Turner Developments in PM - Nine Schools
安徽省六安第一中学2023-2024学年高二下学期7月期末考试英语试题含解析
六安一中2024年春学期高二年级期末考试英语试卷时间：120分钟第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分满分：150分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1．How would the woman like her steak today?A．Rare.B．Medium.C．Well-done.2．What is the relationship between the speakers?A．Teacher and student.B．Librarian and library user.C．Shop assistant and customer.3．Why does the woman call the man?A．To ask for a favor.B．To say thanks.C．To make a complaint. 4．Where does the conversation take place?A．At the airport.B．On a plane.C．In a taxi.5．What seems to be the man’s problem?A．He gets bored of reading.B．He is disturbed by the noise.C．He hates the hot weather today.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
国家留学基金委指定英语培训统考英语样题
考试注意事项整个试卷共120题,听力部分有30道题,长度约25分钟,该部分结束后立即开始语法词汇部分,然后是填充部分和阅读部分。
这三部分时间统用,共80分钟。
听力录音长度约21分钟,共30题,其中10题有惩罚措施:做对得1分,做错扣0.5分。
因此建议:不要做没有把握的题。
阅读部分中第111-120题亦有惩罚措施:做对得1分;做错扣1分。
请先下载听力试题的声音文件(MP3格式。
按鼠标右键,用―目标另存为...‖将声音文件下载到硬盘上,然后用相关软件播放。
试题的标准答案附在最后。
请自己核对答案。
最终成绩的换算表:Part I Listening Comprehension (听力理解每个正确答案乘以 1Part II Grammar and Vocabulary (语法、词汇每个正确答案乘以 0.6Part III Cloze (填充每个正确答案乘以 0.8Part IV Reading Comprehension (阅读理解每个正确答案乘以 1四项换算后的成绩之和为总分。
满分为100分。
录取等级参考标准如下:高级班:65分以上中级班:50-64分准中级班:35-49分基础班:20-34分Part I Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections :In this section, you will hear 10 short statements. The statements will be spoken just once. They will not be written out for you, and you must listen carefully in order to understand what the speaker says.When you hear a statement, you will have a period of 15 to 20 seconds to read the four sentences in your test book and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Listen to the following example:You will hear:You will read:[A] He's been living in Beijing for a long time.[B] He used to live in Beijing.[C] He's gone to Beijing for a short visit.[D] He should stay longer in Beijing,Sentence [B] "He used to live in Beijing" is closest in meaning to the statement "He is no longer living in Beijing." Therefore you should choose answer [B].1. [A] Tom is riding a bike.[B] The bike is upside down.[C] Tom is repairing the bike.[D] Tom is cleaning his bike.2. [A] Professor Graff doesn't usually write on the blackboard.[B] Students are rarely bored in Professor Grafts class.[C] The professor uses graphs when she lectures.[D] Students in the graphic arts course don't take notes.3. [A] They are with them.[B] It is with them.[C] They are with her.[D] He is with her.4. [A] I passed the test because I studied hard.[B] I won't do well on the test if I don't study.[C] I failed the test because I didn't study enough.[D] I'll study hard so I can pass the test.5. [A] How long is the school term?[B] Why did you turn over the stool?[C] I wish I know how to get to the dormitory.[D] I want the term to end soon.6. [A] The boat owner must be rich.[B] This man must be the owner.[C] Those men are both rich.[D] The boat has a monkey on it.7. [A] Alice answered Jean's question.[B] Alice allowed Jean to respond.[C] Jean's response was questionable.[D] Alice accepted the answer.8.[A] Bob bought a new pair of sandals.[B] Bob's sandals were fixed.[C] The shoemaker only made sandals.[D] The shoemaker wore sandals.9.[A] We have to go to a party after work.[B] We are going to have a party when the house has been painted.[C] We went to a huge party after the house was painted.[D] We'll go to the party if the house is painted.10. [A] They read about the invention in the news report.[B] The inventor wrote an interesting news report.[C] A reporter asked the inventor some questions.[D] The reporter was watching the news.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, you will have a period of 15 to 20 seconds to read the four possible answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example :You will hear:'You will read:[A] At the office.[B] On his way to work.[C] Home in bed.[D] Away on vacation.From the conversation, we know that Bill is sick and will have to stay in bed until Monday. The best answer, then, is [C] "Home in bed." Therefore, you should choose answer [C].11. [A] On the steps.[B] By the window.[C] At s store.[D]In a bank.12. [A] It's almost time for lunch.[B] Only a few strawberries will be eaten at lunch.[C] There are just enough strawberries for lunch.[D] There won't be many people for lunch.13.[A] No one knows how Mary gets to work.[B] It's surprising that Mary could repair the record player.[C] She threw the old records away.[D] She doesn't think the record player works.14. [A] In a railroad station.[B] In a bus terminal.[C] In a restaurant.[D] In a hotel room.15. [A] At the information desk.[B] On the platform.[C] On the train.[D] Near the stairs.16. [A] Eighteen.[B] Nineteen.[C] Twenty.[D] Twenty-eight.17. [A] He gave homework.[B] He prepared a test.[C] He opened the book to page 20.[D] He went to the cinema.18. [A] He doesn't understand the question.[B] He will definitely not lend her the money.[C] He will lend her the money.[D] He might lend her the money.19. [A] She lost her money.[B] The price of postage went up.[C] She didn't know where the post office.[D] The post office was closed today.20. [A] Zero.[B] One.[C]Two.[D] Three.Section CDirections :In this section you will hear several brief talks and/or conversations. You will hear them once only. After each one, you will hear some questions. You will hear each question once only. After you hear the question, you will have 1 5 to 20 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.21. [A] A person's character.[B] A person's voice characteristics.[C] A person's health.[D] A person's profession.22. [A] The strength of the speaker.[B] The force of air that comes from the lungs.[C] The weight of the speaker.[D] The height of the speaker.23. [A] The highness or lowness of sounds.[B] The loudness of sounds.[C] The force of sounds.[D] The speed of sounds.24. [A] The Student Activities Office will open.[B] Seniors will measure their heads.[C] Students will order new school hats.[D] Seniors will graduate.25. [A] All students[B] All seniors[C] All graduating seniors[D] All faculty26. [A] What kind of ceremony there will be[B] How to order the graduation outfit[C] How much to pay for the clothes[D] Where to go for graduation27. [A] Rent them[B] Buy them[C] Clean them[D] Measure them28. [A] Michael Jackson.[B] Muhammad Ali[C] A very famous actor.[D] A very famous and powerful president.29. [A] He was a gold medal winner in Olympics.[B] He is the younger brother of Michael Jackson.[C] He had some influence on the president of the U.S.[D] He is quite popular with the American young people today.30. [A] They usually don't live long.[B] They usually are quickly forgotten by the public.[C] They don't know where to hide themselves.[D] They are usually very fat.Part II Grammatical Structure and Vocabulary(30 minutesSection ADirections :There are 10 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times ___ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, "I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979." Therefore you should choose [D].31. Those foreign visitors look very ____.[A] smartly[B] wildly[C] like friends[D] friendly32.It ____ every day so far this month.[A] is raining[B] rains[C] has rained[D] rained33. James has just arrived, but I didn't know he ____ until yesterday.[A] will come[B] was coming[C] had been coming[D] came34. She ought to ___ my letter a week ago. But she was busy with her work.[A] have answered[B] answering[C] answer[D] be answered35. The house ____ windows are broken is unoccupied.[A] its[B] whose[C] which[D] those36. _____ of gold in California caused many people to travel west in hope of becoming rich.[A] The discovering[B] To discover[C] The discovery[D] On discovering37. _____ the Wright brothers successfully flew their airplane.[A] The century was beginning[B] It was the beginning of the century[C] At the beginning of the century[D] The beginning of the century38. After a brief visit to New Orleans,____.[A] returning to New York and beginning to write his greatest poetry did Walt . Whitman.[B] Walt Whitman returned to New York and began to write his greatest poetry.[C] Walt Whitman was writing his greatest poetry when he returned to New York.[D] having returned to New York Walt Whitman wrote his greatest poetry.39. We wish that you ____ such a lot of work , because we know that you would have enjoyed theparty.[A] hadn't had[B] hadn't[C] didn't have had[D] hadn't have40. Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend, why_____ you have dinner with ustonight[A] will[B] won't[C]do[D] don'tSection BDirections :There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has four parts underlined. The four underlined parts are marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the one underlined part that is wrong. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example:A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition which they sawA B C Dmany new products.Answer [C] is wrong because the sentence should read, "A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products." So you should choose[C].41. Thomas is most excellent in the family.A B C D42. By 1642 all towns in the colony of Massachusetts was required by law to have schools.A B C D43. Both moths and butterflies have a keen sense of sight, smell, and tasting.A B C D44.The plane took off after holding up for hours by fog.A B C D45. Smith sold most of his belongings. He has hardly nothing left in the house.A B C D46. The reason why I decided to come here is because this university has a goodA B CDepartment of English.D47.If he would have finished his paper a little sooner, he would have graduated this term.A B C D48. Most experts agree that there have never been such an exciting series ofA B Cbreakthroughs in the search for a cancer cure as we have seen recently.D49. If one does not have respect for himself, you cannot expect others to respect him.A B C D50. The South is mostly Democrat politically, when the North has both DemocratsA B C Dand Republicans.Section CDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your choice on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example: The initial step is often the most difficult.[A] quickest[B] longest[C] last[D] firstThe best answer is [D] because "first" has the same meaning as "initial" in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D].51. The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.[A] first[B] quickest[C] last[D] longest52. She is quiet and pious at church in the morning but gossips all afternoon.[A]gentle[B] smiling[C]joyful[D] devout53. The weatherman said, "It will be chilly this afternoon."[A] wet[B] turbid[C] hot[D] cold54. He walked to his bedroom cautiously because he heard strange sounds in it.[A] happily[B] carefully[C] curiously[D] noisily55. Apparently she never got my letter after all.[A] Evidently[B] Disappointedly[C] Luckily[D] Anxiously56. Placing tags on ducks and geese as they migrate is one method of studying the behavior of birds.[A] sleep for winter[B] move from one place to another[C] flee their enemies[D] search for food57. In September, 1835, Darwin's vessel arrived at the Galapagos Islands.