2018版 必修四 第1章 章末分层突破
2018学年高一数学人教A版必修四课件:第一章 三角函数1 章末高效整合 精品
2.明确三角函数的定义,牢记三角函数值的符号 (1)定义:角 α 的顶点放在坐标原点,始边与 x 轴非负半轴重合,角 α 的终边 与单位圆的交点为 P(x,y),则 y=sin α,x=cos α,xy=tan α(x≠0). 即①y 叫作 α 的正弦,记作 sin α; ②x 叫作 α 的余弦,记作 cos α; ③xy叫作 α 的正切,记作 tan α.
A.ω=2π,φ=π6 B.ω=π,φ=π6 C.ω=π,φ=π3 D.ω=2π,φ=π3
(2)经过怎样的变换由函数 y=sin 2x 的图象可得到 y=cos x+π4的图象? 解析: (1)由函数的图象可知 A=2,T=4×56-13=2,所以 ω=2Tπ=π,因 为函数的图象经过13,2,所以 2=2sinπ3+φ,得π3+φ=2kπ+π2,k∈Z,因为|φ| <π2,所以取 k=0,所以 φ=π6,所以 ω=π,φ=π6.
(2)利用诱导公式,可以把任意角的正弦、余弦函数值化为锐角三角函数值, 其一般步骤为:负化正(公式三或一)、大化小(公式一)、锐角求值(公式二或四).
化简求值中注意利用角与角之间隐含的互余或互补关系,从而简化解题过 程.
5.探究性质应用,对比周期公式 (1)函数 y=sin x 和 y=cos x 的周期是 2π,y=tan x 的周期是 π;函数 y= Asin(ωx+φ)和 y=Acos(ωx+φ)的周期是|2ωπ|,y=Atan(ωx+φ)的周期是|ωπ|. (2)函数 y=sin x 和 y=cos x 的有界性为-1≤sin x≤1,-1≤cos x≤1;函数 y= tan x 没有最值,其有界性可用来解决三角函数的最值问题. (3)利用函数的单调性比较同名三角函数值的大小时,注意利用诱导公式将角 转化到同一单调区间内.求形如 f(ωx+φ)(f 为 sin,cos,tan)的单调区间时,应 采用整体代换的思想将 ωx+φ 视为整体,求解时注意 x 的范围以及 ω,f 的符号 对单调性的影响.
2019-2020学年高中数学(人教B版 选修2-3)教师用书:第1章 计数原理-章末分层突破
章末分层突破[自我校对]①分类加法计数原理②分步乘法计数原理③排列④排列数公式⑤组合数公式⑥组合数⑦二项展开式的通项⑧对称性⑨增减性两个计数原理的应用分类加法计数原理和分步乘法计数原理是本部分内容的基础,对应用题的考查,经常要对问题进行分类或者分步进而分析求解.(1)“分类”表现为其中任何一类均可独立完成所给事情.“分步”表现为必须把各步骤均完成,才能完成所给事情,所以准确理解两个原理的关键在于弄清分类加法计数原理强调完成一件事情的几类办法互不干扰,不论哪一类办法中的哪一种方法都能够独立完成事件.(2)分步乘法计数原理强调各步骤缺一不可,需要依次完成所有步骤才能完成事件,步与步之间互不影响,即前一步用什么方法不影响后一步采取什么方法.王华同学有课外参考书若干本,其中有5本不同的外语书,4本不同的数学书,3本不同的物理书,他欲带参考书到图书馆阅读.(1)若他从这些参考书中带一本去图书馆,有多少种不同的带法?(2)若带外语、数学、物理参考书各一本,有多少种不同的带法?(3)若从这些参考书中选2本不同学科的参考书带到图书馆,有多少种不同的带法?【精彩点拨】解决两个原理的应用问题,首先应明确所需完成的事情是什么,再分析每一种做法使这件事是否完成,从而区分加法原理和乘法原理.【规范解答】(1)完成的事情是带一本书,无论带外语书,还是数学书、物理书,事情都已完成,从而确定为应用分类加法计数原理,结果为5+4+3=12(种).(2)完成的事情是带3本不同学科的参考书,只有从外语、数学、物理书中各选1本后,才能完成这件事,因此应用分步乘法计数原理,结果为5×4×3=60(种).(3)选1本外语书和选1本数学书应用分步乘法计数原理,有5×4=20种选法;同样,选外语书、物理书各1本,有5×3=15种选法;选数学书、物理书各1本,有4×3=12种选法.即有三类情况,应用分类加法计数原理,结果为20+15+12=47(种).应用两个计数原理解决应用问题时主要考虑三方面的问题:(1)要做什么事;(2)如何去做这件事;(3)怎样才算把这件事完成了.并注意计数原则:分类用加法,分步用乘法.[再练一题]1.如图1-1为电路图,从A到B共有________条不同的线路可通电.图1-1【解析】先分三类.第一类,经过支路①有3种方法;第二类,经过支路②有1种方法;第三类,经过支路③有2×2=4(种)方法,所以总的线路条数N=3+1+4=8.【答案】8排列、组合的应用排列、组合应用题是高考的重点内容,常与实际问题结合命题,要认真审题,明确问题本质,利用排列、组合的知识解决.(1)某高校从某系的10名优秀毕业生中选4人分别到西部四城市参加中国西部经济开发建设,其中甲不到银川,乙不到西宁,共有多少种不同派遣方案?(2)在高三一班元旦晚会上,有6个演唱节目,4个舞蹈节目.①当4个舞蹈节目要排在一起时,有多少种不同的节目安排顺序?②当要求每2个舞蹈节目之间至少安排1个演唱节目时,有多少种不同的节目安排顺序?③若已定好节目单,后来情况有变,需加上诗朗诵和快板2个栏目,但不能改变原来节目的相对顺序,有多少种不同的节目演出顺序?【精彩点拨】按照“特殊元素先排法”分步进行,先特殊后一般.【规范解答】(1)因为甲乙有限制条件,所以按照是否含有甲乙来分类,有以下四种情况:①若甲乙都不参加,则有派遣方案A48种;②若甲参加而乙不参加,先安排甲有3种方法,然后安排其余学生有A38种方法,所以共有3A38种方法;③若乙参加而甲不参加同理也有3A38种;④若甲乙都参加,则先安排甲乙,有7种方法,然后再安排其余学生到另两个城市有A28种,共有7A28种方法.所以共有不同的派遣方法总数为A48+3A38+3A38+7A28=4 088种.(2)①第一步,先将4个舞蹈节目捆绑起来,看成1个节目,与6个演唱节目一起排,有A7=5 040种方法;第二步,再松绑,给4个节目排序,有A4=24种方法.根据分步乘法计数原理,一共有5 040×24=120 960种.②第一步,将6个演唱节目排成一列(如下图中的“□”),一共有A6=720种方法.×□×□×□×□×□×□×第二步,再将4个舞蹈节目排在一头一尾或两个节目中间(即图中“×”的位置),这样相当于7个“×”选4个来排,一共有A47=7×6×5×4=840种.根据分步乘法计数原理,一共有720×840=604 800种.③若所有节目没有顺序要求,全部排列,则有A12种排法,但原来的节目已定好顺序,需要消除,所以节目演出的方式有A1212A1010=A212=132种排法.解排列、组合应用题的解题策略1.特殊元素优先安排的策略.2.合理分类和准确分步的策略.3.排列、组合混合问题先选后排的策略.4.正难则反、等价转化的策略.5.相邻问题捆绑处理的策略.6.不相邻问题插空处理的策略.7.定序问题除序处理的策略.8.分排问题直排处理的策略.9.“小集团”排列问题中先整体后局部的策略.10.构造模型的策略.简单记成:合理分类,准确分步;特殊优先,一般在后;先取后排,间接排除;集团捆绑,间隔插空;抽象问题,构造模型;均分除序,定序除序.[再练一题]2.(1)一次考试中,要求考生从试卷上的9个题目中选6个进行答题,要求至少包含前5个题目中的3个,则考生答题的不同选法的种数是( )A.40B.74C.84D.200 (2)(2016·山西质检)A ,B ,C ,D ,E ,F 六人围坐在一张圆桌周围开会,A 是会议的中心发言人,必须坐最北面的椅子,B ,C 二人必须坐相邻的两把椅子,其余三人坐剩余的三把椅子,则不同的座次有( )A.60种B.48种C.30种D.24种【解析】 (1)分三类:第一类,前5个题目的3个,后4个题目的3个; 第二类,前5个题目的4个,后4个题目的2个;第三类,前5个题目的5个,后4个题目的1个.由分类加法计数原理得C 35C 34+C 45C 24+C 5C 14=74.(2)由题意知,不同的座次有A 2A 4=48种,故选B. 【答案】 (1)B (2)B二项式定理问题的处理方法和技巧对于二项式定理的考查常出现两类问题,一类是直接运用通项公式来求特定项.另一类,需要运用转化思想化归为二项式定理来处理问题.(1)若二项式⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫2x +a x 7的展开式中1x3的系数是84,则实数a =( )A.2B.54 C.1D.24(2)已知(1+x +x 2)⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫x +1x3n (n ∈N +)的展开式中没有常数项,且2≤n ≤8,则n =________.【导学号:62980030】(3)设(3x -1)6=a 6x 6+a 5x 5+a 4x 4+a 3x 3+a 2x 2+a 1x +a 0,则a 6+a 4+a 2+a 0的值为________. 【精彩点拨】 (1)、(2)利用二项式定理的通项求待定项; (3)通过赋值法求系数和.【规范解答】 (1)二项式⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫2x +a x 7的展开式的通项公式为T r +1=C r 7(2x )7-r ⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫a x r=C r 727-r a r x 7-2r,令7-2r =-3,得r =5.故展开式中1x3的系数是C 5722a 5=84,解得a =1.(2)⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫x +1x3n 展开式的通项是T r +1=C r n x n -r ⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫1x3r =C r n x n -4r ,r =0,1,2,…,n , 由于(1+x +x 2)⎝⎛⎭⎪⎫x +1x3n 的展开式中没有常数项,所以C r n x n -4r ,x C r n x n -4r =C r n x n -4r +1和x 2C r n x n -4r =C r n x n -4r +2都不是常数,则n -4r ≠0,n -4r +1≠0,n -4r +2≠0,又因为2≤n ≤8,所以n ≠2,3,4,6,7,8,故取n =5.(3)令x =1,得a 6+a 5+a 4+a 3+a 2+a 1+a 0=26=64.令x =-1,得a 6-a 5+a 4-a 3+a 2-a 1+a 0=(-4)6=4 096. 两式相加,得2(a 6+a 4+a 2+a 0)=4 160, 所以a 6+a 4+a 2+a 0=2 080. 【答案】 (1)C (2)5 (3)2 0801.解决与二项展开式的项有关的问题时,通常利用通项公式.2.解决二项展开式项的系数(或和)问题常用赋值法.[再练一题]3.(1)在(1+x )6(1+y )4的展开式中,记x m y n 项的系数为f (m ,n ),则f (3,0)+f (2,1)+f (1,2)+f (0,3)=( )A.45B.60C.120D.210(2)设a ∈Z ,且0≤a <13,若512 016+a 能被13整除,则a =( ) A.0 B.1 C.11D.12【解析】 (1)因为f (m ,n )=C m 6C n 4, 所以f (3,0)+f (2,1)+f (1,2)+f (0,3) =C 36C 04+C 26C 14+C 16C 24+C 06C 34=120.(2)512 016+a =(13×4-1)2 016+a ,被13整除余1+a ,结合选项可得a =12时,512 016+a 能被13整除.【答案】 (1)C (2)D排列、组合中的分组与分配问题n个不同元素按照条件分配给k个不同的对象称为分配问题,分定向分配与不定向分配两种问题;将n个不同元素按照某种条件分成k组,称为分组问题,分组问题有不平均分组、平均分组、部分平均分组三种情况.分组问题和分配问题是有区别的,前者组与组之间只要元素个数相同是不区分的,而后者即使2组元素个数相同,但因所属对象不同,仍然是可区分的.对于后者必须先分组再排列.按下列要求分配6本不同的书,各有多少种不同的分配方式?(1)分成三份,1份1本,1份2本,1份3本;(2)甲、乙、丙三人中,一人得1本,一人得2本,一人得3本;(3)平均分成三份,每份2本;(4)平均分配给甲、乙、丙三人,每人2本;(5)分成三份,1份4本,另外两份每份1本;(6)甲、乙、丙三人中,一人得4本,另外两人每人得1本;(7)甲得1本,乙得1本,丙得4本.【精彩点拨】这是一个分配问题,解题的关键是搞清事件是否与顺序有关,对于平均分组问题更要注意顺序,避免计数的重复或遗漏.【规范解答】(1)无序不均匀分组问题.先选1本有C16种选法,再从余下的5本中选2本有C25种选法,最后余下3本全选有C3种选法.故共有C16C25C3=60(种).(2)有序不均匀分组问题.由于甲、乙、丙是不同的三人,在第(1)问基础上,还应考虑再分配,共有C16C25C3A3=360(种).(3)无序均匀分组问题.先分三步,则应是C26C24C2种方法,但是这里出现了重复.不妨记6本书为A、B、C、D、E、F,若第一步取了AB,第二步取了CD,第三步取了EF,记该种分法为(AB,CD,EF),则C26C24C2种分法中还有(AB,EF,CD),(AB,CD,EF),(CD,AB,EF),(CD,EF,AB),(EF,CD,AB),(EF,AB,CD),共A3种情况,而这A3种情况仅是AB,CD,EF的顺序不同,因此只能作为一种分法,故分配方式有C26C24C22A33=15(种).(4)有序均匀分组问题.在第(3)问基础上再分配给3个人,共有分配方式C26C24C22A33·A3=C26C24C2=90(种).(5)无序部分均匀分组问题.共有C46C12C11A22=15(种).(6)有序部分均匀分组问题.在第(5)问基础上再分配给3个人,共有分配方式C46C12C11A22·A3=90(种).(7)直接分配问题.甲选1本有C16种方法,乙从余下5本中选1本有C15种方法,余下4本留给丙有C4种方法.共有C16C15C4=30(种).均匀分组与不均匀分组、无序分组与有序分组是组合问题的常见题型.解决此类问题的关键是正确判断分组是均匀分组还是不均匀分组,无序均匀分组要除以均匀组数的阶乘数,还要充分考虑到是否与顺序有关,有序分组要在无序分组的基础上乘以分组数的阶乘数.[再练一题]4.有4张分别标有数字1,2,3,4的红色卡片和4张分别标有数字1,2,3,4的蓝色卡片,从这8张卡片中取出4张卡片排成一行.如果取出的4张卡片所标数字之和等于10,则不同的排法共有多少种?【解】取出的4张卡片所标数字之和等于10,共有3种情况:1 144,2 233,1 234.所取卡片是1 144的共有A4种排法.所取卡片是2 233的共有A44种排法.所取卡片是1 234,则其中卡片颜色可为无红色,1张红色,2张红色,3张红色,全是红色,共有排法A44+C14A44+C24A44+C34A44+A44=16A44种.所以共有18A44=432种.1. (x2+x+y)5的展开式中,x5y2的系数为( )A.10B.20C.30D.60【解析】法一:(x2+x+y)5=[(x2+x)+y]5,含y2的项为T3=C25(x2+x)3·y2.其中(x2+x)3中含x5的项为C13x4·x=C13x5.所以x5y2的系数为C25C13=30.故选C.法二:(x2+x+y)5为5个(x2+x+y)之积,其中有两个取y,两个取x2,一个取x即可,所以x5y2的系数为C25C23C13=30.故选C.【答案】 C2.如图1-2,小明从街道的E处出发,先到F处与小红会合,再一起到位于G处的老年公寓参加志愿者活动,则小明到老年公寓可以选择的最短路径条数为( )图1-2A.24B.18C.12D.9【解析】从E到G需要分两步完成:先从E到F,再从F到G.从F到G的最短路径,只要考虑纵向路径即可,一旦纵向路径确定,横向路径即可确定,故从F到G的最短路径共有3条.如图,从E到F的最短路径有两类:先从E到A,再从A到F,或先从E到B,再从B到F.因为从A到F或从B到F都与从F到G的路径形状相同,所以从A到F,从B到F最短路径的条数都是3,所以从E到F的最短路径有3+3=6(条).所以小明到老年公寓的最短路径条数为6×3=18.【答案】 B3.有三张卡片,分别写有1和2,1和3,2和3.甲,乙,丙三人各取走一张卡片,甲看了乙的卡片后说:“我与乙的卡片上相同的数字不是2.”乙看了丙的卡片后说:“我与丙的卡片上相同的数字不是1.”丙说:“我的卡片上的数字之和不是5.”则甲的卡片上的数字是________.【解析】先确定丙的卡片上的数字,再确定乙的卡片上的数字,进而确定甲的卡片上的数字.法一:由题意得丙的卡片上的数字不是2和3.若丙的卡片上的数字是1和2,则由乙的说法知乙的卡片上的数字是2和3,则甲的卡片上的数字是1和3,满足题意;若丙的卡片上的数字是1和3,则由乙的说法知乙的卡片上的数字是2和3,则甲的卡片上的数字是1和2,不满足甲的说法.故甲的卡片上的数字是1和3.法二:因为甲与乙的卡片上相同的数字不是2,所以丙的卡片上必有数字2.又丙的卡片上的数字之和不是5,所以丙的卡片上的数字是1和2.因为乙与丙的卡片上相同的数字不是1,所以乙的卡片上的数字是2和3,所以甲的卡片上的数字是1和3.【答案】1和34. (2x +x )5的展开式中,x 3的系数是________.(用数字填写答案) 【解析】 (2x +x )5展开式的通项为T r +1= C r 5(2x )5-r (x )r =25-r ·C r 5·x 5-r2.令5-r2=3,得r =4.故x 3的系数为25-4·C 45=2C 45=10. 【答案】 10。
高中数学(苏教版 选修2-1)第1章 常用逻辑术语 章末分层突破
[自我校对]①逆否命题②必要条件③p⇔q④且q⑤或⑥全称命题⑦存在量词用非p和非q分别表示p和q的否定,于是四种命题的形式就是:原命题:若p,则q;逆命题:若q,则p;否命题:若非p,则非q;逆否命题:若非q,则非p.原命题与它的逆命题、否命题之间的真假是不确定的,而原命题与它的逆否命题(或它的逆命题与它的否命题)之间在真假上是始终保持一致的,即同真同假.正是因为原命题与逆否命题的真假一致,所以对某些命题的证明可转化为证明其逆否命题.已知a ,b ,c ∈R ,写出命题“若ac <0,则方程ax 2+bx +c =0有两个不相等的实数根”的逆命题、否命题、逆否命题,并判断这三个命题的真假.【精彩点拨】 按照四种命题的定义写出命题,只需判定原命题及逆命题的真假,利用互为逆否命题的命题是等价命题,可知否命题与逆否命题的真假.【规范解答】 逆命题:“若方程ax 2+bx +c =0(a ,b ,c ∈R )有两个不相等的实数根,则ac <0”,是假命题.如当a =1,b =-3,c =2时,方程x 2-3x +2=0有两个不等实根x 1=1,x 2=2,但ac =2>0. 否命题:“若ac ≥0,则方程ax 2+bx +c =0(a ,b ,c ∈R )没有两个不相等的实数根”,是假命题. 这是因为它和逆命题互为逆否命题,而逆命题是假命题.逆否命题:“若方程ax 2+bx +c =0(a ,b ,c ∈R )没有两个不相等的实数根,则ac ≥0”,是真命题. 因为原命题是真命题,而逆否命题与原命题等价. [再练一题] 1.给出下列命题:①已知a =(3,4),b =(0,-1),则a 在b 方向上的投影为-4. ②函数y =tan ⎝⎛⎭⎫x +π3的图象关于点⎝⎛⎭⎫π6,0成中心对称. ③命题“如果a ·b =0,则a ⊥b ”的否命题和逆命题都是真命题. ④若a ≠0,则a ·b =a ·c 是b =c 成立的必要不充分条件. 其中正确命题的序号是________.(将所有正确的命题序号都填上) 【解析】 ①∵|a |=5,|b |=1,a ·b =-4,∴cos 〈a ,b 〉=-45,∴a 在b 方向上的投影为|a |·cos 〈a ,b 〉=-4,①正确. ②当x =π6时,tan ⎝⎛⎭⎫x +π3无意义, 由正切函数y =tan x 的图象的性质知,②正确. ③∵原命题的逆命题为“若a ⊥b ,则a ·b =0”为真, ∴其否命题也为真.∴③正确. ④当a ≠0,b =c 时,a ·b =a ·c 成立.(当a ≠0,a ·b =a ·c 时不一定有b =c ) ∴④正确.【答案】 ①②③④若“p ⇒q ”,且“pDq ”,则p 是q 的“充分不必要条件”,同时q 是p 的“必要不充分条件”;若“p ⇔q ”,则p 是q 的“充要条件”,同时q 是p 的“充要条件”; 若“pDq ”,则p 是q 的“既不充分也不必要条件”,同时q 是p 的“既不充分也不必要条件”.设p :实数x 满足x 2-4ax +3a 2<0,a <0. q :实数x 满足x 2-x -6≤0或x 2+2x -8>0.且非p 是非q 的必要不充分条件,求实数a 的取值范围.【精彩点拨】 非p 是非q 的必要不充分条件也就是p 是q 的充分不必要条件(q 是p 的必要不充分条件).利用集合之间关系列不等式组求解.【规范解答】 设A ={x |p }={x |x 2-4ax +3a 2<0,a <0}={x |3a <x <a ,a <0}. B ={x |q }={x |x 2-x -6≤0或x 2+2x -8>0} ={x |x <-4或x ≥-2}. ∵非p 是非q 的必要不充分条件, ∴q 是p 的必要不充分条件. ∴AB ,∴⎩⎨⎧a ≤-4,a <0或⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧3a ≥-2,a <0, 解得-23≤a <0或a ≤-4.[再练一题]2.⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x +y >4,xy >4是⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x >2,y >2的什么条件?请说明理由. 【解】 当x >2且y >2时,有x +y >4,xy >4,即⎩⎨⎧ x >2,y >2⇒⎩⎨⎧x +y >4,xy >4.反之,当x =1<2,y =5时,有x +y =6>4,xy =5>4,即⎩⎨⎧ x +y >4,xy >4D ⎩⎨⎧x >2,y >2.∴⎩⎨⎧x +y >4,xy >4是⎩⎨⎧x >2,y >2的必要不充分条件.1.联结词构成的命题有“p 或q ”、“p 且q ”、“非p ”三种形式.2.含逻辑联结词的命题的真假判断:“p 或q ”中有真为真,“p 且q ”有假为假,非p 与p 真假相反.给出两个命题:p :函数y =x 2-x -1有两个不同的零点,q :若1x<1,则x >1,那么在下列四个命题中,真命题是________. 【导学号:09390016】①(非p )或q ;②且q ;③(非p )且 (非q ); ④(非p )或(非q ). 【精彩点拨】判断p ,q 真假→非p ,非q 真假→命题真假【规范解答】 ∵Δ=1+4=5>0,∴p 真. ∵x <0时,1x <0<1但x >1不成立,∴q 假,∴非q 真,∴①②③均为假命题,④为真命题. 【答案】 ④ [再练一题]3.已知命题p :若a >1,则a x >log a x 恒成立;命题q :在等差数列{a n }中,m +n =s +r 是a m +a n =a s+a r 的充分不必要条件(m ,n ,s ,r ∈N *).则下面选择项中的真命题是________.①(非p )且(非q );②(非p )或(非q ); ③p 或(非q );④且q .【解析】 当a =1.1,x =2时,a x =1.12=1.21,log a x =log 1.12>log 1.11.12=2,此时,a x <log a x ,故p 为假命题.由等差数列的性质知,当m +n =s +r 时,a m +a n =a s +a r 成立,当公差d =0时,由a m +a n =a s +a r不能推出m +n =s +r ,故q 是真命题.所以非p 是真命题,非q 是假命题.【答案】 ②1.全称命题“∀x ∈(1)要证明它是真命题,需对集合M 中每一个元素x ,证明p (x )成立; (2)要判断它是假命题,只需在集合M 中找到一个元素x ,使p (x )不成立即可. 2.存在性命题“∃x ∈M ,p (x )”强调结论的存在性,因此,(1)要证明它是真命题,只需在集合M 中找到一个元素x ,使p (x )成立即可; (2)要判断它是假命题,需对集合M 中每一个元素x ,证明p (x )不成立.判断下列命题是全称命题还是存在性命题,并判断其真假. (1)对角互补的四边形都内接于一个圆;(2)对于定义在区间[a ,b ]上的连续函数f (x ),若f (a )f (b )<0,则函数f (x )在开区间(a ,b )上至少有一个零点;(3)∀x ∈⎝⎛⎭⎫0,π2,tan x >sin x ; (4)∃x ∈R ,log 2(3x +1)≤0;【精彩点拨】 理解含义→寻求量词→判断类别→判断真假 【规范解答】 (1)全称命题,是真命题. (2)存在性命题,是真命题.(3)全称命题,∵tan x =sin xcos x ,x ∈⎝⎛⎭⎫0,π2, ∴0<cos x <1,sin x >0,∴1cos x >1,sin xcos x >sin x ,即tan x >sin x , ∴是真命题.(4)存在性命题,∵3x >0,∴3x +1>1,则log 2(3x +1)>0,∴是假命题. [再练一题]4.下列命题中假命题是________. ①∀x ∈R,2x -1>0;②∀x ∈N *,(x -1)2>0;③∃x 0∈R ,lg x 0<1;④∃x 0∈R ,tan x 0=2.【解析】 对于①,∵x ∈R ,∴x -1∈R ,由指数函数的性质得2x -1>0,故①正确; 对于②,∵x ∈N *,∴当x =1时,(x -1)2=0与(x -1)2>0矛盾,故②错误; 对于③,当x =110时,lg 110=-1<1,故③正确;对于④,当x ∈R ,tan x ∈R ,∴∃x 0∈R ,tan x 0=2,故④正确. 【答案】 ②1.全称命题的否定一定是存在性命题. p :∀x ∈M ,p (x )成立; 非p :∃x ∈M ,非p (x )成立.2.存在性命题的否定一定是全称命题. p :∃x ∈M ,p (x )成立; 非p :∀x ∈M ,非p (x )成立.3.含有一个量词的命题的否定首先要改变量词,把全称量词改为存在量词;把存在量词改为全称量词,然后再把判断词加以否定.写出下列命题的否定,并判断它们的真假. (1)p :∀x ∈R ,x 2+x +14≥0;(2)q :∃x 是质数,x 不是奇数; (3)r :至少有一个实数x ,使x >x 2+1;(4)s :所有的周期函数都有最小正周期.【精彩点拨】 改变量词→否定结论→写出否定→作出判断【规范解答】 (1)非p :∃x ∈R ,使x 2+x +14<0.由于对任意的实数x ,x 2+x +14=⎝⎛⎭⎫x +122≥0,故p 是真命题,非p 是假命题.(2)非q :∀x 是质数,x 是奇数.由于2是质数,且2不是奇数,故q 是真命题,非q 是假命题. (3)非r :∀x ∈R ,x ≤x 2+1.由于对任意的实数x ,x ≤|x |=x 2<x 2+1,故r 是假命题,非r 是真命题.(4)非s :有的周期函数没有最小正周期. 由于f (x )=0(x ∈R )是周期函数但没有最小正周期, 故s 是假命题,非s 是真命题. [再练一题]5.命题“∀x ∈R ,x 2+2x +32≥0”的否定为________.【解析】 由于全称命题的否定是存在性命题,所以命题“∀x ∈R ,x 2+2x +32≥0”的否定为:∃x ∈R ,x 2+2x +32<0.【答案】 ∃x ∈R ,x 2+2x +32<01.设m ∈R ,命题“若m >0,则方程x 2+x -m =0有实根”的逆否命题是________. 【解析】 “若p 则q ”的逆否命题是“若非q 则非p ”. 【答案】 若方程x 2+x -m =0没有实根,则m ≤02.命题“∃x 0∈(0,+∞),ln x 0=x 0-1”的否定是________.【解析】 存在性命题“∃x 0∈M ,p (x 0)”的否定是全称命题“∀x ∈M ,非p (x )”. 【答案】 ∀x ∈(0,+∞),ln x ≠x -13.设a ,b 是非零向量,“a·b =|a|·|b|”是“a ∥b ”的________条件.【解析】 因为a ,b 是非零向量,当a ·b =|a ||b |时,a 与b 共线且同向,但当a ∥b 时,a ·b =|a ||b |或a ·b =-|a ||b |.则“a ·b =|a ||b |”是“a ∥b ”的充分不必要条件. 【答案】 充分不必要4.在平面直角坐标系中,当P (x ,y )不是原点时,定义P 的“伴随点”为P ′⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫y x 2+y 2,-x x 2+y 2;当P是原点时,定义P 的“伴随点”为它自身.现有下列命题:①若点A 的“伴随点”是点A ′,则点A ′的“伴随点”是点A ; ②单位圆上的点的“伴随点”仍在单位圆上;③若两点关于x 轴对称,则它们的“伴随点”关于y 轴对称; ④若三点在同一条直线上,则它们的“伴随点”一定共线. 其中的真命题是________(写出所有真命题的序号).【解析】 ①设A (2,1),则其伴随点为A ′⎝⎛⎭⎫15,-25,而A ′的伴随点为(-2,-1),故①错. ②设P (x ,y ),其中x 2+y 2=1,则其伴随点为(y ,-x ),该点也在圆x 2+y 2=1上,故②正确.③设A (x ,y ),B (x ,-y ),则它们的伴随点分别为A ′⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫y x 2+y 2,-x x 2+y 2,B ′⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫-y x 2+y 2,-x x 2+y 2,A ′与B ′关于y 轴对称,故③正确.④设共线的三点A (-1,0),B (0,1),C (1,2),则它们的伴随点分别为A ′(0,1),B ′(1,0),C ′⎝⎛⎭⎫25,-15,此三点不共线,故④错.【答案】 ②③5.已知命题p :对任意x ∈R ,总有|x |≥0;q :x =1是方程x +2=0的根.则下列命题为真命题的是________.①p且(非q) ;②(非p)且q;③(非p)且(非q);④p且q.【解析】由题意知命题p是真命题,命题q是假命题,故非p是假命题,非q是真命题,由含有逻辑联结词的命题的真值表可知且(非q)是真命题.【答案】①。
