陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第2单元 埃德加
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第20单元 田纳西
20.1复习笔记Tennessee Williams(1911-1983)（田纳西·威廉斯）1.Life（生平）Tennessee Williams was one of the greatest American dramatists.He was born Thomas Lanier Williams but he changed“Thomas”to“Tennessee”in1939.He was born in Columbus,Mississippi,in1911.Several years later,the family moved to the University City neighborhood of St.Louis,Missouri.In1929attended the University of Missouri,and dropped out in1932because of poverty.He finally earned a degree in1938from the University of Iowa.His first play,Battle of Angels, proved to be such a fiasco that he did not surface again,until1945when The Glass Menagerie won him international recognition.After that he kept writing at the rate of every two years and enjoyed popularity all along.He was also a novelist and a poet.He wrote a novel,two volumes of poetry,and six volumes of prose,including three collections of short stories.田纳西·威廉斯是美国最伟大的剧作家之一。
美国文学史及选读复习笔记(1-2册) 2
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.First colonies: named after English monarchs and English lands: Georgia, Carolina, Maryland, New York, NewHampshire, and New England(including 6 states)4.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
5.First writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. 采用in diaries and injournals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.6.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第22单元 20世纪美国诗人(2))【圣才出品】
22.1复习笔记Robert Lowell(1917-1977)（罗伯特·洛威尔）1.Life（生平）Lowell came from a distinguished New England family.This background endowed him with culture and taste in the very texture of his being,and meanwhile offered a window of opportunity for him to scrutinize and dissect the decline of his New England tradition.He was well educated at Harvard and then at Kenyon College,Ohio under the well-known New Critical poet and critic John Crowe Ranson.Lowell’s poetic career reached a height when he received a Pulitzer for his second volume,Lord Weary’s Castle in1946.In1959his Life Studies came out,at that time he had switched from the New Critical style to open form,and had inadvertently initiated a new school of verse,the Confessional School poetry.He received the National Book Award for the new book.In the late1960s he once was arrested for his part in the march on the Pentagon against the Vietnam War.洛威尔来自显赫的新英格兰家庭。
陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(本杰明 富兰克林)【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记2
History And Anthology of American Literature（2）Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”;托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by BartramⅠ. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第1~13单元【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”富兰克林是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使、业务员等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Do good. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
美国文学选读第二版_课后习题答案_陶洁
第一卷一Questions1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Montresor.Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.借鉴4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts?Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives.The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence.Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado.This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He lost himself on hearing the wine.At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance.When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant.He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others were stronger than him.For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏）in wine.Under the impulse of vanity, he fe ll into Montresor’s terrible trap.In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him.He looked down upon Montresor and others.He didn’t realize his foolishness until the death was coming.Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman.He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person.His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble.Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character.We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark.It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.二3.What has happened to Hester?As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl.The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy.Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin.In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” and i t s symbol as part of herself, just as she accept s her child.And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them.How does this tell us about her character?Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.第二卷一（1）The description of the sea. The characters in the story. Language expression. Colors used in the story. Metaphors used in the story. End of the story.二．