语言学客观自测练习及答案1
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。
《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案
《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/shehas never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphereor maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicatedof the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing hisideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they arecollectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese andKorean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-Polynesian Key: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic wordswhich consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called_____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing withaddressee relationship—continually ca tegorized as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairs Key: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languagea. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correcta. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morphemea. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word dischargeda. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlya. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct.This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other name would smellas sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules inEnglish.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stayadjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent Parameter Key: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisitionA. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymy Key: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as_______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “inter nation alism” should beregarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntact ic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John is a student.” belongs to__________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment ofa sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/FKey: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms andcollocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usually indicates a rathernarrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/FKey: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form a syntactic unit thatis less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences ofindividual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F Key: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maxim actuallyworks and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to makegrammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11.Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact that childrenacquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal. Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only oneaspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.Key: T15.Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and theirpatterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship betweenwords in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study that deals with thefactors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [?] and [?] are all fricative in English, but [?] and [?] are alveolar while [f] and [v] aredental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure,and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, and N.Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or oneshape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs.Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituentshave been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languagesusing tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexicalones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/FKey: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/F Key: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by N. Chomsky. Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricatesKey: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution to the proposition ofSpeech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixation and suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ writing.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internal reconstruction and the_______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to the non-standardlanguage, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalization of the language arecalled “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words is functionallyequivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key: Endocentric_9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for _________.Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ in languagetesting, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of thespeaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structure of ___________. Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and _________phonetics. Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.Key: [ ];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivational morphology. Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurity and ambiguityaccords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point ofthe vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branchesof ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution.Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. Asa characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________.Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels of languages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members are not regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as an example to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables an d ________morphemes.Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______ components. Key: semantic44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called________.Key: psycholinguistics48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by ______ egressive airstream mechanism.Key: oral49. Some speech sounds involves the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and that of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed______.Key: labial-velar50. ________ is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.Key: synonymy51. The ________family includes most of the European languages and marry languages spoken in North India and in the two Americas and Australia.Key: Indo-European52. _________or analytic languages refer to those which depend on invariable roots or stems and word order to indicate their grammatical relations.Key: Isolating53. When we consider the variation relating to what the user is trying to do with language, whether teaching, persuading, advertising or instructing, we are dealing with addressee relationship, contextually categorized as __________.Key: tenor of discourse54. ________means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages, but the communication systems of certain animals do not have this feature. For instance, some male birds posses calls which female birds do not have.Key: Interchangeability55. ________ refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another sound, so that the sounds become less alike.Key: dissimilation56. The __________ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Key: morpheme57. In English, prepositions and verbs determine particular forms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them. This requirement is called _______ in linguistics.Key: collocation58. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of。
（完整版）语言学练习题及答案
（完整版）语言学练习题及答案练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [t]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y]B. [t∫]C. [z]D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ]B. [ i ]C. [ou]D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ l? b ]C. [m?sta:∫]D. [lm?p]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957C. 1888D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar ph ones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have d ifferent______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, inlogic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” a re called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually donot change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represent s a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Wordclasses C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settin gsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisitiondevice12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.”belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic –functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech.22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning sh ould be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purelylinguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。
