Philosophy of religion
哲学专业英语词汇
哲学专业英语（the course of philosophical English）西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham’s razor奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation（sharing）分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes 四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is 是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断==judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派Ephsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans 毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/ Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fideism信仰主义（僧侣主义）hylozoism物活论Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham’s razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论（extreme/moderate）realism唯实论（extreme/moderate ）Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论（materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Apriorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相，偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter心物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身心交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论（finite/infinite）psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性（休谟）Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles 微粒说Theory of vortex 漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth of reason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason 神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori judgement先天判断A posteriori judgement 后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of judgement/ category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of judgement/ category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of judgement/ category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of judgement/ category of mode 判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正-反-合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians 青年黑格尔派Natural theology自然神学（理性神学）absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism 人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪baptism （基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie 资产阶级causationism 因果论Christianity 基督教clherentism 贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism 理神论；自然神论；自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day 上帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant’s nebular hypothesis 康德的星云假说method of exclusion 排除法method of induction 归纳法nativism 先天论，天赋论sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis （《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament 《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding 《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《工具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god 《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。
中国文化概况哲学和宗教 英文版_图文
“words versus ideas”
“fundamentals versus practice”
“ethics versus nature”, etc.
17
The Development of Chinese Philosophy
Orthodox Philosophy During the Han Dynasty ( 两汉经学)
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views.
The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)
中国文化概况
A GLIMPSE OF CHINESE CULTURE
1
Philosophy and
Religions
2
学习目标
了解中国古代哲学发展及内容； 掌握中国主要宗教的基本概况; 继承和发扬中国传统美德。
3
Overview
Lead-in Activity
Text Study
Discussion & Presentation
The Development of Chinese Philosophy The Basic Features of Chinese Ancient
Philosophy Characteristics of Chinese Ethics and
传统文化-儒释道英文版
Explore the Chinese CultureConfucianism (儒家; pinyin: Rújiā) is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of Confucius (Kǒng Fūzǐ, lit. "Master Kong", 551–478 BC).It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia.Main Figure Confucious Mencius Hsun TzuMencius' Mother Moving Three Times学而时习之，不亦说乎？Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseveranceand application?有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?温故而知新，可以为师矣。
If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
Learning without thought is labourlost; thought without learning is perilous.敏而好学，不耻下问。
哲学科学全书纲要的英文名
哲学科学全书纲要的英文名## Outlines of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences.The Outlines of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences (Grundlinien der Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften) is a work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, first published in 1817. It is a systematic exposition of Hegel's philosophical system, and it is considered one of the most important works in the history of philosophy.The Outlines is divided into three parts:1. Logic.2. Philosophy of Nature.3. Philosophy of Spirit.Logic is the first part of the Outlines, and it dealswith the most basic concepts of philosophy, such as being, nothingness, and becoming. Hegel argues that these concepts are not static, but rather they are in a constant state of flux and change. He also argues that the laws of logic are not arbitrary, but rather they are based on the nature of reality itself.Philosophy of Nature is the second part of the Outlines, and it deals with the natural world. Hegel argues that nature is not a separate realm from spirit, but rather itis a manifestation of spirit. He also argues that the lawsof nature are not fixed and immutable, but rather they are constantly evolving.Philosophy of Spirit is the third and final part of the Outlines, and it deals with the human spirit. Hegel argues that the human spirit is the highest form of reality, and that it is the goal of all history. He also argues that the human spirit is not a static entity, but rather it is in a constant state of development.The Outlines is a complex and challenging work, but itis also a rewarding one. It is a work that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be studied and debated today.