（1）What intelligent advice and wisdom did Granny give her family?The Jilting of Granny Weatherall opens with Doctor Harry visiting the eighty-year old Granny during her final day of life. She flicked her wrist neatly out of Doctor Harry’s pudgy careful fingers and pulled the sheet up to her chin. (p. 80) He is feeling her forehead and she becomes feisty with him: Get along and doctor your sick . . . . Leave a well woman alone. I’ll call you when I want you. (p. 80) Next the author moves to the stream-of-consciousness narration which renders the thoughts, memories, and associations of Granny’s mind. This technique is especially well-suited to the story because it reveals Grannys alternating confused and clear thoughts during her final moments as she moves from lucid consciousness to confused semiconsciousness. Moreover, it helps the narrator to illuminate meaning by moving back and forth from the past to the present. Finally, with this technique, the author uses her literary resources to give a sense of immediacy to Granny’s thoughts, feelings, memories, and judgements.第三卷一The schedule is a reflection of Gatsby’s determination and ambition. It reveals that he is hard on himself in pursuit of his goal-to be an upper-class man. On one hand, we can know that he is persistent in pursuing his American Dream-to attain wealth and happiness through his struggle. On the other hand, he is too idealistic and naive. He tries his best to make money and learns everything required to be an upper-class man so that he can get access to his beloved girl. Money is important, but there are other barriers difficult to penetrate. The girl he loves is as vulgar and superficial as others in her circle, she is unable to meets Gatsby’s romantic fantasy. So his dream is destined to shatter, which indicates the disillusion of American Dream.二（2）The title refers to the café in the text. The café was very clean and well-lighted. From the literary meaning, we may feel this place was very warm and comfortable, was a place where people need warmth wanted to go. So the old man, who was rich but deaf and lonely came here to find warmth and avoided nada. It was the only place he could go and could find some comfort. However, the younger waiter was very selfish. As his wife was waiting him on the bed, he wanted to go home early. Therefore, he refused to offer the old man another cup of wine by the excuse that the business was finished. In fact, there was still an hour from closing time. The younger thought an hour was more important to him than to the old man. The old man needed to leave the only place where he could get far away from nada/nothing. This café should be warm but the younger waiter forced the lonely and deaf to leave without any sympathy. This is the irony of the title.第六卷一（1）I think it is too complicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be ‘great’or not. For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love. In this respect, he is much ‘greater’than his contemporaries. For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him. He wasn’t sober enough to be great. (2)I think ‘the green light’ does not exist in reality. Because the green light which situated at the end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely visible from West Egg lawn represents Gatsby’sunattainable dream. Although the color itself can be seen as hope and bright future, Gatsby’s quest for Daisy back is doomed to be impossible. Daisy lived in ‘a material world without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dream like air’. After five years when Gatsby met Daisy again, the miracle Daisy had lost her original glory. Therefore, there is no delaying that Gatsby’s dream would not come true. In the novel, the green light not only represents that innocent Gatsby looked forward to the future, but also means his longing for the history- his happy past with Daisy. The distinction between ideal and reality was huge. As if American dream between golden past and golden future always suffered from the realistic betrayal and crush.二Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as seemingly contrasting characters chiefly by presenting their identical habit in wine and their different manners towards each other, but actually he intends to show some similarly defective aspects in their nature. The similarity in their nature is also suggested by their names as synonyms in Italian: Mortresor means “fortune” while Fortunado “treasure”. Their defective nature is highlighted when the revenger Mortresor, who is fully prepared on psychological and operating levels, throws the hardly prepared but totally deceived wrong-doer Fortunado into the deep and damp catacomb and blocks up its entrance with huge rocks.。
美国文学选读 陶洁
Walden沃尔登
On The Duty ofCivil Disobedience（Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience）抵制公民政府
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德与梅里马克河上一周
I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱
O Captain !My Captain!噢，船长！我的船长！
The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题
When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时
9.Emily Dickinson
Israfel伊斯拉菲尔；To Helen致海伦
Sonnet --To Science十四行诗—致科学The Raven乌鸦
Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格街谋杀案The Gold Bug金甲虫
The Cask of Amontillado阿芒提拉多的酒桶The Black Cat黑猫
3.Ralf Waldo Emerson
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
The American Scholar论美国学者Nature论自然
The Divinity School Address神学院演说Representative Men人类代表
Essays: Second Series论文集：第二辑Essays: First Series论文集;
Self-reliance论自立
4.Nathaniel Hawthorne
英美文学笔记2
