第8章 -补偿性工资差别与劳动力市场

财务管理学课后习题答案第8章

思考题1．答题要点：在进行投资项目现金流量的估计时，需要考虑的因素很多，并且可能需要企业多个部门的参与。

例如需要市场部门负责预测市场需求量以及售价；需要研发部门估计投资的研发成本、设备购置、厂房建筑等；需要生产部门负责估计工艺设计、生产成本等；需要财务人员协调各参与部门的人员，为销售和生产等部门建立共同的基本假设条件，估计资金成本以及可供资源的限制条件等。

为了正确计算投资方案的现金流量，需要正确判断哪些支出会引起企业总现金流量的变动，哪些支出只是引起某个部门的现金流量的变动。

在进行这种判断时，要注意以下几个问题：（1) 区分相关成本和非相关成本相关成本是指与特定决策有关的、在分析评价时必须加以考虑的成本。

与此相反，与特定决策无关的、在分析评价时不必加以考虑的成本是非相关成本，例如沉没成本等。

（2) 机会成本在投资决策中，我们不能忽视机会成本。

在计算营业现金流量的时候，需要将其视作现金流出。

因此机会成本不是我们通常意义上的支出，而是一种潜在的收益。

机会成本总是针对具体方案的，离开被放弃的方案就无从计量。

（3) 部门间的影响当我们选择一个新的投资项目后，该项目可能会对公司的其他部门造成有利的或不利的影响，决策者在进行投资分析时仍需将其考虑在内。

2．答题要点：根据我国的税法，在固定资产投资过程中，公司通常会面临两种税负：流转税和所得税。

流转税包括两类，分别是营业税和增值税，其中由于固定资产的变价收入由于需要缴纳营业税，所以营业税与固定资产投资决策有关，而投产的产品所取得的销售收入所交纳的增值税由于是价外税，通常就不需要额外地加以考虑了。

所得税是指项目投产后，获取营业利润以及处置固定资产的净收益（指变价收入扣除了固定资产的折余价值及相应的清理费用后的净收益）所应交纳的所得税，由于所得税会对项目的未来现金流量产生影响，在固定资产投资决策时应该加以考虑。

涉及固定资产变价收入所要上缴的流转税和所得税只发生在取得变价收入的当期，是一次性的。

金融学课后习题答案第八章

CHAPTER 8VALUATION OF KNOWN CASH FLOWS: BONDSObjectivesTo show how to value contracts and securities that promise a stream of cash flows that are known with certainty.To understand the shape of the yield curve .To understand how bond prices and yields change over time.OutlineUsing Present Value Formulas to Value Known Cash FlowsThe Basic Building Blocks: Pure Discount BondsCoupon Bonds, Current Yield, and Yield to MaturityReading Bond ListingsWhy Yields for the Same Maturity DifferThe Behavior of Bond Prices over TimeSummaryA change in market interest rates causes a change in the opposite direction in the market values of all existing contracts promising fixed payments in the future.The market prices of $1 to be received at every possible date in the future are the basic building blocks for valuing all other streams of known cash flows. These prices are inferred from the observed market prices of traded bonds and then applied to other streams of known cash flows to value them.An equivalent valuation can be carried out by applying a discounted cash flow formula with a different discount rate for each future time period.Differences in the prices of fixed-income securities of a given maturity arise from differences in coupon rates, default risk, tax treatment, callability, convertibility, and other features.Over time the prices of bonds converge towards their face value. Before maturity, however, bond prices can fluctuate a great deal as a result of changes in market interest rates.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterBond Valuation with a Flat Term Structure1. Suppose you want to know the price of a 10-year 7% coupon Treasury bond that pays interestannually.a. You have been told that the yield to maturity is 8%. What is the price?b. What is the price if coupons are paid semiannually, and the yield to maturity is 8% per year?c. Now you have been told that the yield to maturity is 7% per year. What is the price? Could youhave guessed the answer without calculating it? What if coupons are paid semiannually?SOLUTION:a. With coupons paid once a year:b. With coupons paid twice a year:c. Price = 100. When the coupon rate and yield to maturity are the same, the bond sells at par value . theprice equals the face value of the bond).2. Assume six months ago the US Treasury yield curve was flat at a rate of 4% per year (with annual compounding) and you bought a 30-year US Treasury bond. Today it is flat at a rate of 5% per year. What rate of return did you earn on your initial investment:a.If the bond was a 4% coupon bond?b.If the bond was a zero coupon bond?c.How do your answer change if compounding is semiannual?SOLUTION:a and b.Step 1: Find prices of the bonds six months ago:n i PV FV PMT Result304?1004PV =100 Coupon =4%Zero304?1000PV = couponStep 2: Find prices of the bonds today:n i PV FV PMT Result Coupon =5?1004 4%Zero5?1000 couponStep 3: Find rates of return:Rate of return = (coupon + change in price)/initial price4% coupon bond: r = (4 + 100)/100 = or %Zero-coupon bond: r = (0 + / = or %. Note that the zero-coupon bond is more sensitive to yield changes than the 4% coupon bond.c.Step 1: Find prices of the bonds six months ago:n i PV FV PMT Result Coupon=4602?1002PV =100 %Zero602?1000PV = couponStep 2: Find prices of the bonds today:n i PV FV PMT Result59?1002 Coupon=4%Zero59?1000 couponStep 3: Find rates of return:Rate of return = (coupon + change in price) / initial price4% coupon bond: r= (2 + 100)/100 = or %Zero coupon bond: r= (0 + / = or %. Note that the zero-coupon bond is more sensitive to yield changes than the 4% coupon bond.Bond Valuation With a Non-Flat Term Structure3. Suppose you observe the following prices for zero-coupon bonds (pure discount bonds) that have no risk of default:Maturity Price per $1 of Face Value Yield to Maturity1 year%2 yearsa.What should be the price of a 2-year coupon bond that pays a 6% coupon rate, assuming couponpayments are made once a year starting one year from now?b.Find the missing entry in the table.c.What should be the yield to maturity of the 2-year coupon bond in Part a?d.Why are your answers to parts b and c of this question different?SOLUTION:a. Present value of first year's cash flow = 6 x .97 =Present value of second year's cash flow = 106 x .90 =Total present value =b. The yield to maturity on a 2-year zero coupon bond with price of 90 and face value of 100 is %c. The yield to maturity on a 2-year 6% coupon bond with price of isto maturity.Coupon Stripping4. You would like to create a 2-year synthetic zero-coupon bond. Assume you are aware of the following information: 1-year zero- coupon bonds are trading for $ per dollar of face value and 2-year 7% coupon bonds (annual payments) are selling at $ (Face value = $1,000).a. What are the two cash flows from the 2-year coupon bond?b. Assume you can purchase the 2-year coupon bond and unbundle the two cash flows and sell them.i. How much will you receive from the sale of the first payment?ii. How much do you need to receive from the sale of the 2-year Treasury strip to break even?SOLUTION:a. $70 at the end of the first year and $1070 at the end of year 2.b. i. I would receive .93 x $70 = $ from the sale of the first payment.ii. To break even, I would need to receive $ $ = $ from the sale of the 2-year strip.The Law of One price and Bond Pricing5. Assume that all of the bonds listed in the following table are the same except for their pattern of promised cash flows over time. Prices are quoted per $1 of face value. Use the information in the table and the Law of One Price to infer the values of the missing entries. Assume that coupon payments are annual.SOLUTION:Bond 1:From Bond 1 and Bond 4, we can get the missing entries for the 2-year zero-coupon bond. We know from bond 1 that:= +2. This is also equal to (1+z 1) + (1+z 2)2 where z 1 and z 2 are the yields to maturity on one-year zero-coupon and two-year zero-coupon bonds respectively. From bond 4 , we have z 1, we can find z 2.– = (1+z 2)2, hence z 2 = %.To get the price P per $1 face value of the 2-year zero-coupon bond, using the same reasoning: – = , hence P =To find the entries for bond 3: first find the price, then the yield to maturity. To find the price, we can use z 1 and z 2 found earlier:PV of coupon payment in year 1: x =PV of coupon + principal payments in year 2: x = Total present value of bond 3 =Hence the table becomes:Bond Features and Bond Valuation6. What effect would adding the following features have on the market price of a similar bond which does not have this feature?a.10-year bond is callable by the company after 5 years (compare to a 10-year non-callable bond);b.bond is convertible into 10 shares of common stock at any time (compare to a non-convertiblebond);c.10-year bond can be “put back” to the company after 3 years at par (puttable bond) (compare toa 10-year non-puttable bond)d.25-year bond has tax-exempt coupon paymentsSOLUTION:a.The callable bond would have a lower price than the non-callable bond to compensate thebondholders for granting the issuer the right to call the bonds.b.The convertible bond would have a higher price because it gives the bondholders the right to converttheir bonds into shares of stock.c.The puttable bond would have a higher price because it gives the bondholders the right to sell theirbonds back to the issuer at par.d.The bond with the tax-exempt coupon has a higher price because the bondholder is exempted frompaying taxes on the coupons. (Coupons are usually considered and taxed as personal income).Inferring the Value of a Bond Guarantee7. Suppose that the yield curve on dollar bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 6% per year. A 2-year 10% coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) issued by Dafolto Corporation is rates B, and it is currently trading at a market price of $918. Aside from its risk of default, the Dafolto bond has no other financially significant features. How much should an investor be willing to pay for a guarantee against Dafolto’s defaulting on this bond?SOLUTION:If the bond was free of the risk of default, its yield would be 6%.the value of a guarantee against default: = $The implied Value of a Call Provision and Convertibility8. Suppose that the yield curve on bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 5% per year. A 20-year default-free coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) that becomes callable after 10 years is trading at par and has a coupon rate of %.a.What is the implied value of the call provision?b. A Safeco Corporation bond which is otherwise identical to the callable % coupon bond describedabove, is also convertible into 10 shares of Safeco stock at any time up to the bond’s maturity. If its yield to maturity is currently % per year, what is the implied value of the conversion feature?SOLUTION:a.We have to find the price of the bond if it were only free of the risk of default.is the implied value of the call provision: – 1000 = $Note that the call provision decreases the value of the bond.b.We have to find the price of the Safeco Corporation:This bond has the same features as the % default free callable bond described above, plus an additional feature: it is convertible into stocks. Hence the implied value of the conversion feature is the difference between the values of both bonds: = $. Note that the conversion feature increases the value of the bond.Changes in Interest Rates and Bond Prices9. All else being equal, if interest rates rise along the entire yield curve, you should expect that:i. Bond prices will fallii. Bond prices will riseiii. Prices on long-term bonds will fall more than prices on short-term bonds.iv. Prices on long-term bonds will rise more than prices on short-term bondsa. ii and iv are correctb. We can’t be certain that prices will changec. Only i is correctd. Only ii is correcte. i and iii are correctSOLUTION:The correct answer is e.Bond prices are inversely proportional to yields hence when yields increase, bond prices fall. Long-term bonds are more sensitive to yield changes than short-term bonds.。