## Hegel's Philosophical System.Hegel's philosophical system is based on the idea that reality is a constantly evolving process of becoming. He argues that all things are in a state of flux and change, and that there is no such thing as a static or unchanging reality.Hegel also argues that the laws of logic are not arbitrary, but rather they are based on the nature of reality itself. He believes that the laws of logic are the laws of thought, and that they are therefore the laws of reality.Hegel's philosophical system is often referred to as idealism, because it emphasizes the importance of the mind and spirit. Hegel argues that the mind is the source of all reality, and that the world is a product of the mind.Hegel's idealism is not solipsism, however. He does not believe that the world is simply a product of our own imagination. Rather, he believes that the world is a real and independent entity, but that it is also a product of the mind.Hegel's philosophical system is a complex and challenging one, but it is also a powerful and persuasive one. It is a system that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be studied and debated today.## The Outlines in the History of Philosophy.The Outlines was first published in 1817, and it was immediately recognized as a major work of philosophy. It was quickly translated into several languages, and it was soon being studied and debated by philosophers all over the world.The Outlines had a profound influence on thedevelopment of philosophy in the 19th century. It was one of the main sources of inspiration for the idealist movement, and it also helped to shape the development of Marxism.In the 20th century, the Outlines continued to be studied and debated by philosophers. It was a major source of inspiration for the existentialist movement, and it also helped to shape the development of analytic philosophy.The Outlines is still a major work of philosophy today. It is a work that is studied and debated by philosophersall over the world. It is a work that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be a source of inspiration for philosophers today.。
4.马克思主义宗教观与当代中国宗教
◆基本立场与具体政策的关系 ◆哲学指导与科学研究的关系 ◆坚持无神论与执行宗教政策的关系
第二部分评价与小结
马克思主义宗教观是马克思恩格斯创立的 以历史唯物主义为理论基础的，以批判宗教为 基本价值取向的，从宗教与社会生活的关系的 角度揭示宗教的本质、起源、根源、作用的， 不断发展着的马克思主义哲学的分支学科。
中国宗教信仰自由政策的法律保证
中国的《民族区域自治法》、《民法通则》、《教育法》、《 劳动法》、《义务教育法》、《人民代表大会选举法》、《村 民委员会组织法》、《广告法》等法律还规定：
公民不分宗教信仰都享有选举权和被选举权；
宗教团体的合法财产受法律保护；
教育与宗教相分离，公民不分宗教信仰依法享有平等的受教育 机会；
整体，当它在头脑中作为被思维的整体而出现时，是 思维着的头脑的产物，这个头脑用它所专有的方式掌握世 界，而这种方式是不同于对世界的艺术精神的、宗教精神 的、实践精神的掌握的。
——《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷，第19页。
第一部分之评价与小结
●马克思主义宗教本质观从哲学层面解释了宗教的本质，这种本质是一 种本质关系，是外部力量与幻想反映的变化发展着的本质关系。恩格斯的 宗教定义，集中体现了这种本质关系，故在对马克思主义宗教本质的中国 化阐释中，应以其作为核心与基础的根据。要素论和掌握论等阐释，均背 离了这种本质关系，把本质理解为抽象共性。
中国化马克思主义宗教观是中国学者以中 国的宗教状况和宗教管理工作实践中逐步形成 和仍在发展的对马克思主义宗教观的中国化、 时代化和系统化阐释和创新的理论成果。
三、中国化马克思主义宗教观视角下的中国宗教状况
中国主要宗教情况
▲中国是个多宗教的国家。中国宗教徒信奉的主 要有： 佛教、道教、伊斯兰、天主教和基督教。
宗教与信仰英语词汇大全
宗教与信仰英语词汇大全Religion and Belief English Vocabulary EncyclopediaIntroduction:Religion and belief play significant roles in the lives of individuals and communities around the world. This comprehensive English vocabulary encyclopedia aims to provide an extensive list of terms related to various religious traditions, spiritual concepts, and belief systems. By familiarizing ourselves with these terms, we gain a deeper understanding of different religious practices and ideologies.1. Religious Traditions:1.1 Monotheism: The belief in the existence of a single supreme deity, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.1.2 Polytheism: The worship of multiple gods and goddesses, as seen in Hinduism and ancient Greek religion.1.3 Buddhism: A religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the attainment of enlightenment through meditation and ethical conduct.1.4 Hinduism: The major religion of India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation, karma, and a variety of gods and goddesses.1.5 Judaism: The religion of the Jewish people, centered around the worship of one God and the study of religious texts.1.6 Christianity: The religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, emphasizing love, forgiveness, and salvation through faith.1.7 Islam: A monotheistic religion founded by Prophet Muhammad, focusing on the worship of Allah and submission to His teachings as revealed in the Quran.2. Spiritual Concepts:2.1 Soul: The immaterial essence or spiritual part of a person believed to live on after death.2.2 Salvation: The deliverance from sin and its consequences, often associated with eternal life or unity with a higher power.2.3 Enlightenment: A state of spiritual awakening and understanding beyond ordinary perception, sought in various Eastern traditions.2.4 Karma: The concept of moral cause and effect, where