美国文学史及选读（第二册）笔记The Literature of Realism陈银2014/3/7 Lecture 2 Teaching Aims• 1. To learn Walt Whitman and Harriet Beecher Stowe' s life and career• 2. To understand Walt Whitman's contribution and his poems'feature• 3. To understand Harriet Beecher Stowe' s——Uncle Tom’s CabinWalt Whitman(1819 –1892)•American poet, essayist ,journalist, and humanist• A part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism•The father of free verseLife and CareerBorn in 1819 on Long Island, New YorkPoor & Semiliterate(半文盲的）parents, only 5-6 years formal education, self-educated Worked as office boy, printing worker, school teacher(1836), free-lance writerIn 1842 he was editor of the Aurora [ɔ:'rɔ:rə] and from 1846 to 1848 he was editor of the Brooklyn EagleSupported slavery abolishing, dismissed from his jobServed as a volunteer nurse during the Civil WarDied in 1892, unmarried all his lifeMajor Works of Whitman•Leaves of Grass草叶集•Drum-Taps桴鼓集•Song of Myself自我之歌•I Sit and Look Out坐观世间•O Captain, My Captain!船长，我的船长•When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时候•I hear America Singing我听见美国在歌唱Leaves of Grass 草叶集First published in 1855 with only 12 poemsNine editions and last edition includes more than 400 poemsCelebrates the ideals of equality, democracy, the dignity, self-reliant spirit and joy of common peopleGrass---the most common thing with the greatest vitality, as a symbol of the rising AmericanWalt Whitman’s Contribution•He believes the American poets would create both new forms and new subjects matter for poetry.•In terms of poetic form, he advocated a completely new and completely American form of expression----free verse.•In terms of contents, most of his poems are about man and nature, especially common people and ordinary Americans. He wanted his poetry to be for the common peopleMajor Themes in His Poetry•Equality of things and beings•Divinity of everything•Multiplicity of nature•Self-reliant spirit•Death, beauty of death•Expansion of America•Brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)•Pursuit of love and happinessFeatures of Whitman’s poetry1.The use of a certain pronoun “I”2.Two principles•Parallelism or a rhyme of thought•Phonetic recurrence ( the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of the line, in the middle or at the end)E.g.I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you3. The adopt of “free verse”---poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme4. The use of colorful words and vivid imagesSong of MyselfThe two principal beliefs embodied in this poem:In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal beliefs: the theory of universality, which is illustrated by lengthy catalogues of people and things, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value. He extols whole universe and the world. He is thinking of the self as a powerful and sensitive instrument for receiving and expressing. He moves from himself to you to others, to all humanity all together about him."Self"In this poem Whitman seems to put himself in the center, but the "self" of the poem's speaker - the "I" of the poem - should not be limited to or confused with the person of the historical Walt Whitman. This is an expansive persona, one that has exploded the conventional boundaries of the self. "I pass death with the dying, and birth with the new-washed babe .... and am not contained between my hat and boots" (section 7).There are several other quotes from the poem that make it apparent that Whitman does not see himself as the voice of one individual. Rather, he seems to be speaking for all:•“in all people I see myself, none more and not one a barleycorn less/and the good or bad I say of myself I say of them”(Section 20)•“it is you talking just as much as myself…I act as the tongue of you”(Section 47)•“I am large, I contain multitudes.” (Section 51)•“For every atom belonging to me as good b elongs to you.”(Section 1)Harriet Beecher Stowe（1811-1896）"So you are the little woman who wrote the book that created this great war." -Abraham Lincoln, 1862 upon meeting Harriet Beecher Stowe•Harriet was one of eleven brothers and sisters, many of whom became famous reformers.•Harriet was first a student and then a teacher at Hartford Female Seminary, a school founded by her sister Catherine. At that time, Hartford Female Seminary was one of onlya handful of schools that took the education of girls seriouslyLiterary InfluencesHarriet Beecher Stowe was influenced by many people. The most prominent influences in her life were:•Her father, Lyman, a minister and seminary president•Her sister, Catherine, an innovative educator•Her younger brother, Henry, a minister•Her husband, Calvin Ellis Stowe, a professor and strong critic of slavery.Literary Influence and Themes•The author drew from these influences a strong sense of morality, which appears in the Puritan style of her characters, her religious identity, and a belief in the equality of all people, men and women.•When the U.S. government passed the Fugitive Slaves Act(prohibiting assistance to runaway slaves) she felt it was necessary to voice her opinions and began writing Uncle Tom's Cabin.•Uncle Tom’s Cabin became the best-selling novel of the 19th century in the U.S. Literary Themes•Equality of all people•Evil reality of slavery•Christian love can overcome all (even something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings)•The moral power of womenUncle Tom’s Cabin –Main Characters•George Shelby•Uncle Tom•Eliza and her son Harry•Eva and her father, Augustine St. Clare•Simon LegreePlotTwo main stories dominate the novel:1. the story of Eliza and her son Harry2. the story of Uncle Tom.Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Plot•One story serves as an escape narrative, chronicling Eliza and George’s flight to freedom.