公司核心第八章习题

Chapter 8Valuing Bonds8-1.A 30-year bond with a face value of $1000 has a coupon rate of 5.5%, with semiannual payments. a. What is the coupon payment for this bond? b. Draw the cash flows for the bond on a timeline. a. The coupon payment is:Coupon Rate Face Value 0.055$1000$27.50.Number of Coupons per Year 2CPN ⨯⨯===b. The timeline for the cash flows for this bond is (the unit of time on this timeline is six-monthperiods):2P 100/(1.055)$89.85==8-2.Assume that a bond will make payments every six months as shown on the following timeline(using six-month periods):a. What is the maturity of the bond (in years)?b. What is the coupon rate (in percent)?c. What is the face value? a. The maturity is 10 years.b. (20/1000) x 2 = 4%, so the coupon rate is 4%.c. The face value is $1000.1 $27.50 02 $27.503 $27.5060$27.50 +$1000Berk/DeMarzo •Corporate Finance, Second Edition 1078-3.The following table summarizes prices of various default-free, zero-coupon bonds (expressed as a percentage of face value):a. Compute the yield to maturity for each bond.b. Plot the zero-coupon yield curve (for the first five years).c. Is the yield curve upward sloping, downward sloping, or flat?a. Use the following equation.1/nn n FV 1YTM P ⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭1/1111001YTM YTM 4.70%95.51⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭1/2111001YTM YTM 4.80%91.05⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭1/3331001YTM YTM 5.00%86.38⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭1/4441001YTM YTM 5.20%81.65⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭ 1/5551001YTM YTM 5.50%76.51⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭b. The yield curve is as shown below.Zero Coupon Yield Curve4.64.855.25.45.60246Maturity (Years)Y i e l d t o M a t u r i t yc. The yield curve is upward sloping.108 Berk/DeMarzo• Corporate Finance, Second Edition8-4. Suppose the current zero-coupon yield curve for risk-free bonds is as follows:a. What is the price per $100 face value of a two-year, zero-coupon, risk-free bond?b. What is the price per $100 face value of a four-year, zero-coupon, risk-free bond?c. What is the risk-free interest rate for a five-year maturity? a.2P 100(1.055)$89.85==b. 4P 100/(1.0595)$79.36==c. 6.05%8-5.In the box in Section 8.1, reported that the three-month Treasury bill sold for a price of $100.002556 per $100 face value. What is the yield to maturity of this bond, expressed as an EAR?410010.01022%100.002556⎛⎫-=- ⎪⎝⎭8-6.Suppose a 10-year, $1000 bond with an 8% coupon rate and semiannual coupons is trading for a price of $1034.74.a. What is the bond’s yield to maturity (expressed as an APR with semiannual compounding)?b. If the bond’s yield to maturity changes to 9% APR, what will the bond’s price be? a.2204040401000$1,034.747.5%(1)(1)(1)222YTM YTM YTM YTM +=+++⇒=+++Using the annuity spreadsheet: NPER Rate PV PMT FVExcel Formula Given: 20 -1,034.74 40 1,000Solve For Rate: 3.75%=RATE(20,40,-1034.74,1000)Therefore, YTM = 3.75% × 2 = 7.50% b.2204040401000$934.96..09.09.09(1)(1)(1)222PV L +=+++=+++ Using the spreadsheetWith a 9% YTM = 4.5% per 6 months, the new price is $934.96NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 20 4.50% 40 1,000 Solve For PV: (934.96) =PV(0.045,20,40,1000)Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 1098-7.Suppose a five-year, $1000 bond with annual coupons has a price of $900 and a yield to maturity of 6%. What is the bond’s coupon rate?25C CC 1000900C $36.26, so the coupon rate is 3.626%.(1.06)(1.06)(1.06)+=+++⇒=+++We can use the annuity spreadsheet to solve for the payment. NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 5 6.00% -900.00 1,000Solve For PMT: 36.26 =PMT(0.06,5,-900,1000)Therefore, the coupon rate is 3.626%.8-8.The prices of several bonds with face values of $1000 are summarized in the following table:For each bond, state whether it trades at a discount, at par, or at a premium. Bond A trades at a discount. Bond D trades at par. Bonds B and C trade at a premium.8-9.Explain why the yield of a bond that trades at a discount exceeds the bond’s coupon rate. Bonds trading at a discount generate a return both from receiving the coupons and from receiving a face value that exceeds the price paid for the bond. As a result, the yield to maturity of discount bonds exceeds the coupon rate.8-10.Suppose a seven-year, $1000 bond with an 8% coupon rate and semiannual coupons is trading with a yield to maturity of 6.75%.a. Is this bond currently trading at a discount, at par, or at a premium? Explain.b. If the yield to maturity of the bond rises to 7% (APR with semiannual compounding), whatprice will the bond trade for? a. Because the yield to maturity is less than the coupon rate, the bond is trading at a premium. b. 2144040401000$1,054.60(1.035)(1.035)(1.035)++++=+++NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 14 3.50% 40 1,000Solve For PV:(1,054.60)=PV(0.035,14,40,1000)8-11.Suppose that General Motors Acceptance Corporation issued a bond with 10 years until maturity, a face value of $1000, and a coupon rate of 7% (annual payments). The yield to maturity on this bond when it was issued was 6%. a. What was the price of this bond when it was issued?b. Assuming the yield to maturity remains constant, what is the price of the bond immediatelybefore it makes its first coupon payment? c. Assuming the yield to maturity remains constant, what is the price of the bond immediatelyafter it makes its first coupon payment?110 Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Editiona. When it was issued, the price of the bond was1070701000P ...$1073.60.(1.06)(1.06)+=++=++b. Before the first coupon payment, the price of the bond is970701000P 70...$1138.02.(1.06)(1.06)+=++=++c. After the first coupon payment, the price of the bond will be970701000P ...$1068.02.(1.06)(1.06)+=+=++8-12.Suppose you purchase a 10-year bond with 6% annual coupons. You hold the bond for fouryears, and sell it immediately after receiving the fourth coupon. If the bond’s yield to maturity was 5% when you purchased and sold the bond,a. What cash flows will you pay and receive from your investment in the bond per $100 facevalue? b. What is the internal rate of return of your investment?a. First, we compute the initial price of the bond by discounting its 10 annual coupons of $6 and finalface value of $100 at the 5% yield to maturity.NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given:10 5.00%6 100Solve For PV:(107.72)= PV(0.05,10,6,100)Thus, the initial price of the bond = $107.72. (Note that the bond trades above par, as its coupon rate exceeds its yield.)Next we compute the price at which the bond is sold, which is the present value of the bonds cash flows when only 6 years remain until maturity.NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 6 5.00%6 100Solve For PV:(105.08)= PV(0.05,6,6,100)Therefore, the bond was sold for a price of $105.08. The cash flows from the investment are therefore as shown in the following timeline.Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 111b. We can compute the IRR of the investment using the annuity spreadsheet. The PV is the purchaseprice, the PMT is the coupon amount, and the FV is the sale price. The length of the investment N = 4 years. We then calculate the IRR of investment = 5%. Because the YTM was the same at the time of purchase and sale, the IRR of the investment matches the YTM. NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 4 –107.72 6 105.08Solve For Rate: 5.00% = RATE(4,6,-107.72,105.08)8-13.Consider the following bonds:a. What is the percentage change in the price of each bond if its yield to maturity falls from 6% to 5%?b. Which of the bonds A –D is most sensitive to a 1% drop in interest rates from 6% to 5% andwhy? Which bond is least sensitive? Provide an intuitive explanation for your answer. a. We can compute the price of each bond at each YTM using Eq. 8.5. For example, with a 6% YTM,the price of bond A per $100 face value is15100P(bond A, 6% YTM)$41.73.1.06== The price of bond D is101011100P(bond D, 6% YTM)81$114.72..06 1.06 1.06⎛⎫=⨯-+= ⎪⎝⎭ One can also use the Excel formula to compute the price: –PV(YTM, NPER, PMT, FV). Once we compute the price of each bond for each YTM, we can compute the % price change as Percent change =()()()Price at 5% YTM Price at 6% YTM .Price at 6% YTM -The results are shown in the table below.Coupon Rate Maturity Price at Price at Percentage Change(annual payments)(years)6% YTM 5% YTM A 0%15$41.73$48.1015.3%B 0%10$55.84$61.399.9%C 4%15$80.58$89.6211.2%D8%10$114.72$123.177.4%Bondb. Bond A is most sensitive, because it has the longest maturity and no coupons. Bond D is the leastsensitive. Intuitively, higher coupon rates and a shorter maturity typically lower a bond’s interest rate sensitivity.112 Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition8-14.Suppose you purchase a 30-year, zero-coupon bond with a yield to maturity of 6%. You hold the bond for five years before selling it.a. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 6% when you sell it, what is the internal rate of return ofyour investment? b. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 7% when you sell it, what is the internal rate of return ofyour investment? c. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 5% when you se ll it, what is the internal rate of return ofyour investment? d. Even if a bond has no chance of default, is your investment risk free if you plan to sell itbefore it matures? Explain. a. Purchase price = 100 / 1.0630 = 17.41. Sale price = 100 / 1.0625 = 23.30. Return = (23.30 / 17.41)1/5– 1 = 6.00%. I.e., since YTM is the same at purchase and sale, IRR = YTM. b. Purchase price = 100 / 1.0630 = 17.41. Sale price = 100 / 1.0725 = 18.42. Return = (18.42 / 17.41)1/5– 1 = 1.13%. I.e., since YTM rises, IRR < initial YTM. c. Purchase price = 100 / 1.0630 = 17.41. Sale price = 100 / 1.0525 = 29.53. Return = (29.53 / 17.41)1/5– 1 = 11.15%. I.e., since YTM falls, IRR > initial YTM. d. Even without default, if you sell prior to maturity, you are exposed to the risk that the YTM maychange.8-15.Suppose you purchase a 30-year Treasury bond with a 5% annual coupon, initially trading at par. In 10 years’ time, the bond’s yield to maturity has risen to 7% (EAR).a. If you sell the bond now, what internal rate of return will you have earned on yourinvestment in the bond? b. If instead you hold the bond to maturity, what internal rate of return will you earn on yourinvestment in the bond? c. Is comparing the IRRs in (a) versus (b) a useful way to evaluate the decision to sell the bond?Explain. a. 3.17% b. 5%c. We can’t simply compare IRRs. By not selling the bond for its current price of $78.81, we willearn the current market return of 7% on that amount going forward.8-16.Suppose the current yield on a one-year, zero coupon bond is 3%, while the yield on a five-year, zero coupon bond is 5%. Neither bond has any risk of default. Suppose you plan to invest for one year. You will earn more over the year by investing in the five-year bond as long as its yield does not rise above what level?The return from investing in the 1 year is the yield. The return for investing in the 5 year for initialprice p 0 and selling after one year at price p1 is 101pp -. We have05151,(1.05)1.(1)p p y ==+Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 113So you break even when41105545/41/41(1)110.031(1.05)(1.05) 1.03(1)(1.05)1 5.51%.(1.03)p y y p y y +-=-===+=-=For Problems 17–22, assume zero-coupon yields on default-free securities are as summarized in the following table:8-17.What is the price today of a two-year, default-free security with a face value of $1000 and an annual coupon rate of 6%? Does this bond trade at a discount, at par, or at a premium?221260601000...$1032.091(1.04)(1)(1)(1.043)N N CPN CPN CPN FV P YTM YTM YTM ++=+++=+=+++++This bond trades at a premium. The coupon of the bond is greater than each of the zero coupon yields, so the coupon will also be greater than the yield to maturity on this bond. Therefore it trades at a premium8-18.What is the price of a five-year, zero-coupon, default-free security with a face value of $1000? The price of the zero-coupon bond is51000$791.03(1)(10.048)NN FV P YTM ===++ 8-19.What is the price of a three-year, default-free security with a face value of $1000 and an annual coupon rate of 4%? What is the yield to maturity for this bond? The price of the bond is223124040401000...$986.58.1(1.04)(1)(1)(1.043)(1.045)N N CPN CPN CPN FV P YTM YTM YTM ++=+++=++=++++++ The yield to maturity is2...1(1)(1)NCPN CPN CPN FVP YTM YTM YTM +=++++++234040401000$986.58 4.488%(1)(1)(1)YTM YTM YTM YTM +=++⇒=+++8-20.What is the maturity of a default-free security with annual coupon payments and a yield to maturity of 4%? Why?The maturity must be one year. If the maturity were longer than one year, there would be an arbitrage opportunity.114 Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition8-21.Consider a four-year, default-free security with annual coupon payments and a face value of $1000 that is issued at par. What is the coupon rate of this bond? Solve the following equation:2344111110001000(1.04)(1.043)(1.045)(1.047)(1.047)$46.76.CPN CPN ⎛⎫=++++ ⎪+++++⎝⎭=Therefore, the par coupon rate is 4.676%.8-22.Consider a five-year, default-free bond with annual coupons of 5% and a face value of $1000. a. Without doing any calculations, determine whether this bond is trading at a premium or at adiscount. Explain. b. What is the yield to maturity on this bond?c. If the yield to maturity on this bond increased to 5.2%, what would the new price be? a. The bond is trading at a premium because its yield to maturity is a weighted average of the yieldsof the zero coupon bonds. This implied that its yield is below 5%, the coupon rate. b. To compute the yield, first compute the price.2122345...1(1)(1)50505050501000$1010.05(1.04)(1.043)(1.045)(1.047)(1.048)NN CPN CPN CPN FVP YTM YTM YTM +=+++++++=++++=+++++The yield to maturity is:2...1(1)(1)505010001010.05... 