高一数苏教必修四讲义:第1章 1.1 1.1.1 任 意 角 Word含答案
任意角、弧度1.1.1任意角预习课本P5~7,思考并完成下列问题1.在初中,角是怎样定义的?2.如果角按旋转的方向来进行分类,可分为哪三类?3.如果把角放入平面直角坐标系中,象限角和轴线角的规定是怎样的?4.如何表示终边相同的角?[新知初探]1.任意角(1)角的概念一个角可以看做平面内一条射线绕着它的端点从一个位置旋转到另一个位置所形成的图形.射线的端点称为角的顶点,射线旋转的开始位置和终止位置称为角的始边和终边.(2)角的分类正角:按逆时针方向旋转所形成的角;负角:按顺时针方向旋转所形成的角;零角:射线没有作任何旋转所形成的角.[点睛]对角的理解关键是抓住旋转二字(1)要明确旋转的方向;(2)要明确旋转量的大小;(3)要明确旋转的开始位置.2.象限角、轴线角以角的顶点为坐标原点,角的始边为x轴正半轴,建立平面直角坐标系.这样,角的终边(除端点外)在第几象限,就说这个角是第几象限角.如果角的终边在坐标轴上,称这个角为轴线角.[点睛](1)角的顶点要与坐标原点重合;(2)角的始边要与x轴的正半轴重合.3.终边相同的角一般地,与角α终边相同的角的集合为{β|β=k·360°+α,k∈Z}.[点睛]终边相同的角与相等的角是两个不同的概念,两角相等,终边一定相同,但是两角终边相同时,两角不一定相等,它们相差360°的整数倍.[小试身手]1.下列命题正确的是____________(填序号).①-30°是第一象限角;②750°是第四象限角;③终边相同的角一定相等;④-950°12′是第二象限的角.★答案★:④2.-1 120°角所在象限是____________.★答案★:第四象限3.与405°角终边相同的角的集合是____________.★答案★:{α|α=k·360°+45°,k∈Z}4.在-180°到360°范围内,与2 000°角终边相同的角为____________.★答案★:-160°,200°角的概念辨析[典例]有下列说法:①相差360°整数倍的两个角,其终边不一定相同;②{α|α是锐角}{β|0°≤β<90°};③第一象限角都是锐角;④小于180°的角是钝角、直角或锐角.其中正确说法的序号是________.[解析]①不正确.终边相同的两个角一定相差360°的整数倍,反之也成立;②∵α是锐角,即0°<α<90°,故{α|0°<α<90°}{β|0°≤β<90°},故②正确;③第一象限角不一定都是锐角,如380°是第一象限角,但它不是锐角,故③不正确;④0°角小于180°,但它既不是钝角,也不是直角或锐角,故④不正确.[★答案★]②有关角的概念辨析的解题策略(1)正确理解象限角及锐角、直角、钝角、平角、周角等概念.(2)可通过举出反例来进行判断.下列命题是真命题的序号是________.①三角形的内角必是一、二象限内的角;②第二象限角是钝角; ③不相等的角终边一定不同;④{α|α=k ·360°±90°,k ∈Z}={α|α=k ·180°+90°,k ∈Z}. 解析:①90°不是象限角;②如-240°是第二象限角,但不是钝角; ③如0°和360°不相等,但终边相同;④k ·360°±90°=2k ·180°±90°=2k ·180°+90°或(2k -1)·180°+90°,k ∈Z. ★答案★:④象限角及终边相同的角[典例] 在0°到360°的范围内,求出与下列各角终边相同的角,并判断是第几象限角. (1)-736°;(2)904°18′.[解] (1)-736°=-3×360°+344°,344°是第四象限角. ∴344°与-736°是终边相同的角,且-736°为第四象限角. (2)904°18′=2×360°+184°18′,184°18′是第三象限角. ∴184°18′与904°18′是终边相同的角,且904°18′为第三象限角.(1)把任意角化为α+k ·360°(k ∈Z 且0°≤α<360°)的形式,关键是确定k .可以用观察法(α的绝对值较小),也可用除法.要注意:正角除以360°,按通常的除法进行;负角除以360°,商是负数,其绝对值比被除数为其相反数时的商大1,使余数为正值.(2)要求适合某种条件且与已知角终边相同的角,其方法是先求出与已知角终边相同的角的一般形式,再依条件构建不等式求出k 的值.[活学活用]写出-720°到720°之间与-1 068°终边相同的角的集合为______________. 解析:与-1 068°终边相同的角为-1 068°+k ·360°,要落在-720°到720°之间,则取k =1,2,3,4.★答案★:{-708°,-348°,12°,372°}已知角α所在象限,判断αn 或nα(n ∈Z)所在象限[解] ∵α是第二象限角,∴90°+k ·360°<α<180°+k ·360°,k ∈Z. ∴180°+2k ·360°<2α<360°+2k ·360°,k ∈Z.∴2α是第三或第四象限角,或是终边落在y 轴的非正半轴上的角. [一题多变]1.[变设问]若本例条件不变,求α2是第几象限角?解:45°+k 2 ·360°<α2<90°+k2·360°,k ∈Z.当k 为偶数时,不妨令k =2n ,n ∈Z , 则45°+n ·360°<α2<90°+n ·360°,此时,α2为第一象限角;当k 为奇数时,令k =2n +1,n ∈Z , 则225°+n ·360°<α2<270°+n ·360°,此时,α2为第三象限角.∴α2为第一或第三象限角.2.[变设问]若本例条件不变,求α3是第几象限角?解:∵k ·120°+30°<α3<k ·120°+60°(k ∈Z),当k =3n (n ∈Z)时, n ·360°+30°<α3<n ·360°+60°;当k =3n +1(n ∈Z)时, n ·360°+150°<α3<n ·360°+180°;当k =3n +2(n ∈Z)时, n ·360°+270°<α3<n ·360°+300°.∴α3是第一或第二或第四象限的角. 3.[变条件]已知α是第二象限角,且8α与2α的终边相同,判断2α是第几象限角. 解:8α=2α+k ·360°(k ∈Z), 所以α=k ·60°(k ∈Z), 所以,2α=k ·120°(k ∈Z),当k 为偶数时, 2α的终边分别落在x 轴的正半轴和第二、第三象限. 当k 为奇数时,2α的终边分别落在x 轴的正半轴和第二、第三象限, 所以,2α为第二或第三象限角,或是终边落在x 轴正半轴上的角.已知角α终边所在象限,(1)确定nα终边所在的象限,直接转化为终边相同的角即可. (2)确定αn 终边所在象限常用的步骤如下:①求出αn 的范围;②对n 的取值分情况讨论:被n 整除;被n 除余1;被n 除余2;…;被n 除余n -1; ③下结论.层级一 学业水平达标1.在0°到360°范围内,与-950°角终边相同的角是________.解析:-950°=130°-3×360°,所以在0°~360°的范围内,与-950°角终边相同的角是130°.★答案★:130°2.在-390°,-885°,1 351°,2 016°这四个角中,其中第四象限角的个数为________. 解析:-390°=-360°-30°是第四象限角;-885°=-2×360°-165°是第三角限角;1 351°=3×360°+271°是第四象限角;2 016°=5×360°+216°是第三象限角.故有2个.★答案★:23.钟表经过2小时,时针转过的度数为________.解析:时针均按顺时针方向旋转,2小时时针转过16周,所以时针转过了-60°.★答案★:-60°4.已知角α,β的终边相同,那么α-β的终边在________. 解析:∵角α,β的终边相同, ∴α=k ·360°+β,k ∈Z.作差α-β=k ·360°+β-β=k ·360°,k ∈Z. ∴α-β的终边在x 轴的正半轴上. ★答案★:x 轴的正半轴上5. 设集合A ={α|α=90°·k +30°,k ∈Z},B ={α|0°≤α<360°},则A ∩B =________. 解析:由0°≤90°·k +30°<360°,k ∈Z , 得-13≤k <113,k ∈Z ,所以k =0,1,2,3,所以A ∩B ={30°,120°,210°,300°}. ★答案★:{30°,120°,210°,300°}6.若α=45°+k·180° (k∈Z),则α的终边在第________象限.解析:由题意知α=k·180°+45°,k∈Z,当k=2n+1,n∈Z时,α=2n·180°+180°+45°=n·360°+225°,在第三象限,当k=2n,n∈Z时,α=2n·180°+45°=n·360°+45°,在第一象限.∴α是第一或第三象限的角.★答案★:一或三7.已知α与β均为正角,且α+β=180°,若0°<α≤90°,则角β的终边位于_______________.解析:若0°<α<90°,则90°<β=180°-α<180°,即角β的终边在第二象限;若α=β=90°,则角β的终边位于y轴正半轴上.★答案★:第二象限或y轴正半轴上8.若角α满足180°<α<360°,角5α与角α有相同的始边,且又有相同的终边,那么角α=______________.解析:∵5α与α的始边和终边相同,∴这两角的差应是360°的整数倍.即5α-α=4α=k·360°,k∈Z.即α=k·90°.又180°<α<360°,∴180°<k·90°<360°.∴2<k<4.∴k=3,故α=270°.★答案★:270°9.已知角x的终边落在图示阴影部分区域,写出角x组成的集合.解:(1){x|k·360°-135°≤x≤k·360°+135°,k∈Z}.(2){x|k·360°+30°≤x≤k·360°+60°,k∈Z}∪{x|k·360°+210°≤x≤k·360°+240°,k∈Z}={x|2k·180°+30°≤x≤2k·180°+60°或(2k+1)·180°+30°≤x≤(2k+1)·180°+60°,k∈Z}={x|k·180°+30°≤x≤k·180°+60°,k∈Z}.10.已知α=-1 910°,(1)把α写成β+k·360°(k∈Z,0°≤β<360°)的形式,指出它是第几象限的角;(2)求θ,使θ与α的终边相同,且-720°≤θ<0°.解:(1)设α=β+k·360°(k∈Z),则β=-1 910°-k·360°(k∈Z).令-1 910°-k·360°≥0,解得k≤-1 910 360.所以k的最大整数解为k=-6,求出相应的β=250°,于是α=250°-6×360°,它是第三象限的角.(2)令θ=250°+k·360°(k∈Z),取k=-1,-2就得到符合-720°≤θ<0°的角:250°-360°=-110°,250°-720°=-470°.故θ=-110°或-470°.层级二应试能力达标1.在0°到360°范围内,与角-60°的终边在同一条直线上的角为___________.解析:与角-60°的终边在同一条直线上的角为-60°+k·180°,k∈Z,取k=1,2.★答案★:120°与300°2.射线OA绕端点O逆时针旋转120°到达OB位置,再顺时针旋转270°到达OC位置,则∠AOC=________.解析:根据任意角的定义可得∠AOC=120°+(-270°)=-150°.★答案★:-150°3.若α是第三象限角,则180°-α是第________象限角.解析:因为α是第三象限角,所以k·360°+180°<α<k·360°+270°,k∈Z.所以k·360°-90°<180°-α<k·360°,k∈Z.所以180°-α为第四象限角.★答案★:四4.与1 991°终边相同的最小正角是________,绝对值最小的角是________.解析:与1 991°终边相同的角为1 991°+k·360°,取k=-5,-6.★答案★:191°,-169°5.角α,β的终边关于y轴对称,若α=30°,则β=________________.★答案★:150°+k·360°,k∈Z6.已知角2α的终边落在x 轴上方,那么α是第________象限角. 解析:由题知k ·360°<2α<180°+k ·360°,k ∈Z , ∴k ·180°<α<90°+k ·180°,k ∈Z.当k 为偶数时,α是第一象限角;当k 为奇数时,α为第三象限角,∴α为第一或第三象限角.★答案★:一或三7.若θ是第一象限角,判断θ2所在的象限.解:∵θ是第一象限角, ∴k ·360°<θ<k ·360°+90°(k ∈Z). k ·180°<θ2<k ·180°+45°(k ∈Z).当k =2n ,n ∈Z 时,n ·360°<θ2<n ·360°+45°,∴θ2为第一象限角; 当k =2n +1,n ∈Z 时, n ·360°+180°<θ2<n ·360°+225°,∴θ2为第三象限角.综上,θ2为第一或第三象限角.8.已知角β的终边在直线3x -y =0上. (1)写出角β的集合S ;(2)写出S 中适合不等式-360°<β<720°的元素. 解:(1)如图,直线3x -y =0过原点,倾斜角为60°, 在0°~360°范围内,终边落在射线OA 上的角是60°, 终边落在射线OB 上的角是240°,所以以射线OA ,OB 为终边的角的集合为: S 1={β|β=60°+k ·360°,k ∈Z}, S 2={β|β=240°+k ·360°,k ∈Z}, 所以角β的集合S =S 1∪S 2={β|β=60°+k ·360°,k ∈Z}∪{β|β=60°+180°+k ·360°,k ∈Z} ={β|β=60°+2k ·180°,k ∈Z}∪{β|β=60°+(2k +1)·180°,k ∈Z} ={β|β=60°+k ·180°,k ∈Z}.(2)由于-360°<β<720°,即-360°<60°+k·180°<720°,k∈Z.解得-73<k<113,k∈Z,所以k=-2,-1,0,1,2,3.所以S中适合不等式-360°<β<720°的元素为:60°-2×180°=-300°;60°-1×180°=-120°;60°+0×180°=60°;60°+1×180°=240°;60°+2×180°=420°;60°+3×180°=600°.。
完美版高中数学人教版必修四第一章详细教案教师版(新课复习都可用)
§1.1.1任意角1. 理解任意角、象限角的概念,会用集合语言表示终边相同的角;2. 通过学习,培养学生的类比思维能力、形象思维能力;3. 通过对任意角的概念的学习,体验角的概念扩展的必要性,促进学生对数学知识形成过程的认识.用数.重点:任意角的概念,用集合表示终边相同的角. 难点:角的概念的推广,终边相同的角之间的关系.通过回忆已有知识和观察日常生活中的实际例子,把对角的理解进行了推广.把角放入坐标系环境中以后,了解象限角的概念.通过角终边的旋转掌握终边相同角的表示方法.回忆初中所学的角的定义,任意角概念的学习为以后三角函数的建立做好了准备.探究1:任意角的概念 1.初中时,我们已学习了0360︒︒~角的概念,它是如何定义的呢?(1)角可以看成是由平面内的一点出发的两条 所组成的图形.(2)角可以看成平面内的一条 绕着端点从一个位置旋转到另一个位置所成的图形.一条射线由原来的位置OA ,绕着它的端点O 按逆时针方向旋转到终止位置OB ,就形成角α.旋转开始时的射线OA 叫做角的 ,OB 叫做角的 ,射线的端点O 叫做叫做角的 . 以上两种定义方式哪一种更科学、合理?为什么?2.在体操比赛中我们经常听到这样的术语:“转体720︒” (即转体2周),“转体1080︒”(即转体3周)等,都是遇到大于360︒的角以及按不同方向旋转而成的角.同学们思考一下:能否再举出几个现实生活中“大于360︒的角或按不同方向旋转而成的角”的例子,这些说明了什么问题?又该如何区分和表示这些角呢?为了区别起见,我们规定:按逆时针方向旋转所形成的角叫做 __,按顺时针方向旋转所形成的角叫做 __.如果一条射线没有做任何旋转,我们称它形成了一个 __.这样,我们就把角的概念推广到了任意角,包括 __、 __和 __. 为了简单起见,在不引起混淆的前提下,“角α”或“α∠”可简记为α. 探究2:象限角在今后的学习中,我们常在直角坐标系内讨论角,为此我们必须了解象限角这个概念.角的顶点与 ___重合,角的始边与_____轴的非负半轴重合.那么,角的终边(除端点外)在第几象限,我们就说这个角是________________.如教材图1.1-4中的30︒角、210︒-角分别是第______象限角和第______象限角.要特别注意:如果角的终边在坐标轴上,就认为这个角不属于任何一个象限,称为__________.探究3:终边相同的角将角按上述方法放在直角坐标系中后,给定一个角,就有唯一的一条终边与之对应.反之,对于直角坐标系中任意一条射线OB (如图 1.1-5),以它为终边的角是否唯一?如果不惟一,那么终边相同的角有什么关系?一般地,我们有:所有与角α终边相同的角,连同角α在内,可构成一个集合______________________________,即任一与角α终边相同的角,都可以表示成角α与整数个周角的和.探究4:自主完成课本P5练习.例1. 在0360︒︒~范围内,找出与95012'︒-角终边相同的角,并判定它是第几象限角.(注:0360︒︒-是指0360β︒︒≤<)分析:所有与角α终边相同的角构成的集合{|360,}S k k Z ββα︒==+⋅∈,这里关键是确定k 的取值. 解答:例2.写出终边在y 轴上的角的集合.分析:在0360︒︒~范围内,终边在y 轴上的角有两个,与这两个角终边相同的角的集合还是可以合并的.解答:拓展:你能写出终边在x 轴上,终边坐标轴上的角的集合吗?第一、二、三、四象限角的集合呢? 例 3.写出终边在直线y x =上的角的集合S ,并把S 中适合不等式360α︒-≤720︒<的元素β写出来.分析:关键是先写出集合S ,注意类比例2去做. 解答:拓展:你能写出终边在在直线y=-x 上的角的集合吗?例4.若角α是第一象限角,判断2α,2α,3α各是第几象限角.分析:由α的取值范围,来确定2α,2α,3α的取值范围,从而确定它们各是第几象限角.解答:1. 下列说法正确的有几个().(1)锐角是第一象限的角;(2)第一象限的角都是锐角; (3)小于 90°的角是锐角;(4)0°~90°的角是锐角. A. 1 个 B. 2 个 C. 3 个 D . 4 个2. 已知角的顶点与坐标原点重合,始边在 x 轴的非负半轴上,则角0885是第( )象限角.A. 第一象限角B. 第二象限角C. 第三象限角D. 第四象限角3.若{}{}{}.,90;,180;,360000Z k k a C Z k k a a B Z k k a a A ∈⋅=∈⋅==∈⋅==则下列关系正确的是( ).A.C B A ==B.C B A =C.C B A =D.C B A ⊂⊂4.若α是第四象限角,则α-0180是().A. 第一象限角B. 第二象限角C. 第三象限角D. 第四象限角 5. 若 α 与 β 的终边互为反向延长线,则有( ). A.0180+=βαB.0180-=βαC.βα-= D.()Zk k ∈⋅++=,180120βα6.钟表经过 4 小时,时针与分针各转了_______,________. (填度数)7.与1840°终边相同的最小正角为_______,与-1840°终边相同的最小正角是 _ .8.将下列各角表示为()0003600,360〈≤∈⋅+ααZ k k 的形式,并判断角在第几象限.(1)42560'; (2)42560'-.9.写出与下列各角终边相同的角的集合,并把集合中适合不等式00720720〈≤-β的元素β写出来.(1)0210-; (2)1513420'.10.现在是8点5分,经过2小时15分钟后,钟表上的时针和分针转过的角度分别是多少?此时它们所成的角为多少?本节课我们主要学习了:1.任意角包括正角、负角、零角;2. 象限角与轴线角;3.终边相同的角.1. 习题1.1 A 组第1,2,3,4题.2. 结合导学案预习§1.1.2 弧度制.§1.1.2弧度制1.(1)理解弧度制的定义,熟练地进行角度制与弧度制的换算; (2)掌握并运用弧度制表示的弧长公式、扇形面积公式;(3)理解在弧度制下,角的集合与实数集R 之间建立的一一对应关系.2.通过弧度制的学习,理解并认识到角度制和弧度制都是对角度量的方法, 二者是辨证统一的,不是孤立、割裂的关系.经历用类比方法学习新知识的过程,认识类比方法的重要性. 3.通过对现实生活中一些量的不同单位制的度量,引发学生学习弧度制的兴趣.重点:理解并掌握弧度制定义;熟练地进行角度制与弧度制地互化换算;弧度制的运用. 难点:理解弧度制定义,弧度制的运用.在我们所掌握的知识中,知道角的度量是用角度制,但是为了以后的学习,我们引入了弧度制的概念,我们一定要准确理解弧度制的定义,在理解定义的基础上熟练掌握角度制与弧度制的互化.角度制规定:将一个圆周分成360份,每一份叫做1度,故一周等于360度,平角等于180度,直角等于90度等等.探究1:(1)弧度制是什么呢?1弧度是什么意思?一周是多少弧度?半周呢?直角等于多少弧度?请看课本67P P ~,自行解决上述问题.把长度等于_______的_____所对的圆心角叫做1弧度的角,用符号_____表示. 读作弧度.今后用弧度制表示角时,“弧度”二字或单位符号“rad ”可以省略不写, 如:3表示3rad , sin π表示πrad 角的正弦.(2) 如图,半径为r 的圆的圆心与原点重合,角α的终边与x 轴的正半轴重合,交圆于点A ,终边与圆交于点B .请完成表格.角有______、______、______之分,它的弧度数也应该有正、负、零之分.一般地, 正角的弧度数是一个_______,负角的弧度数是一个_______,零角的弧度数是_______.(3) 如果一个半径为r 的圆的圆心角α所对的弧长是l ,那么a 的弧度数是多少?角α的弧度数的绝对值是:___________,其中,α的正负由角α的终边的旋转方向来决定. 探究2:弧度与角度的换算360︒=_____ rad, 180︒=_____ rad, 1︒=rad rad01745.0_____≈,'1857__________1 =≈=rad特殊角的角度数与弧度数的对应值表:y xAαOB探究3:弧度制表示的弧长公式、扇形面积公式(1)lR α=; (2)212S R α=; (3)12S lR =.其中R 是半径,l 是弧长,(02)ααπ<<为圆心角,S 是扇形的面积.你会推导吗?探究4:角的集合与实数集R 的对应关系角的概念推广以后,在弧度制下,角的集合与实数集R 之间建立了_________关系:即每一个角都有唯一的一个实数(即这个角的弧度数)与它对应;反过来,每一个实数也都有唯一的一个角(即弧度数等于这个实数的角)与它对应.探究5:自主完成课本P 9练习.例1.按照下列要求,把'6730︒化成弧度:(1)精确值;(2)精确到0.001的近似值. 分析:这里主要应用1︒=rad 180π,另外注意计算器计算非特殊角的方法.解答:例2.将3.14rad 换算成角度(用度数表示,精确到0.001). 分析: 这里主要应用180rad π︒=,同时注意计算器计算非特殊角的方法.解答:例3.利用弧度制证明下列关于扇形的公式: (1)lR α=; (2)212S R α=; (3)12S lR =.其中R 是半径,l 是弧长,(02)ααπ<<为圆心角,S 是扇形的面积.分析: 利用角度制表示的弧长公式、扇形面积公式. 解答:例4.利用计算器比较sin1.5和sin85︒的大小. 分析:利用计算器计算非特殊角三角函数值. 解答:1.下列各对角中终边相同的角是( ).A .2π和)(22Z k k ∈+-ππ B.2π-和322 C.97π-和911πD.320π和9122π2. 时钟经过一小时,时针转过了( ). A.rad 6πB.rad 6π-C.rad 12πD.rad 12π-3. 两个圆心角相同的扇形的面积之比为 1∶2,则两个扇形周长的比为( ). A.2:1 B.4:1 C.2:1 D 8:14. 下列命题中正确的命题是().A. 若两扇形面积的比是 1∶4,则两扇形弧长的比是 1∶2.B. 若扇形的弧长一定,则面积存在最大值.C. 若扇形的面积一定,则弧长存在最小值.D. 任意角的集合可以与实数集 R 之间建立一种一一对应关系.5. 一个半径为 R 的扇形,它的周长是 4R ,则这个扇形所含弓形的面积是( ). A.()21cos 1sin 221R ⋅- B.21cos 1sin 21R ⋅ C.221R D.()21cos 1sin 1R ⋅- 6. 若α =-216°, l = 7π ,则 r = _______(其中扇形的圆心角为α ,弧长为l ,半径为 r ). 7. 圆弧长度等于截其圆的内接正三角形边长,则其圆心角的弧度数为 _____.8. (1)把112 30 ' 化成弧度制; (2)把125π-化成角度制.9. (1);2cos 4tan6cos6tan3tan3sin ππππππ-+ (2).0tan 4cos 3sin c b a ++ππ10. 已知扇形 A OB 的面积是 1 cm 2,它的周长是 4 cm ,则弦 A B 的长等于多少 c m ?本节课我们主要学习了:1. 弧度制的定义;2. 弧度制表示的弧长公式、扇形面积公式;3. 角的集合与实数集R 之间建立的一一对应关系.1. 习题1.1 A 组第7,8,9,10题.2. 结合导学案预习§1.2.1 任意角的三角函数(一).§1.2.1任意角的三角函数(一)1.(1)借助单位圆理解任意角的三角函数(正弦、余弦、正切)的定义; (2)从任意角的三角函数的定义认识其定义域、函数值的符号;. 2. 能初步应用定义分析和解决与三角函数值有关的一些简单问题.3.让学生积极参与知识的形成过程,经历知识的“发现”过程,培养合情猜测能力.重点:任意角的三角函数(正弦、余弦、正切)的定义. 难点:用角终边上的点刻画三角函数.任意角的三角函数可以有不同的定义方法,本节利用单位圆上点的坐标定义任意角的正弦函数、余弦函数,正切函数,这样的定义使得三角函数所反映的数与形的关系更加直接,数形结合更加紧密,这就为后续内容的学习带来方便,也使三角函数更加好用了.借助直角三角形,回忆锐角三角函数的定义.探究1:锐角三角函数思考:你能用直角坐标系中角的终边上点的坐标来表示锐角三角函数吗?设锐角α的顶点与原点O 重合,始边与x 轴的正半轴重合,那么它的终边在第一象限.在α的终边上任取一点(,)P a b ,它与原点的距离0r=>.过P 作x 轴的垂线,垂足为M,则线段OM 的长度为a ,线段MP 的长度为b .则sin MP b OP r α==;cos OM a OP r α==; tan MP bOM aα==. 思考:对于确定的角α,这三个比值是否会随点P 在α终边上的位置的改变而改变呢? 我们可以将点取在使线段OP 的长1r =的特殊位置上,这样就可以得到用直角坐标系内的点的坐标表示锐角三角函数:sin MP b OP α==; cos OM a OP α==; tan MP bOM aα==. 探究2:任意角的三角函数锐角α的三角函数值可以用终边上一点的坐标表示.那么,角的概念推广以后,我们应该如何对初中的三角函数的定义进行修改,以利推广到任意角呢?定义方法1: 利用单位圆定义任意角的三角函数如图,设α是一个任意角,它的终边与单位圆交于点(,)P x y ,那么:(1)y 叫做α的正弦,记做sin α,即sin y α=;(2)x 叫做α的余弦,记做cos α,即cos x α=;(3)yx叫做α的正切,记做tan α,即tan (0)y x x α=≠.定义方法2:思考:如果知道角终边上一点,而这个点不是终边与单位圆的交点,该如何求它的三角函数值呢?前面我们已经知道,三角函数的值与点P 在终边上的位置无关,仅与角的大小有关.我们只需计算点到原点的距离r=,那么sin α=r y , cos α=r x , tan y xα=. 所以,三角函数是以为自变量,以单位圆上点的坐标或坐标的比值为函数值的函数,又因为角的集合与实数集之间可以建立一一对应关系,故三角函数也可以看成实数为自变量的函数. 探究3:三角函数的定义域,三角函数值在各象限的符号请根据任意角的三角函数定义,将正弦、余弦和正切函数的定义域填入下表;再将这三种函数的值在各个象限的符号填入表格中:三种函数的值在各个象限的符号记忆口诀:“一全二正弦,三切四余弦”。