•The other story is a slavery narrative, chronicling Uncle Tom’s descent into increasingly worse states of oppression.Polarization of North and SouthUncle Tom’s Cabin•Not surprisingly, the action in the escape narrative moves increasingly northward, with Canada representing its endpoint and the attainment of freedom by the escaped slaves.•The action in the slavery narrative moves increasingly southward, with Tom’s death occurring on Legree’s plantation in rural Louisiana, far into the Deep South.•The geographical split in the novel represents the wide gulf between freedom and slavery and plays into Stowe’s general use of parallelism and contrast in making her political points.The Evil Reality of Slavery•Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which made it illegal for anyone in the United States to offer aid or assistance to a runaway slave.•The novel seeks to attack the Fugitive Slave Act and the institution it protected, advocating the immediate emancipation of the slaves and freedom for all people. Religious Themes –Christian ValuesEach of Stowe’s scenes serves, without exception, to persuade the reader—especially the Northern reader of Stowe’s time—that slavery is evil, un-Christian, and intolerable in a civil society.The Incompatibility of Slavery & Christian Values•Writing for a mainly religious, predominantly Protestant audience, Stowe takes great pains to illustrate the fact that the system of slavery and the moral code of Christianity oppose each other.•In the book, the more religious a character is, the more he or she objects to slavery.The Moral Power of Women•Although Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin before the widespread growth of the women’s rights movement of the late 1800s, the reader can nevertheless regard the book as a exemplar of early feminism.•The text portrays women as morally conscientious, committed, and courageous—indeed, often as more morally conscientious, committed, and courageous than men.Uncle Tom’s Cabin MotifsMotifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.1.Christ Figures•The novel presents two instances of a sacrificial death linked to Christ’s.•Eva and Tom, the two most morally perfect characters in the novel, both die in atmospheres of charged religious belief, and both die, in a sense, to achieve salvation for others. Both Tom and Eva are explicitly compared to Christ.2.The Supernatural and Divine Intervention•Several supernatural instances of divine intervention in the novel suggest that a higher order exists to oppose slavery.•When Eliza leaps over the Ohio River, jumping rapidly between blocks of ice without fear or pain, the text tells us that she has been endowed with a “strength such as God gives only to the desperate,”facilitating her escape from oppression2. The Supernatural and Divine Intervention•Tom’s faith begins to lapse at the Legree plantation because of how badly he is treated.However, he is visited by religious visions that restore it, thus sustaining him in his passive resistance of Legree.•Before Eva dies, she glimpses a view of heaven and experiences a miraculous presentiment of her own death; these occurrences reinforce Eva’s purity and add moral authority to her anti-slavery stance.Homework•Appreciate the woman's power (Eliza) in The Mother's Struggle•Review Emily Dickinson。
美国文学史及选读2复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume Ⅱ) 美国文学史及选读2 Part Ⅳ The Literature Of Realism 现实主义文学1. 美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. 2. 现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth ” in the depiction of ordinary ordinary life. life. life. ““现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William ,William Dean Dean Dean Howells(Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material ”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life ” as being being the the the more more more ““American American””, , insisting insisting insisting that that that American American American was was was truly truly truly a a a land land land of of of hope hope hope and and and of of of possibility possibility possibility that that that should should should be be reflected in its literature. 3. 美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
美国文学选读2知识整理
2.Rhyme occurs in most traditional poetry (except blank verse), and often with various schemes. In free verse, however, rhyme may or may not be present; but when it is, used with great freedom. 3.In conventional verse, the unit is often foot, or the line; but in free verse, the units are much larger, sometimes being paragraphs or strophes诗节. If the free verse unit is the line, as it is in Whitman, the line is usually determined by qualities of actual speech rhythm and thought, rather than feet or syllable count; thus the line may be as short as one word, or as long as a passage. 4.In comparison with conventional verse, free verse may be composed with rhythms and melodies more personal and individual, more appropriate to the subject and the theme. In the hands of the gifted poets free verse very often acquires rhythms and melodies of its own. There is in free verse greater flexibility of the form and greater agreement between sound and sense. There are signs of it in medieval alliterative verse and in the translation of the Authorized King James Bible, which attempts to approximate the Hebrew cadences. The Psalms and The Song of Solomon are noted examples of free verse.