4.77%.(1)(1)NN CPN CPN CPN FVP YTM YTM YTM YTM YTM YTM +=+++++++=++⇒=++c. If the yield increased to 5.2%, the new price would be:2...1(1)(1)50501000...$991.39.(1.052)(1.052)NNCPN CPN CPN FV P YTM YTM YTM +=+++++++=++=++8-23.Prices of zero-coupon, default-free securities with face values of $1000 are summarized in thefollowing table:Suppose you observe that a three-year, default-free security with an annual coupon rate of 10% and a face value of $1000 has a price today of $1183.50. Is there an arbitrage opportunity? If so, show specifically how you would take advantage of this opportunity. If not, why not?First, figure out if the price of the coupon bond is consistent with the zero coupon yields implied by the other securities.Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 115111000970.87 3.0%(1)YTM YTM =→=+ 2221000938.95 3.2%(1)YTM YTM =→=+ 3331000904.56 3.4%(1)YTM YTM =→=+According to these zero coupon yields, the price of the coupon bond should be:231001001001000$1186.00.(1.03)(1.032)(1.034)+++=+++ The price of the coupon bond is too low, so there is an arbitrage opportunity. To take advantage of it:Today1 Year2 Years3 Years Buy 10 Coupon Bonds 11835.00 +1000 +1000 +11,000 Short Sell 1 One-Year Zero +970.87 1000Short Sell 1 Two-Year Zero +938.95 1000Short Sell 11 Three-Year Zeros +9950.16 11,000 Net Cash Flow 24.988-24.Assume there are four default-free bonds with the following prices and future cash flows:Do these bonds present an arbitrage opportunity? If so, how would you take advantage of this opportunity? If not, why not?To determine whether these bonds present an arbitrage opportunity, check whether the pricing is internally consistent. Calculate the spot rates implied by Bonds A, B, and D (the zero coupon bonds), and use this to check Bond C. (You may alternatively compute the spot rates from Bonds A, B, and C, and check Bond D, or some other combination.)111000934.587.0%(1)YTM YTM =⇒=+2221000881.66 6.5%(1)YTM YTM =⇒=+3331000839.62 6.0%(1)YTM YTM =⇒=+Given the spot rates implied by Bonds A, B, and D, the price of Bond C should be $1,105.21. Its price really is $1,118.21, so it is overpriced by $13 per bond. Yes, there is an arbitrage opportunity.To take advantage of this opportunity, you want to (short) Sell Bond C (since it is overpriced). To match future cash flows, one strategy is to sell 10 Bond Cs (it is not the only effective strategy; any multiple of this strategy is also arbitrage). This complete strategy is summarized in the table below.Today 1 Year 2Years 3Years Sell Bond C 11,182.10 –1,000 –1,000–11,000Buy Bond A –934.58 1,0000 0 Buy Bond B –881.66 0 1,0000 Buy 11 Bond D –9,235.82 0 0 11,000Net Cash Flow130.04Notice that your arbitrage profit equals 10 times the mispricing on each bond (subject to rounding error).8-25.Suppose you are given the following information about the default-free, coupon-paying yield curve:a. Use arbitrage to determine the yield to maturity of a two-year, zero-coupon bond.b. What is the zero-coupon yield curve for years 1 through 4?a. We can construct a two-year zero coupon bond using the one and two-year coupon bonds asfollows. Cash Flow in Year: 1 2 3 4 Two-year coupon bond ($1000 Face Value) 100 1,100 Less: One-year bond ($100 Face Value) (100) Two-year zero ($1100 Face Value) - 1,100Now, Price(2-year coupon bond) = 21001100$1115.051.03908 1.03908+=Price(1-year bond) =100$98.04.1.02= By the Law of One Price:Price(2 year zero) = Price(2 year coupon bond) – Price(One-year bond)= 1115.05 – 98.04 = $1017.01Given this price per $1100 face value, the YTM for the 2-year zero is (Eq. 8.3)1/21100(2)1 4.000%.1017.01YTM ⎛⎫=-= ⎪⎝⎭b. We already know YTM(1) = 2%, YTM(2) = 4%. We can construct a 3-year zero as follows:Cash Flow in Year:1 2 3 4Three-year coupon bond ($1000 face value) 60 60 1,060 Less: one-year zero ($60 face value) (60) Less: two-year zero ($60 face value) - (60) Three-year zero ($1060 face value) -- 1,060Now, Price(3-year coupon bond) = 2360601060$1004.29.1.0584 1.0584 1.0584++=By the Law of One Price:Price(3-year zero) = Price(3-year coupon bond) – Price(One-year zero) – Price(Two-year zero) = Price(3-year coupon bond) – PV(coupons in years 1 and 2)= 1004.29 – 60 / 1.02 – 60 / 1.042 = $889.99.Solving for the YTM:1/31060(3)1 6.000%.889.99YTM ⎛⎫=-= ⎪⎝⎭Finally, we can do the same for the 4-year zero:Cash Flow in Year:1 2 3 4Four-year coupon bond ($1000 face value) 120 120 120 1,120 Less: one-year zero ($120 face value) (120) Less: two-year zero ($120 face value) — (120) Less: three-year zero ($120 face value) — — (120) Four-year zero ($1120 face value) —— —1,120Now, Price(4-year coupon bond) = 2341201201201120$1216.50.1.05783 1.05783 1.05783 1.05783+++=By the Law of One Price:Price(4-year zero) = Price(4-year coupon bond) – PV(coupons in years 1–3)= 1216.50 – 120 / 1.02 – 120 / 1.042 – 120 / 1.063 = $887.15. Solving for the YTM:1/41120(4)1 6.000%.887.15YTM ⎛⎫=-= ⎪⎝⎭Thus, we have computed the zero coupon yield curve as shown.8-26.Explain why the expected return of a corporate bond does not equal its yield to maturity. The yield to maturity of a corporate bond is based on the promised payments of the bond. But there is some chance the corporation will default and pay less. Thus, the bond’s expected return is typically less than its YTM.Corporate bonds have credit risk, which is the risk that the borrower will default and not pay all specified payments. As a result, investors pay less for bonds with credit risk than they would for an otherwise identical default-free bond. Because the YTM for a bond is calculated using the promised cash flows, the yields of bonds with credit risk will be higher than that of otherwise identical default-free bonds. However, the YTM of a defaultable bond is always higher than the expected return of investing in the bond because it is calculated using the promised cash flows rather than the expected cash flows.8-27.Grummon Corporation has issued zero-coupon corporate bonds with a five-year maturity. Investors believe there is a 20% chance that Grummon will default on these bonds. If Grummon does default, investors expect to receive only 50 cents per dollar they are owed. If investors require a 6% expected return on their investment in these bonds, what will be the price and yield to maturity on these bonds? Price =5100((1)())67.251.06d d r -+=Yield=1/510018.26%67.25⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭8-28.The following table summarizes the yields to maturity on several one-year, zero-couponsecurities:a. What is the price (expressed as a percentage of the face value) of a one-year, zero-couponcorporate bond with a AAA rating? b. What is the credit spread on AAA-rated corporate bonds? c. What is the credit spread on B-rated corporate bonds? d. How does the credit spread change with the bond rating? Why? a. The price of this bond will be10096.899.1.032P ==+b. The credit spread on AAA-rated corporate bonds is 0.032 – 0.031 = 0.1%.c. The credit spread on B-rated corporate bonds is 0.049 – 0.031 = 1.8%.d. The credit spread increases as the bond rating falls, because lower rated bonds are riskier.8-29.Andrew Industries is contemplating issuing a 30-year bond with a coupon rate of 7% (annual coupon payments) and a face value of $1000. Andrew believes it can get a rating of A from Standard and Poor’s. However, due to recent financial difficulties at the company, Standard and Poor’s is warni ng that it may downgrade Andrew Industries bonds to BBB. Yields on A-rated, long-term bonds are currently 6.5%, and yields on BBB-rated bonds are 6.9%. a. What is the price of the bond if Andrew maintains the A rating for the bond issue? b. What will the price of the bond be if it is downgraded? a. When originally issued, the price of the bonds was3070701000...$1065.29.(10.065)(1.065)P +=++=++b. If the bond is downgraded, its price will fall to3070701000...$1012.53.(10.069)(1.069)P +=++=++8-30.HMK Enterprises would like to raise $10 million to invest in capital expenditures. The companyplans to issue five-year bonds with a face value of $1000 and a coupon rate of 6.5% (annual payments). The following table summarizes the yield to maturity for five-year (annualpay) coupon corporate bonds of various ratings:a. Assuming the bonds will be rated AA, what will the price of the bonds be?b. How much total principal amount of these bonds must HMK issue to raise $10 million today,assuming the bonds are AA rated? (Because HMK cannot issue a fraction of a bond, assume that all fractions are rounded to the nearest whole number.) c. What must the rating of the bonds be for them to sell at par?d. Suppose that when the bonds are issued, the price of each bond is $959.54. What is the likelyrating of the bonds? Are they junk bonds?a. The price will be565651000...$1008.36.(1.063)(1.063)P +=++=++b. Each bond will raise $1008.36, so the firm must issue:$10,000,0009917.139918 bonds.$1008.36=⇒This will correspond to a principle amount of 9918$1000$9,918,000.⨯=c. For the bonds to sell at par, the coupon must equal the yield. Since the coupon is 6.5%, the yieldmust also be 6.5%, or A-rated. d. First, compute the yield on these bonds:565651000959.54...7.5%.(1)(1)YTM YTM YTM +=++⇒=++Given a yield of 7.5%, it is likely these bonds are BB rated. Yes, BB-rated bonds are junk bonds.8-31.A BBB-rated corporate bond has a yield to maturity of 8.2%. A U.S. Treasury security has ayield to maturity of 6.5%. These yields are quoted as APRs with semiannual compounding. Both bonds pay semiannual coupons at a rate of 7% and have five years to maturity.a. What is the price (expressed as a percentage of the face value) of the Treasury bond?b. What is the price (expressed as a percentage of the face value) of the BBB-rated corporatebond? c. What is the credit spread on the BBB bonds? a. 103535 1000...$1,021.06 102.1%(1.0325)(1.0325)P +=++==++b.103535 1000...$951.5895.2%(1.041)(1.041)P +=++==++ c. 0. 178-32.The Isabelle Corporation rents prom dresses in its stores across the southern United States. It has just issued a five-year, zero-coupon corporate bond at a price of $74. You have purchased this bond and intend to hold it until maturity. a. What is the yield to maturity of the bond?b. What is the expected return on your investment (expressed as an EAR) if there is no chanceof default? c. What is the expected return (expressed as an EAR) if there is a 100% probability of defaultand you will recover 90% of the face value? d. What is the expected return (expressed as an EAR) if the probability of default is 50%, thelikelihood of default is higher in bad times than good times, and, in the case of default, you will recover 90% of the face value? e. For parts (b –d), what can you say about the five-year, risk-free interest rate in each case? a.1/51001 6.21%74⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭b. In this case, the expected return equals the yield to maturity.c.1/51000.91 3.99%74⨯⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭d. 1/51000.90.51000.51 5.12%74⨯⨯+⨯⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭e. Risk-free rate is 6.21% in b, 3.99% in c, and less than 5.12% in d.AppendixProblems A.1–A.4 refer to the following table:A.1.What is the forward rate for year 2 (the forward rate quoted today for an investment that beginsin one year and matures in two years)? From Eq 8A.2,22221(1) 1.055117.02%(1) 1.04YTM f YTM +=-=-=+A.2.What is the forward rate for year 3 (the forward rate quoted today for an investment that begins in two years and matures in three years)? What can you conclude about forward rates when the yield curve is flat? From Eq 8A.2,3333222(1) 1.05511 5.50%(1) 1.055YTM f YTM +=-=-=+When the yield curve is flat (spot rates are equal), the forward rate is equal to the spot rate.A.3.What is the forward rate for year 5 (the forward rate quoted today for an investment that begins in four years and matures in five years)? From Eq 8A.2,5555444(1) 1.04511 2.52%(1) 1.050YTM f YTM +=-=-=+When the yield curve is flat (spot rates are equal), the forward rate is equal to the spot rate.A.4.Suppose you wanted to lock in an interest rate for an investment that begins in one year and matures in five years. What rate would you obtain if there are no arbitrage opportunities? Call this rate f 1,5. If we invest for one-year at YTM1, and then for the 4 years from year 1 to 5 at rate f 1,5, after five years we would earn 1YTM 11f 1,54with no risk. No arbitrage means this must equal that amount we would earn investing at the current five year spot rate:(1 + YTM 1)(1 + f 1,5)4 + (1 + YTM 5)5.。