[A] assistant[B] cargo[C] ship[D] gun58. Movie studios often boost a new star with guest appearances on television talk shows.[A] attack[B] watch[C] denounce[D] promote59. When products advertise extensively on television, they are often ridiculously overpriced.[A] inexpensive[B] costly[C] valueless[D] overabundant60. John and his brother have entirely different temperaments.[A] likings[B] dispositions[C] tastes[D] objectives61. Seeds are contained in the center of fleshy fruit such as apples and pears.[A] core[B] focus[C] nucleus[D] median62. One of the responsibilities of a forest ranger is to drive slowly through the area in search of animals in distress.[A] cruise[B] tiptoe[C] skid[D] mare63. Mrs. Palmer was offended by the clerk's mean remark.[A] tasty[B] nasty[C] misty[D] musty64. Most recipients of the peace prize are given the award in person, but sometimes the award is givenposthumously.[A] when the person is out of the country[B] after the person has died[C] to political prisoners[D] by mail65. Seeing the Grand Canyon from the air is a sight to behold.[A] hold upon[B] remember[C] anticipate[D] gaze upon66: Mythical creatures have been a part of the folklore of many cultures throughout the centuries.[A] Appealing[B] Magical[C] Legendary[D] Fighting67. Everyone would like a panacea for health problems.[A] protection against[B] advice for[C] a cure-all for[D] a decrease in68. In the fall it is gratifying to see stalks of wheat ready for harvest.[A] terrifying[B] satisfying[C] surprising[D] relaxing69. A bad winter storm can paralyse an urban area.[A] immobilise[B] evacuate[C] isolate[D] stabilise70. Even though he was obese, Oliver Hardy gained fame as a comedian.[A] dying[B] crazy[C] unhappy[D]fatPart III ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices in the column on the right. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a short bar across the corresponding letter.There is a lot of luck in the drilling foroil. The [71] may just miss the oil although it is near;[72], it may strike oil at a fairly high[73]. When the drill goes down, itbrings [74] soil. The sample of soil from various depths areexamined for traces of [75]. If they are disappointed at one place, thedrillers go to [76]. Great sums ofmoney [77] spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in ‗prospecting‘ for oil. Sometimes[78] is found. When you buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars, we pay not only the [79] of the petrol, but also part of the cost if the search that 71.[A] time[B] man[C] drill[D] plan72. [A] at last[B] in the end[C] as a result[D] on the other hand73. [A] level[B] time[C] place[D] price74. [A] down[B] up[C] on[D] in75. [A] sand[B] water[C] oil[D] gas76. [A] another[B] the other[C] others[D] one another77. [A] are[B] is[C] has been[D] have been78. [A] a little[B] little[C] a few[D] few79. [A] amount[B] price[C] cost[D] drilling北京语言大学出国人员培训部/入学考试样题/2013is [ 80 ] going on.When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries.[ 81 ].The commonestform of treatment is [ 82 ]. When the oil is heated, the first vapours[ 83 ] are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a lowboiling[ 84 ]; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes.Gas that comes off the [ 85 ] lateris condensed into paraffin. [ 86 ] the lubricating oils of variousgrades are produced. What [ 87 ] is heavy oil that is used as fuel.There are four main areas ofthe world [ 88 ] deposits of oil appear.The first is [ 89 ] of the Middle East.Another is thearea [ 90 ] North and South America, and the third, between Asia and Australia. The fourth area is the part near the North Pole. 80. [A] often[B] frequently[C] busily[D] always81. [A] to be treated[B] to treat[C] for treatment[D] for treating82. [A] heated[B] to be heated[C] to heat[D] heating83. [A] to rise[B] rises[C] rising[D] risen84. [A] level[B] place[C] point[D] degree85. [A] ground[B] air[C] oil[D] water86. [A] Then[B] Last of all[C] Afterwards[D] Lately87. [A] remains[B] remain[C] remained[D] remaining88. [A] there[B] which[C] that[D] where89. [A] the one[B] one[C] that[D] this90. [A] between[B] among[C] above[D] belowPart IV Reading Comprehension(40 minutesDirections:In this part there are passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 91-94 are based on the following passage:The fiddler crab is a living clock. It indicates the time of day by the color of its skin, which is dark by day and pale by night. The crab's changing skin color follows a regular 24-hour cycle that exactly matches the daily rhythm of the sun.Does the crab actually keep time, or does its skin simply respond to the sun's rays, changing color according to the amount of light that strikes it? To find out, biologists kept crabs in a dark room for two months. Even without daylight the crab's skin color continued to change precisely on schedule.This characteristic probably evolved in response to the rhythm of the sun, to help protect the crab from sunlight and enemies. After millions of years it has become completely regulated inside the living body of the crab.The biologists noticed that once each day the color of the fiddler crab is especially dark, and that each day this occurs fifty minutes later than on the day before. From this they discovered that each crab follows not only the rhythm of the sun but also that of the tides. The crab's period of greatest darkening is precisely the time of low tide on the beach where it was caught!91. The fiddler crab is like a clock because it changes color[A] in a regular 24-hour rhythm.[B] in response to the sun's rays.[C] at low tide.[D] every fifty minutes.92. The crab's changing color[A] tells the crab what time it is.[B] protects the crab from the sunlight and enemies.[C] keeps the crab warm.[D] is of no real use.93. When the fiddler crabs were kept in the dark, they[A] did not change color.[B] changed color more quickly.[C] changed color more slowly.[D] changed color on the same schedule.94. The best title for the passage is[A] The Rhythmic Cycles of the Sun and Tide[B] Discoveries in Biology[C] A Scientific Study[D] A living ClockThere is another example of the revolution in railway signaling and safety measures which can also be attributed to the widespread introduction of electricity in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The track circuit, patented by one William Robinson as far back as 1872, was based on a simple principle. A section of track is insulated at the rail joints from the adjoining sections, and an electrically-operated switch or relay is maintained in the closed position by a low-voltage current passing continually through the rails. The effect of the entry of a train on the insulated section is to short-circuit this current through its wheels and axles with the result that the switch opens. It will be appreciated that should the current fail or should an accidental short-circuit take place, the device will behave as if a train were on the section. However, it will obey the essential requirement of every safety device that in the event of failure the danger signal is given.95. What does the paragraph preceding this one probably discuss?[A] Another one of Robinson's inventions[B] A twentieth-century safety device[C] An electrically-operated safety device[D] Railroading in the mid-nineteenth century96. In the last sentence in the passage, what does the word "it" refer to?[A] An accidental short-circuit[B] A danger signal[C] A safety device[D] A train97. Which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] Railway signaling improved with the American Revolution.[B] The last century saw great progress in railway signaling device.[C] The track circuit is a simple application of a complex principle.[D] The widespread introduction of electricity took place around 1910.98. If a short-circuit takes place, what will happen to the section containing the safety device?[A] A fire will start.[B] A danger signal will be given.[C] A train will derail.[D] The electrically operated switch will close.99. What is the result when a train passed over a section with a low-voltage current?[A] It will derail.[B] A switch opens.[C] A danger signal is given.[D] It will shock the crew.100. What is the topic of this passage?[A] The development of electrical safety devices[B] The inventions of William Robinson[C] The danger of railroad accidents[D] The operation of an electrical safety device for trainsLife near the shore everywhere is affected by the tides, which come and go twice each day in a cycle of about twelve-and-a-half hours —just different enough from the daily cycle of the sun so that there can be no regular relationship between the shore being alternately wet and dry and alternately light and dark. The extent of the tides varies greatly, from as little as one foot in inland seas like the Mediterranean, to fifty feet or so in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. In some parts of the world, one of the two daily tides rises higher and falls lower than the other; and tides at the time of new moon and full moon are generally greater than at other times. The extent of the intertidal zone thus varies from day to day as well as from place to place.The kinds of organisms living in the region between the tidal limits depend very much on whether the shore is rocky, sandy, or muddy. Rocky shores have the most obviously rich faunas, because of the firm anchorage for both animals and plants, and because of the small pools left by the retreating seas. Sandy shores, especially when exposed to surf (as they usually are, have the fewest kinds of animals.101. Which of the following factors does not affect the extent of the tides?[A] Place[B] Time[C] The moon[D] The composition of the shore soil102. The time span between tides[A] varies as much as the extent of the tides.[B] is a more constant phenomenon than the extent of the tides.[C] is shorter in inland seas.[D] and the extent of tides depend upon each other.103. The two tides in a given day[A] may vary in extent.[B] never vary in extent.[C] always vary in extent.[D] only vary in extent at the time of a new moon or a full moon.104. The composition of the intertidal soil affect[A] the nature of tides.[B] the temperature of the water in that area.[C] the amount of animals and plants living in that area.[D] the level of pollution in that area.105. Muddy shores[A] have poorer faunas than do sandy shores.[B] have richer faunas than do rocky shores.[C] have poorer faunas than do rocky shores, but richer faunas than do sandy shores.[D] have no faunas at all.106. The smallest tides occur in[A] open seas.[B] inland.[C] bays.[D] deeper seas.Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill, it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practising until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately, without thinking. Tennis players call that "being in the zone." Educators call it "automaticity."A child learns to read by sounding out the letters and decoding the words. With practice, he stumbles less and less, reading by the phrase. With automaticity, he doesn't have to think about decoding the words, so he can concentrate on the meaning of the text.It can begin as early as first grade. In a recent study of children in Illinois schools, Alan Rossman of Northwestern University found automatic readers in the first grade who were reading almost three times as fast as the other children and scoring twice as high on comprehension tests. At fifth grade, the automatic readers were reading twice as fast as the others, and still outscoring them on accuracy, comprehension and vocabulary."It's not I.Q. but the amount of time a child spends reading that is the key to automaticity," according to Rossman. Any child who spends at least 3.5 to 4 hours a week reading books, magazines or newspapers will in all likelihood reach automaticity. At home, where the average child spends 25 hours a week watching television, it can happen by turning off the set just one night in favour of reading.You can test your child by giving him a paragraph or two to read aloud - something unfamiliar but appropriate to his age. If he reads aloud with expression, with a sense ofthe meaning of the sentences, he probably is an automatic reader. If he reads haltingly, one word at a time, without expression or meaning, he needs more practice.107. The first paragraph tells us____.[A] what automaticity is[B] how accuracy is acquired[C] how a child learns to walk[D] how an athlete is trained108. An automatic reader[A] sounds out the letters[B] concentrates on meaning[C] has a high I.Q.[D] pays much attention to the structures of sentences109. The Illinois study shows that the automatic reader's high speed[A] costs him a lot of work[B] affects his comprehension[C] leads to his future success[D] doesn't affect his comprehension110. A bright child[A] also needs practice to be an automatic reader[B] always achieves great success in comprehension tests[C] becomes an automatic reader after learning how to read[D] is a born automatic readerQuestions 111 - 116 are based on the following passage:The Triumph of Unreason?Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or―utility‖, in economist-speak from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.。
2024学年河南省郑州一中高三六校第一次联考英语试卷(含解析)
2024学年河南省郑州一中高三六校第一次联考英语试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考场号和座位号填写在试题卷和答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。
将条形码粘贴在答题卡右上角"条形码粘贴处"。
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第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．________ some teenagers don’t realize is ________ difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.A．That; how B．Which; what aC．What; what D．What; how2．We went right round to the west coast by sea instead of driving across continent。
A．the；the B．/ ；the C．the；/ D．/ ；/3．It is clearly stated that these regulations ______ everyone in the community, without exception.A．appeal to B．adapt toC．apply to D．attach to4．We the sunshine in Sanya now if it were not for the delay of our flight.A．were enjoying B．would have enjoyedC．would be enjoying D．will enjoy5．He used to study in a village school, ______was rebuilt two years ago.A．which B．thatC．where D．whose6．Repairs of historic buildings have to be _____ the original structure.A．in sympathy with B．in search ofC．in response to D．in contrast to7．The possibility that Frank was lying ______ through my mind.A．swallowed B．masked C．flashed8．For thousands of years,poetry the favorite type of literature for many in China.A．is B．has been C．was D．will be9．Every man has his faults. We should, therefore, lean to be ________ of others.A．ignorant B．responsibleC．reliable D．tolerant10．With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ________ each year.A．is washing away B．is being washed awayC．are washing away D．are being washed away11．John's success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work _________ has made him what he is today. A．what B．whichC．where D．that12．—OK，here ___________.—Thank you for your lift. See you later.A．are we B．is itC．we are D．comes it13．When the girl did ________ the courage to tell her parents what had happened, unfortunately her own family didn't believe her.A．work out B．work up C．work at D．work on14．This kind of gel pen which ______ smoothly is quite popular with students.A．is written B．is writing C．wrote D．writes15．Lucia impressed her peer students with her musical talent, as well as several foreign languages ______.A．on her own B．under her control C．in her charge D．at her command16．With the number of homecoming overseas students ________ up in recent years, the attraction of foreign degree holders has gradually faded.A．shot B．being shotC．shooting D．to shoot17．----Could I ask you a private question?----Sure,A．pardon me B．go ahead C．good idea D．forget it18．I am so thrilled to have my underwater photos ______ in the National Geographic and on the cover!A．to be featured B．featured C．being featured D．to feature19．I writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother’s illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me.A．am to have finished B．was to have finishedC．was to finish D．ought to finish20．If the traffic so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.A．hadn’t been B．wasn’tC．couldn’t be D．hasn’t been第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
河南省创新发展联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题
河南省创新发展联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题一、阅读理解Join a Zion National Park ranger (护林人) to learn about what makes Zion National Park unique. Programs are free and created for classrooms and individuals. We connect to your school or home through a free web-based program. You will be provided with a link to the video conference ahead of time via an email invite. Registration is open! Click on the program below for more information. Program 1—Chat with a RangerIn Chat with a Ranger, students learn about Zion National Park, the park service, and the life of a ranger. Students prepare and send questions ahead of time. This program can be adapted to fit different curriculum objectives, and is appropriate for any age group. Program 2—Pollination InvestigationIn this distance learning program, students will discover what pollination is and how important it is to all ecosystems. Looking at the relationship between plants and pollinators, participants will see how they have influenced each other and will be challenged to create their own perfect pollinator. Program 3—Whooo’s in the Canyon?Who left these clues behind here in the high canyons of Zion National Park? A feather, small bones, and hoot hooting in the trees can be heard as your classroom goes on a virtual hike of Zion to discover the Mexican spotted owl. Learn it about how the owl uses its special adaptations to survive in this desert environment. Program 4—The Forests, Wetlands, and Deserts of Zion This distance learning program focuses on the plants and animals that live in Zion's varying ecosystems. Students will learn about their adaptations and relationships to each other in this interactive lesson with a creative and critical thinking activity.1．Which program requires participants to make preparations in advance?A．Chat with a Ranger.B．Pollination Investigation.C．Whooo's in the Canyon?D．The Forests, Wetlands, and Deserts of Zion. 2．What can participants learn from program 3?A．Survival strategies taken by owls in the park.B．Ways to prepare a hike tour in the park.C．Threats brought by the desert environment.D．A variety of ecosystems in ZionNational Park.3．What do the listed programs have in common?A．They involve interactive activities.B．They include a virtual tour of different trails.C．They are accessible through web-based program.D．They require participants to visit the park in person.On a hot June day in 2015, I retired after 34 years of teaching high school. Then, I drove to meet my new piano teacher, Mark.I had worked for more than three decades as a busy English teacher with an endless stream of papers to mark and precious little time to experiment or learn new skills. I was determined to make up for all I had been missing. I wanted to finally master the piano and learn how to make music.I told Mark I had a specific concrete goal: to play Clair de lune by Claude Debussy, a piece I remember hearing from early childhood.Determined that there would be a day when I would totally master this piece, I set myself a deadline: I would perform before a gathering of friends on my 60th birthday. For months I did nothing but furiously (猛烈地) practise. When the day came, around 30 friends and relatives crowded into my dining room to hear me play, and aside from a few minor slips, I managed to pull it off without embarrassing myself. People clapped warmly. I made it. I had risen to a challenge, but I still didn’t feel that I was really “making music”.After that, my progress was painfully slow. I had come to hate hearing myself play music badly. I got no pleasure from the act of missing notes.I began focusing on what few things I could do: gardening and cycling. I came to understand that I didn’t have to be that man I’d always thought I ought to be. I could just do what feels good. So, after nearly five years of lessons, I quit.I still love music; I regularly go out to concerts. But now my piano does nothing more than sit silently in my dining room, displaying family photos and collecting dust. And I’m perfectly happy with that.4．Why did the author learn the piano after retiring from teaching?A．To impress his friends and relatives.B．To avoid the boredom of retirement.C．To start a new career as a concert pianist.D．To pursue a long-time passion for music. 5．What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A．The author attended a concert of piano music.B．The author performed successfully despite a few errors.C．The author felt embarrassed about his piano performance.D．The author quit his piano immediately after his 60th birthday.6．What does the author do with his piano now?A．He uses it for music lessons.B．He uses it for performance.C．He uses it for something unrelated to music.D．He plays it for personal enjoyment occasionally.7．Which of the following can best describe the author?A．Inner- directed and hardworking.B．Conventional and careless.C．Ambitious and kind-hearted.D．Lazy and pessimistic.When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean.These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances on July 17, 2024.The team showed that the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, which is found in oceans around the world, regularly performs a mix of both photosynthesis and direct eating of carbon from organic sources such as plankton (浮游生物) . In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. The team also showed that this diatom species can grow much faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specificspecies of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean. This work is based on a genome-scale metabolic modeling approach that the team used to reveal the metabolism of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium.The team’s new metabolic modeling data support recent lab experiments suggesting that some diatoms may rely on strategies other than photosynthesis to intake the carbon they need to survive, thrive and build biomass.The UC San Diego led team is in the process of expanding the scope of the project to determine how widespread this non-photosynthetic activity is among other diatom species. 8．What’s new according to the research?A．The way of the diatom’s carbon accumulation.B．The impact of climate on diverse sea plants.C．