第1章 章末分层突破 知识点汇总Word版含答案
章末分层突破①点电荷②kQ 1Q 2r 2③E =F q④E =k Q r2 ⑤E =U d⑥电场力 ⑦E p q⑧W ABq⑨φA -φ B⑩Q U⑪εr S 4πkd线,a 、b 、c 三点所在直线平行于两电荷的连线,且a 与c 关于MN 对称,b 点位于MN 上,d点位于两电荷的连线上.以下判断正确的是()图11A .b 点的电场强度大于d 点的电场强度B .b 点的电场强度小于d 点的电场强度C.a 、b 两点间的电势差等于b 、c 两点间的电势差 D .试探电荷+q 在a 点时的电势能小于在c 点时的电势能【解析】 如题图所示,两电荷连线的中点位置用O 表示,在中垂线MN 上,O 点电场强度最大,在两电荷之间的连线上,O 点电场强度最小,即E b <E O ,E O <E d ,故E b <E d ,选项A 错误,选项B 正确;等量异种点电荷的电场中,等势线具有对称性,a 、c 两点关于MN 对称,U ab =U bc ,选项C 正确;试探电荷+q 从a 移到c ,远离正电荷,靠近负电荷,电场力做正功,电势能减小,选项D 错误;另一种理解方法:a 点电势高于c 点电势,试探电荷+q 在a 处的电势能大,在c 处的电势能小.【答案】 BC1.电场中某点的电势高低与该点的电场强度大小无关. 2.电场中沿电场线方向电势降低得最快.3.E 、φ、U 、E p 均有正、负之分,但只有E 是矢量.1.有区别:(1)电场线总与等势面垂直.电荷沿着电场线移动,电场力一定做功;电荷沿着等势面移动,电场力一定不做功.(2)在同一电场中,等差等势面的疏密也反映电场的强弱,等差等势面密集处,电场线也密集,电场强;反之,电场线稀疏,电场弱.(3)知道等势面,可画出电场线,知道电场线,也可画出等势面.2.带电粒子在电场中的运动轨迹是由电场力和初速度共同决定的,可以根据轨迹分析受到的电场力方向,进一步研究加速度、动能、电势能的变化等.如图12所示,在点电荷Q 产生的电场中,将两个带正电的试探电荷q 1、q 2分别置于A 、B 两点,虚线为等势线.取无穷远处为零电势点,若将q 1、q 2移动到无穷远的过程中外力克服电场力做的功相等,则下列说法正确的是( ) 【导学号:96322024】图12A .A 点电势大于B 点电势 B .A 、B 两点的电场强度相等C .q 1的电荷量小于q 2的电荷量D .q 1在A 点的电势能小于q 2在B 点的电势能【解析】 由于电场力做负功,所以Q 应带负电荷,由负点电荷产生电场的电场线的分布规律可判断出φB >φA ,故A 项错误;由E =k Qr2,r 不相等,知E A ≠E B ,故B 项错误;由φA =W A →∞q 1、φB =W B →∞q 2,因为W A →∞=W B →∞,φA <φB <0,所以1q 1>1q 2,即q 1<q 2,故C 项正确;由于克服电场力做功相等,且无穷远处电势能为零,所以q 1在A 点的电势能等于q 2在B 点的电势能,故D 项错误.【答案】 C如图13所示,虚线表示等势面,相邻等势面间的电势差相等.有一带正电的小球在电场中运动,实线表示小球的运动轨迹.小球在a 点的动能为20 eV ,运动到b 点时动能为2 eV.若取c 点为零电势点,则当这个小球的电势能等于6 eV 时,它的动能为(不计重力和空气阻力)( )图13A.18 eV B.12 eVC.10 eV D.8 eV【解析】由于带电小球在电场中移动时,只有电场力做功,因此能量之间的转化只有动能和电势能之间的转化,因等势面为等差等势面,在相邻等势面间移送电荷,其动能变化相同,从a点到b点,动能减小了18 eV,所以从a点到c点动能减少了6 eV,c点动能为14 eV,故当小球电势能为6 eV时,它的动能为8 eV,D对.【答案】 D1.体的受力情况是解题的关键,通过受力分析可判断带电体的运动性质及运动轨迹.从力和运动的角度进行分析是解决带电体在电场中运动问题的最基本方法.2.分解的思想:带电体在电场和重力场的复合场中,若做类平抛或其他曲线运动,都可以考虑分解的思想,把它分解为两个分运动,可使问题很快得到解决3.功能关系:带电体在电场中运动的过程中伴随着做功和各种能量的转化,由于静电力做功与路径无关,这给动能定理和能量守恒定律提供了广阔的舞台.如图14所示,电荷量为-e、质量为m的电子从A点沿与电场垂直的方向进入匀强电场,初速度为v0,当它通过电场中B点时,速度与场强方向成150°角,不计电子的重力,设A点的电势为零,求B点的电势.图14【解析】电子进入匀强电场后在电场力作用下做匀变速曲线运动,根据运动的分解可知,电子在垂直于电场线方向上做匀速直线运动.将B点的速度分解(如图)v =v 0cos 60°=2v 0电子从A 运动到B 由动能定理得:W =12mv 2-12mv 20=32mv 20.电场力做正功,电势能减少,所以B 点的电势能为E p B =-32mv 20,φB =E p B q =-32mv 20-e =3mv 22e.【答案】 3mv 22e如图15所示,匀强电场的方向沿x 轴的正方向,场强为E .在A (l,0)点有一个质量为m 、电荷量为q 的粒子,以沿y 轴负方向的初速度v 0开始运动,经过一段时间到达B (0,-2l )点.不计重力作用,求:图15(1)粒子的初速度v 0的大小;(2)粒子到达B 点时的速度v 的大小及方向. 【解析】 (1)粒子在y 轴方向做匀速直线运动: 2l =v 0t粒子在x 轴方向做匀加速直线运动:l =12at 2又a =qE m解得:t =2ml qEv 0=2qElm.(2)x 方向分速度v x =at =2qElm到达B 点时速度的大小v =v 2x +v 20=2qElm速度与y 轴负方向的夹角 tan θ=v x v 0=1,则θ=45°. 【答案】 (1)2qElm(2)2qElm与y 轴负方向的夹角为45°处理带电粒子在电场中运动的一般思路(1)分析带电粒子的受力情况,尤其要注意是否应该考虑重力,电场力是否为恒力等. (2)分析带电粒子的初始状态及条件,确定带电粒子做直线运动还是曲线运动. (3)建立正确的物理模型,进而确定解题方法是运动学还是功能关系. (4)利用物理规律或其他手段(如图线等)找出物体间的关系,建立方程组.1.关于静电场的等势面,下列说法正确的是( ) 【导学号:96322025】 A .两个电势不同的等势面可能相交 B .电场线与等势面处处相互垂直 C .同一等势面上各点电场强度一定相等D .将一负的试探电荷从电势较高的等势面移至电势较低的等势面,电场力做正功 【解析】 在静电场中,两个电势不同的等势面不会相交,选项A 错误;电场线与等势面一定相互垂直,选项B 正确;同一等势面上的电场强度可能相等,也可能不相等,选项C 错误;电场线总是由电势高的等势面指向电势低的等势面,移动负试探电荷时,电场力做负功,选项D 错误.【答案】 B2.如图16所示,两个不带电的导体A和B,用一对绝缘柱支持使它们彼此接触.把一带正电荷的物体C置于A附近,贴在A、B下部的金属箔都张开( )【导学号:96322026】图16A.此时A带正电,B带负电B.此时A电势低,B电势高C.移去C,贴在A、B下部的金属箔都闭合D.先把A和B分开,然后移去C,贴在A、B下部的金属箔都闭合【解析】带电体C靠近导体A、B时,A、B发生静电感应现象,使A端带负电,B端带正电,但A、B是一个等势体,选项A、B错误;移去带电体C后,A、B两端电荷中和,其下部的金属箔都闭合,选项C正确;若先将A、B分开,再移去带电体C,A、B上的电荷不能中和,其下部的金属箔仍张开,选项D错误.【答案】 C3.(多选)如图17,一带负电荷的油滴在匀强电场中运动,其轨迹在竖直面(纸面)内,且相对于过轨迹最低点P的竖直线对称.忽略空气阻力.由此可知( )【导学号:96322027】图17A.Q点的电势比P点高B.油滴在Q点的动能比它在P点的大C.油滴在Q点的电势能比它在P点的大D.油滴在Q点的加速度大小比它在P点的小【解析】带电油滴在电场中受重力、电场力作用,据其轨迹的对称性可知,电场力方向竖直向上,且电场力大于重力,电场力先做负功后做正功.则电场强度方向向下,Q点的电势比P点高,选项A正确;油滴在P点的速度最小,选项B正确;油滴在P点的电势能最大,选项C错误;油滴运动的加速度大小不变,选项D错误.【答案】AB4.如图18,直线a、b和c、d是处于匀强电场中的两组平行线,M、N、P、Q是它们的交点,四点处的电势分别为φM、φN、φP、φQ.一电子由M点分别运动到N点和P点的过程中,电场力所做的负功相等.则( )图18A.直线a位于某一等势面内,φM>φQB.直线c位于某一等势面内,φM>φNC.若电子由M点运动到Q点,电场力做正功D.若电子由P点运动到Q点,电场力做负功【解析】由电子从M点分别运动到N点和P点的过程中电场力所做的负功相等可知,N、P两点在同一等势面上,且电场线方向为M→N,故选项B正确,选项A错误.M点与Q 点在同一等势面上,电子由M点运动到Q点,电场力不做功,故选项C错误.电子由P点运动到Q点,电场力做正功,故选项D错误.【答案】 B5.一金属容器置于绝缘板上,带电小球用绝缘细线悬挂于容器中,容器内的电场线分布如图19所示,容器内表面为等势面,A、B为容器内表面上的两点,下列说法正确的是( ) 【导学号:96322028】图19A.A点的电场强度比B点的大B.小球表面的电势比容器内表面的低C.B点的电场强度方向与该处内表面垂直D.将检验电荷从A点沿不同路径移到B点,电场力所做的功不同【解析】由题图知,B点处的电场线比A点处的密,则A点的电场强度比B点的小,选项A错误;沿电场线方向电势降低,选项B错误;电场强度的方向总与等势面导体表面垂直,选项C正确;检验电荷由A点移动到B点,电场力做功一定,与路径无关,选项D错误.【答案】 C6.如图110所示,两平行的带电金属板水平放置.若在两板中间a点从静止释放一带电微粒,微粒恰好保持静止状态.现将两板绕过a点的轴(垂直于纸面)逆时针旋转45°,再由a点从静止释放一同样的微粒,该微粒将( ) 【导学号:96322029】图110A .保持静止状态B .向左上方做匀加速运动C .向正下方做匀加速运动D .向左下方做匀加速运动【解析】 两板水平放置时,放置于两板间a 点的带电微粒保持静止,带电微粒受到的电场力与重力平衡.当将两板逆时针旋转45°时,电场力大小不变,方向逆时针偏转45°,受力如图,则其合力方向沿二力角平分线方向,微粒将向左下方做匀加速运动.选项D 正确.【答案】 D7.如图111,P 是固定的点电荷,虚线是以P 为圆心的两个圆.带电粒子Q 在P 的电场中运动,运动轨迹与两圆在同一平面内,a 、b 、c 为轨迹上的三个点.若Q 仅受P 的电场力作用,其在a 、b 、c 点的加速度大小分别为a a 、a b 、a c ,速度大小分别为v a 、v b 、v c .则( ) 【导学号:96322030】图111A .a a >a b >a c ,v a >v c >v bB .a a >a b >a c ,v b >v c >v aC .a b >a c >a a ,v b >v c >v aD .a b >a c >a a ,v a >v c >v b【解析】 a 、b 、c 三点到固定的点电荷P 的距离r b <r c <r a ,则三点的电场强度由E =kQr 可知E b >E c >E a ,故带电粒子Q 在这三点的加速度a b >a c >a a .由运动轨迹可知带电粒子Q 所受P 的电场力为斥力,从a 到b 电场力做负功,由动能定理-|qU ab |=12mv 2b -12mv 2a <0,则vb <v a ,从b 到c 电场力做正功,由动能定理|qU bc |=12mv 2c -12mv 2b >0,vc >v b ,又|U ab |>|U bc |,则v a >v c ,故v a >v c >v b ,选项D 正确.【答案】 D8.如图112所示,一质量为m 、电荷量为q (q >0)的粒子在匀强电场中运动,A 、B 为其运动轨迹上的两点.已知该粒子在A 点的速度大小为v 0,方向与电场方向的夹角为60°;它运动到B 点时速度方向与电场方向的夹角为30°.不计重力.求A 、B 两点间的电势差. 【导学号:96322031】图112【解析】 设带电粒子在B 点的速度大小为v B .粒子在垂直于电场方向的速度分量不变,即v B sin 30°=v 0sin 60°①由此得v B =3v 0②设A 、B 两点间的电势差为U AB ,由动能定理有qU AB =12m (v 2B -v 20)③联立②③式得U AB =mv 20q .【答案】 mv 20q章末综合测评(一) (时间:60分钟 满分:100分)一、选择题(本大题共10个小题,共60分.在每小题所给的四个选项中,第1~7题只有一项符合题目要求,第8~10题有多项符合题目要求,全部选对的得6分,选对但不全的得3分,有选错的得0分.)1.关于电场线的以下说法中正确的是( )【导学号:96322175】A .电场线上每一点的切线方向都跟电荷在该点的受力方向相同B .沿电场线的方向,电场强度越来越小C .电场线越密的地方同一试探电荷所受的静电力就越大D .顺着电场线移动电荷,电荷受静电力大小一定不变【解析】 电场线上每一点的切线方向都跟正电荷在该点的受力方向相同,故选项A 错误;沿电场线方向,其疏密变化情况未知,所以电场强度大小不能判定,电荷的受力情况也不能判定,故选项B 、D 错误;电场线越密的地方同一试探电荷所受的静电力就越大,故选项C 正确.【答案】 C2.真空中,A 、B 两点与点电荷Q 的距离分别为r 和3r ,则A 、B 两点的电场强度大小之比为( )【导学号:96322176】A .3∶1B .1∶3C .9∶1D .1∶9【解析】 由点电荷场强公式有:E =k Q r2∝r -2,故有E A E B =⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫r B r A 2=⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫3r r2=9∶1,C 项正确.【答案】 C3.下列选项中的各14圆环大小相同,所带电荷量已在图中标出,且电荷均匀分布,各14圆环间彼此绝缘.坐标原点O 处电场强度最大的是( )【解析】 由对称性原理可知,A 、C 图中O 点的场强大小相等,D 图中O 点场强为0,因此B 图中两14圆环在O 点处合场强应最大,选项B 正确.【答案】 B4.如图1所示,O 为两个等量异种电荷连线的中点,P 为连线中垂线上的一点,比较O 、P 两点的电势和场强大小( )A.φO=φP,E O>E PB.φO=φP,E O=E PC.φO>φP,E O=E PD.φO=φP,E O<E P【解析】根据等量异种电荷电场的分布情况可知,中垂线是等势线,故φO=φP,根据电场线的疏密知,E O>E P,故A项正确.【答案】 A5.如图2所示,一带电粒子在电场中沿曲线AB运动,从B点穿出电场,a、b、c、d 为该电场中的等势面,这些等势面都是互相平行的竖直平面,不计粒子所受重力,则( ) 【导学号:96322177】图2A.该粒子一定带负电B.此电场不一定是匀强电场C.该电场的电场线方向一定水平向左D.粒子在电场中运动过程动能不断减少【解析】由于不能确定电场线方向,故不能确定粒子带负电,A、C错误.等势面互相平行,故一定是匀强电场,B错误.粒子受电场力一定沿电场线指向轨迹凹侧,而电场线和等势面垂直,由此可确定电场力一定做负功,故动能不断减少,D正确.【答案】 D6.如图3所示,B、D在以点电荷+Q为圆心的圆上,B、C在以QB连线中点为圆心的圆上,将一检验电荷从A点分别移到B、C、D各点时,电场力做功是( )A .W AB =W AC B .W AD >W AB C .W AC >W ADD .W AB =W AD【解析】 由题图可知,B 、D 在同一个等势面上,C 点的电势比B 点高,所以从A 点向B 、C 、D 三点移动电荷时,移至B 、D 两点电场力做功是一样多的,移至C 点时电场力做功比移至B 、D 点少.【答案】 D7.如图4所示,a 、b 两个带正电的粒子,以相同的速度先后垂直于电场线从同一点进入平行板间的匀强电场后,a 粒子打在B 板的a ′点,b 粒子打在B 板的b ′点,若不计重力,则( ) 【导学号:96322178】图4A .a 的电荷量一定大于b 的电荷量B .b 的质量一定大于a 的质量C .a 的比荷一定大于b 的比荷D .b 的比荷一定大于a 的比荷【解析】 据题意,带电粒子在匀强电场中做类平抛运动,其水平位移为:x =vt ,竖直位移为:y =12at 2=12qE mt 2,当a 、b 以相同速度垂直电场线进入电场后,有:x =v2myqE ,由于v 、y 和E 都相等,而b 粒子的水平位移大,故b 粒子的m q较大,因而a 粒子的qm较大,故C 选项正确.【答案】 C8.一带电粒子在正电荷形成的电场中,运动轨迹如图5所示的abcd 曲线,下列判断正确的是( )【导学号:96322179】图5A .粒子带正电B .粒子通过a 点时的速度比通过b 点时小C .粒子在a 点受到的静电力比b 点小D .粒子在a 点时的电势能与在d 点相等【解析】 根据同种电荷相互排斥,异种电荷相互吸引,可知粒子带正电荷,故选项A 正确;从a 向b 运动过程中,斥力做负功,因此动能减小,速度减小,故选项B 错误;根据库仑定律F =kq 1q 2r 2可知,在a 点两个电荷间距离远,受静电力小,故选项C 正确;粒子在a 点与在d 点处于同一等势面上,从a 到d 的过程中,静电力不做功,因此电势能相等,故选项D 正确.【答案】 ACD9.如图6所示,两块平行金属板正对着水平放置,两板分别与电源正、负极相连.当开关闭合时,一带电液滴恰好静止在两板间的M 点.则()图6A .当开关闭合时,若减小两板间距,液滴仍静止B .当开关闭合时,若增大两板间距,液滴将下降C .开关再断开后,若减小两板间距,液滴仍静止D .开关再断开后,若增大两板间距,液滴将下降【解析】 当开关闭合时,电容器两端电压为定值,等于电源电压,设为U ,两板间的距离为d ,带电液滴处于平衡状态,则mg =q U d,当两板间的距离减小时,所受电场力大于重力,液滴将向上做匀加速运动,A 错误;两板间的距离增大时,所受电场力小于重力,液滴将向下做匀加速运动,B 正确;当开关断开后,电容器无法放电,两板间的电荷量不变,设为Q ,此时两板间的场强大小E =U d =Q C d ∝QεS,可见场强大小与两板间距离无关,即场强大小保持不变,电场力不变,液滴保持静止,C 正确,D 错误.【答案】 BC10.如图7所示,A 、B 、C 、D 是匀强电场中的四个点,D 是BC 的中点,A 、B 、C 构成一直角三角形,AB =L m ,电场线与三角形所在的平面平行,已知A 点的电势为5 V ,B 点的电势为-5 V ,C 点的电势为15 V ,据此可以判断( ) 【导学号:96322180】图7A .场强方向由C 指向B B .场强方向垂直AD 连线指向BC .场强大小为10LV/mD .场强大小为203LV/m【解析】 根据B 、C 点的电势可以确定其中点D 的电势为5 V ,A 、D 的连线为一条等势线,电场线与等势面垂直,且由高等势面指向低等势面,故场强方向垂直AD 连线指向B ,A 错误,B 正确;匀强电场的场强E =U AB d ,其中U AB =10 V ,d =L cos 30°,解得E =203LV/m ,C 错误,D 正确.【答案】 BD二、计算题(本大题共3个小题,共40分.按题目要求作答.)11.(12分)如图8所示,在真空中的O 点放一点电荷Q =1.0×10-9C ,直线MN 过O 点,OM =30 cm ,M 点放一点电荷q =-2×10-10 C ,求:图8(1)M 点的场强大小;(2)若M 点的电势比N 点的电势高15 V ,则电荷q 从M 点移到N 点,它的电势能变化了多少?【解析】 (1)根据E =kQ r2得M 点的场强 E =9.0×109× 1.0×10-930×10-22 N/C =100 N/C.(2)电荷q 从M 点移到N 点,电场力做功W MN =qU MN =-2×10-10×15 J=-3×10-9 J.这一过程中电场力做负功,电势能增加3×10-9J. 【答案】 (1)100 N/C (2)电势能增加了3×10-9 J12.(12分)如图9所示,在水平方向的匀强电场中,用长为L 的绝缘细线拴住一质量为m 、电荷量为q 的小球,线的上端固定,开始时连线拉成水平,突然松开后,小球由静止开始向下摆动,当细线转过60°角时的速度恰好为零.求:【导学号:96322181】图9(1)A 、B 两点的电势差U AB 为多大? (2)电场强度为多大?【解析】 (1)取带电小球为研究对象,由动能定理得mgL sin 60°+qU AB =0,故U AB =-3mgL2q. (2)由E =U d 得电场强度为E =-U AB L 1-cos 60° =3mgq.【答案】 (1)-3mgL 2q (2)3mg q13.(16分)如图10所示,一质量m =5×10-3kg(忽略重力)的微粒带正电,其电荷量为q =1×10-4C .从距上极板5 cm 处以2 m/s 的水平初速度进入长为20 cm 、板间距也为20 cm 的两极板间,如果两极板不带电,微粒将运动到距极板最右端10 cm 的竖直荧光屏上的O 点.现将两极板间加200 V 的电压,带电微粒打到荧光屏上的A 点.图10(1)带电微粒从进入电场到到达荧光屏上的A 点所经历的时间为多少? (2)OA 两点的间距为多少?(3)带电微粒进入电场到打到荧光屏上的A 点这一过程中电场力对其做功多少? 【解析】 (1)设板长为l 1,极板最右端到荧光屏的距离为l 2,微粒初速度为v ,由于带电微粒在水平方向上的速度始终不变,则t =l 1+l 2v =0.2+0.12s =0.15 s. (2)设微粒在两极板间的偏转位移为y ,则y =12at 2=qUl 212mdv 2=1×10-4×200× 0.222×5×10-3×0.2×22 m =0.1 m. 在类平抛运动中,利用速度的反向延长线交于水平位移的中点.再根据三角形相似,求得OA 长为0.2 m.(3)W =qEy =qUy d =1×10-4×200×0.10.2J =0.01 J.【答案】 (1)0.15 s (2)0.2 m (3)0.01 J2.磁场对通电导线的作用——安培力[先填空]1.安培力磁场对通电导线的作用力.2.科学探究:安培力与哪些因素有关(1)实验探究采用的方法:控制变量法.(2)当通电导线与磁感线垂直时,实验结论是:①当其他因素不变,磁感应强度增大时,安培力增大;②当其他因素不变,电流增大时,安培力增大;③当其他因素不变,导体长度增大时,安培力增大;④安培力的方向由磁场方向和电流方向共同决定.3.安培力的大小(1)F=ILB.(2)适用条件①通电导线与磁场方向垂直.②匀强磁场或非匀强磁场中很短的导体.[再判断]1.通电导体在磁场中所受安培力为零,该处磁场感应强度一定为零.(×)2.两根通电导线在同一匀强磁场中,若导线长度相同,电流大小相等,则所受安培力大小相等,方向相同.(×)3.通以10 A电流的直导线,长为0.1 m,处在磁感应强度为0.1 T的匀强磁场中,所受安培力可能为0.02 N.(√)[后思考]通电导体在磁场中所受安培力F的大小一定等于ILB吗?【提示】不一定.只有当通电导体中的电流方向与磁场方向垂直时,安培力F才等于ILB.[合作探讨]如321所示,利用下列实验装置可以探究安培力的大小与磁场、电流大小的关系.(1)在B、L一定时,增大电流I,导线受力怎么变化?(2)在B、I一定时,增大导线的长度L,导线受力怎么变化?321【提示】(1)当B、L一定时,增大电流I、导线受的力变大.(2)当B、I一定时,增大导线长度L导线受力变大.[核心点击]1.当电流方向与磁场方向垂直时,F=ILB.此时通电导线所受安培力最大.2.当电流方向与磁场方向不垂直时,F=ILB sin θ(θ是I和B之间的夹角).3.当通电导线的方向和磁场方向平行(θ=0°或θ=180°)时,安培力最小,等于零.4.若导线是弯曲的,公式中的L并不是导线的总长度,而应是弯曲导线的“有效长度”.它等于连接导线两端点直线的长度(如图322所示),相应的电流方向沿两端点连线由始端流向末端.图322一根长为0.2 m、电流为2 A的通电导线,放在磁感应强度为0.5 T的匀强磁场中,受到的安培力大小不可能是( )A.0.4 N B.0.2 NC.0.1 N D.0【解析】由安培力的公式F=ILB sin θ可知,安培力的大小与I和B的夹角有关.当θ=90°时,F 最大,F max =ILB =2×0.2×0.5 N=0.2 N .当θ=0°时,F 最小,F min =0,故F 的大小范围是0≤F ≤0.2 N,故B 、C 、D 可能,A 不可能.【答案】 A如图323所示,导线框中电流为I ,导线框垂直于磁场放置,磁感应强度为B ,AB 与CD 相距为d ,则MN 所受安培力大小为( )【导学号:96322061】图323A .F =BIdB .F =BId sin θC .F =BIdsin θD .F =BId cos θ【解析】 导线与B 垂直,F =BI dsin θ.【答案】 C如图所示,在匀强磁场中放有下列各种形状的通电导线,电流均为I ,磁感应强度均为B ,求各导线所受到的安培力的大小.【解析】 A 图中,F =IlB cos α,这时不能死记公式而错写成F =IlB sin α.要理解公式本质是有效长度或有效磁场,正确分解.B 图中,B ⊥I ,导线在纸平面内,故F =IlB .C 图是两根导线组成的折线abc ,整体受力实质上是两部分直导线分别受力的矢量和,其有效长度为ac ,故F =2IlB .D 图中,从a →b 的半圆形电流,分析圆弧上对称的每一小段电流,受力抵消合并后,其有效长度为ab ,故F =2IRB .E 图中,F =0.【答案】 A :IlB cos α B :IlB C :2IlB D :2IRB E :0计算安培力大小应注意的问题(1)应用公式F =IlB ,电流方向必须与磁场方向垂直.(2)通电导线放入磁场中,有可能不受安培力的作用.(3)公式F =IlB 中的l 不一定是导线的实际长度,而应是“有效长度”.[先填空]1.安培力的方向(1)左手定则:伸出左手,四指并拢,使大拇指和其余四指垂直,并且都跟手掌在同一平面内,让磁感线垂直穿过手心,四指指向沿电流方向,则大拇指所指方向就是通电导线所受安培力的方向.(2)方向特点:安培力的方向既与电流方向垂直,又与磁场方向垂直,即安培力方向垂直于电流方向和磁场方向所确定的平面.2.电动机(1)原理:利用磁场对通电线圈的安培力使线圈在磁场中旋转.(2)作用:把电能转化为机械能.(3)分类⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ 直流电动机:由磁场、转动线圈、滑环、电刷 及电源组成,滑环在其中起了一个换向器 的作用. 交流电动机:如家用电风扇、洗衣机、抽油烟 机等都是交流电动机.[再判断] 1.当通电直导线垂直于磁场方向时,安培力的方向和磁场方向相同.(×)2.磁感应强度的方向与安培力的方向垂直.(√)3.电动机是把电能转化为机械能的装置.(√)[后思考]通电直导线在磁场中所受安培力的方向一定跟电流的方向垂直吗?【提示】 一定.根据左手定则可判断安培力的方向垂直于电流和磁场方向.[合作探讨]如图324所示,利用下列装置可以探究安培力的方向与磁场、电流方向的关系.(1)图中磁场方向向哪?闭合电键后,导线中电流方向向哪?。
高中英语必修4Unit1知识点详解(带练习和答案解析)