公司核心第八章习题

Chapter 8Valuing Bonds8-1.A 30-year bond with a face value of $1000 has a coupon rate of 5.5%, with semiannual payments. a. What is the coupon payment for this bond? b. Draw the cash flows for the bond on a timeline. a. The coupon payment is:Coupon Rate Face Value 0.055$1000$27.50.Number of Coupons per Year 2CPN ⨯⨯===b. The timeline for the cash flows for this bond is (the unit of time on this timeline is six-monthperiods):2P 100/(1.055)$89.85==8-2.Assume that a bond will make payments every six months as shown on the following timeline(using six-month periods):a. What is the maturity of the bond (in years)?b. What is the coupon rate (in percent)?c. What is the face value? a. The maturity is 10 years.b. (20/1000) x 2 = 4%, so the coupon rate is 4%.c. The face value is $1000.1 $27.50 02 $27.503 $27.5060$27.50 +$1000Berk/DeMarzo •Corporate Finance, Second Edition 1078-3.The following table summarizes prices of various default-free, zero-coupon bonds (expressed as a percentage of face value):a. Compute the yield to maturity for each bond.b. Plot the zero-coupon yield curve (for the first five years).c. Is the yield curve upward sloping, downward sloping, or flat?a. Use the following equation.1/nn n FV 1YTM P ⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭1/1111001YTM YTM 4.70%95.51⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭1/2111001YTM YTM 4.80%91.05⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭1/3331001YTM YTM 5.00%86.38⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭1/4441001YTM YTM 5.20%81.65⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭ 1/5551001YTM YTM 5.50%76.51⎛⎫+=⇒= ⎪⎝⎭b. The yield curve is as shown below.Zero Coupon Yield Curve4.64.855.25.45.60246Maturity (Years)Y i e l d t o M a t u r i t yc. The yield curve is upward sloping.108 Berk/DeMarzo• Corporate Finance, Second Edition8-4. Suppose the current zero-coupon yield curve for risk-free bonds is as follows:a. What is the price per $100 face value of a two-year, zero-coupon, risk-free bond?b. What is the price per $100 face value of a four-year, zero-coupon, risk-free bond?c. What is the risk-free interest rate for a five-year maturity? a.2P 100(1.055)$89.85==b. 4P 100/(1.0595)$79.36==c. 6.05%8-5.In the box in Section 8.1, reported that the three-month Treasury bill sold for a price of $100.002556 per $100 face value. What is the yield to maturity of this bond, expressed as an EAR?410010.01022%100.002556⎛⎫-=- ⎪⎝⎭8-6.Suppose a 10-year, $1000 bond with an 8% coupon rate and semiannual coupons is trading for a price of $1034.74.a. What is the bond’s yield to maturity (expressed as an APR with semiannual compounding)?b. If the bond’s yield to maturity changes to 9% APR, what will the bond’s price be? a.2204040401000$1,034.747.5%(1)(1)(1)222YTM YTM YTM YTM +=+++⇒=+++Using the annuity spreadsheet: NPER Rate PV PMT FVExcel Formula Given: 20 -1,034.74 40 1,000Solve For Rate: 3.75%=RATE(20,40,-1034.74,1000)Therefore, YTM = 3.75% × 2 = 7.50% b.2204040401000$934.96..09.09.09(1)(1)(1)222PV L +=+++=+++ Using the spreadsheetWith a 9% YTM = 4.5% per 6 months, the new price is $934.96NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 20 4.50% 40 1,000 Solve For PV: (934.96) =PV(0.045,20,40,1000)Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 1098-7.Suppose a five-year, $1000 bond with annual coupons has a price of $900 and a yield to maturity of 6%. What is the bond’s coupon rate?25C CC 1000900C $36.26, so the coupon rate is 3.626%.(1.06)(1.06)(1.06)+=+++⇒=+++We can use the annuity spreadsheet to solve for the payment. NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 5 6.00% -900.00 1,000Solve For PMT: 36.26 =PMT(0.06,5,-900,1000)Therefore, the coupon rate is 3.626%.8-8.The prices of several bonds with face values of $1000 are summarized in the following table:For each bond, state whether it trades at a discount, at par, or at a premium. Bond A trades at a discount. Bond D trades at par. Bonds B and C trade at a premium.8-9.Explain why the yield of a bond that trades at a discount exceeds the bond’s coupon rate. Bonds trading at a discount generate a return both from receiving the coupons and from receiving a face value that exceeds the price paid for the bond. As a result, the yield to maturity of discount bonds exceeds the coupon rate.8-10.Suppose a seven-year, $1000 bond with an 8% coupon rate and semiannual coupons is trading with a yield to maturity of 6.75%.a. Is this bond currently trading at a discount, at par, or at a premium? Explain.b. If the yield to maturity of the bond rises to 7% (APR with semiannual compounding), whatprice will the bond trade for? a. Because the yield to maturity is less than the coupon rate, the bond is trading at a premium. b. 2144040401000$1,054.60(1.035)(1.035)(1.035)++++=+++NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 14 3.50% 40 1,000Solve For PV:(1,054.60)=PV(0.035,14,40,1000)8-11.Suppose that General Motors Acceptance Corporation issued a bond with 10 years until maturity, a face value of $1000, and a coupon rate of 7% (annual payments). The yield to maturity on this bond when it was issued was 6%. a. What was the price of this bond when it was issued?b. Assuming the yield to maturity remains constant, what is the price of the bond immediatelybefore it makes its first coupon payment? c. Assuming the yield to maturity remains constant, what is the price of the bond immediatelyafter it makes its first coupon payment?110 Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Editiona. When it was issued, the price of the bond was1070701000P ...$1073.60.(1.06)(1.06)+=++=++b. Before the first coupon payment, the price of the bond is970701000P 70...$1138.02.(1.06)(1.06)+=++=++c. After the first coupon payment, the price of the bond will be970701000P ...$1068.02.(1.06)(1.06)+=+=++8-12.Suppose you purchase a 10-year bond with 6% annual coupons. You hold the bond for fouryears, and sell it immediately after receiving the fourth coupon. If the bond’s yield to maturity was 5% when you purchased and sold the bond,a. What cash flows will you pay and receive from your investment in the bond per $100 facevalue? b. What is the internal rate of return of your investment?a. First, we compute the initial price of the bond by discounting its 10 annual coupons of $6 and finalface value of $100 at the 5% yield to maturity.NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given:10 5.00%6 100Solve For PV:(107.72)= PV(0.05,10,6,100)Thus, the initial price of the bond = $107.72. (Note that the bond trades above par, as its coupon rate exceeds its yield.)Next we compute the price at which the bond is sold, which is the present value of the bonds cash flows when only 6 years remain until maturity.NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 6 5.00%6 100Solve For PV:(105.08)= PV(0.05,6,6,100)Therefore, the bond was sold for a price of $105.08. The cash flows from the investment are therefore as shown in the following timeline.Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 111b. We can compute the IRR of the investment using the annuity spreadsheet. The PV is the purchaseprice, the PMT is the coupon amount, and the FV is the sale price. The length of the investment N = 4 years. We then calculate the IRR of investment = 5%. Because the YTM was the same at the time of purchase and sale, the IRR of the investment matches the YTM. NPER Rate PV PMT FV Excel Formula Given: 4 –107.72 6 105.08Solve For Rate: 5.00% = RATE(4,6,-107.72,105.08)8-13.Consider the following bonds:a. What is the percentage change in the price of each bond if its yield to maturity falls from 6% to 5%?b. Which of the bonds A –D is most sensitive to a 1% drop in interest rates from 6% to 5% andwhy? Which bond is least sensitive? Provide an intuitive explanation for your answer. a. We can compute the price of each bond at each YTM using Eq. 8.5. For example, with a 6% YTM,the price of bond A per $100 face value is15100P(bond A, 6% YTM)$41.73.1.06== The price of bond D is101011100P(bond D, 6% YTM)81$114.72..06 1.06 1.06⎛⎫=⨯-+= ⎪⎝⎭ One can also use the Excel formula to compute the price: –PV(YTM, NPER, PMT, FV). Once we compute the price of each bond for each YTM, we can compute the % price change as Percent change =()()()Price at 5% YTM Price at 6% YTM .Price at 6% YTM -The results are shown in the table below.Coupon Rate Maturity Price at Price at Percentage Change(annual payments)(years)6% YTM 5% YTM A 0%15$41.73$48.1015.3%B 0%10$55.84$61.399.9%C 4%15$80.58$89.6211.2%D8%10$114.72$123.177.4%Bondb. Bond A is most sensitive, because it has the longest maturity and no coupons. Bond D is the leastsensitive. Intuitively, higher coupon rates and a shorter maturity typically lower a bond’s interest rate sensitivity.112 Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition8-14.Suppose you purchase a 30-year, zero-coupon bond with a yield to maturity of 6%. You hold the bond for five years before selling it.a. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 6% when you sell it, what is the internal rate of return ofyour investment? b. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 7% when you sell it, what is the internal rate of return ofyour investment? c. If the bond’s yield to maturity is 5% when you se ll it, what is the internal rate of return ofyour investment? d. Even if a bond has no chance of default, is your investment risk free if you plan to sell itbefore it matures? Explain. a. Purchase price = 100 / 1.0630 = 17.41. Sale price = 100 / 1.0625 = 23.30. Return = (23.30 / 17.41)1/5– 1 = 6.00%. I.e., since YTM is the same at purchase and sale, IRR = YTM. b. Purchase price = 100 / 1.0630 = 17.41. Sale price = 100 / 1.0725 = 18.42. Return = (18.42 / 17.41)1/5– 1 = 1.13%. I.e., since YTM rises, IRR < initial YTM. c. Purchase price = 100 / 1.0630 = 17.41. Sale price = 100 / 1.0525 = 29.53. Return = (29.53 / 17.41)1/5– 1 = 11.15%. I.e., since YTM falls, IRR > initial YTM. d. Even without default, if you sell prior to maturity, you are exposed to the risk that the YTM maychange.8-15.Suppose you purchase a 30-year Treasury bond with a 5% annual coupon, initially trading at par. In 10 years’ time, the bond’s yield to maturity has risen to 7% (EAR).a. If you sell the bond now, what internal rate of return will you have earned on yourinvestment in the bond? b. If instead you hold the bond to maturity, what internal rate of return will you earn on yourinvestment in the bond? c. Is comparing the IRRs in (a) versus (b) a useful way to evaluate the decision to sell the bond?Explain. a. 3.17% b. 5%c. We can’t simply compare IRRs. By not selling the bond for its current price of $78.81, we willearn the current market return of 7% on that amount going forward.8-16.Suppose the current yield on a one-year, zero coupon bond is 3%, while the yield on a five-year, zero coupon bond is 5%. Neither bond has any risk of default. Suppose you plan to invest for one year. You will earn more over the year by investing in the five-year bond as long as its yield does not rise above what level?The return from investing in the 1 year is the yield. The return for investing in the 5 year for initialprice p 0 and selling after one year at price p1 is 101pp -. We have05151,(1.05)1.(1)p p y ==+Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 113So you break even when41105545/41/41(1)110.031(1.05)(1.05) 1.03(1)(1.05)1 5.51%.(1.03)p y y p y y +-=-===+=-=For Problems 17–22, assume zero-coupon yields on default-free securities are as summarized in the following table:8-17.What is the price today of a two-year, default-free security with a face value of $1000 and an annual coupon rate of 6%? Does this bond trade at a discount, at par, or at a premium?221260601000...$1032.091(1.04)(1)(1)(1.043)N N CPN CPN CPN FV P YTM YTM YTM ++=+++=+=+++++This bond trades at a premium. The coupon of the bond is greater than each of the zero coupon yields, so the coupon will also be greater than the yield to maturity on this bond. Therefore it trades at a premium8-18.What is the price of a five-year, zero-coupon, default-free security with a face value of $1000? The price of the zero-coupon bond is51000$791.03(1)(10.048)NN FV P YTM ===++ 8-19.What is the price of a three-year, default-free security with a face value of $1000 and an annual coupon rate of 4%? What is the yield to maturity for this bond? The price of the bond is223124040401000...$986.58.1(1.04)(1)(1)(1.043)(1.045)N N CPN CPN CPN FV P YTM YTM YTM ++=+++=++=++++++ The yield to maturity is2...1(1)(1)NCPN CPN CPN FVP YTM YTM YTM +=++++++234040401000$986.58 4.488%(1)(1)(1)YTM YTM YTM YTM +=++⇒=+++8-20.What is the maturity of a default-free security with annual coupon payments and a yield to maturity of 4%? Why?The maturity must be one year. If the maturity were longer than one year, there would be an arbitrage opportunity.114 Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition8-21.Consider a four-year, default-free security with annual coupon payments and a face value of $1000 that is issued at par. What is the coupon rate of this bond? Solve the following equation:2344111110001000(1.04)(1.043)(1.045)(1.047)(1.047)$46.76.CPN CPN ⎛⎫=++++ ⎪+++++⎝⎭=Therefore, the par coupon rate is 4.676%.8-22.Consider a five-year, default-free bond with annual coupons of 5% and a face value of $1000. a. Without doing any calculations, determine whether this bond is trading at a premium or at adiscount. Explain. b. What is the yield to maturity on this bond?c. If the yield to maturity on this bond increased to 5.2%, what would the new price be? a. The bond is trading at a premium because its yield to maturity is a weighted average of the yieldsof the zero coupon bonds. This implied that its yield is below 5%, the coupon rate. b. To compute the yield, first compute the price.2122345...1(1)(1)50505050501000$1010.05(1.04)(1.043)(1.045)(1.047)(1.048)NN CPN CPN CPN FVP YTM YTM YTM +=+++++++=++++=+++++The yield to maturity is:2...1(1)(1)505010001010.05... 