one's actions in this life determine their fate in future lives.2.5 Nirvana: In Buddhism, the state of perfect peace and liberation from the cycle of birth, suffering, and rebirth.2.6 Meditation: The practice of focusing one's mind to achieve mental clarity, relaxation, and spiritual awareness.2.7 Transcendence: The concept of surpassing ordinary limits or existence, often associated with a higher spiritual realm.3. Belief Systems:3.1 Atheism: The absence of belief in deities or a divine being.3.2 Agnosticism: The belief that the existence of God or the divine is unknown or unknowable.3.3 Secularism: The principle of separating religious institutions and practices from governmental and societal affairs.3.4 Humanism: An ethical stance emphasizing human values, reason, and compassion without reliance on supernatural or religious beliefs.3.5 New Age: An umbrella term for various spiritual and metaphysical beliefs and practices centered around self-improvement, healing, and alternative spirituality.3.6 Paganism: An umbrella term for various nature-oriented and polytheistic religious traditions.3.7 Shamanism: A practice involving communication with the spirit world through rituals and trance-like states, often found in indigenous cultures.4. Religious Practices:4.1 Prayer: A solemn request or communion with a higher power, often performed through words, thoughts, or rituals.4.2 Worship: The act of showing reverence and devotion to a deity or religious entity through prayers, rituals, and ceremonies.4.3 Pilgrimage: A journey to a sacred place or site of religious significance, often to fulfill a spiritual or religious obligation.4.4 Ceremony: A formal religious or sacred ritual performed for specific purposes, such as weddings, baptisms, or funerals.4.5 Ritual: A prescribed set of actions, gestures, or words performed in a religious or spiritual context.4.6 Sacrament: A religious ceremony or ritual, such as baptism or Holy Communion, believed to convey divine grace or spiritual power.4.7 Sermon: A religious discourse or speech delivered by a religious leader during a worship service or religious gathering.Conclusion:The above English vocabulary encyclopedia provides an extensive array of terms related to religion and belief. By exploring the diverse traditions, concepts, belief systems, and practices discussed, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and richness of religious and spiritual life across cultures and societies. Remember that this list is not exhaustive, and there are countless other terms to discover and explore in the fascinating realm of religion and belief.。
中国文化概况课件Unit 1-3chapter 2 Philosophy and religions
Confucianism
The school takes the teachings of Confucius as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of Confucius as its highest code (准则) of behavior. It advocates the benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance (仁、义、忠、恕), the doctrine of the golden mean (中庸) and values the ethical relations of men.
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views. The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)
Legalism
Legalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).
十大哲学命题
十大哲学命题哲学命题是哲学探讨的基本问题，它们涉及人类存在、知识、价值、理性、心灵、语言等方面的根本性问题。
以下是哲学领域中被广泛讨论的十个重要命题，它们代表了哲学探讨的一些核心议题：1. 形而上学命题（Metaphysical Propositions）：存在论（Ontology）：探讨实体的本质、结构以及存在的意义。
本质与现象（Essence and Appearance）：分析事物的真实本质与其表象之间的关系。
因果关系（Causality）：研究原因与结果之间的联系和规律。
2. 认识论命题（Epistemological Propositions）：知识的来源（Sources of Knowledge）：探讨知识是如何产生的，以及它的来源是什么。
知识的正当性（Justification of Knowledge）：分析知识如何被证明或辩护。
知识的极限（Limits of Knowledge）：研究知识可能达到的边界，以及不可知的事物。
3. 价值论命题（Axiological Propositions）：价值的存在（Existence of Value）：讨论价值是否是客观存在的，还是主观感受。
价值的判断（Value Judgments）：分析价值判断是如何形成的，以及它们是否具有客观性。
价值与事实（Value and Fact）：探讨价值陈述与事实陈述之间的关系。
4. 美学命题（Aesthetic Propositions）：美的本质（Nature of Beauty）：研究美的概念和美的标准。
艺术的价值（Value of Art）：探讨艺术作品的评价和艺术创作的价值。
美感经验（Aesthetic Experience）：分析审美经验的特点和它如何影响我们的感知。
5. 逻辑命题（Logical Propositions）：命题逻辑（Propositional Logic）：研究命题的形式和结构，以及它们之间的推理关系。
中国历史文化概况(英文版)unit12religionandphilosophy
Unit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and CulturalContextChina, with its rich and diverse history, has been home to a variety of religious and philosophical beliefs that have shaped the nation's culture and values. In this unit, we will explore the major religions and philosophies that have influenced Chinese society throughout the ages.1. ConfucianismConfucianism, founded the great philosopher Confucius in the 6th century BCE, is not a religion in the traditional sense, but rather a moral and ethical philosophy that has profoundly impacted Chinese culture. At its core, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of relationships, respect for authority, and the pursuit of virtues such as benevolence, integrity, and propriety.The Five Relationships, as outlined Confucius, govern the interactions between individuals in society: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. These relationships are based on mutual respect and the fulfillment of one's role in society.2. TaoismTaoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious and philosophical tradition that originated in China around the same time as Confucianism. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, is credited with writing the "Dao De Jing," which outlines the principles of the Tao (the Way). Taoism emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with the natural world and espouses the concept of wu wei (nonaction).Taoism teaches that the Tao is the source of allexistence and that understanding and following itsprinciples, individuals can achieve balance, tranquility, and spiritual enlightenment. Taoist practices, such as meditation, breathing exercises, and the pursuit of immortality, haveleft a lasting impact on Chinese culture.3. BuddhismBuddhism was introduced to China from India during theHan Dynasty (202 BCE 220 CE) and quickly became one of the major religions in the country. Buddhism offers a path to enlightenment through the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama,the Buddha. Central to Buddhist philosophy is the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which guide followers towardthe alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana.4. Chinese Folk ReligionsChinese folk religions, also known as Shenism or traditional Chinese religion, are a collection of local beliefs, practices, and rituals that have been passed down through generations. These religions often revolve around the worship of ancestors, local deities, and natural phenomena. Chinese folk religions coexist with the major religions, and many Chinese people practice a blend of these beliefs.5. NeoConfucianismUnit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and Cultural Context (Continued)6. The Intersection of Philosophy and Daily LifeThe philosophical underpinnings of Chinese culture are not confined to the intellectual sphere; they are deeply integrated into the daily lives of the people. For instance, the concept of Yin and Yang, which originates from Taoist philosophy, is often applied to explain the balance and harmony in various aspects of life, from health and wellness to architecture and design. The principle of the Golden Mean, a Confucian ideal, guides individuals to seek moderation and avoid extremes in their actions and thoughts.7. The Role of Philosophy in Art and LiteratureChinese literature and art are imbued with philosophical ideas that reflect the values and aesthetics of the society. Poems, novels, and paintings often explore themes of nature,the transience of life, and the pursuit of the Tao. The works of famous poets like Li Bai and Du Fu are replete with references to Taoist and Confucian ideals. Similarly, traditional Chinese landscape paintings often seek to capture the essence of the Tao through the depiction of natural landscapes.8. The Impact of Philosophy on Government and SocietyThe philosophical systems of Confucianism and Legalism have had a profound impact on the governance of China throughout its history. Confucianism's emphasis on moral leadership and the cultivation of virtue influenced the development of the imperial examination system, which selecting government officials based on their knowledge of Confucian classics. Legalism, on the other hand, with its focus on strict laws and centralized control, has been a recurring theme in Chinese political thought, particularly during times of instability or when strong central authority was needed.9. The Evolution of Religious PracticesChinese religious practices have evolved over time, often blending elements from different traditions. For example, many Chinese people practice a syncretic form of religionthat includes elements of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, along with local deities and ancestors. Temples and shrinesdedicated to various deities can be found across the country, where people go to pay respects, seek blessings, and engagein rituals that are a mix of religious and cultural traditions.10. The Modern ContextIn the modern era, religious and philosophical beliefs in China have been influenced the rapid social and economic changes the country has undergone. The Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s saw a significant suppression ofreligious practices, but in the aftermath, there has been a revival of traditional beliefs and a growing interest in spirituality among the Chinese people. This resurgence is not without its challenges, as the government continues to maintain strict control over religious institutions.Unit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and Cultural Context (Continued)11. The哲Role of Philosophy in EducationPhilosophical teachings have long been a cornerstone of Chinese education. From the earliest times, children were taught the values and principles of Confucianism, which emphasized respect for elders, loyalty, and the importance of learning. The classical texts, such as the "Analects" and the "Great Learning," were central to the curriculum in ancient China. This educational philosophy fostered a society whereknowledge and the pursuit of wisdom were highly valued, and scholars were revered.12. The Spiritual Dimension of Chinese Religions13. The Influence of Chinese Philosophy on East Asian CulturesThe philosophical and religious ideas that originated in China have spread throughout East Asia, influencing the cultures of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The Confucian values of filial piety and social harmony are evident in the family structures and social norms of these countries. Similarly, Buddhist teachings have taken root in various forms across the region, shaping the artistic, literary, and moral landscapes of these societies.14. The Philosophical Response to Modern Challenges15. The Future of Religion and Philosophy in China。