语言学教程测试题及答案
语言学教程测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 思考功能D. 娱乐功能答案：D5. 下列哪个术语用于描述一个语言项目在特定语境中的意义？A. 语义B. 句法C. 语音D. 语用答案：D6. 语言的系统性表现在哪些方面？A. 语言规则B. 语言结构C. 语言使用D. 所有选项答案：D7. 语言的变异性主要体现在哪些方面？A. 地域B. 社会C. 时间D. 所有选项答案：D8. 语言的任意性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言的变异性答案：C9. 语言的双重性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性与变异性B. 语言的任意性与象似性C. 语言的表达性与交际性D. 语言的系统性与使用性答案：B10. 下列哪个术语描述了语言符号与其所指对象之间的关系？A. 语义关系B. 句法关系C. 语音关系D. 语用关系答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、_______和语用学。
答案：语义学2. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系。
答案：任意3. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间存在某种程度的相似性。
答案：象似4. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于表达思想和情感。
答案：表达5. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于传递信息和交流思想。
答案：交际6. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于思考和认识世界。
答案：认知7. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于社会互动和建立社会关系。
(完整版)语言学练习题(附答案)Chapter1Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
英语语言学测试题及答案
英语语言学测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A unit of soundC. A letter of the alphabetD. A combination of sounds答案：B2. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. Historical LinguisticsD. Syntax答案：C3. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words?A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. MorphologyD. Syntax答案：A4. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called:A. A wordB. A morphemeC. A syllableD. A phoneme答案：B5. The process of forming words by combining smaller units is known as:A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：B6. The study of the rules governing the structure of sentences is called:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the social context in which language is used is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：A8. The study of how language is processed in the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is called:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The concept that language is arbitrary means that:A. It is randomB. It is meaninglessC. There is no necessary connection between the form of a word and its meaningD. It is always logical答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The branch of linguistics that examines how language is used in social contexts is ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics3. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as the ____________.答案：Morpheme4. The process of combining morphemes to form words is known as ____________.答案：Morphology5. The study of the way language is structured and organized is called ____________.答案：Linguistics6. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of words is ____________.答案：Morphology7. The study of the way meaning is conveyed in language is known as ____________.答案：Semantics8. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of sentences is ____________.答案：Syntax9. The study of the way language is used in everyday life is called ____________.答案：Pragmatics10. The study of the way language is processed in the brain is known as ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.答案：Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and theirproduction, while phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the rules governing the use of these sounds.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the language a person speaks influences the way they perceive the world and think.3. Describe the role of sociolinguistics in understanding language.答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how language varies with different social contexts, such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age, and how these variations influence language use.4. How does first language acquisition differ from second language acquisition?答案：First language acquisition is the process of learning a native language during early childhood, while second language acquisition is the process of learning a new language after the age of language development. The process of second language acquisition is influenced by the learner's first language and cognitive abilities.。
语言学能力测试模拟题参考答案
语言学能力测试模拟题参考答案第一部分：多项选择题1. A) vocabulary2. B) syntax3. A) phonetics4. D) pragmatics5. C) semantics6. B) morpheme7. D) syntax8. C) phonetics9. B) morphology10. A) phonology第二部分：填空题11. linguistic12. bilingual13. acquisition14. dialect15. communicative16. morphology17. syntax18. phonetics19. semantics20. sociolinguistics第三部分：简答题21. 语音学 (phonetics) 是研究语音的学科，主要研究语音的产生、传播和听觉感知等方面。
22. 句法学 (syntax) 研究的是句子的结构和组成成分之间的关系，包括短语结构和句子结构的分析。
23. 词汇学 (lexicology) 是研究词汇及其形成规律的学科，包括形态学和词义学等内容。
24. 语义学 (semantics) 是研究语言中词义、句义及其逻辑关系的学科，关注词汇、短语和句子的意义。
25. 韵律学 (prosody) 是研究语音流动的韵律、重音、音调等方面的学科，涉及到语音的音高、音乐和语调等方面。
第四部分：论述题语言学是对语言现象进行深入研究的学科。
它探究着语言的起源、发展和使用等多个方面，通过使用不同的分析方法和理论来解释语言在个体和社会层面上的运作规律。
语言学的核心领域包括语音学、句法学、词汇学、语义学等，以及与语言相关的学科，如社会语言学、历史语言学、比较语言学等。
语音学是语言学中的一个重要分支，它研究的是语音的产生、传播和听觉感知等方面。
通过对语音的音素、音位、音调、语调等进行系统分析，语音学家能够揭示语言中的音系规律以及不同语言之间的差异。
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best pletes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous ation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal munication2.Of the following sound binations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( ) A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。
( )A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical4.It is the _______ on Case assig____ent that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to mit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )A.misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.parativeD.historical parativeA.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neuralprerequisites for language and language useⅡ.Blank FillingDirections:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.In the course of time， the study of language has e to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear [1] and dark[]are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound binations， thus they are said to be inc________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word，but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other.Ⅲ.True of False questionDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. I (2%×10=20%)21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( )22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension.( )23.A pound is the bination of only two words.( )24.“The student” in the sentence “Thestuden t liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition，unlike entailment，is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.( )27.The division of English into Old English，Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.( )nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as wellas attitudes about social taboos or racism.( )29.If a child is deprived of linguisticenviro____ent， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.Ⅳ.DefinitionDirections: Explain the following terms, using one or two exles if necessary.(3%×10=30%)31.cultural transmission (as a design feature of human language)32.phonic medium of language33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemesn35.reference36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship amonglinguistic elements Support your statement with exles.42.Describe the process of language perception，prehension and production.参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D 10.A二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分)11.social12.plementary13.root14.plex15.plementary1 6.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualismteralization 20.transfer三、判断题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)21.F 22.T 23.F 24.T 25.F 26.T 27.F 28.T 29.T 30 F四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每题3分，共30分)31.One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not geically transmitted，rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language munication， i.e.the speech sounds. Voicing is a phoic feature of some sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-(e)s ，-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers toin the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For exle ，if we say，“The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。
自考语言学试题及答案