4.77%.(1)(1)NN CPN CPN CPN FVP YTM YTM YTM YTM YTM YTM +=+++++++=++⇒=++c. If the yield increased to 5.2%, the new price would be:2...1(1)(1)50501000...$991.39.(1.052)(1.052)NNCPN CPN CPN FV P YTM YTM YTM +=+++++++=++=++8-23.Prices of zero-coupon, default-free securities with face values of $1000 are summarized in thefollowing table:Suppose you observe that a three-year, default-free security with an annual coupon rate of 10% and a face value of $1000 has a price today of $1183.50. Is there an arbitrage opportunity? If so, show specifically how you would take advantage of this opportunity. If not, why not?First, figure out if the price of the coupon bond is consistent with the zero coupon yields implied by the other securities.Berk/DeMarzo • Corporate Finance, Second Edition 115111000970.87 3.0%(1)YTM YTM =→=+ 2221000938.95 3.2%(1)YTM YTM =→=+ 3331000904.56 3.4%(1)YTM YTM =→=+According to these zero coupon yields, the price of the coupon bond should be:231001001001000$1186.00.(1.03)(1.032)(1.034)+++=+++ The price of the coupon bond is too low, so there is an arbitrage opportunity. To take advantage of it:Today1 Year2 Years3 Years Buy 10 Coupon Bonds 11835.00 +1000 +1000 +11,000 Short Sell 1 One-Year Zero +970.87 1000Short Sell 1 Two-Year Zero +938.95 1000Short Sell 11 Three-Year Zeros +9950.16 11,000 Net Cash Flow 24.988-24.Assume there are four default-free bonds with the following prices and future cash flows:Do these bonds present an arbitrage opportunity? If so, how would you take advantage of this opportunity? If not, why not?To determine whether these bonds present an arbitrage opportunity, check whether the pricing is internally consistent. Calculate the spot rates implied by Bonds A, B, and D (the zero coupon bonds), and use this to check Bond C. (You may alternatively compute the spot rates from Bonds A, B, and C, and check Bond D, or some other combination.)111000934.587.0%(1)YTM YTM =⇒=+2221000881.66 6.5%(1)YTM YTM =⇒=+3331000839.62 6.0%(1)YTM YTM =⇒=+Given the spot rates implied by Bonds A, B, and D, the price of Bond C should be $1,105.21. Its price really is $1,118.21, so it is overpriced by $13 per bond. Yes, there is an arbitrage opportunity.To take advantage of this opportunity, you want to (short) Sell Bond C (since it is overpriced). To match future cash flows, one strategy is to sell 10 Bond Cs (it is not the only effective strategy; any multiple of this strategy is also arbitrage). This complete strategy is summarized in the table below.Today 1 Year 2Years 3Years Sell Bond C 11,182.10 –1,000 –1,000–11,000Buy Bond A –934.58 1,0000 0 Buy Bond B –881.66 0 1,0000 Buy 11 Bond D –9,235.82 0 0 11,000Net Cash Flow130.04Notice that your arbitrage profit equals 10 times the mispricing on each bond (subject to rounding error).8-25.Suppose you are given the following information about the default-free, coupon-paying yield curve:a. Use arbitrage to determine the yield to maturity of a two-year, zero-coupon bond.b. What is the zero-coupon yield curve for years 1 through 4?a. We can construct a two-year zero coupon bond using the one and two-year coupon bonds asfollows. Cash Flow in Year: 1 2 3 4 Two-year coupon bond ($1000 Face Value) 100 1,100 Less: One-year bond ($100 Face Value) (100) Two-year zero ($1100 Face Value) - 1,100Now, Price(2-year coupon bond) = 21001100$1115.051.03908 1.03908+=Price(1-year bond) =100$98.04.1.02= By the Law of One Price:Price(2 year zero) = Price(2 year coupon bond) – Price(One-year bond)= 1115.05 – 98.04 = $1017.01Given this price per $1100 face value, the YTM for the 2-year zero is (Eq. 8.3)1/21100(2)1 4.000%.1017.01YTM ⎛⎫=-= ⎪⎝⎭b. We already know YTM(1) = 2%, YTM(2) = 4%. We can construct a 3-year zero as follows:Cash Flow in Year:1 2 3 4Three-year coupon bond ($1000 face value) 60 60 1,060 Less: one-year zero ($60 face value) (60) Less: two-year zero ($60 face value) - (60) Three-year zero ($1060 face value) -- 1,060Now, Price(3-year coupon bond) = 2360601060$1004.29.1.0584 1.0584 1.0584++=By the Law of One Price:Price(3-year zero) = Price(3-year coupon bond) – Price(One-year zero) – Price(Two-year zero) = Price(3-year coupon bond) – PV(coupons in years 1 and 2)= 1004.29 – 60 / 1.02 – 60 / 1.042 = $889.99.Solving for the YTM:1/31060(3)1 6.000%.889.99YTM ⎛⎫=-= ⎪⎝⎭Finally, we can do the same for the 4-year zero:Cash Flow in Year:1 2 3 4Four-year coupon bond ($1000 face value) 120 120 120 1,120 Less: one-year zero ($120 face value) (120) Less: two-year zero ($120 face value) — (120) Less: three-year zero ($120 face value) — — (120) Four-year zero ($1120 face value) —— —1,120Now, Price(4-year coupon bond) = 2341201201201120$1216.50.1.05783 1.05783 1.05783 1.05783+++=By the Law of One Price:Price(4-year zero) = Price(4-year coupon bond) – PV(coupons in years 1–3)= 1216.50 – 120 / 1.02 – 120 / 1.042 – 120 / 1.063 = $887.15. Solving for the YTM:1/41120(4)1 6.000%.887.15YTM ⎛⎫=-= ⎪⎝⎭Thus, we have computed the zero coupon yield curve as shown.8-26.Explain why the expected return of a corporate bond does not equal its yield to maturity. The yield to maturity of a corporate bond is based on the promised payments of the bond. But there is some chance the corporation will default and pay less. Thus, the bond’s expected return is typically less than its YTM.Corporate bonds have credit risk, which is the risk that the borrower will default and not pay all specified payments. As a result, investors pay less for bonds with credit risk than they would for an otherwise identical default-free bond. Because the YTM for a bond is calculated using the promised cash flows, the yields of bonds with credit risk will be higher than that of otherwise identical default-free bonds. However, the YTM of a defaultable bond is always higher than the expected return of investing in the bond because it is calculated using the promised cash flows rather than the expected cash flows.8-27.Grummon Corporation has issued zero-coupon corporate bonds with a five-year maturity. Investors believe there is a 20% chance that Grummon will default on these bonds. If Grummon does default, investors expect to receive only 50 cents per dollar they are owed. If investors require a 6% expected return on their investment in these bonds, what will be the price and yield to maturity on these bonds? Price =5100((1)())67.251.06d d r -+=Yield=1/510018.26%67.25⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭8-28.The following table summarizes the yields to maturity on several one-year, zero-couponsecurities:a. What is the price (expressed as a percentage of the face value) of a one-year, zero-couponcorporate bond with a AAA rating? b. What is the credit spread on AAA-rated corporate bonds? c. What is the credit spread on B-rated corporate bonds? d. How does the credit spread change with the bond rating? Why? a. The price of this bond will be10096.899.1.032P ==+b. The credit spread on AAA-rated corporate bonds is 0.032 – 0.031 = 0.1%.c. The credit spread on B-rated corporate bonds is 0.049 – 0.031 = 1.8%.d. The credit spread increases as the bond rating falls, because lower rated bonds are riskier.8-29.Andrew Industries is contemplating issuing a 30-year bond with a coupon rate of 7% (annual coupon payments) and a face value of $1000. Andrew believes it can get a rating of A from Standard and Poor’s. However, due to recent financial difficulties at the company, Standard and Poor’s is warni ng that it may downgrade Andrew Industries bonds to BBB. Yields on A-rated, long-term bonds are currently 6.5%, and yields on BBB-rated bonds are 6.9%. a. What is the price of the bond if Andrew maintains the A rating for the bond issue? b. What will the price of the bond be if it is downgraded? a. When originally issued, the price of the bonds was3070701000...$1065.29.(10.065)(1.065)P +=++=++b. If the bond is downgraded, its price will fall to3070701000...$1012.53.(10.069)(1.069)P +=++=++8-30.HMK Enterprises would like to raise $10 million to invest in capital expenditures. The companyplans to issue five-year bonds with a face value of $1000 and a coupon rate of 6.5% (annual payments). The following table summarizes the yield to maturity for five-year (annualpay) coupon corporate bonds of various ratings:a. Assuming the bonds will be rated AA, what will the price of the bonds be?b. How much total principal amount of these bonds must HMK issue to raise $10 million today,assuming the bonds are AA rated? (Because HMK cannot issue a fraction of a bond, assume that all fractions are rounded to the nearest whole number.) c. What must the rating of the bonds be for them to sell at par?d. Suppose that when the bonds are issued, the price of each bond is $959.54. What is the likelyrating of the bonds? Are they junk bonds?a. The price will be565651000...$1008.36.(1.063)(1.063)P +=++=++b. Each bond will raise $1008.36, so the firm must issue:$10,000,0009917.139918 bonds.$1008.36=⇒This will correspond to a principle amount of 9918$1000$9,918,000.⨯=c. For the bonds to sell at par, the coupon must equal the yield. Since the coupon is 6.5%, the yieldmust also be 6.5%, or A-rated. d. First, compute the yield on these bonds:565651000959.54...7.5%.(1)(1)YTM YTM YTM +=++⇒=++Given a yield of 7.5%, it is likely these bonds are BB rated. Yes, BB-rated bonds are junk bonds.8-31.A BBB-rated corporate bond has a yield to maturity of 8.2%. A U.S. Treasury security has ayield to maturity of 6.5%. These yields are quoted as APRs with semiannual compounding. Both bonds pay semiannual coupons at a rate of 7% and have five years to maturity.a. What is the price (expressed as a percentage of the face value) of the Treasury bond?b. What is the price (expressed as a percentage of the face value) of the BBB-rated corporatebond? c. What is the credit spread on the BBB bonds? a. 103535 1000...$1,021.06 102.1%(1.0325)(1.0325)P +=++==++b.103535 1000...$951.5895.2%(1.041)(1.041)P +=++==++ c. 0. 178-32.The Isabelle Corporation rents prom dresses in its stores across the southern United States. It has just issued a five-year, zero-coupon corporate bond at a price of $74. You have purchased this bond and intend to hold it until maturity. a. What is the yield to maturity of the bond?b. What is the expected return on your investment (expressed as an EAR) if there is no chanceof default? c. What is the expected return (expressed as an EAR) if there is a 100% probability of defaultand you will recover 90% of the face value? d. What is the expected return (expressed as an EAR) if the probability of default is 50%, thelikelihood of default is higher in bad times than good times, and, in the case of default, you will recover 90% of the face value? e. For parts (b –d), what can you say about the five-year, risk-free interest rate in each case? a.1/51001 6.21%74⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭b. In this case, the expected return equals the yield to maturity.c.1/51000.91 3.99%74⨯⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭d. 1/51000.90.51000.51 5.12%74⨯⨯+⨯⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭e. Risk-free rate is 6.21% in b, 3.99% in c, and less than 5.12% in d.AppendixProblems A.1–A.4 refer to the following table:A.1.What is the forward rate for year 2 (the forward rate quoted today for an investment that beginsin one year and matures in two years)? From Eq 8A.2,22221(1) 1.055117.02%(1) 1.04YTM f YTM +=-=-=+A.2.What is the forward rate for year 3 (the forward rate quoted today for an investment that begins in two years and matures in three years)? What can you conclude about forward rates when the yield curve is flat? From Eq 8A.2,3333222(1) 1.05511 5.50%(1) 1.055YTM f YTM +=-=-=+When the yield curve is flat (spot rates are equal), the forward rate is equal to the spot rate.A.3.What is the forward rate for year 5 (the forward rate quoted today for an investment that begins in four years and matures in five years)? From Eq 8A.2,5555444(1) 1.04511 2.52%(1) 1.050YTM f YTM +=-=-=+When the yield curve is flat (spot rates are equal), the forward rate is equal to the spot rate.A.4.Suppose you wanted to lock in an interest rate for an investment that begins in one year and matures in five years. What rate would you obtain if there are no arbitrage opportunities? Call this rate f 1,5. If we invest for one-year at YTM1, and then for the 4 years from year 1 to 5 at rate f 1,5, after five years we would earn 1YTM 11f 1,54with no risk. No arbitrage means this must equal that amount we would earn investing at the current five year spot rate:(1 + YTM 1)(1 + f 1,5)4 + (1 + YTM 5)5.。