中华传统文化英语作文
Chinese culture is one of the oldest and richest cultures in the world,with a history that spans over five thousand years.It encompasses a wide array of traditions,customs, and practices that have been passed down through generations.Here are some key aspects of Chinese traditional culture that are often highlighted in English essays:1.Philosophy and Religion:Ancient Chinese philosophy has had a profound impact on the culture.Confucianism,Taoism,and Buddhism are the three main philosophical and religious traditions that have shaped Chinese thought and behavior.nguage and Literature:The Chinese language,with its unique characters and tones, is a significant part of the culture.Classical Chinese literature,including works like Journey to the West and Dream of the Red Chamber,reflects the depth and breadth of Chinese storytelling.3.Arts:Chinese art is known for its calligraphy,painting,and pottery.Traditional Chinese painting often features landscapes,birds,and flowers,with an emphasis on balance and harmony.Calligraphy is considered an art form in itself,with each stroke carrying meaning and emotion.4.Music and Dance:Traditional Chinese music is characterized by its use of unique instruments like the guzheng,erhu,and pipa.Chinese dance,with its graceful movements and storytelling,is an integral part of festivals and celebrations.5.Festivals and Celebrations:Major Chinese festivals such as the Spring Festival Chinese New Year,MidAutumn Festival,and Dragon Boat Festival are times for family reunions and traditional activities like dragon dancing,lion dancing,and eating mooncakes.6.Cuisine:Chinese cuisine is diverse and varies greatly from region to region.It is known for its use of fresh ingredients,variety of flavors,and cooking techniques like stirfrying,steaming,and braising.Dim sum,Peking duck,and hot pot are some of the wellknown dishes.7.Architecture:Traditional Chinese architecture is noted for its symmetry,use of natural materials,and integration with the surrounding environment.Examples include the Great Wall,the Forbidden City,and the classical gardens of Suzhou.8.Martial Arts:Chinese martial arts,or kung fu,are not only a form of selfdefense but also a way to cultivate the mind and body.Tai chi and Shaolin kung fu are two wellknown forms that have gained international recognition.9.Tea Culture:Tea is an essential part of Chinese culture,with a history that dates back thousands of years.The art of tea involves not only the preparation and drinking of tea but also the appreciation of the tea ceremony and the tea set.10.Traditional Medicine:Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM is a holistic approach to health and wellness that includes practices like acupuncture,herbal medicine,and qigong. It is based on the concept of balancing the bodys vital energy,or qi.11.Clothing:Traditional Chinese clothing,such as the qipao and the cheongsam for women,and the zhongshan suit for men,reflects the elegance and craftsmanship of Chinese textile art.12.Family Values and Social Hierarchy:The Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on family values and respect for elders.The concept of filial piety is deeply ingrained, and social hierarchy is often reflected in daily interactions and etiquette.In conclusion,Chinese traditional culture is a tapestry woven with threads of history, philosophy,art,and social norms.It continues to influence the lives of people in China and around the world,offering a rich source of inspiration and learning for those who seek to understand its depth and complexity.。
中国文化概况哲学和宗教 英文版
家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法
家)
12
The Development of Chinese Philosophy
Philosophy During the Pre-Qin Times ( 先秦子学)
feudal rule. Orthodox philosophy advocates that Heaven affects
human affairs and human behaviour finds responses in
Heaven (天人感应). the power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven
base on the teaching of Mozi cherishes universal love honors virtuous people, opposes fatalism (宿命论) and
aggressive wars upholds thriftiness and simple funerals
reached its apex ( 顶点) during the Sui and Tang
dynasties mainly discusses the relationship between the
subjective and the objective attempts to gain insight into the universe and
Outline origins from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties began to take definite shape during the Spring and
Chapter 2 Philosophy and Religions
• emphasises the importance of family and societal order. Children must respect and be dutiful to their parents. The younger must obey the elder. The junior must follow the senior. The servants must serve their rulers. The influence of Confucianism is so predominant that the word “Confucian” can directly represent traditional Chinese life and culture. Confucianism is not confined to China. Neighbouring countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, also embrace (信奉) Confucianism in their national life and culture.