Book 4Unit1 Women of achievement1、achievement n.〔1〕[C]成就,功绩:have a sense of achievement有成就感〔2〕[U]达到,完成:→achieve vt.〔经过长期努力〕达到,实现,取得;achievable adj.可完成的,可达到的;achiever n.成功人士[即学即练1]〔〕Although medical science______control over several dangerous diseases,what worries us is that some of them are returning.A.achievedB.has achievedC.will achieve D.had achieved[即学即练2]〔〕It’s through learning that the individual ____many habitual ways of reacting to situations.A.retainsB.gainsC.achievesD.acquires2、put...to的三个主要含义:〔1〕使某人在某地或或某种状况下,尤指睡觉、休息或死亡:She put her child to bed.〔2〕问〔问题〕;提〔建议〕:I put a question to him.〔3〕以某种方式试验〔某人或某事〕:Let’s put the matter to a vote.[即学即练3]〔〕At last the government put the criminal _____by hanging him.A.to dieB.to deathC.to be dyingD.into death[即学即练4]〔〕I was hoping Mr Brown could _________for a few days.A.put me inB.put me downC.put me onD.put me up3、welfare n [U]〔1〕幸福,健康;福祉:Our only concern is the children’s welfare.我们唯一关心的是孩子们的幸福.〔2〕〔对有个人或社会问题的人提供的〕帮助;福利welfare benefits/services/programmes:the provision of education and welfare services提供教育和福利服务〔3〕〔政府向穷人或失业者发放的〕救济金on welfare:Most of the people in this neighborhood are on welfare.这一街区的大多数人都领取福利救济. 4、project v〔1〕[T]预计,推断be projected to do sth:Total expenditure is projected to rise by 25%.总开支预计增加25%.〔2〕[I] 凸出,突出:projecting teeth龅牙[+ out/from/through etc ]Four towers projected from the main building.从主楼上凸出来四个塔楼.〔3〕[T] 放映;投射project sth onto sth:She projected the slide onto the wall.她将幻灯片投射到墙上.〔4〕[T] 呈现出…样子,表现〔自己〕project yourself <as sth>:his attempts to project himself as a potential leader他试图表现出自己作为未来领导的样子〔5〕计划,预定the projected closure of the hospital计划关闭这所医院〔6〕project your voice放开声音〔使大房间的每个人都能听见〕〔7〕[T] 传播:The plant projects its seeds over a wide area. 那种植物可以把种子散播到很大的X围.〔8〕[T]使〔某人〕迅速成功;让〔某人〕迅速获得更好的工作project sb into/onto etc sth:His success projected him onto Channel 4’s comedy series ‘Packet of Three’.他的成功让自己跻身于第四频道的系列喜剧《三人帮》中.〔9〕[T] 想象〔他人〕具有〔自己的思想感情〕;把〔自己的感情〕投射到他人身上project sth on/onto sb:You’re projecting your insecurity onto me.你在把自己的不安全感强加到我身上. 5、specialist n专家〔1〕specialize vi.专注,专攻,specialize in sth专攻...〔major in主修....〕〔2〕specialty n.专业,特长6、campaign n./v.〔1〕n. [C]运动,活动;战役:+to do…为<做>的…;+for/against…为/反对…的The campaign to seize the city was a failure. 攻占这个城市的战役失败了.The city hall is planning to start a campaign against smoking. 市政府计划发起禁烟运动.〔2〕vi. 作战;参加运动+ for/against/to do…They are campaigning to save the area from building development.他们正开展一场反对在这个地区进行房地产开发的运动.〔3〕campaigner n.竞选者,从军者,出征者,老兵[即学即练5]〔〕The company is starting a new advertising _____to attract customers.A.principleB.attitudeC.campaignD.thunder7、organize v〔1〕[T] 组织,筹划,安排〔活动〕:The course was organized by a training company.〔2〕[T] 组织,安排〔人员做某事〕organize yourself:The scientists need to organize themselves and work as a team.这些科学家要组织起来,作为一个团队来工作.〔3〕[T] to管理,安排〔manage也有此意思〕He doesn’t need you to organize his life for him.他不需要你来安排他的生活.Organize yourself to arrive at places on time.你要安排好时间,准时到达预定地点.〔4〕[T] 排列,编组:We are learning about how genes are organized.我们在了解基因是如何排列的.〔5〕organized adj. 有组织的;有条理的,有安排的:井井有条地in an organized way〔这个短语要多用〕〔6〕organization n.组织,机构,团体:世贸组织〔WTO〕the World Trade Organization8、behave v [I]〔1〕表现[+ towards ] I think he behaved disgracefully towards you.我觉得他对你太不像话了.[+ like ] grown men behaving like schoolboys表现得像小学生一样的成年男子behave as if/though:He was a little boy, but he behaved as if he was an adult.他是个小男孩,可表现得跟大人一样.〔2〕举止规矩有礼;检点OPP misbehave:Behave yourself! 规矩点!Will you children please behave!你们这些孩子能不能规矩一点!well-behaved/badly-behaved:a badly-behaved class 不守规矩的班级〔3〕[always + adv/prep]作出反应,发生作用Quantum mechanics is the study of the way atoms behave.量子力学是研究原子运动的学科.〔4〕be on one’s good/best behavior行为检点,举止规矩[即学即练6]根据中文提示完成句子:〔1〕I want you to ________________________<举止得体>while I’m away.〔2〕I’m sorry about what I did last night—__________________________<我太幼稚了>.[即学即练7]〔〕<2009##六校联考>The children do not know how to ________ themselves at the party.A.act B.performC.behave D.advance9、★concern v/n〔一〕vt〔1〕be the business of sth,be important to,affect影响,对...有重要性Don’t interfere in what doesn’t concern you.The loss was a tragedy for all concerned.〔2〕关于:a report that concerns drug abuse〔v/n滥用,谩骂〕.→concerning<=respecting> prep.关于.... 〔3〕concern oneself with/in/about sth忙于....,对...感兴趣:There is no need to concern yourself with this matter,we are dealing with it.〔4〕使...担忧,烦恼,打扰....:Our losses are beginning to concern me.〔5〕to whom it may concern敬启者〔写在正式信函开头的一句套话,用于写信人不知道收信人的##时〕〔二〕cn/un〔1〕[U] 忧虑,担心,关切[+ for ] our concern for human rights我们对人权的关注[+ about/over/with ] the rise of concern about the environment对环境越来越多的关注concern that:increased concern that the war could continue for a long time怕战争会长期继续下去而日益增加的担心be a cause for concern/cause concern:The activities of the far right have been a cause for concern for a while now.极右分子的活动引起关注已经有一段时间了.〔2〕[C] 担心的事,关切的事Education remains the electorate’s main concern.教育仍是选##要关心的问题.〔3〕[C,U]〔关系到你自己的〕重要的事情[+ for ]The consumer has become a major concern for this government.消费者成了这届政府关注的重点of concern to sb:topics of concern to television viewers〔4〕[singular, U ]关爱,关怀:[+ for ] parents’ loving concern for their children〔5〕sb’s concern某人的责任:The money side of the business is your concern.这件事钱的方面由你负责. 〔6〕not sb’s concern/none of sb’s concern某人不感兴趣的事;与某人无关的事His affairs were none of her concern.他的私事与她无关.[即学即练8]〔〕The farmers are concerned _____their farmland,because it is concerned _____their food.A.for,aboutB.about,forC.about,withD.with,about[即学即练9]〔〕All the memories of his childhood had _______ from his mind by the time he was 65.A.fadedB.illustratedC.confinedD.concerned[即学即练10]〔〕______money,she is quite rich.However,this does not mean that she is happy.A.ConcerningB.As toC.In terms ofD.In the sight of10、shade n/v〔1〕un. 荫;阴凉处:I saw him sitting in/under the shade of a tree. 我看见他坐在树荫下.▲重点词组:in the shade在阴凉处,默默无闻:The actress still remains in the shade.a shade 少量,稍微:The results were a shade better than we expected.结果比我们预计的稍〔2〕vt. 遮住光线, 遮蔽,蔽荫:Trees shade the streets.▲重点词组:shade…from/against…使…免受…的照射She shaded her eyes from/against the sun. shade into sth渐渐与…分辨不清,逐渐变成His impatience shaded into anger.他由不耐烦逐渐变成了愤怒.〔3〕★shadow影子,阴影〔是一个平面〕;而shade是一个立体空间,指遮挡阳光的地方.[即学即练11]〔〕<2009##期末>AIDS is spreading all over the world at a shocking speed. Where its dark ________ appears,we see pain,tears and death.A.shape B.shadowC.ambition D.markE.symbol[即学即练12]〔〕Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ____in the financial system will drag down the economy.A.shallownessB.shakinessC.scantinessD.stiffness11、move off离开;启程;出发Last night he moved off without saying goodbye to me.其他move的短语:move about四处走动,转换工作;move away搬走;move in迁入新居;move down下降等级;move up上升,晋升;move on开始做别的事,换话题;move out搬出去,迁出[即学即练13]〔〕It was decided to ________ the search when there was no hope of finding the missing girl.A.call off B.move offC.keep off D.move away[即学即练14]〔〕They had planned to ____in the morning but were stopped by the storm.A.move outB.moveoverC.move awayD.move off12、▲worth adj 只能做表语… be <well> worth doing <很>值得做…〔主动形式表被动意义〕〔1〕▲重点词组:get one’s money worth使某人的钱花的有价值;worth one’s salt称职的;for what’s it worth不管怎样;worth it有用的,值得的〔2〕worthy adj.值得的★值得做某事be worthy to be done =be worthy of being done =be worthy of + n. 〔牢记〕〔3〕worthwhile adj. 值得做的;值得花费时间〔精力〕的;可作定语和表语a worthwhile experiment/job.The experiment is worthwhile.★做某事是值得的It is worthwhile to do sth;It is worthwhile doing sth;be worth one’s while to do/doing〔4〕be worth +钱数:The bicycle is worth £50.这辆自行车值50英镑.[即学即练15]〔〕The problem he put forth at the meeting was ____.Which one of the following is WRONG?A.worth thinking overB.worthy to considerC.worthy of being thought overD.worthy of consideration[即学即练16]〔〕I am sure this painting was not painted by Picasso.It’s only an unsuccessful fake and so it’s _____.A.pricelessB.invaluable C.worthlessD.precious13、observe vt.〔1〕[T not in progressive ] 看到,注意到,观察到→ observation n.观察,预测,监视→observer n.目击者;under observation在观察中;在监视中observe that:It was observed that 40 percent of patients had high blood pressure.observe sb doing/do sth:Officers observed him driving at 90 miles per hour.〔2〕[I,T] 观察,监视,观测:The police have been observing his movements..〔3〕[T] 说,评论:‘Sid looks ill,’ Doherty observed.〔4〕[T] 遵守,奉行〔法律或协议〕→observance n.〔对法律、习俗的〕遵守So far the ceasefire has been observed by both sides.遵守着停火协定.〔5〕[T] 遵守,奉行〔##或习俗〕,庆祝:Some people observe Christmas here.〔6〕表示"使,让〞的动词make, have等,以与感官动词see , watch,observe, feel,hear,listen to,look at等,变为被动语态,成为主语补足语的不定式时,必须带toHe observed her come across the street.→ She was observed to come across the street.[即学即练17]〔〕<2011##百校联考>It is required that all traffic participants should____the traffic rules to make traffic safer and safer.A.performB.observeC.supportD.possess[即学即练18]〔〕All individuals are required to ______to the laws made by their governments.A.obeyB.conformC.concedeD.observe14、respect v/n〔1〕v/n尊敬;敬重respect for sb./ sth. 尊重某人/某事;gain/earn/win one's respect 赢得某人的尊重;show/pay respect for sb.尊敬某人;out of respect for sb出于对...的尊敬;hold sb.in respect尊敬某人;give/send one’s respects to sb待某人向某人问好〔=remember sb to sb〕〔2〕n.方面▲重点词组:in all respect=in every respect在各个方面;in respect of/to关于,对...来说;with respect to关于;in no respect无论在哪方面都不是……,完全不是……;without respect to不考虑……;不管……〔3〕▲词汇辨析1〕respectable:①of acceptable social position,decent and proper in appearance or behavior ②of a moderately good standard or size,not bringing disgrace or embarrassment2〕respected:admired by many people because of your good work or achievements3〕respectful:feeling or showing respect,be respectful of/towards...4〕respective:belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things already mentioned5〕respecting:[formal] about or relating to sth[即学即练19]Complete the sentences with the words above:1、We were brought up to be ________________of authority.2、Go and make yourself look _________________.3、Economic growth has averaged at a ______________________ 2.5 per cent.4、A discussion took place ___________________the provision of science teaching.5、He is highly __________________ for his novels and plays.6、After the party we all went off to our ___________________rooms.[即学即练20]〔〕--What do you think I should do?--I think you should call him back______.A.in all respectB.out of respectC.with respectD.in several respects[即学即练21]〔〕This is the most vital respect ______civilized man can be distinguished from primitive communities.A.whichB.in whichC.with whichD.that[即学即练22]根据中文提示完成句子:1、他因诚实而深受大家的尊敬:He _________________________ by everyone for his honesty.2、你认为这部电影在哪一方面有失偏颇?____________________ do you think the film is biased?[即学即练23]〔〕According to official statistics,retail sales in China rose 10% and 12.2% in the first and the second quarter _____this year.A.accordinglyB.correspondinglyC.respectivelyD.individually15、argue vt/vi争论,争辩,说服,用辩论证明〔1〕▲重点词组:argue for...为…而争论;为…而辩护;argue against争辩<反对……>argue with sb.on/about/over sth.与某人争辩某事argue sb.into/out of doing sth.说服某人做/不做某事〔=persuade sb into/out of doing〕〔2〕argument n.争论,争辩,论点:have an argument with sb 与某人争论;an argument for/in favor of赞成……的理由;put forward an argument提出论点[即学即练24]〔〕Mike often argues _____his friend ____small things angrily,which sometimes makes his friend very unhappy.A.with,forB.with,aboutC.to,forD.to,about[即学即练25]〔〕He argued _____smoking and insisted that it was ______argument that smoking was harmful to health.A.for,beyondB.against,overC.for,overD.against,beyond16、entertainment [C,U]〔1〕[C,U] 娱乐节目;娱乐活动The town provides a wide choice of entertainment.light entertainment <= comedy> 喜剧;the entertainment industry/business/worldfun 娱乐业/界[圈]▲重点词组:find entertainment in以...为乐;much to one’s entertainment让某人感到极有趣的是〔2〕[U] 招待,款待,招待会:the entertainment of friends招待朋友▲重点词组:give an entertainment to sb找待某人;give a farewell entertainment to sb为...进行欢送会〔3〕entertain [I,T] 使快乐;使有兴趣A museum should aim to entertain as well as educate.博物馆应该致力于成为娱乐和教育功能并重的场所. entertain sb with sth:She entertained the children with stories, songs and drama.她又讲故事又唱歌,还演戏,把孩子们逗得很开心.[即学即练26]〔〕In this poor country,survival is still the leading industry,all else is _______.A.luxuryB.accommodationC.entertainmentD.refreshment17、同源宾语:〔1〕live a happy/bitter life,live a dog’s life过着困苦的生活〔2〕dream a ...dream做...的梦:dream a strange dream〔3〕dance a ...dance:dance a beautiful dance〔4〕sleep a good sleep〔5〕die a ...death...地死去:die a heroic death英雄般的死去〔6〕sing a ...song唱一首....的歌18、crowd v.〔1〕[I always + adv/prep] 群集,聚集;拥挤[+ into ] Hundreds of people crowded into the church for the funeral.数百人拥进教堂参加葬礼.[+ round/around ] We all crowded round the table.be crowded together:the rapid spread of infection in areas where people are crowded together传染病在人群聚集的地方迅速蔓延〔2〕[T] 挤满,塞满:Holidaymakers crowded the beaches.〔3〕[T] 〔想法或观点〕塞满〔脑子〕:Strange thoughts and worries were crowding his mind.〔4〕crowd in〔问题或想法〕涌上心头,涌入脑海[+ on ] She shut her mind against the fears that crowded in on her. 