第8章_作业

第八章一、单项选择题1、某投资方案年营业收入为10000元，年付现成本为6000元，年折旧额为2000元，所得税率50%，该方案的NCF=（）。

A、2000B、1000C、3000D、5002、下列不属于终结现金流量范畴的是（）。

A．固定资产残值收入 B. 固定资产投资C．垫支流动资金的收回 D.停止使用的土地的变价收入3、某投资方案欲购进一套新设备，要支付2000万，旧设备残值50万，在投入运营前要垫支营运资金200万，则该项目初始现金流量是（）。

A、2150万B、1950万C、2000万D、2200万4、某项投资方案在经济上认为是有利的,其净现值至少应该( )。

A、等于1B、大于零C、等于零D、小于零5、下列指标的计算中，没有直接利用净现金流量的是（）。

A、内部收益率B、投资利润率C、净现值率D、获利指数6．根据计算结果是否大于1来判断固定资产投资方案是否可行的指标是( )A平均报酬率 B、净现值 C、获利指数 D、投资回收期7、对投资项目内部收益率的大小不产生影响的因素是（）。

A、原始投资额B、现金流量C、折现率D、项目寿命期8、某投资方案的年销售收入为180万元，年付现成本费用120万元，年折旧20万元，所得税率30%，则该方案的年现金流量为（）万元。

A、60B、62C、56D、489．当一项长期投资的NPV大于零时，下列说法不正确的是（）A．该方案不可投资B.该方案的内部报酬率大于其资本成本C．该方案获利指数大于1D.该方案未来报酬的总现值大于初始投资现值10、在没有资本限量的投资决策中，最好的评价方法是（）A.净现值法B.获利指数法C.内含报酬率法D.投资回收期法11、固定资产使用成本是一种（）A.非付现成本B.付现成本C. 沉没成本D.资金成本12、获利指数与净现值比，其优点是（）A.便于投资额相同的方案的比较B.便于投资额不同的方案的比较C.考虑了投资风险性D.考虑了资产的时间价值13 计算营业现金流量时，每年净现金流量可按下列公式的（）来计算。

第八章：发展中国家的二元经济结构

费景汉-拉尼斯模型意义：
费景汉-拉尼斯模型的意义在于它强调了农业对工业的贡献不仅仅在于它提供工业部门所需要的劳动力，而且它还为工业部门提供农业剩余。如果农业剩余不能满足工业部门扩张后新增工业劳动力对农产品的需求，劳动力的转移就会受到阻碍。
Qa et L N 1
（二）乔根森模型
刘易斯模型的第三种形态假定： (1)经济是开放型经济； (2)资本主义部门与非资本主义部门都与外部世界有贸易往来。这样，资本主义部门可以通过从外部世界进口来免受非资本主义部门的停滞之累。但因此产生过多的进口会使增长放慢速度，或导致结构性通货膨胀。
（二）现代部门对传统部门的影响
刘易斯于1979年发表了“再论二元经济”，讨论了现代部门对传统部门的影响等问题。刘易斯指出，现代部门的扩张可以通过四种方式或途径使传统部门受益，而每一种方式也可能会产生破坏性的影响。
资本市场二元性的表现是：利率在有组织的资本市场上和在无组织的资本市场上有很大差别。利率差别一部分是由借贷的交易费用和信息费用所决定的。此外，对不同程度风险的保险溢价(insurance premium)也是一个因素。无组织资本市场利率较高。
劳动市场的二元性。现代部门工资较高，传统部门的收入比较低。劳动力市场的这种二元性来源于劳动力的不同性质。政府行政和财政机构的二元性。政府总部必须通过一系列的中间层次机构才能与村落里的小规模经济单位建立联系。
第四种途径是两个部门之间的贸易。如果现代部门必需品部分依赖于传统部门，那么，现代部门的扩张就依赖于传统部门的类似扩张，否则，贸易条件就会不利于现代部门。然而，传统部门生产力的上升对现代部门的影响也可能是反方向的。
（三）对刘易斯模型的批评首先，劳动力的转移过程可能因要素分配份额的变化而突然中止。由于最低工资法、政府干预或工会活动，也可能由于生存部门生产率提高，实际工资可能忽然上升而不是保持不变。

第八章斯勒茨基方程

收入效应的计算：
继例1：设消费者每天对牛奶的需求函数为
：
x( p, m) m
10 p
m 100, p 4, p 2
第八章斯勒茨基方程
Slide 9
斯勒茨基分解
价格变化的总效应：
x1 x1s x1m [x1( p, px) x1( p, m)][x1( p, m) x1( p, px)]
收入效应
在新的相对价格下，购买力变化 ms 所引起的需求改变量。
——将转动后的预算线 B s向外移动到 B
x1m x1( p, m) x1( p, m ms )
第八章斯勒茨基方程
Slide 7
斯勒茨基分解
收入效应 B
m s
Bs B
x1s x1m
第八章斯勒茨基方程
Slide 8
斯勒茨基分解
第八章斯勒茨基方程
Slide 12
斯勒茨基分解
斯勒茨基方程
斯勒茨基需求函数： x1s ( p, x) x1( p, p1x1 p2 x2 )
函数对 p1求偏导，并在点 p 处取值：
x1s ( p, p1
x)
x1 (
p1, p2 , m) p1
x1
x1 (
p1, p2 , m) m
x1( p, m) p1
第八章
斯勒茨基方程
© 版权所有：夏纪军 2003 保留所有权利
上海财经大学经济学院
斯勒茨基（Slutsky）方程
价格变化
替代效应：由于两种商品交换比率变化而引起的需求变化。
收入效应：由于货币购买力变化而引起的需求变化。
第八章斯勒茨基方程
Slide 2
斯ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ茨基分解