A hundred schools of thought contend
• Thng States Periods (770---221 BC) were a time of great social change, stimulating various schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism, and Mohism; and scholars wrote, lectured and debated vigorously, creating a lively academic environment later described as “A hundred schools of thought contend”
黑格尔 (1)
一、生平和主要哲学著作
• （二）主要哲学著作
1、《精神现象学》（Phä nomenologie des Geistes / Phenomenology of Spirit, 1807） 2、《逻辑学》（Wissenschaft der Logik / Science of Logic, 1812-1816） 3、《哲学科学百科全书纲要》（Enzyklopä die der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse / Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences in basic Outline，1817年首版，1827年第二版，1830年第三版） 4、《法哲学原理》（Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts / Elements of the Philosophy of Right, 1821） 5、《历史哲学讲演录 》（Vorlesungen ü ber die Philosophie der Geschichte / Lectures on the Philosophy of History） 6、《宗教哲学讲演录》（Vorlesungen ü ber die Philosophie der Religion / Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion ） 7、《哲学史讲演录》（Vorlesungen ü ber die Geschichte der Philosophie
二、哲学的基本主张、方法和原则
（1）从本体论上看，它指的是事物与其自身的 概念或本质之间的关系。思想或概念是事物的 本质，而事物是概念的现象，事物只有符合它 的思想或概念才能获得真实性，否则便无法存 在。 ‚我们以为构成我们表象内容的那些对象 首先存在，然后我们主观的活动方随之而 起……这种想法是颠倒了的。反之，宁可说概 念才是真正的在先的，事物之所以是事物，全 凭内在于事物并显示它自身于事物内的概念活
The Philosophy of Confucius
The Philosophy of ConfuciusConfucius, also known as Kongzi, was a Chinese philosopher and educator who lived during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. His teachings and philosophy, known as Confucianism, have had a profound impact on Chinese society and beyond for over two thousand years.At the core of Confucius' philosophy is the belief in the importance of moral values, such as benevolence, honesty, and respect for others. He believed that individuals should strive to cultivate these virtues in order to live a harmonious and virtuous life. Confucius emphasized the importance of self-cultivation and personal responsibility, stating that "The man who moves a mountain begins by carrying away small stones."Central to Confucius' teachings is the idea of filial piety, or respect for one's parents and ancestors. He believed that by honoring and respecting one's parents, individuals could create a harmonious and stable society. Confucius also emphasized the importance of education and self-improvement, stating that "Education breeds confidence. Confidence breeds hope. Hope breeds peace."In addition to moral values, Confucius also stressed the importance of social harmony and the proper conduct of individuals in society. He believed that a well-ordered society could only be achieved through the practice of proper rites and rituals, as well as adherence to the principles of social hierarchy and respect for authority.One of Confucius' most famous teachings is the concept of the "Golden Rule," which states that one should "do unto others as you would have them do unto you." This idea of mutual respect and reciprocity forms the basis of Confucian ethics and serves as a guiding principle for moral behavior.Confucius' philosophy has had a lasting impact on Chinese culture and society, shaping not only social norms and values but also influencing political thought and governance. His emphasis on moral values, education, and social harmony continues toresonate with people around the world, making Confucianism a timeless and enduring philosophy.In conclusion, the philosophy of Confucius is a profound and influential system of thought that emphasizes moral values, social harmony, and personal responsibility. His teachings continue to inspire individuals to strive for self-improvement, ethical behavior, and a more just and harmonious society. Confucius' legacy as a philosopher and educator remains relevant and impactful in today's world, reminding us of the timeless wisdom and enduring principles of his teachings.。