她克制自己不去想那些涌上心头的恐惧感. Too many uncomfortable thoughts were crowding in on me. 我心乱如麻〔5〕crowd sb/sth out 把…挤出,排挤:Supermarket chains have crowded out the smaller shops.[即学即练27]〔〕Memories _____on him when he met the friend who he had heard nothing of for over thirty years.A.crowded inB.resulted inC.joined inD.gave in19、inspire vt〔1〕鼓舞,激励inspire + n. / sb. to n. / sb. to do…:We were inspired by his speech.〔2〕激起,引发<感情,思想> inspire sth. in sb. / inspire sb. with sthThe father inspired confidence in his son.= The father inspired his son with confidence.〔3〕赋予...灵感,给...以启:The memory of his childhood inspired his first novel.〔4〕派生:▲inspiration: n.鼓舞;灵感;启示;inspired: adj.<人、作品>得到灵感的;有灵感的;inspiring: adj.鼓舞的,激励的〔5〕后缀-spire表示"呼吸〞之意:aspire v.热望;立志〔a加强+spire→看到渴望的东西加强呼吸→热望〕conspire v.同谋〔con共同+spire→同呼吸→同谋〕expire v. 断气;期满〔ex出+spire→只出气不进气→断气〕inspire v.吸气;鼓励〔in进+spire→吸气进去,引申为鼓励〕perspire v.出汗〔per全部+spire→全身呼吸→出汗〕respire v.呼吸;恢复精神<re再+spire→再呼吸→恢复精神〕[即学即练28]〔〕It is very strange but I had an _____that the plane would crash.A.inspirationB.intuitionC.imaginationD.incentive[即学即练29]〔〕He had lived illegally in the United States for five years after his visitor’s visa<签证>____.A.abolishedB.expiredC.amendedD.constrained20、support〔一〕v [主要掌握1—3点的意思和用法]〔1〕支持;赞成;拥护support sb in <doing> sth:We need to support our teachers in their efforts to raise standards.我们必须支持我们的教师为提高教学水准所作的努力.〔2〕支持,帮助,援助〔处于困难时期的人〕My wife supported me enormously.〔3〕供养,抚养support sb by <doing> sth:She supports her family by teaching evening classes.她靠教夜课养家.support yourself:I have no idea how I am going to support myself.我不知道如何来养活我自己.〔4〕出钱帮助,为…提供资金,资助:There are a handful of charities which I support regularly.〔5〕支撑,承受〔某物的重量〕The middle part of the bridge is supported by two huge towers.桥的中部由两个巨型桥塔支撑.〔6〕证明,证实:The results support our original theory.这些结果证明了我们原先的理论.〔7〕维持…的生存:healthy soil that can support plant life可维持植物生长的健康土壤〔8〕support a habit支付〔不良〕习惯的花费,用钱维持〔不良〕习惯〔尤指吸毒〕He turned to crime to support his habit. 为了维持自己的恶习,他走上了犯罪道路.〔二〕n〔1〕[U] 支持;拥护;赞同[+ for ] There was widespread support for the war.in support<of>:He had the full support of the general committee.〔2〕[U] 同情;鼓励;帮助I couldn’t have made it through those times without the support of my boyfriend Rob.〔3〕[U] 资助;赞助:with sb’s support:With your support, we can help these youngsters.〔4〕[C,U] 支撑物;支柱;支架;支座:for support:She grabbed at his shoulders for support.〔5〕[U] 、证明,证据[+ for ]My own research provides some support for this view.我自己的研究为这一观点提供了一些证据.[即学即练30]〔〕Bob’s father didn’t _____him to be a musician.A..standB.holdC.carryD.support21、▲refer to <referred; referring> vi.〔1〕提到,谈到:We agreed never to refer to the matter again.[+ as ] He likes to be referred to as ‘Doctor Khee’.他喜欢别人叫他"基博士〞.[+ by ] The hospital now refers to patients by name, not case number.〔2〕参考,查看,查阅→reference n.参考〔书〕,介绍信:a reference book参考书;a reference library参考书阅览室He gave the speech without referring to his notes. 脱稿〔3〕认为...起源于;涉与,关于;有...归属于;归咎于;归于·The figures refer to our sales in Europe.这些数字是我们在欧洲的销售额.·Mr White referred his success to his hard work.怀特先生说他的成功是靠勤劳工作而获得的.·The scientists referred the tiger to the cat family. 科学家将虎归入猫科.〔4〕refer sb/sth to sb把某人介绍给某人〔以求帮助〕/把某事物交给某人〔解决〕My complaint was referred to the manufacturers.我的投诉已转给制造商受理.〔5〕适用于:These regulations refer to every foreigner.〔6〕▲重点词组:have reference to和...有关系;with/in reference to 关于;without reference to与……无关,不管;make a reference to说道,谈到,参考,参照[即学即练31]〔〕The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without _____his notes.A.bringing upB.referring toC.looking forD.trying on[即学即练32]〔〕I require the thief _____into prison.A.referred to being putB.referred to be put C.referred be putD.referred should be put22、generation n〔1〕[C also + plural verb BrE ] 一代〔人〕[+ of ]the post-war generation of writers战后的一代作家〔2〕[C]〔家族中的〕一代,一辈Friction is common when three generations live together.三代同堂,摩擦是难免的.for generations:Some families have lived here for generations.有些人家祖祖辈辈都住在这里.from generation to generation一代一代地〔4〕[C] 〔产品发展的〕代the first generation of nuclear power stations第一代核电站[+ of ] the new generation of mobile phones新一代的手机[即学即练33]〔〕Even when textbooks are _____through a school system,methods of teaching may vary greatly.A monplaceB.standardizedC petitiveD.generalized23、carry on继续下去:carry on<with sth/carry on doing sthcarry...about随身携带……carry away拿走,冲走,掠走;吸引住<某人>carry back将……送/带回原地;使某人忆起carry forward过帐,结转;使...取得进展carry off运走,带走;获得<奖项>,夺得carry it/sth.off成功地应付<困难>局面carry out搬出;实施,执行,履行;完成carry through达成,贯彻;使渡过难关carry over将...延期,阶梯,集成,使继续下去carry weight影响:A portion of people hired recently have a good appearance,while a strong resume and education still c arry weight.最近受聘的人中,一部分人相貌较好,但漂亮的简历和学历仍然很重要.[即学即练34]〔〕The meal over,the managers went back to the meeting room to ____ their discussion. A.put away B.take downC.look over D.carry on[即学即练35]〔〕He is the right person you can rely on to ____ your research when you are on vacation for the next two weeks.A.take up B.carry onC.fix on D.go over24、come across<偶然>遇上,碰见;发现→run into〔偶然〕遇见,meet with不期而遇How come?为什〔sén〕么〔mó〕?怎么会?come about发生come along一起来;一道走come down to下垂到;达到;流传下来come on得啦;快点come out出来;出版;开花come to 达到;总计为;结果是come to oneself<昏迷后>苏醒过来;恢复理性come up上来;<从土中>长出,发芽,被提出come up with提出;想出come true实现come up to达到,总计[即学即练36]〔〕It’s already 10 o’clock.I wonder how it ____ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.A.came over B.came outC.came about D.came up[即学即练37]〔〕<2013全国卷1>Would you like to ____with us to the film tonight?A e alongB e offC e acrossD e through[即学即练38]〔〕In these circumstances,it is the managers who come ____best.A.offB.onC.roundD.down25、rate v/n〔一〕v.[要求掌握,完型阅读考察频率高]〔1〕[T] 对…作评估,评价,被认为,被评价为be rated <as> sth:Rhodes is currently rated the top junior player in the country.That rates as one of the best meals I’ve ever had. 那可以说是我吃过的最好的一顿饭之一.〔2〕[T] 认为…非常好,看好:I never rated him. 我从来都不认为他好.〔3〕rate sb’s chances <of doing sth>看好某人〔有可能做某事〕;认为某人有可能〔做成某事〕How do you rate your chances tomorrow? 明天的事情你有多大把握?〔4〕[T] 值得,配得上:They rate a big thank-you for all their hard work.他们的努力值得好好感谢.〔二〕n [C]〔1〕比率;率birth/unemployment/crime etc rate出生率/失业率/犯罪率a rapid increase in the divorce rate离婚率的迅速攀升high/low rate of sth:areas with high rates of crime高犯罪率地区;success/failure rate 成功率/失败率at a rate of sth:Asylum seekers were entering Britain at a rate of 1,600 per day.〔2〕费用;价格at <a> … rate:people who pay tax at the highest rate以最高税率纳税的人at a rate of sth:They only pay tax at a rate of 5%.他们只按5%的税率纳税.〔3〕速率,速度[+ of ] an attempt to slow down the rate of economic growth放慢经济增速的努力at <a> … rate:children learn at different rates.小孩学东西有快有慢.at a rate of sth:Iceland is getting wider at a rate of about 0.5 cm per year.冰岛以每年0.5厘米的速度变宽.〔4〕at any rate反正,不管怎样〔用于提出在不确定或令人不满意情况中的确定因素〕;无论如何,不管怎样〔用于提出比刚才所说更为重要的事〕They’ve had technical problems – at any rate that’s what they told me.他们遇到了技术问题——反正他们是这么跟我说的.Well, at any rate, the next meeting will be on Wednesday.好了,不管怎样,下次会议将在星期三召开.〔5〕at this rate照这样发展下去:At this rate we won’t ever be able to afford a holiday.[即学即练39]〔〕Recycling wastes slows down the rate ___which we use up the earth’s resources.A.inB.ofC.withD.at26、intend v意指,愿意;计划,打算,意欲〔1〕intend sb.to do sth.打算让某人做某事;intend to do/doing sthHe intends no harm.He intends his son to manage the company.=He intends <that> his son will manage the company.I intend studying abroad. =I intend to study abroad.〔2〕intend sb./sth.for打算使……成为;想让……从事某事→be intended〔=meant/designed/tailored〕to do sth./for sth.是用来……We intended the books for teachers./He intended his son for business.〔3〕intention n.意图;打算;目的→intention to do/of doing sthby intention故意have no intention of doing...无意做……with the intention of抱有……目的;打算without intention无意中,不是故意地[即学即练40]根据中文提示完成句子我本来是打算去的,但我没买到票:I ______________________ to Beijing,but I didn’t get the ticket.[即学即练41]〔〕She went out with the door unlocked by ______although she knew early that it would result in theft.A.accident B.intention C.chance D.purpose27、▲consideration [U]考虑;体贴;体谅;关心;报酬,酬金〔1〕重点词组:under consideration:There are several amendments under consideration.好几项修正案正在讨论中. deserve/merit consideration:These plans definitely merit further consideration.绝对值得进一步考虑.take sth into consideration/account考虑到某事,把某事考虑进去in consideration of...考虑到……,顾与……give consideration to sth /give sth consideration考虑某事out of consideration for出于对……的关心/体谅show consideration for sb./sth.体谅/关心……〔2〕consider v.考虑;认为consider doing sth.考虑某事;be considered to be/as...被认为……;被看作……〔3〕considerate adj.考虑周到的;体贴的be considerate to/towards sb;be considerate of sb to do sth 〔4〕considerable adj.相当多/大/重要的〔great in amount,size,importance〕The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.It’s considerably〔写作中替换much/a lot/far等〕colder this morning.[即学即练42]〔〕—Why isn't David chosen to do the work?—Maybe because he _______ experience.A.is considered lackingB.is considered to lackC.is considered that is needsD.is considered to be in need of[即学即练43]〔〕It was really ____of you to remember my birthday.A.gratefulB.considerableC.thoughtfulD.generous28、outspoken adj.直言的,坦率的be outspoken about doing sth对...坦言的;be out spoken in theexpression of one’s opinions率直地发表意见[拓展]come out结果是,出现→outcome n.结果,结局stand out站出来→outstanding adj.杰出的look out向外看→outlook n.展望,远景come over越过,走过→overcome v.克服,战胜[即学即练44]〔〕He was ____about the manager’s fault,which made the manager unhappy.A.curiousB.modestC.ignorantD.outspoken29、deliver vt.〔1〕交付投递,传送:The mailman delivered the letters on timedeliver one’s message to sb捎口信deliver sth to/up sb/sth把...交给...〔2〕接生,生小孩<仅限被动语态>,助产The doctor delivered the child.接生/The doctor delivered the woman.助产be delivered of a child〔被动语态〕=give birth to a child生孩子〔3〕宣布,发言,发表deliver oneself of sth.发言,发表;deliver a speech/lecture发表演讲〔4〕重点词组:deliver sth.<up/over><to sb.>放弃某事物;交出某物deliver sb.<from sth.>拯救/解救某人deliver on不负所望;履行诺言[即学即练45]根据中文提示完成句子1、She _____________________________<生下了一个健康的婴儿>.2、The headmaster ___________________ 〔发言〕at the meeting yesterday.30、bond n [C]〔1〕债券;公债furious trading on the bond market债券市场疯狂的交易〔2〕〔两个或更多人或团体之间的〕纽带,联系,契合,关系→ tie[+ between ] the emotional bond between mother and child[+ with ]the United States’ special bond with Britain[+ of ] lifelong bonds of friendship终生的友谊纽带〔3〕bonds[plural ] 枷锁,桎梏,羁绊:[+ of ] the bonds of fear and guilt恐惧和内疚的枷锁〔4〕结合,黏合:Use a glue gun to form a strong bond on wood or china.〔5〕〔化学〕键:In each methane molecule there are four CH bonds.每个甲烷分子中有四个碳氢键.〔6〕my word is my bond我的诺言就是契约,我言出必行31、形容词作状语:〔1〕形容词〔组〕用作状语,常常表示伴随情况.可以放在句首,也可放在句末.Over joyed, they rushed to the front.他们非常高兴,急步跑到前面.〔2〕作原因状语,通常位于句首.Thirsty and eager to get a little rest, he went into the tea-house and seated himself at a little table.Easy to be with, he is warmly welcomed. 因为平易近人,所以他受到热烈欢迎.〔3〕作结果状语,一般位于句末:He returned from war, safe and sound.〔4〕作评注性状语,表示说话人的看法, 态度和评价. 通常位于句首,常用逗号与句子隔开.Even more important, he is in charge of the project. 更重要的是,他负责这项工程.〔5〕作让步状语,常由一个形容词短语或由or连接的两个以上的并列形容词短语构成.常位于句首,也可位于句中.Old and young, the peasants are busy with autumn harvest./Right or wrong, I'll stand on your side.<6作时间状语.After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, exhausted.2004##春季Faced with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.2005春季Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. 2005##[即学即练46]〔〕<2008全国2>After the long journey, the three of the went back home, _______.A. hungry and tiredlyB. hungry and tiredC. hungrily and tiredlyD. hungrily and tired[变式46-1]〔〕After the long journey,Richard Jones returned home,_____.A.exhaustingB,being exhaustedC.having exhaustedD.exhausted[即学即练47]〔〕_____in the mountains for a week,the two students were finally save by the local police.A.Having lostB.LostC.Being lostD.Losing[即学即练48]〔〕To their great relief,the missing child returned home,_____,after an absence of two weeks.A.felt tired and soundB.tiredly and soundlyC.feeling tired but soundlyD.tired but sound〖BOOK 4 Unit1自主测评〗一、品句填词.〔共17小题〕1.With her great efforts,she has a__________________everything she wanted to do.2."Have you taken part in either of my last two c______________?〞The officer asked the soldier.3.If you want to help the poor,you can join the o__________________,which usually has some such activities.4.He is an agricultural s________________,who devotes all his life to the research into agriculture.5.The little boy’s bad b________________at the party made his parents upset.6.I_________________by the teacher’s words,he is determined to study harder than before.7.In our school,every teacher is asked to write one or two a______________about teaching every year.8.Everything taken into c______________,he has done a good job this time.9.The famous doctor has d__________________hundreds of babies during her life.10.It is c________________of you not to make any noise while the others are having a rest.11.The Great Wall was one of the greatest construction p_______________ of the ancient world.12. That picture made me think of my happy c_____________ in the countryside.13. You should show r______________ for their culture when you do business with foreigners.14. The visit, i________________ to deepen the friendship between the two countries, was a great success.15 The central government spent 276.16 billion yuan on social ____________ <福利> and employment last year.16. In the present economic situation, we want to strengthen our ____________ <联系> with other countries.17. The new _______________ <一代> loves modern technology, especially computers, iPods and cell phones.care for,carry on,put...to death,set up,catch one’s eye,devote...to,look down upon,on one’s own,make up,work out1.The government _________the criminals _________by hanging them.2.We need another three players to ______________a team.3.He is an independent child;he does all the things ________________.4.After he left I just tried to ____________________ as normal.5.The young girl _____________ all her spare time _________studying English.6.You’ll _______________ the problem if you keep working on it.7.A special hospital was ______________ to treat SARS in Beijing.8.He hates to be ____________________,so treat him as our honored guest.9.He is good at ________________ sick animals.10.I was looking through the newspaper and suddenly a photo ________________.[Book 4 Unit1即学即练参考答案][即学即练1-5]BD BD C [即学即练6]behave well,I behaved childishly[即学即练7-18]C DAC BB AD BC BD。