英美文学选读第二章笔记Neoclassical-period
I.Multle choice1.The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in thehistory英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代, 啟蒙運動是進步的知識分子運動，興盛於法國，後來席卷整個歐洲2.The Pilgrim’s progress is the most successful religious allegoryin the English language天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言，它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教教義3.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to beconcerned with the search for spiritual Salvation4.Among the representative of the Enlightenment, who was the firstto introduce rationlism to England?Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲柏作為啟蒙主義時期的代表人物，蒲柏第一個將理性主義引入英國,他將現行的社會制度奉為理想的制度，但依然能看透那嚴重的道德，政治及文化上的腐朽沒落5.An essay on criticism , written in heroic couplet by Pope, isconsidered manifesto of English neoclassism論批評是用英雄雙韻體寫的說教詩, 倡導了古典主義標準，在英國普及了新古典主義6.Alexander Pope stongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing thatliterary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason , logic , restrained emotion, good taste and decorum蒲柏是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力倡導新古典主義，強調文學作品的優劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位及是否體面，正派來衡量7.The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope’s best satiricwork群愚史詩是蒲柏最優秀的諷刺作品，他花了十年心血才將其完成8.Daniel Defore describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the eighteen century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonistMoll Flanders 莫爾。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(埃德加 爱伦 坡)【圣才出品】
第2单元埃德加•爱伦•坡1. Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Key: Montresor is the narrator. He had borne thousands of injuries of Fortunato as best he could, and he decides to take revenge on him. He must not only punish Fortunato but with impunity.2. What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?Key: He said to Fortunato that he got a pipe of Amontillado, and he was doubt about it, so he wanted someone to make sure for him. At the same time, he deliberately showed his doubts about Fortunato’s connoisseurship in wine and cared about his health, whi ch firmed Fortunato’s decision to go with him to his wine cellar.3. What happens to Fortunato in the end?Key: He was locked in the cellar by Montresor, and can only wait for death.4. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Forcunato as contrasts? Key: Poe characterizes the two characters with striking contrasts between them in many aspects. Firstly, their names are endowed with opposite symbolic meanings: Montresor symbolizes “monstrous”, while Fortunato symbolizes “fortunate”.Montresor is the devil in the story, and Fortunato is fortunate through his life and makes great fortune, but finally, he ends in a very unfortunate way, which is very ironical. Secondly, their clothes are very different: Fotrtunato “wore motley”, while Montresor put on “a mask of black silk” and drew “a roquelaire” closely about his person. Last, their psychological activities and consciousness are in contrast: Montresor knows clearly what is going on and what will happen, while Fortunato is always kept in the dark till the end.。
美国文学选读第二单元PPTUnit 2 The Cask of Amontillado
These elements always come together to emphasize the sense of evil, to evoke “terror” versus “horror” in the reader because of situations bordering reality/unreality. Sometimes Gothic novel may lack a Medieval setting but will develop an atmosphere of gloom and terror. This kind of novel is often used to teach a message .
Poe in Popular Culture
Many of Poe’s short stories have been adapted into films , and Poe himself also has appeared as a fictionalized character in the movies , often representing the “mad genius” or “tormented artist” and exploiting his personal struggles. Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting Poe and his characters share identities.