哲学与宗教的英语作文
哲学与宗教的英语作文Philosophy and religion, they're two sides of the same coin, but with distinct flavors. Some people say philosophy is about asking questions, while religion is about finding answers. But that's not entirely true. Philosophy can also be a search for meaning, just like religion.For me, philosophy is more like wandering in a vast library, picking up books and flipping through pages,trying to understand the world around us. It's about exploring different ideas and theories, challenging old beliefs, and always being open to new perspectives.Religion, on the other hand, feels more like a cozy fireplace on a cold winter night. It's a place of comfort and solace, where you can find guidance and strength. Religion often provides a sense of belonging and community, connecting people through shared beliefs and practices.But don't get me wrong, philosophy and religion aren'tmutually exclusive. Many people find inspiration in both. Some philosophers turn to religious texts for wisdom, while religious leaders often draw from philosophical concepts to explain their beliefs.At the end of the day, it's about what resonates with you personally. Maybe you find peace in prayer and ritual, or maybe you find clarity through deep reflection and debate. The beauty is that there's no right or wrong way. Just find what works for you and embrace it.。
唯理主义哲学英语
唯理主义哲学英语English:Idealism is a philosophical system that asserts that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual in nature, and that it is the mind or consciousness that gives meaning and form to the external world. According to idealism, the physical world is dependent on the mind and exists only in relation to our perceptions and thoughts. Idealists argue that the ultimate reality lies in the realm of ideas, concepts, or spiritual entities, rather than in the physical realm. They contend that the material world is merely a manifestation or representation of these mental or spiritual realities. Idealism can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy, particularly to the philosophy of Plato. Plato believed that the physical world we perceive with our senses is merely a flawed reflection or copy of the ideal forms, which exist in a perfect and eternal realm. In modern philosophy, idealism gained prominence in the 18th century, with philosophers like George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. Berkeley argued for subjective idealism, claiming that physical objects only exist insofar as they are perceived by the mind, while Kant introduced transcendental idealism,proposing that our knowledge of the external world is shaped by the structure of our own minds. Idealism has also influenced various religious and spiritual traditions, such as Hinduism and certain branches of Buddhism, which emphasize the primacy of consciousness or spiritual realities. In summary, idealism is a philosophical perspective that posits the primacy of the mind or consciousness in shaping and defining reality, contending that the physical world is subordinate to the mental or spiritual realm.中文翻译:唯理主义是一种哲学体系，它主张现实本质上是心灵或精神的，并且认为是心灵或意识赋予外部世界以意义和形式。
第九章：《政治学概论》之民族与宗教
第九章 第二节
• 二、当代世界的宗教问题
• 全世界约有近50亿人信仰宗教，其中信仰基督教约20 亿人，穆斯林约13亿人，佛教约4亿人，印度教约8亿人， 犹太教跃1500万人。
• • • • • •
1、现代宗教的特点
（1）宗教宽容与信仰自由已成为许多国家奉行的原则。 （2）宗教信仰多元化，宗教教派林立。 （3）宗教日益趋向世俗化与理性化。 宗教世俗化 关心世俗世界的日常生活 教徒的宗教活动日益生活化。
第九章 第一节
• 2、宗教的特征
• • （1）宗教是人们头脑中的幻想的反映，具有虚幻性。 （2）宗教是人们对“人间力量”超人间化的幻想，具 有麻痹性。马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判导言》中指出， 宗教是“被压迫者的叹息”，是“无情世界的感情”，是 统治人们思想的“精神鸦片”。 • （3）宗教是人们对“支配着人们日常生活的外部力量” 的反映，具有相对性。 “宗教只是虚幻的太阳，当人没 有围绕自身转动的时候，它总是围绕着人转动。”
•
第九章 第一节