The procedure of exploring carbon.D．The system of building biomass.9．What do the new findings make researchers more focus on?A．The causes of climate change.B．The grasp of the carbon cycle.C．The bad effect of photosynthesis on diatoms.D．A rough estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide.10．What do we know from paragraph 3?A．A large number of diatoms may feed on bacteria.B．The diatom lives on plankton.C．Water samples are key factors for the research.D．Diatom species grow faster with sufficient sunlight11．Which is the most suitable title for the text?A．Photosynthesis in Diatoms B．Plankton’s Role in OceansC．New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms D．Advances in Modeling DataAccording to a report in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that non-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the risk of diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpose of non-sugar sweeteners-which contain little to no calories—is to help consumers control their weight and reduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar.In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off?The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results.Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners. These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect. They show that sweeteners modestly benefit weight loss and help control blood sugar, without the negative effects seen in observational research. The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration, often lasting just a few months. So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn’t be able to tell from these RCTs.But we also can’t tell from observational studies, which only measure correlation and not causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situation might be hard, though. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health outcomes.For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs.12．What do the underlined phrase “fend off” probably mean in paragraph 2?A．Put out.B．Defend against.C．Keep up.D．Count on. 13．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A．The WHO’s suggestions on observational studies.B．The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies.C．The significance of controlling variables in observational studies.D．The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report.14．What is a feature of RCTs according to the text?A．They cost little B．They tend to last long.C．They can control variables and determine causality.D．They require participants to self-report related data15．How should the government help RCTs?A．By making appropriate plans B．By providing financial supportC．By raising people’s awareness of health D．By founding more related governmentagenciesTo make science’s stories more concrete and engaging, it’s important to use some effective strategies. Here are four of them. Put people in the storyScience’s stories often lack human characters. 16 . Characters can be also people affected by a scientific topic, or interested in learning more about it. Besides, they can be storytellers who are sharing their personal experiences.17People often think of science as objective and fair. But science is actually a human practice that continuously involves choices, missteps and biases (偏见) . If you explain science as a course, you can walk people through the sequence of how science is done and why researchers reach certain conclusions. 18 . And they can also stress the reason why people should trust the course of science to provide the most accurate conclusions possible given the available information. Include what people care aboutScientific topics are important, but they may not always be the public’s most pressing concerns. In April 2024, a polling company found that “the quality of the environment” was one of thelowest-ranked priorities among people in the US. The stories about the environment could weave in connections to higher-priority topics. 19 . Tell science's storiesScientists, of course, can be science communicators, but everyone can tell science’s stories. When we share information online about health, or talk to friends and family about the weather, we contribute to information that circulates about science topics. 20 . Think about all of a story’s characteristics - character, action, sequence, scope, storyteller and content - and how you might incorporate them into the topic.A．Explain science as a processB．Shoot attractive short science videosC．Scientists themselves can actually become ideal onesD．This practice is to stress why the content is importantE．You can tell growth stories of remarkable teenage scientistsF．Science communicators can emphasize how science is conductedG．You may as well borrow features from stories to strengthen your message二、完形填空In 2018, Molly Baker unfortunately lost her husband in a severe skiing accident. She was 21 . In the first several weeks after his passing, her friends and family 22 a great deal of support. But after a while, the cards and meals started to 23 . “People had to get back to their normal 24 . And so things kind of dropped off,” Baker recalled.That was when one of Baker's friends, Carla Vail, thought up a way to 25 the help for an entire year. She called it the “Calendar Girls”. V ail gathered the names of 31 of Baker's friends who wanted to help, and 26 each friend a particular day. Vail also gave Baker the names on the 27 , so Baker could know what to 28 each day.“And what that looked like for them was that on that day, they would reach out to me in some 29 ways—maybe via text, or a card,” Baker said.Looking back, Baker feels that Vail's 30 was essential to helping her cope with her husband's death, because she was 31 at that time.“A lot of people are really uncomfortable around 32 ,” Baker said. “So what they do is, instead of doing something, that they 33 do nothing. It was nice to have that ‘Calendar Girls’ setup.”Today, Baker tries to do something similar for her friends going through 34 . In hard times, she knows how 35 it is to have something to look forward to every day. 21．A．cautious B．unconscious C．desperate D．impassive 22．A．extended B．demanded C．announced D．assumed 23．A．pass down B．show up C．break up D．slow down24．A．exercise B．routine C．diet D．growth 25．A．resist B．continue C．explain D．test 26．A．ordered B．sent C．owed D．assigned 27．A．furniture B．file C．calendar D．Internet 28．A．expect B．absorb C．propose D．define 29．A．rare B．strange C．specific D．generous 30．A．curiosity B．thoughtfulness C．ambition D．toughness 31．A．innocent B．optimistic C．tolerant D．lonely 32．A．panic B．evidence C．failure D．grief 33．A．simply B．hardly C．skillfully D．secretly 34．A．distraction B．addiction C．loss D．annoyance 35．A．amusing B．valuable C．astonishing D．universal三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
2024届江西省新余市高三下学期二模考试英语试题
2024届江西省新余市高三下学期二模考试英语试题一、阅读理解Some buildings can leave you wondering how on earth they were built. Jaw-dropping architecture is not new. We’re still amazed that the Great Pyramid in Egypt was built 4,500 years ago! Read on for more recent examples of innovative 4 buildings constructed using technology developed in the last century.Krzywy Domek (Crooked House) Sopot, PolandCOMPLETED: 2004SIZE: About three-fourths the size of a football fieldWith its warped 13 walls, curved stained glass, and roof that looks like green dragon scales, Crooked House is popular with photographers. Staring at it for too long might make you dizzy! Inside though is a typical mall and office building. People can shop in the stores, eat in the restaurants and get their haircut in a salon. A favorite feature is the Wall of Fame with signatures from Polish celebrities. It’s modeled after the Hollywood Walk of Fame.Cube Houses Rotterdam, NetherlandsCOMPLETED: 1984SIZE: About one-fourth the size of a basketball courtThe 38 Cube Houses are a popular attraction, but they are also real houses that people live in! The cubes have concrete foundations and floors with a wood-frame living space on top. Cement panels and zinc panels add visual appeal. The furniture is tailor-made to fit the odd angles where the walls meet.Bubble Palace Cannes, FranceCOMPLETED: 1989SIZE: Almost three times the size of a basketball courtThis house may look like a space colony but it’s really a 10-bedroom palace. Made of cave-like bubbles forming a labyrinth (迷宫), it also has ponds, waterfalls, swimming pools, an outdoor theater that seats 500 people, and views of the Mediterranean Sea.Wonderworks Pigeon Forge, TenesseeCOMPLETED: 2006 (Other locations followed)SIZE: About nine-tenths the size of a football fieldLooking at the cracks in this building, you might think, is it about to crumble? And how do they get palm trees and grass to grow upside down? But it’s all an illusion. This indoor amusement park is actually pretty normal. The upside-down features are just for show. Inside are more than 100 hands-on science exhibits and activities, including a laser-tag zone, a hurricane-force wind tunnel, a zero-gravity astronaut-training ride, and a three-story ropes course.1．Which building has the smallest size?A．Wonderworks.B．Cube Houses.C．Bubble Palace.D．Krzywy Domek.2．What can visitors appreciate in Wonderworks?A．The Wall of Fame with signatures from Polish celebrities.B．The tailor-made furniture to fit the strange angles.C．An illusion of palm trees and grass growing upside down.D．A labyrinth formed by cave-like bubbles.3．Where could the passage come from?A．A textbook.B．A tour brochure.C．A magazine.D．A report.A video of a young boy waving to ask his dad for one extra hug before he drives off to work is capturing the hearts of social media users online.Tyler Lobdell shared a 31-second clip on his TikTok page, which now has over 1.5 million views. Lobdell, a father of two, told Good Morning America he had the idea to check his doorbell camera recently when he came across the special moment and couldn’t resist watching it over and over.“I watched it 150 times before I posted it because I’m just watching it and its making me emotional watching it and I just wanted people to feel what I felt watching it.” Lobdell said of hismotivation to share the video of him and his son Isaiah.Lobdell said even though he often showers his sons, Hudson and Isaiah, with hugs and kisses, the boys, who are now 6 and 8, still like to stop him before he leaves for work and occasionally request one more hug from him.“They’ll catch me in the garage or come out, like Isaiah did that morning, and they’ll stop me for an extra hug,” Lobdell, an ironworker in Constantia, New York, explained. “They just do it randomly from time to time and I just love that they do that.”“I always try to make sure that I’m reciprocating that love that they’re trying to show me,” he continued. “It’s a rough world out there and I don’t ever want my kids to ever feel that they can’t show me love or feel in any way that they’re not totally and completely loved by their parents.”Lobdell said he encourages other parents to “be as present as possible” with their kids and take the opportunity to spend time with them because “time flies by so fast”. As for his young sons, Lobdell added that he wants them to know that no matter what they do, he’ll always support them and he’ll always be proud of them.4．