He believed: ▼works with obvious meanings cease to be art. ▼Brevity , compression and finality are essential for
美国文学选读(陶洁版)复习资料
美国文学选读（陶洁版）复习资料ADAM整理William Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel price“Stream of Consciousness”意识流or “interior monologue”,内心独白is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.The Sound and the Fury (1929) 人物??As I Lay Dying (1930)Light in the August ( 1932)Absalom, Absalom (1936)Go Down Moses (1942)Ernest HemingwayIceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.Code heroa noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”Major Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago)Herman Melville代表作：白鲸Moby Dick Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Symbolism in Moby Dick：It is regarded as the first American prose epic. 散文史诗？It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的, malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.Realism 浪漫主义之后，现代主义之前As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the wayto Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality”of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.Psychological RealismIt is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells豪威尔斯, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man.William Dean Howells：The Rise of Silas LaphamHenry James：The Portrait of a Lady (Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)Daisy Miller (Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne; Mr. Giovanelli)Mark Twain = Samuel Langhorne Clemens Missouri Writing: humor and local colorism 地方特色The characteristics of local colorismTwain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation of American literary realism.“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,”brought him recognition from a wider public. His best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life：Life on the Mississippi & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.Mark Twain’s most representative work：The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHis humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism, is remarkable.Nathaniel Hawthorne effected by 超验主义One of the most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.The Scarlet Letter:红字Other works: Mosses from an Old Manse; Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the Seven GablesHe is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form.In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.American Naturalism 自然主义The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory达尔文进化论on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral与道德无关的, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity遗传and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮没in death. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.代表作家Stephen Crane；Frank Norris；Theodore Dreiser；Edwin Arlington Robinson；Upton Sinclair；Jack London；O’ HenryStephen Crane：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets；The Red Badge of Courage；The Open Boat；The Black Riders and Other Lines；War Is KindEdwin Arlington Robinson：Richard CoryJack London：The Call of the Wild；The White Fang；The Sea Wolf；Martin EdenUpton Sinclair：The JungleO.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemTheodore Dreiser：Trilogy of Desire:1.The Financier2. The Titan3. The Stoic；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American TragedyThe 20th Century American Poets：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticismT.S.Eliot：The Waste LandImagism 意象派A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing”and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.Ezra Pound：Idaho爱达荷洲worked for the Italian government in WW II, engaged in some radio broadcasts of anti-Semitism and pro-Fascism.代表作:Cantos; Hugh Selwyn Mauberley; In a Station of the Metro; CathayWilliam Carlos Williams:The Red WheelbarrowE.E.Cummings: L(a; r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-rWallace Stevens:Anecdote of the JarThe 20th Century American Poets:Major Features1. The relationship of art and life; reality and imagination; fact and miracle; chaos and order.2. References to painting, music, and color.3. Abstract, philosophical, and difficult. He saw poetry as a personal transaction between self and reality.4. Meticulous language, though frequently exotic; coined words, and some are employed simply for sound effects.Robert Frost: Fire and Ice; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening; The Road Not Taken Major Features:1. His verse was terrifying at first, showing the dark side of human life and society. Later, filledwith sunshine.2.New England as the setting; The subjects come from daily life of ordinary life;Rural poetry inpastoral tradition. ( Wordsworth; Emerson)3.His themes include landscape and people of New England, loneliness and poverty of isolatedfarmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature.Simple language, a graceful style and traditional forms of poetry.诗歌鉴赏：In both "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "The Road Not Taken," the speaker hesitates on route. Compare the hesitations. Do they derive from thesame impulse and misgiving or are they distinct?Langston Hughes: The first prominent black writer in American literary history.Poet Laureate of Harlem & O’ Henry of HarlemA poet, playwright, novelist, song writer, biographer, editor, newspaper columnist, translator,lecturer.