自考语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 地理答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线条性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案：B3. 语言学的分支学科包括以下哪些？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 下列哪个选项是语言的符号性特征？A. 语言的抽象性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的规则性答案：C6. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言的消亡答案：D7. 语言的交际功能包括以下哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的方言差异主要体现在以下哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学研究方法中，不包括以下哪一项？B. 实验法C. 调查法D. 推理法答案：D10. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 命令B. 请求C. 描述D. 抒情答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的目的是______语言现象。
答案：描述和解释2. 语言的______性是指语言符号和它所代表的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意性3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的排列组合是有一定规则的。
答案：规则性4. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以无限地创造新的意义。
答案：创造性5. 语言的______性是指语言是人类社会特有的现象。
答案：社会性6. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达抽象的概念。
答案：抽象性7. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达具体的事物。
答案：具体性8. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以传达说话人的情感、态度等。
答案：情感性9. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以用于不同的交际场合。
语言学自测试题及答案
语言学自测试题及答案
一、选择题
1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？
A. 语言的起源和发展
B. 语言的结构和功能
C. 语言的运用和交际
D. 以上都是
2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？
A. 语音学
B. 语法学
C. 心理学
D. 语义学
二、填空题
3. 语言学中，_______是指语言中最小的意义单位。
4. 转换生成语法是由_______提出的。
三、简答题
5. 请简述什么是语言的同源和借用。
四、论述题
6. 论述语言的多样性对文化和社会的影响。
答案：
一、
1. D
2. C
二、
3. 语素
4. 诺姆·乔姆斯基
三、
5. 语言的同源指的是不同语言之间由于共同的起源而具有相似的词汇、语法结构或语音系统。
语言的借用则是指一种语言从另一种语言中借
用词汇或语法结构，通常是由于文化、贸易或政治接触。
四、
6. 语言的多样性是文化多样性的重要体现，它反映了不同的思维方式、价值观念和生活方式。
语言多样性有助于保持文化的丰富性和独特性，促进了不同文化之间的交流和理解。
同时，语言多样性也对社会的包
容性、创新能力和适应性有着积极的影响。
然而，语言多样性也可能
带来沟通障碍和文化隔阂，需要通过教育和翻译等手段加以克服。
语言学客观自测练习与答案_1
语言学客观自测练习及答案 1I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _________.A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC. subjectiveD. Latin-based2. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ________.A. abnormalB. something to be fearedC.naturalD. unnatural3.Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate？A. [dV]B.[tF]C.[z]D.[T]4.There are ___________morphemes in the word “disabled”？A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four5.In English，“dis-“ is called________？A. a free morphemeB. a suffixC. an infixD. a prefix6.Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar ____ variety of the English language.A. regionalB. ethnicC. socialD. lower class7.The pair of words “alive” and “dead” are _____________.A. gradable antonymsB. complementary antonymsC. relational oppositesD. co-hyponyms8.____ belong（s）to the Indo-European language family.A. EnglishB. GermanC. FrenchD. All of them9.The sentence “Kids like apples” is a___________.A.two-place predicationB.three-place predicationC.no-place predicationD.one-place predication10.What is the construction of the sentence：“The baby smiled？”A. subordinateB. coordinateC. exocentricD. endocentricII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）nguage is a system of a ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.12.The linguistic study of meaning in the context of use is called p____________.13.The description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ study.14.According to the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure，p___________ refers to the realization of language in actual use.15.The three branches of phonetics are labelled a____________ phonetics，auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.16.M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.17.S___________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.18.The term a________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.19.S________ is the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.20.Variation in language use associated with the sex of individual speakers is called g__________varieties.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）petence and performance mean，to N. Chomsky，much the same thing.22.The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former it is characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstream and it does not have a place of articulation in the same sense as a consonant.23.In English，nouns，verbs，prepositions and adverbs are open classes since we can regularly add new words to these classes.24.Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.25.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.26.“It is raining hard” is a one-place predication sentence.27.Idiolect is the stylistic variation in a person’s speech，or writing，usually ranges ona continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite.28.Bilingualism describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community，each with a distinct range of social function and appropriate for certain situations.missive，a type of illocutionary speech acts by Searle，means bringing about immediate changes by saying something.30.Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning；the former is concrete and context-dependent and the latter is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference answersI. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.B2. C3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. D9. A10. CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. arbitrary12. pragmatics13. diachronic14. parole15. articulatory16. Morpheme17. Syntax18. Antonymy19. Sociolinguistics20. genderIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F22. T23. F24. F25. T26. F27. F28. F29. F30. T语言学客观自测练习及答案 2发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 10:20 共99人浏览[大] [中] [小]I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.F. de Saussure is a（n）_________ linguist.A. AmericanB. SwissC. BritishD. Russian2. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop？A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]3. Of the “words” listed below，__________ is not an English word.A. [spriN]B. [lkbi]C.[strikt]D. [5U：ziz]4. The affixes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-ing，-est” are called __________.A. derivational affixesB. free morphemesC. inflectional affixesD. roots5. The sentence containing two clauses joined by a linking word is called a ____________ sentence.A. coordinateB. simpleC. subordinateD. embedded6. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called _________ in semantic theory.A. mentalismB. contextualismC. conceptualismD. naming theory7. The semantic relationship between flower and rose is _______.A.hyponymsB. hyponymyC. co-hyponymsD. superordinate8. The words such as handbook and highway are ___________.A. formed by blendingB. coined by back-formationC. compound wordsD. derivations9. X-bar theory is __________________.A.highly specific and concrete，therefore only useful to solve concrete problemsB.capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rulesC.so highly abstract that it can explain all the properties of all phrasal categoriesD.inefficient in coping with the language structures other than those of English10. The words “railway” and “railroad” are __________.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB.synonyms differing in stylesC. dialectal synonymsD. synonyms differing in registerII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. A person who studies linguistics is called a l____________.12.M_________ is the linguistic study of how morphemes are combined to form words.13. In modern linguistics，s__________ is considered primary over writing.14. There are two ways to classify consonants：by place of articulation and by m___________ of articulation.15. S_________ is the linguistic study of meaning in abstraction.16. H___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.17. The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind is called p________.18. Vowels can be classified by the position of the tongue，openness of the mouth and l_________ of the sound.19. The notion of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism is called the S_________ hypothesis.20. An e___________ is a mild，indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh or unpleasant.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. English language is a tone language.22. A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use such as obscene，profane and swear words.23. Chinese is thought to be the first language by most linguists.24. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.25. Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional，social and stylistic variation.26. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of old English and modern English.27. A locutionary act of Speech Act Theory is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.28. According to predication analysis，in the sentence “The man beat the dog.”，the word “beat” is called pre dicate，and the words “man” and “dog” are called arguments.29.[f] is a dental consonant.30. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called broad transcription.Reference answersI. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. D7.B8.C9. B10. CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. linguist12. Morphology13. speech14. manner15. Semantics16. Homonymy17. psycholinguistics18. length19. Sapir-whorf20. euphemismIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F22. T23. F24. F25. T26. F27.F28.T29.F30. F语言学客观自测练习及答案 3I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as ___________ linguistics.A. comparativeB. appliedC. synchronicD. diachronic2.N. Chomsky is a famous _____________ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. GreekD. Swiss3.In the following sounds ___________ is a voiceless affricate.A. [d]B.[l]C. [tF]D. [w]4.In English，“pill” and “bill” are___________.A. a phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. assimilation D a minimal pair5.The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morpheme（s）A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6.In English the letter combination “care” in the word “carelessness” is called___________.A. suffixB. prefixC. infixD. free morpheme7. A word with several meaning is called _________.A. a synonymous wordB. a polysemous wordC. an abnormal wordD. none of the above8.We call the relation between “animal” and “tiger” as ___________.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. hyponymyD. homophony9.The pair of words “let’ and “rent” is called ___________.A. relational oppositesB. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms10.Which description of the meaning components of the word “mother” is right.A. [+human，+adult，+male]B. [-human，+adult，+male]C. [+human，+adult，-male]D. [+human，-adult，-male]第二部分非选择题II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. P________ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.12. M________is the study of the way in which words are formed.13. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use，it is said to be d__________.14. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________ study.15. Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between c________ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.16. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its uses.17. The English sounds [m]，[n] and [N] are called n_______ consonants.18. The morphemes such as “-en”，“dis-”and “–ism” are called b_______ morphemes.19. The words of a sentence are produced one after another in a sequence is thel____________ structure of a sentence.20. Jane Austin’s Speech Act Theory includes locutionary act，illocutionary act andp_______ act.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Our mother tongue Chinese is a tone language.22. We were all born with the ability to acquire language，so the details of any language system are genetically transmitted，and not to be taught and learned.23. The English sounds [ai]，[au][Ci][iE] and [tF] are called diphthongs.24. The morphemes “dog”，“able” and “quick” are free morphemes.25. The contextualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to but they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylistic synonyms.27. The relation between the words “male” and “female” is gradable antonyms.28. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning，it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a specific context.29. The maxim of manner by CP is to say what you believe to be true.30. Black English is the widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language.Reference answersI.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.C2. A3. C4. D5.C6. D7.B8. C9.A10. CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11.Phonetics12. Morphology13. descriptive14. diachronic15. competence16. productive17. nasal18. bound19. linear20. perlocutionaryIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21.T22. F23. F24.T25. F26.F27.F28.T29.F30.T语言学客观自测练习及答案 4I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.The word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language called _________.A. colloquial languageB. scientific languageC. standard languageD. idiolect2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？A. bangB. photoC. typewriterD. rumble3.Which of the following sounds is a diphthong？A. [ai]B. [t]C[dV] D. [A]4.“hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dog5.There a re _________morphemes in the word” frightening”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6. In English，“-ate” and “dis-“ are called _________.A. PrefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. affixes7.The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ______ constr uction.A. complexB. coordinateC. embeddedD. subordinate8. The illocutionary act of the utterance “ I promise to come.” is a_______.A. representativeB. expressiveC. declarationD. commissive9.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity？A. hot/coldB. doctor/patientC. single/married d. husband /wife10. Which part of the brain is generally considered to control language and speech.A. left hemisphereB. right hemisphereC. front hemisphereD. back hemisphereII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inOne word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal s________ used for human communication.12. A linguistic study is p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour.13. Generally speaking，we can divide p______ into at least three branches：articulatory phonetics，acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.14. The speech sounds can be divided into two broad categories：v_________ and consonants.15. M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.16. S___________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.17. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of m______.18. The term a__________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.19. A predication usually consists of a________ and predicate.20. The Cooperative Principle includes four maxims：the maxim of q_______，the maxim of quality，the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in isolation.22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary，not the spoken language.23. According to the Swiss linguist Saussure，langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.24. The English sound[m] is a bilabial nasal.25. The phrase “green house” with the first element stressed means “ a house which is green in colour.”26. The morphemes such as “room” and “help” are free morphemes.27. The meanings of compound words generally can not be worked out by looking at the meanings of the constituent words.28. The words of a sentence are only structured in the linear order.29. The word “man” is analyzed as comprising the semantic features of [+human，+adult，+male].30. In general，the right hemisphere of brain controls the right side of the body，the left hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body.Reference answersI.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. D9. C10.AII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11.symbols12. prescriptive13. phonetics14. vowels15. Morpheme16. Syntax17. meaning18. antonymy19. argument20. quantityIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F22. F23. T24. T25. F26.T27. T28.F29. T30. F语言学客观自测练习及答案 5I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.Modern linguistics give priority to speech because _____________.A. speech sounds are derived from writing systemsB. The spoken form is more basic than the written formC. Writing precedes speech in English languageD. All the languages today have both spoken and written forms.2.In the following sounds，_________ is a glottal sound.A：[h] B. [k] C. [g] D.[n]3.Of the words listed below，________ is not an English word.A. [blik] B [bilk] C. [kilb] D. [skw]4.In English，the root “tele” means _________.A. seeing，sightB. a branch of learningC. distant，farD. small in size5.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred to as __________.A. blendingB. BilingualismC. clippingD. pidginization6.The function of the sentence “ A sunny day，isn’t it？” is __________.A. informativeB. interrogativeC. expressiveD. phatic7. ___________ are language varieties related to the use in particular speech situation.A. Education varietiesB. Age varietiesC. Gender varietiesD. Register varieties8.There are _________ m orphemes in the word “ disabled”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four9.Which of the following two-term sets is relational opposite？A. old/youngB. alive/deadC. teacher/pupilD. hot/cold10.The words such as “smog”，and “motel” are __________.A. compound wordsB. abbreviated wordsC. formed by blendingD. coined by backformation.II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inOne word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s_________ study.12. P_________ is the actual realization of the ideal user’s kn owledge in linguistic communication.13. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human c_______.14. English speech sounds can be classified into vowels and c__________.15. The affixes indicating number，tense，degree and case are i________ affixes.16. S______ can be simply defined as the study of meaning.17. H_______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.18. Selectional r___________ constrain what lexical items can go with others.19. A l______ act is the act of uttering words，phrases and clauses.20. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis includes the notion of linguistic d______ and linguistic relativism.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language that can be used independently.22. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.23. Arbitrariness is one main design feature of language，so all the words in English are entirely arbitrary.24. The different phonemes which can represent a phone in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.25. The words “gym”，“lab” and “Dr.” are all the words formed through clipping.26. The word “flower” is the superordinate of the hyponyms “rose”，“tulip” and “lily”.27. A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established a s a native language in some speech community.28. The illocutionary force of “I appoint you chairman of the committee” is a commiss ive.29. Psychological research suggests that the left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere because left brain controls language and analytic reasoning.30. Language is always necessary for the functioning of thought because thinking can’t take place without language.Reference answersI. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.B.2. A3. D4. C5. B6. D7. D8. C9. C10.CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. synchronic12. Performance13. communication14. consonants15. inflectional16. Semantics17. Homonymy18. restrictions19. locutionary20. determinismIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F 2. T23.F24.F25.F26.T27.T28.F29.F30.F语言学客观自测练习及答案 61I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguists？A.The language a person uses reveals his social background.B.There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used ona certain occasion.C.How does the human mind work when they use language？D.To investigate the social aspects of language.2. Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation ofnew signals by its users.A. systematicB. culturally transmittedC. intuitiveD. productive3. ____________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A. WideB. NarrowC. BroadD. Detailed4.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in ______________ .A. the pharyngeal cavityB. the oral cavityC. the nasal cavityD. all of the above5. ___________ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation.A. PhonologyB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Morphology6.The word “refreshment” contains ___________ morpheme（s）.A. zeroB. oneC. twoD. three7.The central element in a simple sentence，or in each clause，is the _____________.A. subjectB. finite verbC. objectD. adverbial8.The syntactic rules of any language are ___________ in number.A. infiniteB. finiteC. largeD. definite9. Which pair of antonyms differs from other pairs？A. above，belowB. sell，buyC. teacher，pupilD. hot，cold10. What is the sentential relation between “He likes swimming.” and “He likes sports.”？A. PresuppositionB. Entailment。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。
答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。
答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。
答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。
答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。
答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。
答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。
答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。
答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。
语言学全部习题
语言学全部习题1. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。
它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。
2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些？语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。
语音研究发音和音系，词汇研究词的形态和词义，句法研究语言的句子结构，语义研究词和句的含义，语用研究语言的使用和交际。
3) 语音学和音系学有何区别？语音学研究语言中的语音现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
音系学研究语言中的音素系统，即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。
2. 选择题（每题10分，共40分）1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案：D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案：C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容？A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案：D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象？A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案：A3. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言的演变？语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中，由于多种因素的影响，其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。
语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程，涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。
2) 语言和思维之间有何关系？语言和思维之间有密切的关系。
一方面，语言是人类思维的表达工具，通过语言的运用，人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。
另一方面，语言也影响思维的方式和内容。
语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式，不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。
3) 什么是语言交际？语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。
语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释，以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。
语言学测试题及答案
语言学测试题及答案
1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？
A. 语言的起源
B. 语言的结构
C. 语言的使用
D. 语言的演变
答案：B
2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？
A. 语音学
B. 句法学
C. 语义学
D. 心理学
答案：D
3. 请解释“语言”和“方言”的区别。
答案：语言是指具有独立语法和词汇系统的交流工具，通常与国家或民族相关联；方言则是语言内部的变体，通常与地域相关，但不具备独立的语法和词汇系统。
4. 什么是“音位”？
答案：音位是指语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。
5. 请列举三种语言的书写系统。
答案：汉字（汉语）、字母（英语）、西里尔字母（俄语）。
6. 以下哪个术语用于描述语言的演变？
A. 语言变化
B. 语言发展
C. 语言演化
D. 语言进化
答案：C
7. 什么是“词汇语义学”？
答案：词汇语义学是研究词汇意义及其变化的语言学分支。
8. 请解释“语法”。
答案：语法是一套规则，用于指导语言中单词的组合和排列，以形成意义完整的句子。
9. 什么是“社会语言学”？
答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会结构、文化、身份和权力之间关系的学科。
10. 请列举两种语言的方言。
答案：普通话（汉语方言）、西班牙语（西班牙方言）。
语言学自测试题及答案
语言学自测试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 社会答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学中，"phoneme"指的是什么？A. 音素B. 音节C. 词D. 句答案：A4. 以下哪种语言属于汉藏语系？A. 英语B. 法语C. 汉语D. 俄语答案：C5. 语言学中的"morpheme"指的是什么？A. 词根B. 词缀C. 词D. 句子答案：C二、填空题1. 语言学的主要研究方法包括______、______和______。
答案：观察、实验、分析2. 语言的三个基本功能是______、______和______。
答案：表达、交流、思考3. 语言学中的"syntax"指的是______。
答案：句法4. "digraph"在语言学中指的是______。
答案：双字母组合代表一个音素5. 语言的______性指的是语言随着时间的流逝而发生的变化。
答案：历史三、简答题1. 简述语言学的主要研究领域。
答案：语言学的主要研究领域包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、计算语言学等。
2. 描述一下什么是语言的方言。
答案：方言是语言在一定地理区域内形成的变体，它与标准语或官方语言在发音、词汇、语法等方面存在差异。
3. 语言学中的"pragmatics"指的是什么？答案：语用学是语言学的一个分支，它研究语言在实际使用中的意义，包括语境、交际意图、言语行为等。
四、论述题1. 论述语言和文化之间的关系。
答案：语言和文化是相互影响的。
一方面，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以表达和传承文化；另一方面，文化也影响着语言的发展和使用，如特定文化背景下的词汇、表达方式等。
2. 讨论语言的多样性对全球化的影响。
(完整word版)[语言学]语言学教程测试题及答案
![(完整word版)[语言学]语言学教程测试题及答案](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/97cd09fa0b4e767f5bcfce69.png)
1.判断题：We were all born with the ability to acquire language，which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted。
正确错误参考答案：错误2。
单选题：__________ deals with language application to other fields，particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD。
Applied linguistics参考答案：D3.单选题：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB。
communicationC. relationD. community参考答案: B4。
判断题：Only human beings are able to communicate。
正确错误参考答案：错误5.填空题：Saussure put forward two important concepts。