What attracted people’s attention about the video?A．Lobdell’s care for his son.B．Isaiah’s love for his father.C．Lobdell’s parenting skills.D．Isaiah’s funny activities.5．Why did Tyler Lobdell post the video?A．To express his gratitude.B．To attract some followers.C．To make his son feel proud.D．To share his personal feelings.6．What does the underlined word “reciprocating” in Paragraph 6 mean?A．Making out.B．Taking over.C．Giving back.D．Setting down. 7．What was Tyler Lobdell’s final advice to other parents?A．Be strict with their children.B．Keep their children company.C．Show respect to their children.D．Praise and motivate their children.When it comes to popular symbols of marriage, one can not look past the wedding ring. The wedding ring serves as a perfect symbol of everlasting love—a ring is a circle and thus has no beginning or end, representing the never-ending union of marriage. Wedding rings have long andrich histories.Evidence suggests that wedding rings were used in ancient Egypt around 6,000 years ago. However, unlike the metals and gemstones used today, they were crafted from materials such as reeds, leather or bone. In the centuries that followed, the wedding ring tradition was picked up in the West, where it spread first in ancient Rome and Greece, subsequently throughout Europe during the Middle Ages and eventually to Eastern culture. Throughout history, the circular shape of the ring has endured, and so has the tradition of wearing it on the fourth finger of the left hand. The latter practice stemmed from an ancient belief that a vein ran directly from this finger to the heart. Although this belief has since been proved false, the custom has persisted.Regarding customs surrounding wedding rings, there was a time when only the bride wore a wedding ring. It wasn’t until the early 20th century that the practice of grooms wearing rings gained popularity. This change was influenced by soldiers going off to war, who wore rings as reminders of their loved ones waiting for them at home. Today, the exchange of wedding rings remains an integral part of the wedding ceremony, symbolizing the commitment and love shared between two individuals embarking on a life together.Wedding rings hold a symbolic significance that binds the two members of a married couple. In an ever-changing world, the wedding ring stands as an ancient tradition that is likely to continue for generations to come, reflecting the timeless and eternal love celebrated through marriage.8．What is the main reason wedding rings are considered symbols of marriage?A．They are made of precious materials.B．They have profound histories.C．They are worn on left hands.D．They have circular shapes.9．According to the passage, what is an example of a common myth instead of a fact?A．Women were wearing wedding rings long before men were.B．One finger on the left hand contains a vein leading to the heart.C．Both ancient Romans and Egyptians wore the ring on the same finger.D．The wedding ring tradition began in Egypt thousands of years ago.10．Which of the following aspects of a wedding ring is NOT discussed in the passage?A．How the tradition of it spread around the world.B．What couples do with their wedding rings.C．How to choose suitable wedding rings.D．Materials used to make early rings.11．How does the author feel about the tradition of wedding rings?A．It will most likely last forever.B．It has already fallen out of date.C．It should be taken more seriously.D．It holds no significance in modern society.Driverless taxicabs, almost certainly coming to a city near you, have freaked out passengers in San Francisco, Phoenix and Austin over the past year. Some documented their experiences on TikTok, like “startled by the empty front seats during a ride to a coffee shop” or “we're making a left turn without using a left hand”.The nervous laughter of anxious TikTokers reminds historian Victor McFarland of the pedestrians who yelled “Get a horse” to unlucky motorists in the 1910s. But McFarland, who teaches at the University of Missouri, says the innovative beasts known as automobiles were more threatening and unfamiliar to people a century ago than driverless cars are to us now. He says, “The early automobiles were noisy and dangerous. They had no seat belts and ran over pedestrians.Contemporary over-scheduled families see benefits of driverless taxis. “If I could have a driverless car drive my daughter to every boring play date, that would transform my life, "Mathieu, a history professor, laughs. She says that larger concerns today include numerous laws that can be broken when no one is at the wheel.A century ago, like now, there were concerns about the future of certain jobs. “A hundred-plus years ago, we were worried about teamsters being out of work,” Mathieu says. Teamsters then drove teams of horses Union members today include truckers, who might soon compete with driverless vehicles in their own dedicated lanes.“You can’t have congestion-free driving just because you constantly build roads,”Peter Norton says, another history professor. Now, he says, is an excellent time to learn from what has not Worked in the past. “It doesn’t automatically get safe just because you have state-of the-art tech.”Historians say we need to stay behind the wheel when it comes to driverless cars. 12．What does the underlined word “startled” mean in Paragraph 1?A．delighted B．satisfied C．embarrassed D．astonished 13．What can we infer from the second paragraph?A．Cars were frightening to people at first.B．Cars were once considered as horses.C．Cars were driven by horses 100 years ago.D．Cars were getting familiar with people. 14．What do historians really mean by saying “we need to stay behind the wheel when it comes to driverless cars.”?A．Putting humans physically behind the wheel.B．Exploring new technology further.C．Building more roads to avoid congestion.D．Getting on top of concerns over driverless.15．What is the best title of the text?A．Driverless Cars: Bridging the Past and PresentB．Driverless Cars: Pioneering a New EraC．Driverless Cars: What History Teaches UsD．Driverless Cars: How Innovations Shape the WorldHow long does it take to become an elite (精英) in your field? 16 That’s what John Hayes, a cognitive psychology professor at Carnegie Mellon University, wanted to know.For decades, Hayes has been investigating the role of effort, practice and knowledge in top performers. 17 The research focused on people like Mozart and Picasso-to determine how long it took them to become world-class at their craft.Let’s talk about what Hayes has discovered about world-class-performers. And more importantly, let’s discuss how you can use these insights to achieve your goals and become your best.18 He analyzed thousands of musical pieces produced from 1685 to 1900. The central question that drove his work was, “How long after one becomes interested in music is it that one becomes world-class?” Eventually, Hayes developed a list of 500 pieces of “masterworks” in the field, which were created by a total of 76 composers.text, Hayes mapped out the timeline of each composers career. 19 What he discovered was that virtually every single “masterwork” was written after the tenth year of thecomposer’s career. Not a single person produced incredible work without putting in a decade of practice first. Even a genius like Mozart had to work for at least ten years before he produced something that became popular. 20In follow-up studies, Hayes found similar patterns among famous painters and popular poets. These findings have been further confirmed by research from professors like K. Anders Ericsson, who produced research that revealed that you needed to put in “10, 000 hours” to become an elite or expert in your field.A．It takes time to achieve your goals.B．And what do people like doing in their spare time?C．He has studied the most talented creators in history.D．Hayes started his research by examining successful composersE．Professor Hayes began to refer to this period as the “ten years of silence”.F．And what do the successful people do differently than the rest of us?G．And then he calculated how long they had been working before they created their popular works.二、完形填空When I first heard about the improv (即兴表演) classes, I was hesitant. As an introvert, I 21 getting on stage. However, it seemed like the 22 opportunity to improve my speaking ability and gain confidence.During our first class, we learned a core 23 of improv: “yes, and.” It means that we accept what fellow performers say. If someone says that rhinos (犀牛) are librarians, we do not question the 24 ; we say “yes” and continue with the scene.I got a 25 of how difficult that was when, in my first scene, my classmate said, “Mom is going to be so mad.” Mad about what? My mind 26 ideas, and my inner critic shot them all down. I 27 landed on an answer: “Yes, we’re going to be late for dinner.” The scene 28 from there, and we finished as two sisters who lost their way on a hiking trail. Over time, I started to enjoy our classes. I never 29 my inner critic entirely, but became better at listening and 30 to my conversation partners.That training proved 31 when my experiments generated unreasonable data. Instead of getting 32 , I kept 33 the data and ended up identifying a new type of cell. If I hadn’t 34 the possibility that the results were real, I would have missed out on the most exciting finding of my Ph. D．so far.Our job as scientists isn’t to generate data that support a preconceived (预想的) story. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth 35 whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. 21．A．forced B．inspired C．expected D．feared 22．A．perfect B．typical C．regular D．casual 23．A．trend B．evidence C．case D．concept 24．A．logic B．answer C．option D．credit 25．A．copy B．range C．taste D．variety 26．A．threw away B．spun out C．wiped out D．picked up 27．A．apparently B．gradually C．gratefully D．eventually 28．A．continued B．abandoned C．preserved D．released 29．A．followed B．silenced C．recalled D．declined 30．A．applying B．relating C．leading D．devoting 31．A．familiar B．basic C．handy D．risky 32．A．embarrassed B．confused C．bored D．discouraged 33．A．exploring B．tracking C．presenting D．recording 34．A．provided B．gathered C．accepted D．desired 35．A．addressing B．investigating C．developing D．promoting三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
TPO38托福阅读答案解析
1. According to paragraph 1, what happens to the light when a specimen is being viewed with a light microscope?A. The light continues unchanged directly into the viewer's eye or onto film.B. A glass lens bends the light to form a magnified image of the specimen.C. The light is projected onto photographic film to produce a blurred image.D. The intensity of the light increases a thousand times.Paragraph 1 is marked with ►答案：B 选项正确解析：本题根据 the light，specimen 和a light microscope 定位到第一段这几句：The first microscopes were light microscopes, which work by passing visible light through a specimen. Glass lenses in the microscope bend the light to magnify the image of the specimen and project the image into the viewer's eye or onto photographic film. 第二句讲了光学显微镜的原理，就是折射光以放大标本的图像，并且把图像投射到观察者的眼睛里或者投射到胶卷上。
选项 B 符合这句话的前半句，正确。
英语演讲机器人简介省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
In1954 ，American George Dvol（乔治·德沃尔） create the world's first programmable robot,（可编程
机器人） and registered patents.