主要作品：The Weary Blues, The Dream keeper and Other Poems, Fine Clothes to the Jew Harlem RenaissanceIn the 1920s in America, there was an upsurge of Black literature, popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. So, “Harlem Renaissance” is a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights, poets and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of numerous Black writers after mid-twentieth century.The Harlem Renaissance began with a work entitled: New Negro: An Interpretation(by Alain Locke).Dialect, folklore, and Jazz.The Modern PeriodPart I The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)l The Roaring Twenties (economically)l The Jazz Age (socially)l“lost” and “waste land” (spiritually)There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences.Darwinism(Darwin), Socialism (Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)The Lost GenerationThe term “Lost Generation” came from Gertrude Stein, who had a salon in her house for English and American expatriates in Paris. The Phrase was a remark she made to a mechanic in Hemingway’s presence that “Y ou are all a lost generation.”The Jazz AgeThe Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War Ⅰand World War Ⅱ, particularly in North America.With the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline.The most representative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term “The Jazz Age”.Gertrude Stein used the term to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and some others.Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this periodSinclair Lewis (1930); Eugene O’Neill (1936); Pearl S. Buck (1938); T.S. Eliot (1948); William Faulkner (1949); Ernest Hemingway (1954); John Steinbeck (1962)Sinclair Lewisl Main Street (masterpiece) (a bitter satire on the life style of American small towns) Carol Milford // Will Kennicottl BabbittSome other famous writers and poets:Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio;Hands; Paper PillsF. Scott. Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby; This Side of Paradise; T ender is the Night; The Beautifuland the DamnedThe Last Tycoon ( unfinished)John Dos PassosEzra PoundRobert FrostAmerican DreamThe is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity繁荣. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. He states: "The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. ….It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position."In the United States’Declaration of Independence独立宣言, our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." …….The Post-War Period 战后Literature：This period is the rising period of post-modern literature. Many forms of post-modern fiction appeared. The same mood in this period is despair, but continuing to search absurdity荒谬of modern life; lonely, but searching for the meaning of existence; identity.The Beat Generation 行为怪癖的一代The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s,known especially for their use of non-traditional forms and their rejection of conventional social values.The term "Beat" was reportedly coined by Jack Kerouac in the late 1940s, quickly becoming a slang term in America after World War II, meaning "exhausted" or "beat down" and provided this generation with a definitive label for their personal and social positions and perspectives.The core group consisted of Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady and William S. Burroughs。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第4单元 纳撒尼尔
4.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)is a novelist.纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）是一位小说家。
1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。
他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格派教徒而臭名昭著。
另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。
家族渐渐走向没落。
霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的罪恶，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此终其一生，他心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
美国文学选读复习资料
1、Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）本杰明·富兰克林He is the representative of the Enlightenment in America in 18th century. Humanist, statesman, writer, scientist, inventor.The Autobiography《自传》♂简析：The book is about the course of Franklin's struggle for success. It tells us the importance of being diligent. The book had a great influence on American people,and changed the destinies of many youth.It is the first America successful biographical work（传记文学）, has an important position in the history of American Literaturel.Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》♂简析：A collection of maxims （格言），or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) 埃德加·爱伦·坡 Novelist,poet,critic.Good at writing Gothic（哥特式）and detective fiction.Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism.（扩展：文学理论建树不容忽视，影响深远。
美国文学选读陶洁
Beyond Desire 超越欲望
I Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么
Windy M cPherson’s Son 饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子
Death in the Woods and Other Stories 林中之死及其他故事
The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事
15.Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安·波特
1890-1980
Flowering Judas 开花的紫荆花 Pale Horse, Pale Rider 灰色骑士灰色马 Leaning Tower and Other Stories 斜塔 The Never Ending Wrong 千古奇冤（回忆录） The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 被遗弃的老祖母
Song of Myself/ One’s Self I Sing 自我之歌
Democratic Vistas 民主的前景
I hear America Singing 我听见美洲在歌唱
O Captain !My Captain! 噢，船长！我的船长！
The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉和罢工问题
The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc 冉·达克
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记
The M an That Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人
Ship of Fools 愚人船 The Old Order 旧次序 Old M ortality 修墓老人
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2.1复习笔记
I.Introduction to author（作者简介）
Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)is a novelist,poet,and critic.
埃德加•爱伦•坡（1809-1849），小说家，诗人，评论家。
1.Life（生平）
Poe’s childhood was a miserable one.He lost both of his parents when still very small,and was taken care of by a wealthy merchant.Father and son enjoyed nothing but an unhappy relationship together.Poe entered the University of Virginia but did not finish.He went to West Point as a cadet but was dismissed because of misbehavior.Poe wrote and worked as editor most of his short life.He was poor all his life.At27he married his cousin,whose death in1847left him inconsolable and bitter with life than ever.He died,in October,1849.