宏观经济第八章、第七章答案

一、选择题1. 货币供给量增加使LM曲线右移表示（D）。

A、利息率不变产出增加；B、利息率不变产出减少；C、产出不变利息率提高；D、产出不变利息率降低。

2. 水平的LM曲线表示（A）。

A、产出增加使利息率微小提高；B、产出增加使利息率微小下降；C、利息率提高使产出大幅增加；D、利息率提高使产出大幅减少。

3. 利息率提高时，货币的投机需求将（C）A、增加；B、不变；C、减少；D、不确定。

4. 假定货币供给量不变，货币的交易需求和预防需求增加将导致货币的投机需求（C）A、增加；B、不变；C、减少；D、不确定。

5. 属于内在稳定器的项目是（Ｃ）Ａ、政府购买；Ｂ、税收；Ｃ、政府转移支付；Ｄ、政府公共工程支出。

6.属于紧缩性财政政策工具的是（Ｂ）Ａ、减少政府支出和减少税收；Ｂ、减少政府支出和增加税收；Ｃ、增加政府支出和减少税收；Ｄ、增加政府支出和增加税收。

7.如果存在通货膨胀缺口，应采取的财政政策是（Ａ）Ａ、增加税收；Ｂ、减少税收；Ｃ、增加政府支出；Ｄ、增加转移支付。

8.经济中存在失业时，应采取的财政政策是（Ａ）Ａ、增加政府支出；Ｂ、提高个人所得税；Ｃ、提高公司所得税；Ｄ、增加货币发行。

9.通常认为，紧缩货币的政策是（Ｄ）Ａ、中央银行买入政府债券；Ｂ、增加货币供给；Ｃ、降低法定准备金率；Ｄ、提高贴现率。

10.紧缩性货币政策的运用会导致（Ｃ）Ａ、减少货币供给量；降低利率；Ｂ、增加货币供给量，提高利率；Ｃ、减少货币供给量；提高利率；Ｄ、增加货币供给量，提高利率。

11.法定准备金率越高（Ｄ）Ａ、银行越愿意贷款；Ｂ、货币供给量越大；Ｃ、越可能引发通货膨胀；Ｄ、商业银行存款创造越困难。

12.对利率最敏感的是（Ｃ）Ａ、货币的交易需求；Ｂ、货币的谨慎需求；Ｃ、货币的投机需求；Ｄ、三种需求反应相同。

13.在下列哪种情况下，紧缩货币政策的有效性将削弱？（Ａ）Ａ、实际利率很低；Ｂ、名义利率很低；Ｃ、实际利率很高；Ｄ、名义利率很高。

西方经济学第8章(微观第8章)

西方经济学第8章(微观第8章)一、问答题1．说明生产要素理论在微观经济学中的地位答：（1）从商品的角度来看，微观经济学可以分为两个部分，即关于“产品”的理论和关于“要素”的理论。

前者讨论产品的价格和数量的决定，后者讨论要素的价格和数量的决定。

（2）产品的理论和要素的理论是相互联系的。

特别是，产品理论离不开要素理论，否则就不完全。

这是因为：首先，产品理论在讨论产品的需求曲线时，假定了消费者的收入水平为既定，但并未说明收入水平是如何决定的。

其次，在推导产品的供给曲线时，假定了生产要素的价格为既定，但并未说明要素的价格是如何决定的。

这两点都与要素理论有关。

因此，要素理论可以看成是产品理论的自然的延伸和发展。

（3）在西方经济学中，产品理论通常被看成是“价值”理论，要素理论通常被看成是“分配”理论。

产品理论加上要素理论，或者价值理论加上分配理论，构成了整个微观经济学的一个相对完整的体系。

2．试述厂商的要素使用原则。

答：（1）厂商在使用要素时同样遵循利润最大化原则，即要求使用要素的“边际成本”和“边际收益”相等。

（2）在一般情况下，厂商使用要素的边际收益是“边际收益产品”（要素的边际产品和产品的边际收益的乘积），边际成本是“边际要素成本”。

因此，一般厂商使用要素的原则是：边际收益成本等于边际要素价格。

（3）在完全竞争条件下，边际收益产品等于“边际产品价值”（要素的边际产品和产品价格的乘积），而边际要素成本等于“要素价格”。

于是，完全竞争厂商使用要素的原则是：边际产品价值等于要素价格。

（4）在卖方垄断条件下，垄断厂商的要素使用原则是：边际收益产品等于要素价格。

（5）在买方垄断条件下，垄断厂商的要素使用原则是：边际产品价值等于边际要素成本。

3．要素使用原则与利润最大化产量原则有何关系？答：（1）在西方经济学中，利润最大化与被假定为是任何厂商的任何活动都必须遵守的原则。

因此，无论是产量的决定还是要素使用量的决定，遵守的都是同一个利润最大化原则。

罗斯《公司理财》第八版第八章

Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Investments:
(1) Bowling ball machine –100.00
21.76*
(2) Accumulated depreciation
20.00 52.00 71.20 82.72 94.24
(3) Adjusted basis of machine after depreciation (end of year)
Investments:
(1) Bowling ball machine –100.00
21.76*
(2) Accumulated depreciation
20.00 52.00 71.20 82.72 94.24
(3) Adjusted basis of machine after depreciation (end of year)
罗斯《公司理财》第八版第八章
The Baldwin Company
Income: (8) Sales Revenues
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 100.00 163.20 249.72 212.20 129.90
Recall that production (in units) by year during the 5-year life of the machine is given by: (5,000, 8,000, 12,000, 10,000, 6,000). Price during the first year is $20 and increases 2% per year thereafter. Sales revenue in year 3 = 12,000×[$20×(1.02)2] = 12,000×$20.81 = $249,720.

管理学原理教案(第八章)

管理学原理课程教案第八章激励§1 激励概述一、关于人性学说（一)人性、动机与激励之间的关系（二）关于人性的学说在如何看待人性的问题上，西方管理学界曾提出过各种不同的假设，后来这些不同的人性假设便构成了西方管理心理学的基石。

1965年，美国心理学家沙因(E·H·Shchein）把流行于西方的几种人性理论概括为“经济人”、“社会人”、”自我实现的人"、"复杂人”的假设.这四种假设表明了西方管理界对于人性看法的发展历程1、经济人♦理性经济人，也可称“实利人”。

这是古典管理理论对人的看法，即把人当作“经济动物”来看待♦认为人的一切行为都是为了最大限度地满足自己的私利，人都要争取最大的经济利益，工作是为了获得经济报酬♦相应采取重视物质刺激，实行严格监督控制的方式2、社会人♦人们在工作中得到的物质利益，对于调动人们的生产积极性只有次要意义，人们最重视在工作中与周围的人友好相处.良好的人际关系对于调动人的积极性是决定性因素♦采取重视人际关系，鼓励职工参与的方式3、自我实现的人♦“自我实现"假设认为人特别重视自身社会价值，以自我实现为最高价值;♦采取鼓励贡献,自我控制方式.4、复杂人♦人是矛盾的统一体,人与人是不同的，人是会变的，因此,人是复杂的♦人的需要是多种多样的，其行为会因时、因地、因条件而异;♦相应采取系统、权变管理方式。

不管人们对于人性有何不同的认识,根据心理学家所揭示的规律,人之所以会采取某种特定的行为是由其动机决定的.一个人愿不愿意做某项工作,工作的积极性是高还是低，干劲是大还是小，完全取决于他是否有进行这项工作的动机及动机的强弱。

二、动机理论1、动机的含义♦动机是推动人从事某种行为的心理动力。

♦动机是一个人产生行为的直接原因2、动机的来源从心理学的角度分析，动机是由未满足的需要引起的1需要–指客观的刺激作用于人的大脑所引起的个体缺乏某种东西的心理状态•客观的刺激•缺乏某种东西未满足的需求是形成人的行为动机的根本原因，一个人的行为总是直接或间接、自觉或不自觉地为了实现某种需求的满足。

精益思想白金版第8章总结

精益思想白金版第8章总结精益思想是一种管理和生产哲学，旨在通过降低浪费、提高效率和质量，实现持续改进和客户满意度的目标。

它的核心理念是通过精益生产方式来提供价值，即满足客户需求的产品和服务。

第8章主要讨论了精益思想在服务行业中的应用，并提供了一些实例和工具。

本章首先介绍了精益思想在服务行业中的重要性。

服务行业的特点是无形性、可变性和不可存储性，因此传统的生产方式往往无法满足客户需求。

精益思想通过强调价值流、流程改进和员工参与，可以帮助服务行业提高效率和质量。

接下来，本章讨论了精益服务的关键概念和原理。

其中之一是理论上的减少浪费，“浪费”指的是任何未增加价值的活动或资源。

通过识别和消除浪费，可以提高服务质量和效率。

另一个重要概念是价值流，即从开始到结束为客户提供价值的流程。

通过识别和优化价值流，可以更好地满足客户需求。

在介绍了关键概念后，本章提供了一些实例来说明精益服务的应用。

例如，汽车保险索赔流程可以通过精益技术来改进。

通过分析整个流程，识别和消除浪费，并增加员工的参与，可以提高索赔的效率和客户满意度。

此外，本章还介绍了一些精益工具和技术，如价值流图、5S、持续改进和标准化工作。

这些工具可以帮助服务行业提高效率和质量。

例如，价值流图可以帮助识别和分析服务流程中的浪费，并提出改进措施。

5S可以帮助改善工作环境，提高工作效率。

持续改进和标准化工作是通过团队协作和员工参与实现的，可以不断提高服务质量和效率。

最后，本章提供了一些实施精益思想的建议。

首先，需要创建一个改进的文化和氛围，鼓励员工提出改进意见并积极参与。

其次，需要建立一个跨职能的团队来推动改变，通过合作和沟通来实现目标。

最后，需要持续进行监控和评估，以确保改进的持续。

总的来说，精益思想白金版第8章介绍了精益思想在服务行业中的应用和实施方法。

通过识别和消除浪费，优化价值流，以及使用一些工具和技术，服务行业可以提高效率和质量，实现持续改进和客户满意度的目标。

第八章篇章翻译解析

reference ▪ 2. 语内照应 (内指）endophoric
reference
1)前照应（回指）anaphoric reference
2)后照应（下指）cataphoric reference
▪ 例子：
▪ 张明是我的朋友。(外指，张明存在于客观世界之中)
▪ 张明是我的一个朋友。他是西安人。（内指， “他”回指“张明”）
▪ 那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说：“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路！” （朱自清《背影》）
▪ In that winter, my grandma died and my father lost his job. I left for Xuzhou to join him in hastening home to attend my grandma’s funeral. When I met him in Xuzhou, the sight of disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought to my grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. He said, “Now that things have come to such a mess, it’s no use crying. Fortunately, heaven always leaves one a way out.” (张培基译)
▪ “这倒难以说定。可是你只要看看这儿的小客厅，就得了解答。这里面有一个金融界的大亨，又有一位工业界的巨头；这小客厅就是中国社会的缩影。” （《子夜》）