“drudgery, servitude”苦差事，奴役)， create a “robot” is the word. In1942， American science fiction writer Asimov（阿西莫夫） put forward
the "Three Laws of Robotics." 。 In1948， Robert Wiener（ 罗伯特·维纳)published "Cybernetics",
SUGVs
小型战术机器人,小型无人地面 装置,它装配有相机，音响设备 和其它传感器，在战场上可被 用于实时远程爆炸(简易爆炸装 置),以及相关公共安全威胁。 它能够爬上楼梯,进入人类极难 进入或危险区域。
第14页
Medical robot-engaged in the medical or auxiliary
In1978 ，Unimation company developed industrial robot PUMA which means the industrial robot technology has fully matuing forward
第7页
From dream to reality ： the development of robot
Reporter：Song Meiying
高二英语植物基因工程单选题50题
高二英语植物基因工程单选题50题1. In recent research on plant genetic engineering, the main goal is often to ____.A. change the color of plants randomlyB. introduce desirable traits into plantsC. make plants grow slowerD. reduce the number of plant species答案：B。
解析：在植物基因工程中，主要目的是将期望的性状引入植物中，例如提高抗病虫害能力、提高产量等，所以B正确。
A 选项随机改变植物颜色不是主要目的；C选项使植物生长更慢不符合基因工程对植物的改造方向；D选项减少植物物种数量与基因工程的目标背道而驰，基因工程更多是改良植物而不是减少其种类。
2. A significant discovery in plant genetic engineering is that scientists can ____ genes from one plant to another.A. stealB. transferC. copyD. destroy答案：B。
解析：在植物基因工程中，科学家能够将基因从一种植物转移到另一种植物，这是基因工程的关键操作之一，所以B正确。
A选项“steal”偷基因不符合科学事实；C选项“copy”单纯复制基因不是转移基因这种关键操作；D选项“destroy”破坏基因不是基因工程中的常见操作。
3. Plant genetic engineering has been in the news recently for its potential to ____.A. make plants less resistant to diseasesB. increase the use of pesticidesC. create plants with better nutritional valueD. make plants more difficult to cultivate答案：C。
affect in language learning
Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching by Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers
Appropriate Methodology and Social Context by Adrian Holliday Beyond Training by Jack C. Richards Collaborative Language Learning and Teaching edited by David Nunan Communicative Language Teaching by William Littlewood Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching by Christopher Brum®t Course Design by Fraida Dubin and Elite Olshtain Culture Bound edited by Joyce Merrill Valdes Designing tasks for the Communicative Classroom by David Nunan Developing Reading Skills by FrancËoise Grellet Developments in ESP by Tony Dudley-Evans and Maggie Jo St John Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers by Michael McCarthy Discourse and Language Education by Evelyn Hatch English for Academic Purposes by R.R. Jordan English for Speci®c Purposes by Tom Hutchinson and Alan Waters Focus on the Language Classroom by Dick Allwright and Kathleen M. Bailey Foreign and Second Language Learning by William Littlewood Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective edited by Michael Byram and
新托福阅读考试试题
新托福阅读考试试题模拟试题一：The discovery of freezing has changed our eating habits more than any other related invention. Because many foods contain large amounts of water, they freeze solidly at or just below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. When we lower the temperature to well below the freezing point and prevent air from penetrating the food, we retard the natural process of decay that causes food to spoil. Freezing preserves the flavor and nutrients of food better than any other preservation method. When properly prepared and packed, foods and vegetables can be stored in the freezer for one year.Most vegetables and some fruits need blanching before they are frozen, and to avoid this step would be an expensive mistake. The result would be a product largely devoid of vitamins and minerals. Proper blanching curtails the enzyme action, which vegetables require during their growth and ripening but which continues after maturation and will lead to decay unless it is almost entirely stopped by blanching. This process is done in two ways, either byplunging vegetables in a large amount of rapidly boiling water for a few minutes or by steaming them. For steam blanching, it is important that timing begin when the water at the bottom of the pot is boiling. Different vegetables require different blanching times, and specified times for each vegetable must be observed. Under-blanching is like no blanching at all, and over-blanching, while stopping the enzyme action, will produce soggy, discolored vegetables.1.Why does the author mention 32 degrees Fahrenheit?A.To suggest the storage temperature for most foodsB.To identify the freezing point of waterC.To state the correct setting for a freezerD.To give the temperature for blanching2.Why does the author use the term expensive mistake in discussing blanching?A.To state that blanching is expensive but very effectiveB.To warn that not blanching will harm the food’s nutritional valueC.To emphasize the importance of blanching only a few items at a timeD.To show that many people waste food by blanching improperly答案：1.B2.B模拟试题二：The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862–1928) found theatrical dance in the late nineteenthcentury artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than a mere entertainer,and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists. Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on thevoluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principallythrough movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under hercostumes. She rejected the technical virtuosity of movement in ballet, the most prestigiousform of theatrical dance at that time, perhaps because her formal dance training was minimal.Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she was not primarilyinterested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancingemanated from her visual effects. Although she discovered and introduced her art in the United States, she achieved her greatestglory in Paris, where she wasengaged by the Folies Bergère in 1892 and soon became “LaLoie,”the darling of Parisian audiences. Many of her dances represented elements or naturalobjects—Fire, the Lily, the Butterfly, and so on—and thus accorded well with the fashionableArt Nouveau style, which emphasized nature imagery and fluid, sinuous lines. Her dancing alsoattracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their likingfor mystery, their belief in art for art”s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable initself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts tosynthesize form and content.Fuller had scientific leanings and constantly experimented with electrical lighting (which wasthen in its infancy), colored gels, slide projections, and other aspects of stage technology. Sheinvented and patented special arrangements of mirrors and concocted chemical dyes for herdraperies. Her interest in color and light paralleled the research of several artists of the period,notably the painter Seurat, famed for his Pointillist technique of creating a sense of shapes andlight on canvas by applying extremely small dots of color rather than by painting lines.One ofFuller”s major inventions was underlighting, in which she stood on a pane of frosted glassilluminated from underneath. This was particularly effective in her Fire Dance (1895), performedto the music of Richard Wagner”s “Ride of the Valkyries.” The dance caught the eye of artistHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who depicted it in a lithograph.As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of herdances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, she later used scoresby Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravinsky,Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. Shebegan to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancersinvisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. Always open toscientific and technological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curieupon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated thephosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films —then in an early stage ofdevelopment—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) wasplayed byRené Clair, later a leading French film director.At the Paris Exposition in 1900, she had her own theater, where,in addition to her owndances, she presented pantomimes by the Japanese actress Sada Yocco. She assembled an all-female company at this time and established a school around 1908, but neither survived her.Although she is remembered today chiefly for her innovations in stage lighting, her activitiesalso touched Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, two other United States dancers who wereexperimenting with new types of dance. She sponsored Duncan”s first appearance in Europe.Her theater at the Paris Exposition was visited by St. Denis, who found new ideas aboutstagecraft in Fuller”s work and fresh sources for her art in Sada Yocco”s plays. In 1924 St.Denis paid tribute to Fuller with the duet Valse à la Loie.Paragraph 1: The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862–1928) found theatrical dance in thelate nineteenth century artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than amere entertainer, and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists.1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about theatrical dancein the late nineteenthcentury?○It influenced many artists outside of the field of dance.○It was very similar to theatrical dance of the early nineteenth century.○It was more a form of entertainment than a form of serious art.○It was a relatively new art form in the United States.Paragraph 2: Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights andcolors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motionprincipally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed underher costumes. She rejected the technical virtuosity of movement in ballet, the mostprestigious form of theatrical dance at that time, perhaps because her formal dance trainingwas minimal. Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she wasnot primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of herdancing emanated from her visual effects.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are characteristic of Fuller”s type of danceEXCEPT○experimentation using color○large and full costumes○continuous movement of her costumes○ technical virtuosity of movement3. The word prestigious in the passage is closest in meaning to○highly regarded○financially rewarding○demanding○serious4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.○Fuller was more interested in dance”s visual impact than in its narrative or emotionalpossibilities.○Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work.○Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.○Fuller”s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted fromher early theatrical training as anactress.Paragraph 3: Although she discovered and introduced her art in the United States, she achievedher greatest glory in Paris, where she was engaged by the Folies Bergère in 1892 and soonbecame “La Loie,” the darling of Parisian audiences. Many of her dances represented elements ornatural objects—Fire, the Lily, the Butterfly, and so on—and thus accorded well with thefashionable Art Nouveau style, which emphasized nature imagery and fluid, sinuous lines. Herdancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealedto their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art”s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art isvaluable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and theirefforts to synthesize form and content.5. The word engaged in the passage is closest in meaning to○noticed○praised○hired○attracted6. The word synthesize in the passage is closest in meaning to○improve○define○simplify○integrate7. According to paragraph 3, why was Fuller”s work well received in Paris?