坡有着悲惨的童年。
他年幼时父母双亡，他被一位富商收养，父子之间关系紧张。
坡进入弗吉尼亚大学学习，但是没能完成学业。
后来去了西点军校，却又因为行为不端而被校方开除。
他短暂的一生中大部分时间都在从事写作和编辑工作。
他终身贫困潦倒。
27岁时，他和他的表妹结婚，1847年妻子的离世使他悲痛万分。
1849年10月，坡去世了。
2.Major works（主要作品）
(1)Poems（诗集）
Tamerlane and Other Poems《帖木儿》
Al Araaf《艾尔•阿拉夫》
Poems《诗集》
The Raven and Other Poems《乌鸦及其他诗篇》
(2)Short stories（短篇小说）
Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque《述异集》
The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
The Masque of the Red Death《红色死亡假面舞会》
Ligeia《莉盖亚》
The Black cat《黑猫》
The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》
The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》
The Purloined Letter《被窃的信件》
The Gold Bag《金甲虫》
(3)Literary theory（文学理论）
The Philosophy of Composition《创作哲学》
The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》
II.Selected works（选读作品）
◆The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》
1.Theme and style（主题与风格）
The theme is about horror and death.
Poe pursues the style of shortness and fast tempo and to reach the climax
quickly.To achieve the effect,he reduces the background information and the words he used are concise.In this short story,even nothing is redundant.
小说的主体是恐怖和死亡。
坡追求篇幅短小而节奏很快的叙事风格，从而使故事迅速达到高潮。
为达到这种效果，他减少了背景信息，并且用词凝练。
在这篇短篇小说中，甚至没有一个词是冗余的。
2.Main plot（主要情节）
It is the narrator’s account of his ability to carry out a chilling plot of revenge against his offender,Fortunato.
Montresor baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a pipe of a rare vintage of Amontillado.He claims he wants his friend’s expert opinion on the subject.Fortunato goes with Montresor to the wine cellars of the latter’s palazzo,where they wander in the catacombs.Montresor offers wine to Fortunato.Montresor displays a trowel he had been hiding and killed Fortunato.
主要讲述了叙述者实施他的复仇计划，将冒犯他的弗图那多杀死的故事。
蒙特利瑟告诉弗图那多他买了一桶阿芒提拉多酒，但不确定是不是名酒，想要弗图那多去帮忙鉴定。
蒙特利瑟便带领着弗图那多到了豪华宫殿的地下酒窖，将酒拿给弗图那多看。
然后将弗图那多绑在事先准备好的铁桩上，杀死了他。
3.Analysis（作品分析）
(1)Precision in time,place,and setting preclude the idea of risk and allow the narrator both the retribution he seeks and the impunity he demands.
(2)It is set during the“supreme madness”of Carnival.In such a riotous atmosphere,it is easy to see how a crime could go unnoticed.
(3)Because Montresor is aware of the unfortunate Fortunato’s impending death,dramatic irony also plays a role in the comedy of horrors of"The Cask of Amontillado."Dramatic irony is the result of the disconnect that occurs when a character,namely Fortunato,is not aware of the true meaning of his own actions. The very setting of the story is ironic,in that Montresor has chosen the jovial carnival season to enact his murder because no one will be at his estate to witness the crime.Fortunato himself is dressed in a jester’s outfit,and the jingling of his jester’s bells reminds us of the atmosphere of happiness and cheer outside the ter,as they drink the Medoc,Fortunato drinks to the dead and buried, not realizing that he is about to join them,and Montresor wryly drinks to Fortunato’s health.
(1)精确的时间与地点减少了风险并使叙述者顺利实施复仇计划又免遭惩罚。
(2)在狂欢节“最疯狂活动”中实施计划，很难引起人们的注意。
(3)蒙特利瑟知道弗图那多注定要死去，戏剧反讽也有很大的作用。
弗图那多并不知道他的行为意味着什么造成了戏剧性反讽。
故事发生的背景也颇具讽刺意味。
蒙特利瑟选择在狂欢节实施他的复仇计划是因为没人会注意到发生了什么。
而弗图那多自己穿着小丑的衣服，以及小丑的铃声使我们想起狂欢节欢快的气氛外面以及地下酒窖外的欢呼声。
当他们喝梅多科酒时，弗图那多并没意识到死亡正向他逼近，蒙特利瑟报复计划就要得逞。