摘Citation Cit 引⽂，题录Classification 分类，分类表College Coll. 学会，学院Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CD-ROM 只读光盘Company Co. 公司Content ⽬次Co-term 配合词，共同词Cross-references 相互参见Digest 辑要，⽂摘Directory 名录，指南Dissertations Diss. 学位论⽂Edition Ed. 版次Editor Ed. 编者、编辑Excerpta Medica EM 荷兰《医学⽂摘》Encyclopedia 百科全书The Engineering Index Ei ⼯程索引Et al 等等，以及其他⼈European Patent Convertion EPC 欧洲专利协定Federation 联合会Gazette 报，公报Guide 指南Handbook ⼿册Heading 标题词Illustration Illus. 插图Index 索引Cumulative Index 累积索引I.e.= that is to say; in other words也就是，换句话说Index Medicus IM 医学索引Institute Inst. 学会、研究所International Patent Classification IPC 国际专利分类法International Standard Book Number ISBN 国际标准书号International Standard Series Number ISSN 国际标准刊号Journal J. 杂志、刊Issue 期（次）Keyword 关键词Letter Let. 通讯、读者来信List ⽬录、⼀览表Manual ⼿册Medical Literature Analysis and MADLARS 医学⽂献分析与检索系统Retrieval SystemMedical Subject Headings MeSH 医学主题词表Note 札记Papers 论⽂Patent Cooperation Treaty PCT 国际专利合作条约Precision Ratio 查准率Press 出版社Procceedings Proc. 会报、会议录Progress 进展Publication Publ. 出版物Recall Ratio 查全率Record 记录、记事Report 报告、报导Review 评论、综述Sciences Abstracts SA 科学⽂摘Section Sec. 部分、辑、分册See also 参见Selective Dissemination of Information SDI 定题服务Seminars 专家讨论会⽂集Series Ser. 丛书、辑Society 学会Source 来源、出处Subheadings 副主题词Stop term 禁⽤词Subject 主题Summary 提要Supplement Suppl. 附刊、增刊Survey 概览Symposium Symp. 专题学术讨论会Thesaurus 叙词表、词库Title 篇名、刊名、题⽬Topics 论题、主题Transactions 汇报、汇刊Volume Vol. 卷World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO 世界知识产权World Patent Index WPI 世界专利索引Yearbook 年鉴词性部分prep = 介系词；前置词，preposition的缩写pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写n = 名词，noun的缩写v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写conj = 连接词，conjunction的缩写s = 主词sc = 主词补语o = 受词oc = 受词补语vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写aux.v = 助动词，auxiliary的缩写a = 形容词，adjective的缩写ad = 副词，adverb的缩写art = 冠词，article的缩写num = 数词，numeral的缩写int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写pl = 复数，plural的缩写abbr abbreviation(略)略语adj, adjjadjective(s)(形)形容词adv, advvadverb(s)(副)副词adv partadverbial particle(副接)副词接语aux auxiliary(助)助动词cn countable noun(可数)可数名词conj conjunction(连)连接def art definite article(定冠)定冠词egfor example(例如)例如esp especially(尤指)尤指etc and the others(等)等等ie which is to say(意即)意即indef art indefinite article(不定冠词)不定冠词inf infinitive(不定词)不定词int interjection(感)感叹词n noun(s) (名)名词neg negative(ly)(否定)否定的(地)part adj participial adjective(分形)分词形容词pers person(⼈称)⼈称pers pron personal pronoun(⼈称代)⼈称代名词pl plural(复)复数(的)pp past participle (过去分词)过去分词pref prefix(字⾸)字⾸prep preposition(al) (介词)介词，介系词，介词的pron pronoun (代)代名词pt past tense(过去)过去式sb somebody(某⼈)某⼈sing singular(单)单数(的)sth something(某事物)某物或某事suff suffix(字尾)字尾un uncountable noun(不可数)不可数名词US America(n)(美)美国(的)vverb(s) (动)动词[VP]Verb Pattern(动型)动词类型v iverb intransitive(不及物动词)不及物动词vt verb transitive (及物动词)及物动词n: nounv: verbvt: transitive verbit: intransitive verbad: adverbadj. : adjectiveadv. : adverb, adverbialadv. phr. : adverb phraseAmer. Eng. : American Englishaux. v. : auxiliary verbcoll. : collectivecompar. : comparativeconj. : conjunction 连词，结合，同时发⽣def. art. : definite article定冠词demonstr. : demonstrative指⽰的demonstr. adj. : demonstrative adjective指⽰形容词demonstr. pron. : demonstrative pronoun指⽰代词dial. ：dialect⽅⾔，⼟话imper. : imperativeindef. art. : indefinite articleinfin. : infinitiveinterj. : interjection感叹词，插⼊语interrog. pron. ：interrogative pronoun疑问代词mod. dial. ：modern dialectmod. Eng. ：modern Englishn. ：nounn. phr. ：noun phrasen. pl. ：noun pluralobs. ：obsolete废词，废弃的，过时的，⽼式的OE ：Old EnglishOED ：Oxford English Dictionarypers. pron. ：personal pronounphr. ：phrase(s)pl. ：plural ( roman in variant spelling list)复数，众数plur.：pluralpossess. pron. ：possessive pronoun物主代词，代名词p.p. ：past participle (italic as paragraph marker or part of speech label)ppl. adj. ：participial adjectivepredic. ：predicativepref. ：prefixprep. ：preposition介词，前置词prep. ：prepositionalpres. ：present tensepres. p. ：present participle (italic as paragraph marker or part of speech label)现在分词pres. t. ：present tense (italic as part of speech label)pron. ：pronounprop. n. ：proper nounproverb. ：proverbial谚语的，闻名的p.t. ：past tense (italic as paragraph marker or part of speech label) reflex. pron. ：reflexive pronoun反⾝代词rel. pron. ：relative pronoun关系词v. : verbvbl. n. : verbal noun动名词verb. prefix : verbal prefix动词前缀verb. phr. : verbal phrase。