【高中地理】高中地理(人教版必修1)教师用书:第4章+章末分层突破+Word版含解析
章末分层突破请根据下面的体系图快速回顾本章内容,把各序号代表的含义填到对应的框内,构建出清晰的知识网络。
[自我校对]①内力作用②断层③向斜④交通运输⑤侵蚀作用⑥三角洲平原内力作用与地表形态下图为某河谷地质、地貌剖面图,图中地层年代由①到③变老。
图中阶地(用T表示,数字下标表示阶地的级数)指由河流作用形成的高出洪水位的阶梯状地貌。
此河段阶地主要由于地壳抬升形成。
完成1~2题。
1.对河谷处的地质构造类型和两侧地壳抬升幅度的判断,正确的是() A.向斜东侧大B.背斜东侧小C.向斜西侧大D.背斜西侧小2.矿产调查发现,在此河段的河床沙中有某种贵重金属矿产,但由于河水深不易开采。
图中所示地点可能找到这种贵重金属矿物的是() A.甲B.乙C.丙D.丁【解析】第1题,根据图中岩层的新老关系可知,河谷处岩层中间新、两侧老,为向斜构造。
根据河流阶地形态及相同沉积物分布的高度可知,西侧地壳抬升的幅度更大,故选项C正确。
第2题,由题目材料可知,这种贵重金属矿产存在于河床沙中,图中乙地广泛分布着流水沉积形成的沙和卵石,故该地可能找到这种贵重金属矿物,选项B正确。
【答案】 1.C 2.B下图为某地地质剖面图,图中①~⑧为岩层编号,其年代由老到新。
完成3~4题。
3.图中甲、乙两地有关地质地貌的叙述,正确的是()A.甲-背斜岩层受到水平挤压成山B.甲-向斜槽部岩层向下弯曲成谷C.乙-背斜顶部受张力被侵蚀成谷D.乙-向斜上覆岩层差别侵蚀成谷4.有人称丙处山峰为“飞来峰”,其岩石可能是()A.石灰岩砂岩B.花岗岩流纹岩C.大理岩石英岩D.安山岩玄武岩【解析】图中显示了岩层的新老关系和岩层运动的方向。
第3题,首先根据图示岩层的新老关系来判断地质构造名称。
甲处岩层中间新两翼老,应为向斜,A选项错误;向斜槽部因受挤压比较坚实,不容易被外力侵蚀而保留下来,成为山地,B项错误;乙处岩层中间老两翼新,为背斜,故D选项错误;背斜顶部因为受到张力的影响比较容易被外力侵蚀掉,成为谷地,故C选项正确。
高中物理(粤教版必修一)教师用书:第1章 章末分层突破 含答案
①大小、形状②地面③点④线段⑤位置变化⑥末位置⑦位置⑧st⑨位移⑩速度变化快慢⑪ΔvΔt⑫Δv的方向⑬速度随时间⑭v的正、负⑮a的大小、方向⑯位移⑰速度__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________与速度相关概念的比较1.速度与速率的联系与区别速度速率物理意义描述物体运动快慢和方向的物理量,是矢量描述物体运动快慢的物理量,是标量分类平均速度、瞬时速度平均速率、瞬时速率决定因素平均速度=位移时间平均速率=路程时间方向平均速度方向与位移方向相同;瞬时速度方向为该点运动的方向无方向联系它们的单位都是m/s,瞬时速度的大小等于瞬时速率,即常说的速率注意:速率是瞬时速度的大小,但平均速率不是平均速度的大小.2.速度v、速度的变化量Δv和加速度a项目速度v速度的变化量Δv加速度a物理意义描述物体运动快慢和方向的物理量,是状态量描述物体速度改变大小程度的物理量,是过程量描述物体速度变化快慢的物理量,是状态量定义式v=st或v=ΔsΔtΔv=v t-v0a=vt-v0Δt或a=ΔvΔt决定因素v的大小由v、a、t决定Δv由v t与v0决定,由Δv=a·Δt可知Δv也由a与Δt来决定a不是由v、Δt、Δv来决定的,a由F与m来决定(第三章学习)方向与位移变化量Δs同向,即物体运动的方向由Δv=v t-v0或Δv=a·Δt决定与Δv方向一致,而与v0、v t方向无关大小①位移与时间的比值②位移对时间的变化率③st图象中,图象在该点的切线斜率的大小Δv=v t-v0①速度变化量与所用时间的比值②速度对时间的变化率③vt图象中,图象在该点的切线斜率的大小(多选)下列说法正确的是( )A.瞬时速度可看做时间趋于无穷小时的平均速度B.平均速度即为速度的平均值C.瞬时速度是物体在某一时刻或在某一位置时的速度D.加速度的方向就是速度的方向【解析】瞬时速度可看做时间趋于无穷小时的平均速度,A正确;平均速度是位移与时间的比值,不一定是速度的平均值,B错误;瞬时速度是物体在某一时刻或在某一位置时的速度,C正确;加速度的方向与速度方向不一定相同,D错误.【答案】ACst图象和vt图象的比较两类运动图象对比st图象其中④为抛物线其反映的是速度随时间的变化规律对应某一时刻物体的速度斜率的大小表示加速度的大小斜率的正负表示加速度的方向刻距离原点的位移,即物体的出发点;在t轴上的截距表示物体回到原点的时间直线与纵轴的截距表示物体在t=0时刻同一时刻两物体运动的速度相同如图11所示是A、B两个物体做直线运动的vt图象,则下列说法中正确的是( )图11A.物体A做加速直线运动B.物体B做减速直线运动C.物体A的加速度大于B的加速度D.物体B的速度变化比A的速度变化快【解析】由两物体的速度图象可知,两物体速度的绝对值都在增大,都在做加速运动,A正确,B错误;由两物体运动图线的斜率可知,物体A的加速度为1 m/s2,物体B的加速度为-2 m/s2,所以B 的加速度大于A的加速度,从而B的速度变化比A的速度变化快,C错误,D正确.【答案】AD(多选)如图12,直线a和曲线b分别是在平直公路上行驶的汽车a和b的位置—时间(xt)图线.由图可知( )图12A.在时刻t1,a车追上b车B.在时刻t2,a、b两车运动方向相反C.在t1到t2这段时间内,b车的速率先减少后增加D.在t1到t2这段时间内,b车的速率一直比a车的大【解析】图象中切线的斜率反映速度的大小,a做匀速直线运动,b先正向运动速度减小,减到0后负向运动速度增大,选项B、C 正确,选项D错误.xt图象中交点表示相遇,所以在t1时刻a、b相遇,b追上a,选项A错误.【答案】BC1两种图象描述的都是直线运动.2st图象反映位移s随时间t变化的规律,vt图象反映速度v随时间t变化的规律,二者都不是物体运动的轨迹.3两个vt图线的交点不表示相遇,只表示该时刻两物体速度相等;不要认为vt图线斜向上就一定是加速运动.1.如图13所示,气垫导轨上滑块经过光电门时,其上的遮光条将光遮住,电子计时器可自动记录遮光时间Δt.测得遮光条的宽度为Δx,用近似代表滑块通过光电门时的瞬时速度.为使更接近瞬时速度,正确的措施是( )图13A.换用宽度更窄的遮光条B.提高测量遮光条宽度的精确度C.使滑块的释放点更靠近光电门D.增大气垫导轨与水平面的夹角【解析】表示的是Δt时间内的平均速度,遮光条的宽度Δx 越窄,则记录遮光时间Δt越小,越接近滑块通过光电门时的瞬时速度,选项A正确.【答案】A2.物体A、B做直线运动,A的加速度为3 m/s2,B的加速度为-5 m/s2,下列说法中正确的是( )A.物体A的加速度比物体B的加速度大B.物体B的速度变化比物体A的速度变化快C.物体A的速度一定在增加D.物体B的速度一定在减小【解析】比较加速度的大小应比较它们的绝对值,物体A的加速度比物体B的加速度小,B的速度变化较快,A错,B对.当加速度与初速度方向相同时,物体做加速直线运动,反之则做减速直线运动,本题由于不知A、B两物体的运动方向与其加速度方向的关系,故不能确定它们做加速运动还是减速运动,C、D错.【答案】B3.如图14所示为一物体做直线运动的vt图象,根据图象做出的以下判断中,正确的是( )图14A.物体始终沿正方向运动B.物体的加速度一直没有变化C.t=2 s前物体的加速度为负,t=2 s后加速度为正D.在t=2 s时,物体的加速度为零【解析】从图象得知物体先向负方向运动,2 s后又向正方向运动,A错误;vt图象的斜率为运动物体的加速度,故a== m/s2=10 m/s2,即物体的加速度一直为10 m/s2,B正确,C、D错误.【答案】B4.甲、乙两人同时同地出发骑自行车做直线运动,前1小时内的位移—时间图象如图15所示.下列表述正确的是( )图15A.0.2~0.5小时内,甲的加速度比乙的大B.0.2~0.5小时内,甲的速度比乙的大C.0.6~0.8小时内,甲的位移比乙的小D.0.8小时内,甲、乙骑行的路程相等【解析】在0.2~0.5小时内,位移—时间图象是倾斜的直线,则物体做匀速直线运动,所以在0.2~0.5小时内,甲、乙两人的加速度都为零,选项A错误;位移—时间图象的斜率绝对值大小反映了物体运动速度的大小,斜率绝对值越大,速度越大,故0.2~0.5小时内甲的速度大于乙的速度,选项B正确;由位移—时间图象可知,0.6~0.8小时内甲的位移大于乙的位移,选项C错误;由位移—时间图象可知,0.8小时内甲、乙在往返运动过程中,甲运动的路程大于乙运动的路程,选项D错误.。
_新教材高中化学第四章物质结构元素周期律第一节第一课时原子结构核素课件新人教版必修第一册
→F-:
。
[名师点拨] (1)最外层电子数排满 8 个(He 为 2 个)形成稳定结构,不易得失电子、化学性 质稳定。 (2)原子核外电子排布规律是相互联系、相互制约的,不能孤立地理解或应用其 中一部分。如 M 层不是最外层时,其容纳的电子数最多为 18 个,当 M 层为最外 层时,其容纳的电子数最多为 8 个。 (3)原子形成离子时,核外电子数发生变化,但核内质子数不变。
提示:Na+
与稀有气体 Ne 的核外电子排布相同;Cl-
与稀有气
体 Ar 的核外电子排布相同。
1.电子层 在含有多个电子的原子中,电子分别在能量不同的区域内运动。我们把不同的区
域简化为不连续的壳层,也称作电子层。
2.核外电子的分层排布 在多电子原子中,电子的能量是不相同的。能量较低的,通常在离核较近的区域
第四章 物质结构 元素周期律
第一节 原子结构与元素周期表
第一课时 原子结构 核素
[素养发展目标]
1.从微观视角认识原子的构成,了解元素、核素、同位素的含义。 2.了解原子核外电子排布规律,能画出 1~20 号元素的原子结构示意图,能根据
原子的结构特征确定元素,促进宏观辨识与微观探析化学核心素养的发展。
解析:4200Ca 和4220Ca 是质子数相同、中子数不同的两种核素,二者互为同位素,不 属于同素异形体。
答案:B
3.(1)下列原子:162C、174N、11H、2113Na、21H、4200Ca、4109K、31H、164C 中,元素有________ 种,核素有________种,互为同位素的有________。 (2)18O2 与 16O2,二者的关系是________(填“互为同位素”“互为同素异形体”或 “属于同一种物质”)。 解析:(1)题目提供的 9 种原子共 9 种核素,6 种元素,其中11H、21H、31H,126C、164C 分别互为同位素。 (2)18O2 和 16O2 是分子,属于同一种物质。 答案:(1)6 9 11H、21H、31H;126C、146C (2)属于同一种物质
人教版选择性必修第四册Unit1 Science Fiction 重点单词短语总结
Unit 1Science Fiction【话题词汇】1.innovation n. 创新;革新2.hardware n. 硬件;硬设备3.database n. 数据库4.e-book n. 电子书5.password n. 密码6.smartphone n. 智能手机7.automatic adj. 自动的8.install v t. 安装9.upload v t. 上传10.calculate v t. 计算11.browse v t. 浏览12.reliable adj. 可信赖的;可信任的13.portable adj. 可携带的14.digital adj. 数字的;数码的15.intelligent adj. 智能的;有才智的16.manual adj. 手工的;手动的【话题短语】1.log in/on 登陆2.log off/out 退出3.save the data 存储数据4.shut down/off 关闭;关机5.break down 系统瘫痪6.artificial intelligence(AI) 人工智能7.the information superhighway 信息高速公路8.make a breakthrough 突破rmation Technology 信息技术10.remote control 远程遥控【话题佳句】1.In 2015, Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Noble Prize in Physiology orMedicine due to the great breakthrough she had made in medicine。
由于在医学方面取得巨大突破,中国科学家屠呦呦2015年获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
2.Since the first spaceship was launched, some sci-fi novels and the space toys have been launched one after another.自从第一艘宇宙飞船发射以来,一些科幻小说和太空玩具也陆续上市。
译林版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT1 Section A 含答案
UNIT 1分层跟踪检测(一)Welcome to the unit&ReadingA级必备知识基础练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.You should phone his secretary if you want to make an (appoint).2.Bill is a (rely) friend,who always keeps me company when I am down.3.Watching the old couple walking along the beach arm arm gives me a sense of happiness.4.(travel) really opens your eyes to other cultures.5.We can draw the conclusion from the evidence you’ve collected that he is (innocence).6.It is interesting to contrast the British (illegal) system with the American one.7.It is worthwhile (read) the book referred to by our teacher.8.What she said sounded convincing,but I suspect it (be) a lie.9.The mayor (outline) his plan to clean up the town’s image last month.10.Buck never allowed himself to be bullied into doing anything that went against his(principle).Ⅱ.短语填空1.It is reported that the driver of the truck,considered to be fully responsible for the accident,hasbeen .2.Jone’s father was among the first to in what is now known as the most fantastic tourist attraction—Hawaii.3.Young lovers walked amidst flowers of every color of the rainbow.4.When stress gets out of control,it can poor performance and ill health.5.Mr Black,an engineer with years of experience in the field,will the department next month.6.During the reconstruction of the city,many modern tall buildings went up where old shabbyhouses .7.After for twenty years,they met again by coincidence at a party.8.I’m sure that he will at the meeting because he is a man who keeps his word.9.You had better get a doctor to your bad tooth.10.The train will when it approaches the station.Ⅲ.单句写作1.他按所想的方式为工人阶级的平等权利而战。
(人教版)选择性必修第四册:UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTION(含解析)
选择性必修第四册UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTIONⅠ.阅读理解Very,very long ago,dogs didn’t exist.There were just wolves of different kinds.“Dogor”,an 18,000-year-old puppy,was found frozen in the permafrost in Siberia near Yakutsk.Permafrost is a layer of ground in Arctic and Antarctic areas that remains frozen.Recently,areas of permafrost are thawing (解冻) as the world has warmed,and uncovering secrets long buried and frozen.Dogor came out of the ground covered with mud and ice,but scientists carefully cleaned him.His head,including his nose,hair,eyelashes,and a mouth full of young teeth,is still very much like it was when he died.Scientists from Sweden have tested him carefully.Their tests showed that the puppy lived 18,000 years ago,that it was a male,and that it was about two months old when it died.But even though the scientists ran two DNA tests to discover whether Dogor was a dog or a wolf,they didn’t get what they wanted.The scientists say that normally it’s fairly “easy to tell the difference”.They now plan on doing a third DNA test.In any case,the results will teach scientists a lot about the history of dogs and when they began to separate from wolves.“We can’t wait to get results from further tests,”said Sergey Fedorov,of the Mammoth Museum of North-Eastern Federal University. Some people believe we may soon get even more information about very old animals.Due to the climate change,the world’s temperature has gone up by 1 ℃,which has led to heat waves,record dry periods,wildfires,record rains,and more strong hurricanes.Since the permafrost in Siberia and other areas is thawing,it’s possible that even more animals will be found,which could help scientists learn more about early history.1.What’s special about Dogor?A.It’s the world’s earliest dog.B.It survived extreme cold.C.It has shown many secrets.D.It is preserved perfectly.2.Which word can best describe the result of the study on Dogor?A.Uncertain.B.Satisfying.C.Unreliable.D.Challenging.3.What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph?A.The rise of temperature benefits animal studies.B.Animals are suffering from natural disasters.C.The climate is worsening.D.Scientists call on people to protect ancient animals.4.Where is the text most likely from?A.A science magazine.B.A biology textbook.C.A novel about animals.D.A report about weather.Chemical engineers at UNSW Sydney have found a way to make“green”ammonia(氨)from air,water and renewable electricity.In a paper published in Energy& En v ironmental Science,the authors say that ammonia synthesis(合成)was one of the critical achievements of the 20th century.When used in fertilisers that significantly increase the output of food crops,it could enable agriculture to sustain an ever-expanding global population.But since the beginning of the 1900s when it was first employed,production of ammonia has been energy-intensive—requiring temperatures higher than 400 ℃ and pressures greater than 200 atm—and all powered by fossil fuels.Dr.Emma Lovell,a co-author of the paper from UNSW,says the traditional way to make ammonia,known as the Haber-Bosch process,is only cost-effective when it is produced on a massive scale due to the huge amounts of energy and expensive materials required and that it produces more CO2 than any other chemical-making reaction.