• • • • • • c. 民族问题与阶级问题的地位不同。当民族受到侵略 而争取民族独立时，阶级矛盾从属于民族矛盾。 d. 民族问题与阶级问题的消失不同。民族问题是随着 阶级问题的变化的。首先是阶级消灭，国家消亡，最后才 是民族的消亡，即民族的融合。 （4）民族问题是社会政治发展总问题的一部分 社会政治发展总问题就是革命和政权问题，其他所有 问题都是围绕这个核心的。 a. 从民族问题对革命和政权问题的依赖性来看，解决 民族问题不能离开当时的政治问题。 b.从民族问题对革命和政权的影响来看，一个社会， 民族解决得好坏，是直接影响到革命是否成功，政权能否 稳定的大问题。
第九章 第一节
•
• • • • •
狄奥尼索斯崇拜探析
狄奥尼索斯崇拜探析魏凤莲 内容提要 狄奥尼索斯崇拜的起源地在希腊本土,流行于底层民众中间,只是在后来的发展中受到了东方文明尤其是古埃及文明的影响,增加了某些神秘主义的因素。
公元前7—前6世纪,在希腊民主政治的进程中,狄奥尼索斯崇拜因为远离贵族控制,成为平民与贵族政治斗争中的一种有力的思想武器,由“边缘”走入了城邦的“中心”,并在民主体制下得到了充分发展。
狄奥尼索斯崇拜也因此承载了宗教内涵和政治内涵。
关键词 狄奥尼索斯崇拜 克里特———迈锡尼文明 民主制 戏剧演出狄奥尼索斯崇拜,简而言之,就是对酒神狄奥尼索斯的崇拜,是一种以“生命———复活”为主题、祈求葡萄丰产的祭典。
在狄奥尼索斯节日的庆典上,有队伍庞大的“法勒斯”(男性生殖器模型)大游行,还有令人如痴如醉的狂欢活动;在狄奥尼索斯崇拜的神秘仪式里,祭典鬼魂是重要的一部分,参加者多为妇女,在神的感召下,人们进入一种迷狂状态,从而得到与神交融的精神感受。
狄奥尼索斯的传说神奇多变,对他所举行的崇拜仪式也扑朔迷离,因而被众多学者看作是希腊宗教中的一个谜。
德国古典学家奥托(Walter F.Otto )在其著作《狄奥尼索斯:神话与崇拜》的前言部分开宗明义地说,之所以为此神单独立说,就是因为他虽然身居12位主神之列,却与奥林匹斯神系迥然有别①。
让・韦尔南也认为,“狄奥尼索斯教在许多方面都与公民宗教精神背道而驰”②,是作为“一些次要的、方向各异的教派”的代表与公民宗教同在并居其边缘的。
狄奥尼索斯崇拜得到学者们的关注,是在1872年随着尼采《悲剧的诞生》的出版开始的。
在这本书中,尼采提出了两个重要的概念———狄奥尼索斯精神和阿波罗精神。
他认为,悲剧的诞生就是这两种精神相结合的产物,而且两种精神相比,前者比后者更为重要,因为,狄奥尼索斯精神基本上是属于非理性和无意识的领域,出于人的最原始的本能,是人类精神的普遍和谐和原始的统一。
尼采之后,非理性的思想不仅进入了艺术创作领域,而且希腊精神中的非理性也得到了学者们的广泛关注。
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PHLA11 2013 - Paper #2
Due: March 28, 2013 at 11am.
How to submit your work:
1) Hand in a paper copy in lecture.
And
2) Submit an electronic copy to:
See below for the passwords necessary for using
Length: 5 pages; double spaced, with 12pt font and 1 inch margins.
Put your name, student number, and your TA’s name at the top of the first page.
- You should keep a copy of your work for your records and in case we need you to
resubmit it for any reason.
- Any standard citation method is acceptable (APA, MLA, Chicago Manual of Style).
But, whatever style you use, it is important to be consistent, accurate and thorough with
your citations.
- I do not advise looking at any secondary sources – it is generally best to focus on the
course readings and what we covered in lecture and tutorials. But if you do use any
secondary sources, be sure to cite them properly.
Choose one of the following three paper topics:
Topic #1 A Dilemma for the Subjectivist/Relativist
Choose one of either Subjectivism or Relativism.
Shafer-Landau argues that Relativism/Subjectivism is either internally contradictory or
makes moral disagreement impossible.
Explain his argument for this conclusion. Does his argument succeed? If not, why not? If
so, is this a successful refutation of Relativism/Subjectivism? Whichever position you
take, make sure to consider at least one objection to your view.
Topic #2 Moral Disagreement
Does the presence of widespread, persistent disagreement about moral issues provide
good evidence that there are no objective moral truths? Why or why not? What
differences are there between disagreement in science and disagreement about
moral
issues? Do these differences have implications for the question about moral objectivity?
Whichever position you take, in arguing for it, you should be sure to consider at least one
objection to your view.
Topic #3 God and Morality
Shafer-Landau argues that “even if you believe in God, you should have serious
reservations about tying the objectivity of m orality to God’s existence.” (p.
78)
What is Shafer-Landau’s argument for this conclusion? Does this argument succeed?
Why or why not? Whichever position you take, in arguing for it, you should be sure to
consider at least one objection to your view.
Submitting to
For instructions on how to submit essays, visit:
http://www.teaching.utoronto.ca/teaching/academicintegrity/turnitin/guide-st udents.htm
Jana’s Tutorials (TUT0008, TUT0014)
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Devlin’s Tutorials (TUT0002, TUT0004, and TUT0005)
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Eric’s Tutorials (TUT0006, TUT0013, TUT0016)
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