○Parisian audiences were particularly interested in artists and artistic movements from theUnited States.○Influential poets tried to interest dancers in Fuller”s work when she arrived in Paris.○Fuller”s work at this time borrowed directly from French artists working in other media.○Fuller”s dances were in harmony with the artistic values already present in Paris.Paragraph 4: Fuller had scientific leanings and constantly experimented with electrical lighting(which was then in its infancy), colored gels, slide projections, and other aspects of stagetechnology. She invented and patented special arrangements of mirrors and concocted chemicaldyes for her draperies. Her interest in color and light paralleled the research of several artists oftheperiod, notably the painter Seurat, famed for his Pointillist technique of creating a sense ofshapes and light on canvas by applying extremely small dots of color rather than by paintinglines. One of Fuller”s major inventions was underlighting, in which she stood on a pane offrosted glass illuminated from underneath. This was particularly effective in her Fire Dance(1895), performed to the music of Richard Wagner”s “Ride of the Valkyries.” The dance caughtthe eye of artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who depicted it in a lithograph.8. According to paragraph 4, Fuller”s Fire Dance was notable in part for its○use of colored gels to illuminate glass○use of dyes and paints to create an image of fire○technique of lighting the dancer from beneath○draperies with small dots resembling the Pointillist technique of SeuratParagraph 5: As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the otheraspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, shelater used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner,eventually graduatingto Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then consideredprogressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea,in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights.Always open to scientific and technological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie andPierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated thephosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films—then in an early stage ofdevelopment—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) wasplayed by René Clair, later a leading French film director.9. Why does the author mention Fuller”s The Sea?○To point out a dance of Fuller”s in which music did not play an important role○ To explain why Fuller sometimes used music by progressive composers○To illustrate a particular way in which Fuller developed as an artist○To illustrate how Fuller”s interest in science was reflected in her work10. The word agitated in the passage is closest in meaning to○emerged from beneath○created movement in○arranged themselves in○pretended to beParagraph 6: At the Paris Exposition in 1900, she had her own theater, where, in addition toher own dances, she presented pantomimes by the Japanese actress Sada Yocco. Sheassembled an all-female company at this time and established a school around 1908, butneither survived her. Although she is remembered today chiefly for her innovations in stagelighting, her activities also touched Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, two other UnitedStates dancers who were experimenting with new types of dance. She sponsored Duncan”s firstappearance in Europe. Her theater at the Paris Exposition was visited by St. Denis, who foundnew ideas about stagecraft in Fuller”s work and fresh sources for her art in Sada Yocco”s plays.In 1924 St. Denis paid tribute to Fuller with the duet Valse à la Loie.11. According to paragraph 6, what was true of Fuller”s theater at the Paris Exposition?○It presented some works that were not by Fuller.○It featured performances by prominent male as well as female dancers.○It became a famous school that is still named in honor of Fuller.○It continued to operate as a theater after Fuller died.12. The passage mentions which of the following as a dance of Fuller”s that was set to music?○Fire Dance○Radium Dance○Le Lys de la Vie○Valse à la LoieParagraph 5: As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the otheraspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, shelater used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduatingto Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then consideredprogressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea,in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights.Always open to scientific andtechnological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie andPierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated thephosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films—then in an early stage ofdevelopment—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) wasplayed by René Clair, later a leading French film director.13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added tothe passage.For all her originality in dance, her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artisticmedia.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.Loie Fuller was an important and innovative dancer.Answer Choices1. Fuller believed that audiences in the late nineteenthcentury had lost interest in mosttheatrical dance.2. Fuller transformed dance in part by creating dance interpretations of works by poets andpainters.3. Fuller”s work influenced a number of other dancers who were interested in experimentaldance.4. Fuller introduced many technical innovations to the staging of theatrical dance.5. Fuller continued to develop throughout her career, creating more complex works andexploring new artistic media.6. By the 1920”s, Fuller”s theater at the Paris Exhibition had become the world center forinnovative dance.。
内科常用英文名称缩写,考试临床用
内科常用英文名称缩写5-HT：5羟色氨A：阿糖胞苷AA：再障AcA：抗着丝点抗体ACEIAchR：乙酰胆碱受体ACTH：促肾上腺皮质激素Adam -Stoke syndrome：阿斯综合征Addison disease：阿迪森病（原发性甲状腺功能减退）ADH：抗利尿激素ADPKD：成人型多囊肾AGI：葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂AGN：急性肾炎AIDP：急性炎性脱髓鞘多发性神经病AIDS：艾滋病AIHA：自身免疫性溶血性贫血AIN：急性间质性肾炎AITD：免疫性甲状腺病AL：急性白血病ALG：抗淋巴细胞球蛋白ALI：急性肺损伤ALL：急淋Alport：遗传性肾炎AMI：心梗ANCA：抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体ANCA：中性粒细胞胞浆抗体ANLL（AML）：急非淋ARB：血管紧张素受体阻滞剂ARDS：急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARF：急性肾衰竭ARVC：心律失常型右室心肌病AS：强直性脊柱炎ASD：房缺ATD：抗甲状腺药ATG：抗胸腺细胞球蛋白ATN：急性肾小管坏死ATN：急性肾小管坏死Auer小体：见于ANLLAUNRT：房室结内折返心动过速Ausin-Flint：主闭时相对性二狭A VP：加压素（即ADH）AZT；叠氧脱氧胸苷BAL：支气管肺泡灌洗BAO：基础胃泌酸量Barrett溃疡：见于胃食管反流病Barrett食管：见于胃食管反流病BCAA：支链氨基酸BCG：卡介苗BD：白塞病BDP：支气管舒张试验Bell麻痹：面神经炎BMT：骨髓移植BOOP：机化性肺炎Bouchard结节：见于OABPT：支气管激发试验C：环磷酰氨CABG：冠状动脉搭桥Cabot环：骨髓红细胞代偿性增生部分红细胞含核碎片CagA：细胞毒素相关蛋白(Hp毒力主要标志)CAP：社区获得性肺炎CAPD：腹膜透析CCB：钙拮抗剂CCU：监护室CEAChushing syndrcome：皮质醇增多征CI：心脏指数CIC：循环免疫复合物CLL：慢淋CML：慢粒CNS -L：中枢神经系统白血病CO：碳氧血红蛋白CO2麻醉：肺性脑病Coombs：抗人球蛋白试验Courvoisier征综合征：胰腺癌时因胆汁淤积可扪及肿大的胆囊CP：慢性胰腺炎CPAP：持续气道正压通气CPR：心肺复苏CREST综合征：见于系统性硬化病CRF：慢性肾衰竭CRH：促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素Crohn（CD）：克隆恩病CRP：C-反应蛋白CTD：结缔组织病CTX；环磷酰胺Curhing溃疡：中枢神经系统病变所致应激性溃疡Curling溃疡：烧伤所致应激性溃疡Cushing病：其中最多为垂体ACTH分泌亢进所致的临床类型Cushing综合征：各种原因致肾上腺皮质分泌过多糖皮质激素所致病症的总称D：柔红霉素DA：多巴胺DCM：扩张型心肌病De Musset：点头征DI：尿崩症DICDKA：糖尿病酮症酸中毒DM：特发性肌炎DMARD：改变病情抗风湿药DPB：弥漫性泛支气管炎DSA：数字减影血管造影EACA：6氨基己酸Ebstein畸形：三尖瓣下移畸形EHF：流行性出血热Epo：红细胞生成素ERCP：经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影ESR：血沉EST：oddi括约肌切开术Ewart征：心包积液征FD：功能性消化不良FD：功能性消化不良Felty：见于类风湿性关节炎FEV1%：FEV1/预计值FEV1/FVC%：第一秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量FPG：空腹血糖FSNGN：局灶节段性肾炎FT3：血游离三碘甲腺原氨酸FT4：血游离甲状腺素G6PD：葡萄糖6磷酸脱氢酶Gaisbock综合征：真性红细胞增多征伴高血压而脾不大GBM：抗肾小球基底膜抗体GBM：肾小球基底膜GBS：格林巴利综合征GDM：妊娠糖尿病GERD：胃食管返流病GGT：谷氨酰转肽酶GH：生长激素GHRH：促生长激素释放激素GHRH：人工合成人生长激素Gibson杂音：机器样杂音GO：浸润性突眼Good pasture综合征：肺出血肾炎综合征Gottron：见于皮肌炎Gout：痛风GPI：糖基磷酰酯肌醇Graham-Steel杂音：二狭时相对性肺动脉瓣关闭不全Graves病（GD）：毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿Grey-Turner：见于出血坏死性胰腺炎GRF：肾小球滤过率Guller：见于出血坏死性胰腺炎H：阿霉素H2RA：H2阻滞剂HA：溶血性贫血Hamman征：见于左气胸或纵隔气肿HAP：医院获得性肺炎HbH：血红蛋白病HCM：肥厚型心肌病HE：肝性脑病Heberden结节：见于OAHeinz小体：海因小体HFRS：肾综合征出血热hGH：基因重组人生长激素HIV；人免疫缺陷病毒HL(HD)：霍奇金病HLA：组织相容抗原Hornen：霍纳综合征Houssay：见于巨人症Howell-jolly小体：骨髓红细胞代偿性增生部分红细胞含核碎片HTLV：人类T细胞白血病淋巴瘤病毒IABP：主动脉内球囊反搏术IBS：肠预激综合征IC：肾小球内免疫复合物ICD：植入式心脏复律除颤器ICU：重症监护病房IE：心内膜炎IFA：内因子抗体IgAN：IgA肾病IIM：特发性炎症性肌病（包括DM，PM）IIP：特发性间质性肺炎ILD：间质性肺病INF：干扰素IPF：特发性肺间质纤维化IR：胰岛素抵抗IR：胰岛素抵抗ITP：特发性血小板减少性紫癜Janeway损害：见于感染性心内膜炎KD：克山病（地方性心肌病）Koch：科赫现象Krukenberg：库伯氏瘤Kussmaul征：见于缩窄性心包炎LE：狼疮细胞LES：下食道括约肌LHRHLLT：鳖溶解物试验LMWH：低分子肝素L-T4：左甲状腺素LVEF：左心室射血分数（正常>50%）LVFX：左氧M：氮芥MA：巨幼红细胞性贫血MAO：最大胃泌酸量Mb：肌红蛋白MCH：平均血红蛋白含量MCHC：平均血红蛋白浓度MCTD：混合型结缔组织病MCV：平均红细胞体积MDI：气雾吸入MDR-TB：耐多药PTBMDS：骨髓增生异常综合征MDS；骨髓增生异常综合征MEN：多发性内分泌腺瘤Menetrier病：为特殊类型胃炎的一种MG：重症肌无力MM：多发性骨髓瘤MM：他巴唑MODY：青少年中成年发病糖尿病MPA：镜下型多血管炎MRSA：耐甲氧西林金葡菌株MSH：促黑色素细胞生成素MTU：甲基硫氧嘧啶MTX：甲氨碟呤M样症状：毒蕈碱症状NAP：中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶NHL：非霍奇金病NS：肾病综合症NSAID：非甾体类药物NSAID溃疡：NSAID所致应激性溃疡NSCLC：非小细胞肺癌N样症状：烟碱症状O：长春新碱OA：骨关节炎OFLX：氧氟沙星OGTT：葡萄糖耐量试验OP：骨疏松症Orther综合征：PPH时增大的肺动脉压迫喉返神经致声嘶OSAS：睡眠呼吸暂停综合征Osler结节：见于感染性心内膜炎P：甲基苄肼P：泼尼松PAM-1：解磷定PAMBA：氨甲苯酸PAN：结节性多动脉炎Pancoast：肺上沟瘤PCA：壁细胞抗体PCI：冠脉内支架植入PCM：限制型心肌病PCP：卡氏肺囊虫肺炎PCWP：肺小动脉契压PDA：动脉导管未闭PE：血浆置换PEEPPEF：呼气流量峰值PET：正电子计算机体层扫描PG：前列腺素PIE：肺嗜酸粒细胞浸润征Plummer-Vinson：缺铁性贫血时咽下时梗阻感Plummer病：毒性结节性甲状腺肿PM：特发性皮肌炎PNH：阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿POX：过氧化物酶PPH：原发性肺动脉高压PPI：质子泵抑制剂PRCA：纯红细胞性再障PRL：泌乳素瘤pSS：干燥综合征PSVT：室上速PTCA：经皮腔内冠状动脉成型术PTE：肺栓塞PTH：甲状旁腺激素PTU：丙基硫氧嘧啶PWP：毛细血管压力Quervain甲状腺炎：亚急性甲状腺炎RA：类风湿性关节炎RA：难治性贫血RAAS：肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统RAI；放射碘治疗Reiter(RS)：血清阴性脊柱关节病的一种RF：类风湿因子RFCA：导管射频消融术Roth斑：见于感染性心内膜炎RPGN：急进性肾炎RTA：急性肾小管酸中毒SAARD：慢作用抗风湿药SAB：窦房阻止SASP：柳氮磺氨嘧啶Schmidt综合征：原发性甲减伴肾上腺皮质功能减退和1型糖尿病Schonlein-Henoch综合征：过敏性紫癜Schonlein型：过敏性紫癜关节型SCLC：小细胞肺癌Shock：休克SK：链接酶SLE：系统性红斑狼疮SLE：系统性红斑狼疮SpA：脊柱关节病SS：生长抑素SSc：系统性硬化症SSS：病窦综合征T1DM：1型糖尿病T2DM：2型糖尿病TACE：肝动脉栓塞化疗TC：血总胆固醇TG：血总甘油三酯THAM：3.64%氨基丁三醇（用于酸中毒）TPP：周期性瘫痪Traube征：枪击音TRH：促甲状腺素释放激素TSH：促甲状腺素TT3：血总三碘甲腺原氨酸TT4：血总甲状腺素UA：不稳定性心绞痛UC：溃疡性结肠炎UIP：寻常性间质性肺炎UK：尿激酶V：长春新碱VacA：空泡毒素蛋白(Hp毒力主要标志)Valsalva动作：室上速刺激迷走神经深呼吸Velcro：肺部爆裂音VSD：室缺vWD：血管性血友病WG：韦格纳肉芽肿病Whipple三联征：低血糖三联征WPW综合征：预激综合征Zollinger-Ellison综合征：胃泌素瘤。
2024全国高考真题英语汇编：阅读理解D篇