“In addition to the big carbon footprint left by the Haber-Bosch process,having to produce millions of tonnes of ammonia in centralised locations means even more energy is required to transport it around the world,not to mention the risks that go with storing large amounts of it in one place,”says Dr.Lovell.“And we saw tragically in Beirut how potentially dangerous storing ammonium nitrate(硝酸铵)can be.”Dr.Lovell and her colleagues therefore looked at how to produce it cheaply,on a smaller scale and using renewable energy.Their new production method does not rely on fossil fuel resources,and doesn’t give off CO2 either.“And once it becomes available commercially,the technology could be used to produce ammonia directly on site and on demand farmers could even do this on site using our technology to make fertilisers—which means we negate the need for storage and transport.There’s a huge benefit to society as well as the health of the planet,”Dr.Lovell says.5.What do we know about the Haber-Bosch process?A.It does harm to the environment.B.It requires green materials.C.It uses less energy and is cheap.D.It transforms fossil fuels into ammonia.6.Why is the city Beirut mentioned in the text?A.To remind people to protect the environment.B.To give an example of the risk in ammonia storage.C.To convince farmers to transport ammonia elsewhere.D.To stress the choice of a proper centralised location.7.What does the underlined word“negate”probably mean in the last paragraph?A.Inspect.B.Avoid.C.Suit.D.Accept.8.What is the purpose of this text?A.To solve a problem.B.To explain a process.C.To advocate a theory.D.To introduce a method.Ⅱ.完形填空(2024·福建省漳州市高三二模)It was a relatively calm day in the fishing village of Kalk Bay.Several people were __1__ by the window of Brass Bell looking out to the water of the Atlantic ocean.Then the scene changed __2__.“I saw this wave come over the harbor (海港) and it __3__ the people,dragging them into the __4__.I immediately ran outside,undressed myself,and dived into the water because I saw a child go in as well.I have a very soft spot for kids,and my instinct (本能) just kicked in to see if I could help,” Tongai said,who __5__ Brass Bell Restaurant.37-year-old Clair and her 8-year-old daughter Arya were two of the people __6__ away.Clair knew they were being pulled into the water as soon as the __7__ rushed over them,and she __8__ to wrap her arms around little Arya.By now Tongai had dropped the drink he was __9__,taken off his belt and jumped into the water—followed by an __10__ tourist.By then the violence of the waves,even just a few meters from shore,had pulled Clair and Arya apart;he used his belt to __11__ Arya who wasn’t able to stay afloat by herself.“I __12__ went to the restaurant to thank the clerk,” Clair said.“My daughter __13__ him immediately,and we all embraced (拥抱) each other.We are so thankful to Tongai and the tourist who risked their __14__ to save ours,but it’s a pity that we still don’t know the tourist’s name;we’ll forever be __15__ to them.”1.A.rowing B.swimmingC.walkingD.driving2.A.dramatically B.deeplyC.graduallyD.constantly3.A.lifted B.coveredC.pressedD.held4.A.village B.bayC.restaurantD.ocean5.A.headed for B.worked atC.lived nearD.ate in6.A.swept B.blownC.thrownD.turned7.A.people B.shipC.life jacketD.wave8.A.learned B.agreedC.managedD.wished9.A.producing B.buyingC.pouringD.storing10.A.unnamed B.outgoingC.attractiveD.international11.A.fix B.rescueC.threatenD.catch12.A.regularly B.occasionallyC.directlyD.recently13.A.recognized fortedC.interviewedD.contacted14.A.business B.livesC.creditD.health15.A.polite B.generousC.gratefulD.friendlyⅢ.语法填空(2024·江西省鹰潭市一模)If you have been to the cinema and watched the popular movie “The Wandering Earth Ⅱ” recently,you might 1.____________(impress) by the intelligent quantum computer MOSS.It has no cognitive limitations,removing the perceptual (感知的)thinking consciousness and left with the rational algorithm only.In fact,such strong AI like MOSS does not exist in reality for 2.____________ time being.Nevertheless,weaker AI,3.____________ replaces human processing in a specific field,has already been imperceptibly (不知不觉地)integrated into our daily life.At present,most of the global AI level is also at this stage,for example,Robotic Process Automation (RPA),an office software that relieves employees by doing repetitive human tasks,simulating a range of human 4.________(operate) such as on the keyboard and mouse.Furthermore,Open AI 5.____________(release) the language model ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) lately,making human-machine interaction much 6.____________ humanized and intelligent than ever before.Thanks to its revolutionary user experience,ChatGPT obtained more than one million users just five days after 7.____________(it)release.As to 8.________ ChatGPT became such a hit,users think it can display simple results content according to searching keywords. Far from being a Chatbot only,ChatGPT can also realize article creation,code generating and other functions only by requesting.ChatGPT even has the 9.________________(capable)to write code just like a professional programmer.It also presents the strong ability in content continuation,literary creation,music creation,etc.It is so powerful 10.____________ New York City public schools have banned it from their networks and school devices.选择性必修第四册UNIT 1Ⅰ.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。
人教必修一Unit 4 阅读课-分层作业(原卷版)
Unit 4 Reading and thinking习题检测一、根据汉语意思填写单词1.(2023秋·高一课时练习)Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came as a (震惊)when she eventually died.2.(2023春·高一课时练习)If she loses the court case it will (毁坏) her.3.(2023春·全国·高一专题练习)Both students have made quite a few experiments on (电). 4.(2022秋·四川遂宁·高一射洪中学校考阶段练习)He (呼吸) deeply and went on with his work. 5.(2023春·高一课时练习)Protesters attacked the police with stones and (砖头).6.(2023春·广西百色·高一统考期末)After her operation she (遭受) from general debility. 7.(2023秋·高一单元测试)As far as I’m concerned, our success is the fruit of everyone’s (智慧). 8.(2020春·广东肇庆·高一广东肇庆中学校考阶段练习)After the big fire, the house lay in __ (废墟) 9.(2022秋·广东梅州·高一大埔县虎山中学校考阶段练习)In times of disaster, people must . (团结) 10.(2023秋·高一课时练习)He hit his head against a (金属) bar.11.(2022秋·广东江门·高一台山市华侨中学校考期中)Timmy had nothing to eat when he was (使落入险境)under the stones.(根据汉语提示完成句子)12.(2023秋·高一课时练习)The company’s market share is 48 (百分比) in the marketplace. 13.(2023秋·新疆昌吉·高一新疆昌吉回族自治州第二中学校考期末)The soldiers dug out the people who were trapped and (埋葬) the dead.14.(2023·高一课时练习)An unhappy home environment can (影响) a child’s behaviour. 15.(2023秋·江西吉安·高一江西省泰和中学统考期末)In fact, the team’s achievement was largely due to her (努力).二、用单词的适当形式完成句子16.(2023秋·高一课时练习)What I know is that almost 1,000 people lost their lives in the floods last year. It’s really (shock).17.(2023春·高一课时练习)What he said in his latest book (ruin) my dream forever.18.(2023春·高一课时练习)The boy talked and acted as if he (not commit) the crime. 19.(2020春·黑龙江哈尔滨·高一哈尔滨三中校考阶段练习)Tom turned away, (bury) his face in his hands.20.(2023春·高一课时练习)With no rain for over a year, the city is suffering unusually hot weather.21.(2023·全国·高一假期作业)Many Lithuanians have expressed doubts about the(wise) of the decision.22.(2023·全国·高一假期作业)Julia was given the kiss of life but she couldn’t (revive). 23.(2023·全国·高一假期作业)Two survivors were rescued after (trap) under the ruins for two days.24.(2023秋·高一课时练习)When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it (be) broken. 25.(2023·高一课时练习)Before discovering (electric), people relied on fire as a source of light. 26.(2023·高一课时练习)The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater (effort).27.(2023秋·高一课时练习)She is able to slide a room without anyone noticing. 28.(2023秋·高一课时练习)The sailors were rescued the sea by a helicopter.29.(2023秋·全国·高一假期作业)Climate change could have (disaster) effects on the Earth. 30.(2023·高一课时练习)Both the government and citizens have made great efforts (build) the city, and thus it is developed rapidly.三、句型转换31.(2022秋·高一课时练习)He has suffered from cancer for many years. The sufferer decided to give up smoking.(用非谓语动词做状语合并句子)→ , the sufferer decided to give up smoking.32.(2021秋·高一课时练习)The problem is too difficult for me to work out.→The problem is I can’t work it out. (同义句转换)33.(2021秋·高一课时练习)The house is not cheap enough for me to buy. (同义句转换)→The house is .34.(2023·全国·高二假期作业)He suspected nothing and walked right into the trap.(用分词作状语升级) 35.(2022秋·高二课时练习)Jenny opened her lips as if she was to say something. (句型转换). (省略)四、选用适当的单词或短语补全句子(2023秋·全国·高一随堂练习)37.As we all know, Hong Kong, Macao and nine cities of Guangdong the Guangdong — HongKong-Macao Greater Bay Area.38.The restaurant customers at mealtimes.39.I am afraid I can't join you in the game, for I have something important to .40.To be honest, my first novel when I was still at college.41.On July 28, 1976, an earthquake struck Tangshan. Within minutes, the city stood , with a lot of buildings left damaged.42.The pilot that there would be a slight delay before landing.43.Mr Hall once worked as an editor and the business part of the paper.五、阅读理解A(2023·高一课时练习)Nobody expects a natural disaster to strike. Neither does anyone know the impact it can have on life. The following measures can save your life in an emergency.TyphoonTyphoons occur in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, particularly in exposed regions like the Caroline Islands, the Philippines, and Japan. The best place to hide during a typhoon is a secure basement or a bathroom with no windows.A must-have device is a battery-powered weather radio, through which you will hear evacuation orders or in other cases, instructions on how to survive in your shelter and learn about the weather situation.FloodFloods occur more often than any other natural disaster and change the landscape dramatically. They are usually caused by intense rainfalls lasting for days. Don’t try to be the bravest person around and stay in your house. Once you hear the evacuation warning, leave for safer higher grounds with your important papers in a waterproof container.AvalancheAn avalanche can hit when you are enjoying Alpine skiing in a dreamlike location. It is very fast and disastrous, burying everything in its way under tons of snow. When an avalanche starts, try to move to the side of the slope as fast as you can. If you get buried in the snow, dig an air pocket to be able to keep breathing. Wait for the rescue team to find you and don’t waste your energy shouting or digging frantically. Call out when you hear the team approaching.WildfireWildfires spread at an amazing speed and destroy everything in their way. If you are caught in a wild fire, use a wet cloth to cover your nose and mouth to ensure that you can breathe. Try to stay upwind of the fire at all times and get close to a pond or river. Stay low and cover yourself with wet clothing, a blanket, or soil until the fire passes. 44.Among the four natural disasters, which one requires people to hide indoors?A.Typhoon.B.Flood.C.Avalanche.D.Wildfire.45.What should those trapped in typhoons probably do when they hear the evacuation orders?A.Get to a basement or windowless bathroom.B.Find something solid to hide under.C.Leave the place where they are.D.Get a torch in case of a blackout.46.What do we know from the text?A.Typhoons occur only in the exposed regions in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.B.Floods cause the most frequent damage among the disasters mentioned.C.Those who meet with avalanches are advised to call out the minute they’re trapped.D.Getting clean air matters most in the case of wildfires, despite the difficulty.B(2023·高一课时练习)If the crust(外壳)of the earth were not pretty solid(坚固的), it would be shaking and moving up and down frequently. However, there are places in the rocks of the earth’s crust where it isn’t strongly held together—where faults exist. Along the faults, one rock might push against another with great force. The energy is changed to vibration in the rocks, so they begin to shake and we have an earthquake!The most famous one in North America was the Sin Francisco earthquake of 1906. Seven hundred people died and property(财产)damage amounted to about $425,000,000. The greatest destruction came from the fires that followed the quake.One of the most famous earthquakes in Europe took place in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1755. The city was destroyed and at least thirty thousand people were killed. In 1908, in Calabria and Sicily, a quake killed about seventy-five thousand people. In 1915, in central Italy, hundreds of towns and villages were damaged and thirty thousand people were killed.Two great earthquakes that caused great damage in Asia took place in Tokyo, Japan, and in Gansu Province in China. The Tokyo quake of 1923 killed more than one hundred thousand people and destroyed the city and the city of Yokohama, too. The Chinese quake in 1920 covered more than three hundred square miles and killed about two hundred thousand people.47.The first paragraph mainly tells us_____________.A.where earthquakes happen B.the damage caused by earthquakesC.how earthquakes happen D.famous earthquakes in the world48.The underlined word “vibration” in the first paragraph probably means “_________”.A.force B.shaking C.energy.D.losing49.Which of the following is the correct order of the years when the earthquakes happened?