_____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.参考答案：langue6.判断题：The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear's play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"。
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness2) design features3) arbitrariness4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answerto the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD.bang2)The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD.performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the hostor the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controllingthe forces which the believers feel might affect theirlives. Which function does it perform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D.Recreational.4)Which of the following properties of language enableslanguage users to overcome the barriers causedby time andplace, due to this feature of language, speakers of alanguage are free to talk about anything in anysituation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5)Study the following dialogue. What function does it playaccording to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D.Interpersonal.6)Unlike animal communication systems, human language is.A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7)Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performativefunctionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9)Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. JohnLyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the Americanlinguist Charles Hockett, refer to the ________properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animal system of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in alanguage are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3)In any language words can be used in new ways to mean newthings and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed p_______ or c________.4)Language has many functions. We can use language to talkabout language itself. This function is m________ function.5)Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language isc________ transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i_________.6)One general principle of linguistic analysis is theprimacy of ________ over writing.7)The ________ function refers to the use of language tocommunicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8)The ________ function refers to language used to ensuresocial maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it.The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9)Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humanCommunication.10)Language has two levels. They are ______ level and______ level.11)Language is a ________ because every language consistsof a set of rules whi ch underlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attemptto control events once they happen.13)The design features of language are (1)(2)(3)(4) (5)(6)and (7)_______.14)By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that thereis no logical connection between meaning and.15)The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2)(3)and (4).4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) () When language is used to get information from others,it serves an informative function.3) ( )The reason for French to use cheval and for Englishto usehorse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primarylevel of articulation.5) ( )Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( )Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs whichpermit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, tocommunicate or interact.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaningis arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, whichinclude vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speechorgans.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound — meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal,and arbitrary can differentiate human languages fromanimal communicative systems.13)( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of humanlanguage. It refers to the fact that language has twolevels of structures: the system of sounds and the systemof meanings.14) ( )Language is a means of verbal communication.Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-muteis not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentiallycreative, and conventionality of language makes alanguage be passed from generation to generation. As aforeign language learner, the latter is more importantfor us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify eachfunction.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of human language.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Pleaseexplain three of them with examples.Key to Chapter One1.Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds ina language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between thesounds /p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties ofhuman language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” an d “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” isa matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it isseen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feeli ngs, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structureof knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Multiple Choice1) –5): A C C C B 6) –10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement.14) sound;15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4.True or False Questions1–5: FFTFF 6–10: FFTFT 11–15: FFTFT5.Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能： regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能： phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction oflanguage16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of languagecan be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship LibertyBell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is anessential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and person ality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases,and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending P resident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry intolanguage itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of human language.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discreteforms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certainrules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔 in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Pleaseexplain three of them with examples.(1)Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, realor not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users. This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other ismeaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, ora b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, theother of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
语言方面考试题及答案
语言方面考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“语言”的英文翻译？A. LanguageB. LiteratureC. CommunicationD. Expression答案：A2. “语言学”是一门研究语言的科学，它的英文是：A. LinguisticsB. PhilologyC. PhoneticsD. Lexicography答案：A3. 在语言学中，“音素”是指：A. 语音的最小单位B. 语言的最小单位C. 语义的最小单位D. 语法的最小单位答案：A4. 以下哪个词不是动词？A. 走B. 跳C. 跑D. 书5. “语法”是研究语言中词的：A. 意义B. 结构C. 使用D. 发展答案：B6. 下列哪个选项是“同义词”的正确定义？A. 意义相反的词B. 意义相近的词C. 形式相同的词D. 来源相同的词答案：B7. “词汇”在语言学中通常指的是：A. 语言的规则B. 语言的发音C. 语言的词汇量D. 语言的书写答案：C8. “语义学”是研究语言的：A. 声音B. 意义C. 形式D. 语法答案：B9. “句法”是研究句子的：B. 结构C. 发音D. 词汇答案：B10. “修辞学”主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的书写C. 语言的表达方式D. 语言的规则答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：词汇学2. 语言的三个基本功能是表达、______和交际。
答案：描述3. 在语言学中，“语用学”是研究语言在特定语境中的______。
答案：使用4. “方言”是指一个语言内部的______。
答案：变体5. “双语”是指一个人能够流利地使用______种语言。
答案：两6. “翻译”是指将一种语言的文本转换为______语言的文本。
答案：另一种7. “语音学”是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的______。
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语言学客观自测练习及答案 1I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _________.C. subjectiveD. Latin-based2. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ________.A. abnormalB. something to be fearedD. unnatural3. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricateA. [dV]B.[tF]C.[z]D.[T]4. There are ___________morphemes in the word “disabled”A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four5. In English，“dis-“ is called________A. a free morphemeB. a suffixC. an infixD. a prefix6. Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar ____ variety of the English language.A. regionalB. ethnicC. socialD. lower class7. The pair of words “alive” and “dead” are _____________.A. gradable antonymsB. complementary antonymsC. relational oppositesD. co-hyponyms8. ____ belong（s） to the Indo-European language family.A. EnglishB. GermanC. FrenchD. All of them9. The sentence “Kids like apples” is a___________.A. two-place predicationB. three-place predicationC. no-place predicationD. one-place predication10. What is the construction of the sentence：“The baby smiled”A. subordinateB. coordinateC. exocentricD. endocentricII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. Language is a system of a ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.12. The linguistic study of meaning in the context of use is called p____________.13. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ study.14. According to the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure， p___________ refers to the realization of language in actual use.15. The three branches of phonetics are labelled a____________ phonetics， auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.16. M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.17. S___________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.18. The term a________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.19. S________ is the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.20. Variation in language use associated with the sex of individual speakers is called g__________varieties.III. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Competence and performance mean， to N. Chomsky， much the same thing.22. The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former it is characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstream and it does not have a place of articulation in the same sense as a consonant.23. In English， nouns， verbs， prepositions and adverbs are open classes since we can regularly add new words to these classes.24. Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.25. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.26. “It is raining hard” is a one-place predication sentence.27. Idiolect is the stylistic variation in a person’s speech， or writing， usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite.28. Bilingualism describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community， each with a distinct range of social function and appropriate for certain situations.29. Commissive， a type of illocutionary speech acts by Searle， means bringing about immediate changes by saying something.30. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning； the former is concrete andcontext-dependent and the latter is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference answersI. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1. B2. C3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. D9. A 10. CII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. arbitrary 12. pragmatics 13. diachronic 14. parole 15. articulatory16. Morpheme 17. Syntax 18. Antonymy 19. Sociolinguistics 20. genderIII. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F 22. T 23. F 24. F 25. T 26. F 27. F 28. F 29. F 30. T语言学客观自测练习及答案 2发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 10:20 共 99人浏览[大] [中] [小]I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）. de Saussure is a（n） _________ linguist.A. AmericanB. SwissC. BritishD. Russian2. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stopA. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]3. Of the “words” listed below， __________ is not an English word.A. [spriN]B. [lkbi]C.[strikt]D. [5U：ziz]4. The affixes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-ing，-est” are called __________.A. derivational affixesB. free morphemesC. inflectional affixesD. roots5. The sentence containing two clauses joined by a linking word is called a ____________ sentence.A. coordinateB. simpleC. subordinateD. embedded6. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is cal led _________ in semantic theory.A. mentalismB. contextualismC. conceptualismD. naming theory7. The semantic relationship between flower and rose is _______.B. hyponymyC. co-hyponymsD. superordinate8. The words such as handbook and highway are ___________.A. formed by blendingB. coined by back-formationC. compound wordsD. derivations9. X-bar theory is __________________.A. highly specific and concrete， therefore only useful to solve concrete problemsB. capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rulesC. so highly abstract that it can explain all the properties of all phrasal categoriesD. inefficient in coping with the language structures other than those of English10. The words “railway” and “railroad” are __________.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. synonyms differing in stylesC. dialectal synonymsD. synonyms differing in registerII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. A person who studies linguistics is called a l____________.is the linguistic study of how morphemes are combined to form words.13. In modern linguistics， s__________ is considered primary over writing.14. There are two ways to classify consonants： by place of articulation and by m___________ of articulation.15. S_________ is the linguistic study of meaning in abstraction.16. H___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.17. The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind is called p________.18. Vowels can be classified by the position of the tongue， openness of the mouth and l_________ of the sound.19. The notion of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism is called the S_________ hypothesis.20. An e___________ is a mild， indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh or unpleasant.III. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. English language is a tone language.22. A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use such as obscene， profane and swear words.23. Chinese is thought to be the first language by most linguists.24. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.25. Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional， social and stylistic variation.26. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of old English and modern English.27. A locutionary act of Speech Act Theory is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.28. According to predication analysis，in the sentence “The man beat the dog.”， the word “beat” is called predicate，and the words “man” and “dog” are called arguments.29.[f] is a dental consonant.30. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called broad transcription.Reference answersI. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1. B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. D7. B8. C9. B 10. CII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. linguist 12. Morphology 13. speech 14. manner 15. Semantics16. Homonymy 17. psycholinguistics 18. length 19. Sapir-whorf20. euphemismIII. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F 22. T 23. F 24. F 25. T 26. F 30. F语言学客观自测练习及答案 3I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1. The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as ___________ linguistics.A. comparativeB. appliedC. synchronicD. diachronic2. N. Chomsky is a famous _____________ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. GreekD. Swiss3. In the following sounds ___________ is a voiceless affricate.A. [d]B.[l]C. [tF]D. [w]4. In English，“pill” and “bill” are___________.A. a phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. assimilation D a minimal pair5. The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morpheme（s）A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6. In English the letter combination “care” in the word “carelessness” is called___________.A. suffixB. prefixC. infixD. free morpheme7. A word with several meaning is called _________.A. a synonymous wordB. a polysemous wordC. an abnormal wordD. none of the above8. We call the relation between “animal” and “tiger” as ___________.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. hyponymyD. homophony9. The pair of words “let’ and “rent” is called ___________.A. relational oppositesB. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms10. Which description of the meaning components of the word “mother” is right.A. [+human， +adult， +male]B. [-human， +adult， +male]C. [+human， +adult， -male]D. [+human， -adult，-male]第二部分非选择题II. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. P________ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.12. M________is the study of the way in which words are formed.13. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use， it is said to be d__________.14. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________ study.15. Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between c________ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.16. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its uses.17. The English sounds [m]，[n] and [N] are called n_______ consonants.18. The mo rphemes such as “-en”，“dis-”and “–ism” are called b_______ morphemes.19. The words of a sentence are produced one after another in a sequence is the l____________ structure of a sentence.20. Jane Austin’s Speech Act Theory includes locutionary act， illocutionary act and p_______ act.T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Our mother tongue Chinese is a tone language.22. We were all born with the ability to acquire language， so the details of any language system are genetically transmitted， and not to be taught and learned.23. The English sounds [ai]，[au][Ci][iE] and [tF] are called diphthongs.24. The morphemes “dog”，“able” and “quick” are free morphemes.25. The contextualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to but they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylistic synonyms.27. The relation between the words “male” and “female” is gradable anton yms.28. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning， it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a specific context.29. The maxim of manner by CP is to say what you believe to be true.30. Black English is the widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language.Reference answers： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1. C2. A3. C4. D 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. CII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）12. Morphology 13. descriptive 14. diachronic15. competence 16. productive 17. nasal 18. bound19. linear 20. perlocutionaryT for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）22. F 23. F 25. F语言学客观自测练习及答案 4I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language called _________.A. colloquial languageB. scientific languageC. standard languageD. idiolectof the following words is entirely arbitraryA. bangB. photoC. typewriterD. rumbleof the following sounds is a diphthongA. [ai]B. [t] C[dV] D. [A]4.“hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dogare _________morphemes in the word” frightening”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6. In English，“-ate” and “dis-“ are called _________.A. PrefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. affixesphrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ______ construction.A. complexB. coordinateC. embeddedD. subordinate8. The illocutionary act of the utterance “ I promise to come.” is a_______.A. representativeB. expressiveC. declarationD. commissiveof the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarityA. hot/coldB. doctor/patientC. single/married d. husband /wife10. Which part of the brain is generally considered to control language and speech.A. left hemisphereB. right hemisphereC. front hemisphereD. back hemisphereII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal s________ used for human communication.12. A linguistic study is p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour.13. Generally speaking， we can divide p______ into at least three branches： articulatory phonetics， acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.14. The speech sounds can be divided into two broad categories： v_________ and consonants.15. M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.16. S___________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.17. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of m______.18. The term a__________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.19. A predication usually consists of a________ and predicate.20. The Cooperative Principle includes four maxims： the maxim of q_______， the maxim of quality， the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in isolation.22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary， not the spoken language.23. According to the Swiss linguist Saussure， langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.24. The English sound[m] is a bilabial nasal.25. The phrase “green house” with the first element stressed means “ a house which is green in colour.”26. The morphemes such as “room” and “help” are free morphemes.27. The meanings of compound words generally can not be worked out by looking at the meanings of the constituent words.28. The words of a sentence are only structured in the linear order.29. The word “man” is analyzed as comprising the semantic features of [+human，+adult，+male].30. In general， the right hemisphere of brain controls the right side of the body， the left hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body.Reference answersI. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. D9. CII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）12. prescriptive 13. phonetics 14. vowels 15. Morpheme 16. Syntax 17. meaning 18. antonymy 19. argument 20. quantityIII. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F 22. F 23. T 24. T 25. F 27. T 29. T 30. F语言学客观自测练习及答案 5I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）linguistics give priority to speech because _____________.A. speech sounds are derived from writing systemsB. The spoken form is more basic than the written formC. Writing precedes speech in English languageD. All the languages today have both spoken and written forms.the following sounds， _________ is a glottal sound.A： [h] B. [k] C. [g] D.[n]the words listed below， ________ is not an English word.A. [blik] B [bilk] C. [kilb] D. [skw]English，the root “tele” means _________.A. seeing， sightB. a branch of learningC. distant， farD. small in sizesituation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred to as __________.A. blendingB. BilingualismC. clippingD. pidginizationfunction of the sentence “ A sunny day，isn’t it” is __________.A. informativeB. interrogativeC. expressiveD. phatic7. ___________ are language varieties related to the use in particular speech situation.A. Education varietiesB. Age varietiesC. Gender varietiesD. Register varietiesare _________ morphemes in the word “ disabled”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourof the following two-term sets is relational oppositeA. old/youngB. alive/deadC. teacher/pupilD. hot/coldwords such as “smog”，and “motel” are __________.A. compound wordsB. abbreviated wordsC. formed by blendingD. coined by backformation.II. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s_________ study.12. P_________ is the actual realization of the ideal user’s knowledge in linguistic communication.13. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human c_______.14. English speech sounds can be classified into vowels and c__________.15. The affixes indicating number， tense， degree and case are i________ affixes.16. S______ can be simply defined as the study of meaning.17. H_______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.18. Selectional r___________ constrain what lexical items can go with others.19. A l______ act is the act of uttering words， phrases and clauses.20. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis includes the notion of linguistic d______ and linguistic relativism.III. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language that can be used independently.22. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.23. Arbitrariness is one main design feature of language， so all the words in English are entirely arbitrary.24. The different phonemes which can represent a phone in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.25. The words “gym”，“lab” and “Dr.” are all the words formed through clipping.26. The word “flower” is the superordinate of the hyponyms “rose”，“tulip” and “lily”.27. A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established a s a native language in some speech community.28. The illocutionary force of “I appoint you chairman of the committee” is a commissive.29. Psychological research suggests that the left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere because left brain controls language and analytic reasoning.30. Language is always necessary for the functioning of thought because thinking can’t take place without language.Reference answersI. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）. 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. CII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. synchronic 12. Performance 13. communication 14. consonants 15. inflectional 16. Semantics 17. Homonymy 18. restrictions19. locutionary 20. determinismIII. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false， you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F 2. T语言学客观自测练习及答案 61I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguistslanguage a person uses reveals his social background.exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used ona certain occasion.does the human mind work when they use languageinvestigate the social aspects of language.2. Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation ofnew signals by its users.A. systematicB. culturally transmittedC. intuitiveD. productive3. ____________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A. WideB. NarrowC. BroadD. Detailedarticulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in ______________ .A. the pharyngeal cavityB. the oral cavityC. the nasal cavityD. all of the above5. ___________ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation.A. PhonologyB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Morphologyword “refreshment” contains ___________ morpheme（s）.A. zeroB. oneC. twoD. threecentral element in a simple sentence， or in each clause， is the _____________.A. subjectB. finite verbC. objectD. adverbialsyntactic rules of any language are ___________ in number.A. infiniteB. finiteC. largeD. definite9. Which pair of antonyms differs from other pairsA. above， belowB. sell， buyC. teacher， pupilD. hot， cold10. What is the sentential relation between “He likes swimming.” and “He likes sports.”A. PresuppositionB. EntailmentC. ContradictionD. AnomalyII. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）。