8第八章斯勒茨基方程解读

商品束仍能消费的起）
区别：希克斯分解
m h
x1s
8
补偿预算线：

是用来表示当商品的价格发生变化引起消费者的实际收入水平发生变化时用假设的货币收入的增减来维持消费者的实际收入水平不变的一种分析工具。具体来说：在商品价格下降引起消费者的实际收入水平提高时，假设可以取走消费者的一部分货币收入，以使消费者的实际收入下降到只能维持原有的无差异曲线的效用水平这一情况。在商品价格上升引起消费者实际收入水平下降时，假设可以对消费者的损失给予一定的货币收入补偿，以使消费者的实际收入维持原有的水平，则补偿预算线在此就可以用来表示消费者的货币收入提高到得以维持原有的无差异曲线的效用水平这一情况。
（1）-（2）得到：

即需要拿走14美元，但仍然可以消费14夸脱牛奶
要保持购买力不变，所需的收入m’为 m’=120-14=106.
但是，尽管（x1，x2）仍然能够支付的起，但是并不是转动后
的预算线上的最佳购买，由于商品1价格下降，商品2的价格相对会
上升，会发生商品的替代，商品1的数量会增加为x1’ ，商品2的数量会下降为x2
ΔM
x1 ( p , m )
'
'
初始消费束
x1 ( p, m)
x1s
替代效应:当价格变动但是购买力保持不变时，消费者如何用一种商品“替代”其他商品。

货币收入做出多大调整，才能使原先的消费束在预算
线转动后能支付的起？
消费者的购买力保持不变：即（x1，x2）在（p1,p2,m）和（p1’, p2,m’）都能消费得起。 m’ 是恰好能使原消费

计算斯勒茨基替代效应; （价格下降，拿走一些收入，使原商品束仍能消费的起）

第8章习题解答

第8章习题解答一. 选择题1. 关于类和对象，不正确的说法是（）A. 类是一种数据类型，它封装了数据和函数B. 类是对某一类对象的抽象C. 可以基于类这种数据类型定义类的引用D. 一个类的对象只有一个【答案】D【解析】类是一种数据类型，可以基于“类”这种数据类型定义多个称为“对象”的变量。

2. 类定义的外部，可以被访问的类的成员有（）A. public 的类成员B. public或private的类成员C. private或protected的类成员D. public或private 的类成员【答案】A【解析】类的成员数据或成员函数的访问属性分为三种情况：private、public和protected，即私有访问属性、公有访问属性和保护访问属性，类定义的外部只能访问公有访问属性的成员。

3 关于this 指针，说法错误的是（）A. this指针必须显式说明B. 当创建一个对象后，this 指针就指向该对象C. 成员函数拥有this指针D. 静态成员函数拥有this指针【答案】D【解析】this指针是一种特殊的指针，它指向成员函数当前操作的数据所属的对象。

不同的对象调用相同的成员函数时，this指针将指向不同的对象，也就可以访问不同对象的成员数据。

而静态成员函数是一个类的所有对象共享的成员，而不仅仅是某一对象的成员。

因此，可以在没有任何对象存在的情况下，可以使用静态成员函数，而使用this指针必须有明确的对象所指。

4. 调用形式参数为普通对象的函数时，系统会自动调用相应类的（）A. 名字不同于类名的一般成员函数B. 构造函数C. 析构函数D. 拷贝构造函数【答案】D【解析】若函数的形参为类的对象，调用函数时，实参赋值给形参，系统自动调用拷贝构造函数实现拷贝赋值。

5. 定义某类的对象后，再删除该对象，系统会自动调用（）A. 名字不同于类名的一般成员函数B. 拷贝构造函数C. 构造函数D. 析构函数【答案】D【解析】当对象生存期结束时，需要调用析构函数，释放对象所占的内存空间。

公司战略与风险管理(第2版)第8章——战略风险管理

① 规避是指企业放弃进入或退出高不确定性市场； ② 控制是指企业试图降低环境变量的不确定性，如通过政治游说、
纵向整合、建立壁垒等增强市场力量； ③ 合作相对于单边控制而言，是指以合作的方式来降低不确定性，
如双边协议、长期契约、战略联盟等； ④ 模仿是指通过模仿竞争对手（尤其是行业领导者）来应对不确定
2.提升弹性风险管理能力的路径、策略
弹性风险管理能力的提升路径
3.弹性风险管理的“哑铃模型”
弹性风险管理基于系统思维，如何理解系统思维？
• 系统：由相互作用和相互依赖的若干组成部分结合成的具有特定功能的有机整体。
• 系统思维是从整体与部分、全局与局部以及系统组分与环境的相互作用关系来研究客观事物规律的一种思维方式。
(4)竞争化。在效率导向型管理情境下,个人及团队呈现较强的内部竞争性; 企业表现出更强的外部竞争性。
(4)互惠性。外部环境关系的核心在于建立信任与互惠机制。
本章思考题
1.战略风险的特点是什么? 2.传统战略风险管理的局限是什么? 3.弹性风险管理的流程由哪些关键要素构成? 4.如何理解“守住底线和拓展空间”的含义? 5.为什么说“别无我有+别有我优”差异化管理活动的整合对企业的风险管理提出了更高的要求?
二、弹性风险管理的核心概念
1.弹性领域的相关研究对风险管理的启迪
① 为解决不可度量的不确定性问题提供了契机。借助弹性,把研究外部不确定性因素对组织实现目标的影响转为研究组织遇到不确定性时应对内外部冲击的能力评估与构建,就为解决不可度量问题提供了新思路。
② 风险研究重点应转向组织的价值创造。从弹性视角研究风险管理可以兼顾组织的损失控制与价值创造。
四、战略风险应对Βιβλιοθήκη ⑤ 客户偏好转变风险：应对这种风险的对策包括不断分析能够检测客户下一阶段偏好的专有信息，以及进行快速、低成本的市场实验，这样有助于公司快速掌握市场情况并向细分客户提供正确和满意的产品或服务，进而保留和发展客户群以及提高单位客户收入。

红星照耀中国第8章概括

红星照耀中国第8章概括
第8章主要讲述了中国共产党在解放战争胜利后，经历了从军事革命到政治革命的转变过程。

首先，章节从国共两党的合作关系开始讲述，指出了两党在团结抗日时期的亲密合作，并特别强调了毛泽东的领导能力和战略布局的重要性。

接着，章节详细描述了中国共产党在解放战争中的军事胜利，包括解放北平、天津等城市，以及对国民党军队的全面进攻。

然后，章节转向了解放军的政治工作，包括组织地方人民政权、开展土地改革和镇压反革命斗争等。

最后，章节讲述了中共七届二中全会和中共八届一中全会的重要意义，以及对党的组织建设和党的领导制度的改进。

整个章节强调了中国共产党在战争胜利后所面临的政治和社会转型的挑战，以及党的领导机构和组织的调整和改进，为后续的发展奠定了基础。

骆驼祥子第八章的主要内容

骆驼祥子第八章的主要内容
1、第八章主要内容概括为：年关将到，祥子打算买点礼物去探望刘四爷并要回寄存在那里的钱，这时虎妞却找上门来。

同在曹家帮佣的高妈劝祥子把钱拿去放高利贷或者存进银行来生利息，祥子都不敢，高妈劝祥子起会，他也不敢。

2、第八章好句摘抄：
(1)即使事实不是这样，现钱在手里到底比在小折子上强，强的多!折子上的钱只是几个
字!
(2)他很高兴，这是向来没有经验过的事，大家的笑脸全朝着他自己，仿佛他是个很重
要的人似的。

(3)钱这个东西象戒指，总是在自己手上好。

这个决定使他痛快，觉得好象自己的腰带
又杀紧了一扣，使胸口能挺得更直更硬。

(4)地上初见冰凌，连便道上的土都凝固起来，处处显出干燥，结实，黑土的颜色已微
微发些黄，象已把潮气散尽。

(5)凉风飕进他的袖口，使他全身象洗冷水澡似的一哆嗦，一痛快。

(6)他全身的筋肉没有一处松懈，象被蚂蚁围攻的绿虫，全身摇动着抵御。

(7)风吹弯了路旁的树木，撕碎了店户的布幌，揭净了墙上的报单，遮昏了太阳，唱着，
叫着，吼着，回荡着!
(8)一趟车拉下来，灰土被汗合成了泥，糊在脸上，只露着眼与嘴三个冻红了的圈。

第八章控制职能习题有答案

第八章控制职能TRUE/FALSE1. 对于规模较小或者必须时刻保持上下一致的组织来说，一般适合采用分层控制的方式。

ANS: F2. 注重于对已发生的错误进行检查改进属于事前控制。

ANS: F3. 控制工作的实质是纠正偏差。

ANS: T4. 标准是用来衡量后期行为成绩的参照物（）。

ANS: T5. 如果标准设置得过高或过低则要求企业保持现状。

（）ANS: F6. 用标准去衡量绩效是控制过程中的最后一步。

（）ANS: F7. 组织控制是一种为促成目标实现而经常进行的规律性组织行为。

ANS: T8. 预算提供了一种测量绩效的方法并可用来在部门间进行绩效比较。

ANS: T9. 一般来说，企业控制应集中于生产经营控制，而人事控制则是没太大意义的。

ANS:F10. 生产计划和经济预测均属于信息控制的内容。

ANS: T11. 人们在建立目标和达成目标的过程中始终需要控制。

ANS: T12. 同步控制除了着眼于变化过程，还要注意信息的反馈。

ANS: T13. 衡量绩效是控制活动的最终目的。

ANS: F14. 在一个组织评价了计划的完成情况后应该建立起标准。

ANS: F15. 如果经理采取及时控制信息的管理方式，那么偏差出现后会在很短的时间内就获得纠正。

ANS: T16. 控制在计划完成之前就会发生。

ANS: T17. 预算帮助组织确认在控制系统中所需的各种标准。

ANS: T18. 由组织以外的专家进行的财务审计称为外部审计。

ANS: T19. 质量控制是指对组织拥有的建筑和设备进行控制。

ANS: F20. 集体参与计划和控制能提高控制的有效性。

ANS: T21. 从事有效控制就需要注意那些对评价绩效有关键意义的因素。

ANS: T22. 所有控制系统都应该反映出有待实施的计划。

ANS: T23. 如果没有标准，没有实际与计划的比较，就不知道计划是否完成，计划也就毫无意义。

ANS: F24. 控制是计划的前提，是完成计划的保证。

第8章 -补偿性工资差别与劳动力市场

财务管理学课后习题答案第8章

金融学课后习题答案第八章

公司核心第八章习题

最新毛概第八章知识点整理

公司核心第八章习题

第8章_作业

第八章：发展中国家的二元经济结构

第八章 斯勒茨基方程

宏观经济第八章、第七章答案

西方经济学第8章(微观第8章)

罗斯《公司理财》第八版第八章

管理学原理教案(第八章)

精益思想白金版第8章总结

第八章篇章翻译解析

8第八章 斯勒茨基方程解读

第8章习题解答

公司战略与风险管理(第2版)第8章——战略风险管理

红星照耀中国第8章概括

骆驼祥子第八章的主要内容

第八章控制职能习题有答案

第八章斯勒茨基方程

8第八章斯勒茨基方程解读