①the San Francisco earthquake①the earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal①the earthquake in Calabria and Sicily①the earthquake in central Italy①the earthquake in Gansu Province①the Tokyo quakeA.①①①①①①B.①①①①①①C.①①①①①①D.①①①①①①50.We can infer from the passage that___________.A.the fires following the San Francisco earthquake caused more damage than the earthquake didB.the earth’s crust in Europe is weaker than that in other placesC.there were 75,000 people killed in the San Francisco earthquakeD.the city of Yokohama was not greatly influenced by the Tokyo quakeC(2023秋·新疆昌吉·高一新疆昌吉回族自治州第二中学校考期末)On the day the tornado hit, there was no sign that the fierce weather was on its way —the sky was blue and the sun had been out. The first warning my husband, Jimmy, 67, and I, 65, got came around 9 p.m., from some text on the TV Jimmy was watching. He ran upstairs to find me in our third-floor bedroom, and we changed the channel from the national television to our local Pensacola, Florida, station.Soon the tornado was on top of us. It was the loudest thing I had ever heard. The house shook, and the power went out. And the wind began to roar (咆哮) through the house, most likely through windows and the door to our garage. Everything was moving. And the back wall of the house came off and flew into the darkness outside. We had three flights of steps to get to the storeroom down there, the relative safety of the first floor.I didn't know how or if we would make it down the steps. It felt as if there was no floor as the wind lifted me off my feet. As we finally reached the last flight of steps, our front door blew open. Suddenly, a three-foot-long tree branch (树枝) flew over our heads, missing us by inches.By the time I reached the storeroom, the tornado had been over us for about a minute, Jimmy pushed me down to the storeroom floor, but he couldn't get inside himself because of the wind. I held Jimmy's arm as the tornado blew the door open. My knees were full of glass, but I felt no pain. If I had let go, Jimmy would have flown right out of the house.All of a sudden, Jimmy lifted off his feet. I thought he was gone. And then everything stopped. He landed on his feet. In those first quiet moments, I couldn't believe it was over. Our neighbor said the storm lasted four minutes. In that time, four of the twelve town houses in our unit were completely destroyed. Luckily, none of us were seriously injured.51.Where did the couple learn about the coming fierce weather?A.From the dark sky.B.From the radio station.C.From the news report on TV.D.From the text sent by their neighbors.52.What can we infer from Paragraph 2 about the couple?A.They had no place to hide.B.They tried to get out of the house.C.Their garage was blown into pieces.D.Their house was badly destroyed.53.What do we know about Jimmy when the author reached the storeroom?A.He was in great danger.B.He flew out of the house.C.He was seriously injured.D.He got inside the storeroom.54.What is the best title of this text?A.The tornado hitting FloridaB.A couple stopping a disasterC.The wind roaring through the houseD.A couple keeping alive from a disasterD(2020秋·高一课时练习)TUV ALU,a tiny country in the Pacific Ocean,has asked for help as it fears it will be swallowed up by the sea.Storms and huge waves are a constant threat and none of Tuvalu’s nine little islands is more than five meters above sea level.Salt water is already entering the country’s drinking water supply,as well as damaging plants that produce fruit and vegetables.Without urgent help,the country’s days are numbered.But Tuvalu is not the first place to face sinking into the sea.Venice,a historic city in Italy best known for its canals,has sunk about 24cm over the past 100 years.Experts say that it will have sunk another 20~50cm by 2050.A century ago,St.Mark’s Square,the lowest point in the city,flooded about nine times a year.Nowadays,it happens more than 100 times.While Venice is slowly sinking into the mud on which it stands,Tuvalu’s rising sea level is caused by global warming.The average global temperature has increased by almost 0.5 centigrade degree over the past century,scientists expect it to rise by an extra 1~3 degrees over the next 100 years.Warmer weather makes glaciers(冰川)melt,adding more water to the ocean.The warmer temperatures also make water expand,so it takes up more space,causing the sea level to rise.The sea level has risen about 10~25cm in the last 100 years.The main cause of global warming is human pollution.Through burning coal,oil and gas,people have been increasing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,such as CO2.This adds to the power of the greenhouse effect,making the planet even warmer.Many scientists believe that,if the warming is not stopped,there will be huge climate changes.The sea level could rise by one meter this century.Should this come true,the sea will swallow up millions of homes and the world will be flooded with“climate refugees”looking for somewhere to live.55.We can infer from the first paragraph that.A.Tuvalu is in danger of moving slowly downwards into the seaB.all Tuvalu’s islands are about five meters above the sea levelC.drinking water in Tuvalu will be destroyedD.Tuvalu is often flooded by storms and waves56.Put the following events in the right order.a.Glaciers begin to melt.b.People burn coal,oil and gas.c.The greenhouse effect is growing.d.The earth is getting warmer and warmer.e.The sea level is rising.f.More CO2is produced.g.Many places are sinking into the sea.A.d,f,b,c,a,e,g B.b,f,c,d,e,a,gC.f,c,b,d,a,e,g D.b,f,c,d,a,e,g57.What does“climate refugees”mean?A.People who are forced away from their homeland by climate.B.Climate changes.C.Rare animals.D.Climate effect.58.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A.Tuvalu’s nine little islands are less than five meters above the sea level.B.The average global temperature has risen by 1―3 centigrade degrees over the past 100 years.C.the warmer temperature causes the sea level to rise.D.There will be huge climate changes unless the warming is stopped.六、完形填空(2022秋·广东广州·高一校考阶段练习)I had suddenly run out of oil paints just when I needed them. So I made a long 59 to the only store around here that sells them. It was the 60 time to shop. The store was full of people and the checkout line was long. I could see the 61 faces of ton the face of the people around me. It was no better in the 62 and I found myself in the middle of a longline of cars waiting to pull out of it.As my car was moving forward, I 63 a middle-aged, thin black woman in an old coat. She was holding up a piece of paper that said, “ 64 my job. Kids to feed!” I 65 as car after car drove past her while their drivers turned their eyes away. 66 I came closer, I took out my 67 and pulled out the little cashI had left. I 68 next to her, rolled down(摇下) my window, and 69 put it in her hand. She70 and said “Thank you” before the car behind me 71 me to drive on.I drove away and 72 that I had helped her even a little. Was my small act of kindness 73 to her? I don't know. Did it change the attitude of the driver behind me? Probably not. But it has been a wonderful experience for me.59.A.walk B.wait C.time D.drive60.A.proper B.worst C.happiest D.fixed61.A.sadness B.doubt C.impatience D.surprise62.A.market B.street C.parking lot D.bus stop63.A.saw B.hit C.blocked D.recognized64.A.Changed B.Lost C.Did D.Finished65.A.rested B.organized C.watched D.showed 66.A.As B.Until C.Since D.Because 67.A.book B.card C.coat D.wallet 68.A.stopped B.sat C.ran D.stood 69.A.sadly B.carefully C.simply D.quickly 70.A.returned B.asked C.smiled D.came 71.A.advised B.forced C.encouraged D.caused 72.A.hoped B.imagined C.knew D.found 73.A.true B.meaningful C.familiar D.polite。
人教版必修四18.1ステップ1:「整理信息」精品课件ppt
交差点を右へ曲がる
•
川に沿っていく
まっすぐ行くと大通りに出る横断歩道を渡る突き当たりに病院がある
線路の向こう側にある
踏切を渡ったところに交番がある
道が2つに分かれている
洛陽外国語学校の近くに、「烫菜馆」という有名なレス トランがあるそうで、どこにありますか。
塚本先生は肉饅頭が大好きで、肉饅頭を売る店は ありますか。どのように行ったら着けますか。
あっ、お腹痛い、一番近い病院はどこですか。
お金を取りたい。銀行の場所を塚本先生に教えてください。 いいお天気ですね、公園へ行きたい。
今日の授業は以上で、皆さん、 お疲れ様でした。
旅行と案内
笑い話
“小伙子,请问牡丹广场怎么走?”又一 次被人叫住问路。换做是以前,定会指一 条相反的方向告诉他,然后沾沾自喜,感 觉自己整蛊到人了。但是现在我没有,也 许已经过了幼稚的年纪,我耐心的告诉他: “前面过两个红绿灯,第二个十字路口左 转,再走50米会看到一个步行街……那条 街上人多,你问问他们怎么走。”
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三角函数章节复习
[自我校对]
①②③④⑤⑥
(1)任意角和弧度制.理解任意角的概念、弧度的意义,能正确地进行弧度与角度的换算.
(2)任意角的三角函数.掌握任意角的正弦、余弦、正切的定义及三角函数线,能够利用三角函数线判断三角函数的符号,借助三角函数线求三角函数的定义域.
(1)已知角α的终边过点P(-4m,3m)(m≠0),则2sin α+cos α的值是________.
(2)函数y=sin x+2cos x-1的定义域是________.
【精彩点拨】(1)根据三角函数的定义求解,注意讨论m的正负.
(2)利用三角函数线求解.
【规范解答】(1)r=|OP|=(-4m)2+(3m)2=5|m|.
当m>0时,sin α=y
r=
3m
5m=
3
5,cos α=
x
r=
-4m
5m=-
4
5,∴2sin α+cos α=
2
5.
当m<0时,sin α=y
r=
3m
-5m
=-
3
5,cos α=
x
r=
-4m
-5m
=
4
5,∴2sin α+cos α=-
2
5.
故2sin α+cos α的值是2
5或-
2
5.
如图,结合三角函数线知:
解得2k π≤x ≤2k π+π
3(k ∈Z ),
∴函数的定义域为⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧⎭
⎪⎬⎪
⎫x ⎪⎪⎪
2k π≤x ≤2k π+π3,k ∈Z . 【答案】 (1)25或-25(2)⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧
⎭⎪⎬⎪⎫x ⎪⎪⎪
2k π≤x ≤2k π+π3,k ∈Z
[再练一题]
1.若θ是第四象限角,试判断sin(cos θ)·cos(sin θ)的符号.
方向是三角函数式的化简、求值和证明.常用以下方法技巧:
(1)化弦:当三角函数式中三角函数名称较多时,往往把三角函数化为弦,再化简变形.
(2)化切:当三角函数式中含有正切及其他三角函数时,有时可将三角函数名称都化为正切,再化简变形.
(3)“1”的代换:在三角函数式中,有些会含有常数1,常数1虽然非常简单,但有些三角函数式的化简却需要利用三角函数公式将1代换为三角函数式.
已知cos θ=m ,|m |≤1,求sin θ、tan θ的值. 【精彩点拨】 以角θ的终边所在位置为依据分别讨论求解.
【规范解答】 (1)当m =0时,θ=2k π±π2,k ∈Z ;当θ=2k π+π
2时,sin θ=1,tan θ不存在;当θ=2k π-π
2时,sin θ=-1,tan θ不存在. (2)当m =1时,θ=2k π,k ∈Z ,sin θ=tan θ=0. 当m =-1时,θ=2k π+π,k ∈Z ,sin θ=tan θ=0. (3)当θ在第一、二象限时,sin θ=1-m 2
,tan θ=1-m 2
m .
(4)当θ在第三、四象限时,sin θ=-1-m 2
,tan θ=-1-m 2
m .
2.已知
sin (2π+θ)tan (π+θ)tan (3π-θ)cos ⎝ ⎛⎭
⎪⎫
π2-θtan (-π-θ)=1,则sin 2θ+3sin θcos θ+2cos 2
θ的值是
________.
现.在平时的考查中,主要体现在三角函数图象的变换和解析式的确定,以及通过对图象的描绘、观察来讨论函数的有关性质.具体要求:
(1)用“五点法”作y =A sin(ωx +φ)的图象时,确定五个关键点的方法是分别令ωx +φ=0,π2,π,3π
2,2π.
(2)对于y =A sin(ωx +φ)的图象变换,应注意先“平移”后“伸缩”与先“伸缩”后“平移”的区别.
(3)已知函数图象求函数y =A sin(ωx +φ)(A >0,ω>0)的解析式时,常用的解题方法是待定系数法.
已知函数f (x )=2sin ⎝ ⎛
⎭⎪⎫2x -π6+a ,a 为常数.
(1)求函数f (x )的最小正周期; (2)求函数f (x )的单调递增区间;
(3)若x ∈⎣⎢⎡
⎦
⎥⎤0,π2时,f (x )的最小值为-2,求a 的值.
【精彩点拨】 利用公式T =2π
|ω|求周期→整体代换求单调区间→由最值求a 【规范解答】 (1)f (x )=2sin ⎝ ⎛
⎭⎪⎫2x -π6+a ,所以f (x )的最小正周期T =2π2=π.
(2)2k π-π2≤2x -π6≤2k π+π
2(k ∈Z ),
即k π-π6≤x ≤k π+π3(k ∈Z ),所以f (x )的单调递增区间为⎣⎢⎡⎦⎥⎤k π-π6,k π+π3(k ∈Z ). (3)当x ∈⎣⎢⎡
⎦⎥⎤0,π2时,2x -π6∈⎣⎢⎡⎦⎥⎤-π6,5π6,所以x =0时,f (x )取得最小值,
即2sin ⎝ ⎛⎭
⎪⎫
-π6+a =-2,故a =-1.
3.如图1-1所示的是函数y =A sin(ωx +φ)+k (A >0,ω>0)的部分图象.
图1-1
(1)求此函数的解析式;
(2)分析该函数的图象是如何通过y =sin x 的图象变换得来的.
求参数范围等题目中.
本章中,常常利用单位圆中的三角函数线或三角函数的图象解答三角问题,是典型的“以形助数”的方法,而利用三角公式证明三角函数中的几何性质问题,又是典型的“以数助形”的解题策略.
已知函数f (x )=A sin(ωx +φ),x ∈R ⎝ ⎛
⎭⎪⎫其中A >0,ω>0,|φ|<π2在一个周期
内的简图如图1-2所示,求函数g (x )=f (x )-lg x 零点的个数.
图1-2
【精彩点拨】 识图→求A ,ω,φ→画出f (x )及y =lg x 的图象→下结论 【规范解答】 显然A =2.由图象过(0,1)点,则f (0)=1,即sin φ=1
2, 又|φ|<π2,则φ=π6.又⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫11π12,0是图象上的点,则f ⎝ ⎛⎭
⎪⎫
11π12=0,
即sin ⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫11π12ω+π6=0,由图象可知,⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎫
11π12,0是图象在y 轴右侧部分与x 轴的第二
个交点. ∴11π12ω+π
6=2π,
∴ω=2,因此所求函数的解析式为f (x )=2sin ⎝ ⎛
⎭
⎪⎫2x +π6.
在同一坐标系中作函数y =2sin ⎝ ⎛
⎭
⎪⎫2x +π6和函数y =lg x 的示意图如图所示:
∵f (x )的最大值为2,令lg x =2,得x =100,令11
12π+k π<100(k ∈Z ),得k ≤30(k ∈Z ),而
11
12
π+31π>100, ∴在区间(0,100]内有31个形如⎣⎢⎡⎦⎥⎤
1112π+k π,1712π+k π(k ∈Z ,0≤k ≤30)的区间,
在每个区间上y =f (x )与y =lg x 的图象都有2个交点,故这两个函数图象在⎣⎢⎡⎦⎥⎤11π12,100上有2×31=62个交点,另外在⎝ ⎛
⎭⎪⎫0,1112π上还有1个交点, ∴方程f (x )-lg x =0共有实根63个, ∴函数g (x )=f (x )-lg x 共有63个零点. [再练一题] 4.若集合M =⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧⎭⎪⎬⎪
⎫θ⎪
⎪⎪
sin θ≥1
2,0≤θ≤π,
,求M ∩N .
1.已知角α的终边经过点(-4,3),则cos α=________.
2.若将函数y =2sin 2x 的图象向左平移π
12个单位长度,则平移后图象的对称轴为
________.
3.若sin α=-5
13,且α为第四象限角,则tan α的值等于________.
4.函数f(x)=cos(ωx+φ)的部分图象如图1-3所示,则f(x)的单调递减区间为________.
图1-3
5.定义在区间[0,3π]上的函数y=sin 2x的图象与y=cos x的图象的交点个数是________.
6.已知函数y=cos x与y=sin(2x+φ)(0≤φ<π),它们的图象有一个横坐标为π
3的交点,则φ的值是________.。