2024全国高考真题英语汇编阅读理解D篇一、阅读理解（2024·浙江·高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?A．Take an examination alone.B．Share their treats with others.C．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.D．Show respect for the researchers.2．According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needsC．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit D．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains 3．What does the author suggest readers do?A．Be selective information consumers.B．Absorb new information readily.C．Use diverse information sources.D．Protect the information environment.4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Later, the BetterC．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans（2024·全国·高考真题）In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species inan area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”5．What do we know about the records of species collected now?A．They are becoming outdated.B．They are mostly in electronic form.C．They are limited in number.D．They are used for public exhibition.6．What does Daru’s study focus on?A．Threatened species.B．Physical specimens.C．Observational data.D．Mobile applications.7．What has led to the biases according to the study?A．Mistakes in data analysis.B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C．Improper way of sampling.D．Unreliable data collection devices.8．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A．Review data from certain areas.B．Hire experts to check the records.C．Confirm the identity of the users.D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.（2024·全国·高考真题）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) thatpowers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.9．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A．If read by someone poorly educated.B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.C．If written by someone less competent.D．If translated by someone unacademic.10．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?A．It is packed with complex codes.B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.C．It provides step-by-step instructions.D．It is intended for AI professionals.11．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?A．Observe existing regulations on it.B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?A．To recommend a book on AI.B．To give a brief account of AI history.C．To clarify the definition of AI.D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.（2024·全国·高考真题）“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosingwhat to read became easier.But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.13．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?A．To discuss a novel.B．To submit a book report.C．To argue for a writer.D．To ask for a reading list.14．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.B．Readers are often carried away by character.C．Each type of literature has its unique end.D．A story which begins well will end well.15．What is expected of a good ending?A．It satisfies readers’ taste.B．It fits with the story development.C．It is usually positive.D．It is open for imagination.16．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?A．To give examples of great novelists.B．To stress the theme of this issue.C．To encourage writing for the magazine.D．To recommend their new books.（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.17．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code?A．Living conditions were the drive.B．Unwritten rules were the target.C．Social tradition was the basis.D．Honesty was the key.18．What can we learn from this passage?A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies.B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms.C．Language capacity is limited by self-control.D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 19．Which would be the best title for this passage?A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-disciplineC．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality参考答案1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。
天域全国名校协作体2024-2025学年高三上学期10月联考英语试题
天域全国名校协作体2024-2025学年高三上学期10月联考英语试题一、阅读理解Adventure. New experiences. Interesting people. Read about other people’s exciting travels around the world with these three books.Is That Bike Diesel, Mate?: One man, one bike and the first Lap Around Australia on Used Cooking Oil by Paul CarterThere are lots of ways to travel around Australia. You could do it by plane, train or car. But author Paul Carter decided to tour the country on a homemade motorcycle that runs on cooking oil. Why? the author worked in the oil industry for many years, and was keen to explore alternative fuels.So, he bought the unusual bike from a group of Australian university students (who had built it themselves)and set off. On route, he has lots of amusing experiences. He almost dies in a crash and he even attempts to break the land speed record for a motorbike running .You Are Awful (But I Like You) Travels Through Unloved Britain by Tim MooreTravel writers usually go to the best destinations. But not Tim Moore. In the book, Tim travels to the worst places in the UK. Follow him as he heads to “the bleakest towns, the worst hotels and the scariest pubs”. And to make matters worse, he does it in the middle of winter. “My primary challenge was to have a good time in places that everyone had said I wouldn’t,” said the author. And he does meet lots of quirky characters and discovers that even Britain’s ugliest parts have an inner beauty.Coasting: A Private Voyage by Jonathan RabanIn 1982, author Jonathan Raban bought a boat and navigated Britain. And this is the book about his adventure. Along the way he gets caught in a few storms, explores seaside towns and even takes his aging parents along for part of the journey. Raban also uses his time at sea to think about how 1980s Britain is changing under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.1．What is special of Paul Carter’s travel?A．He breaks the land speed record.B．He uses an unconventional fuel.C．His aging parents accompanies him.D．His motorcycle almost dies in a crash.2．What challenge does TimMoore face while traveling in the UK?A．Searching for alternative fuels.B．Surviving heavy storms at sea.C．Enduring the freezing cold in winter.D．Enjoying himself in unattractive places.3．What do the three books have in common?A．They share practical travel advice for tourists.B．They compare different modes of transportation.C．They explore unique and challenging travel experiences.D．They offer alternative fuel sources and their applications.For 15 years I read the books, took the courses and downloaded the apps to try to become a better person. Nevertheless, none of it helped.I was in my mid-20s when I fell into one of the most toxic relationships of my life. I remember buying my first self-help book, which promised I could be healed of anything. I devoured it in days and was hooked.Over the next 15 years, I bought hundreds of self-help books, courses and apps, and tracked down every self-styled personal improvement expert in the hope that they could teach me how to become happier, more confident and more lovable.Growing up in an environment of addiction and domestic conflict made me vulnerable to the industry’s promises of self-improvement. I believed self-help authors could be the instructors I had never found. My dependency became strong after my father died in 2022. I managed to spend an enormous amount of time reading about how to grieve well instead of doing the right things:sitting with my feelings, allowing myself to cry and processing the loss.My obsession (痴迷) with self-help had become toxic, and something had to give. It started to dawn on me that instead of helping me, the advice was making me feel worse.I talked with a loved one and recognized that in trying to change my life, I was trying to change things that were out of my control. Instead of focusing on who I wanted to become, I hadto quit self-help to learn and accept who I really was. Spending time alone, often walking, and listening to my thoughts without trying to silence or change them helped.Since I quit my self-help cane, I’ve realized that focusing all my energy on improving myself can really suck the joy out of life. It makes happiness conditional:only when I look that way can I be loved. It can also stop me from unconditionally accepting my imperfectly perfect self. After a long time, I am finally coming round to the idea that perhaps I never needed fixing at all. 4．Why did the author become obsessed with self-help materials?A．To escape from her family.B．To overcome personal failures.C．To look for a way to kill time.D．To find guides to better herself.5．What can we learn about the author from Para. 4?A．She often quarreled with her siblings in childhood.B．She became stronger after her father passed away.C．Her upbringing environment greatly influenced her.D．Her long time of reading helped her out of feeling bad.6．What caused the author to quit her obsession?A．The death of her father.B．A conversation with a loved one.C．The suggestion from an instructor.D．An app on self-improvement.7．What does the author want to convey in the text?A．Embracing the true self.B．Focusing on the strengths.C．Seeking professional advice.D．Cultivating the positive thinking.The ocean covers almost three-quarters of the planet. Were all the planet’s water placed over the United States, it would form a column of liquid 132km tall. The ocean provides 3bn people with almost a fifth of their protein (making fish a bigger source of the stuff than beef).Climate and weather systems depend on the temperature patterns of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere. If anything ought to be too big to fail, it is the ocean.Humans have long assumed that the ocean’s size allowed them to put anything they wanted into it and to take anything they wanted out. However, changing temperatures and chemistry, overfishing and pollution have stressed its ecosystems for decades.The ocean stores more than nine-tenths of the heat trapped on Earth by greenhouse-gas emissions. Consequently, coral reefs are suffering. Scientists expect almost all corals to be gone by 2050. By the middle of the century the ocean could contain more plastic than fish by weight. Ground down into tiny pieces, it is eaten by fish and then by people, with uncertain effects on human health. Nevertheless, appetite for fish grows: almost 90% of stocks are fished either at or beyond their sustainable limits. The ocean nurtures humanity. Humanity treats it with contempt.Such self-destructive behavior demands explanation. Unarguably, the ocean being subject to a series of laws and agreements, enforcement is hard. Apart from this, two reasons stand out. One is geography. The bulk of the ocean is beyond the horizon and below the waterline. The damage being done to its health is visible in a few liminal places. But for the most part, the sea is out of sight and out of mind. It is telling that there is only a single fleeting reference to the ocean in the Paris agreement on climate change.Second, the ocean is a victim of other bigger processes. The emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is changing the marine environment along with the rest of the planet. The ocean has warmed by 0. 7℃ since the 19th century, damaging corals and encouraging organisms to migrate towards the poles for cooler waters. Greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the water are making it more acidic, harming creatures such as crabs and oysters, whose calcium carbonate shells suffer as marine chemistry alters.8．What is paragraph 1 mainly about?A．The vastness of the ocean.B．The significance of the ocean.C．The ecosystem of the ocean.D．The climate of the ocean.9．How does the author convey his message in paragraph 3?A．By listing current problems.B．By providing research data.C．By citing expert opinions.D．By comparing different ecosystems.10．Why does the author mention “the Paris agreement on climate change” in paragraph 4?A．To show people often disobey it.B．To tell us people seldom refer to it.C．To remind us the ocean is vital to man.D．To prove ocean protection is overlooked.11．What will the author probably write next?A．How to tap into the ocean.B．How to research into the ocean.C．How to rise to the challenges of the ocean.D．How to raise people’s environmental awareness.In higher education, where meritocracy (任人唯贤)and objectivity are highly valued, one might assume that the alphabetical order of students’ surnames plays no role in determining their academic success. However, recent research suggests otherwise.A study conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan, analyzing over 30 million grading records, reveals a surprising finding: students with surnames that appear earlier in the alphabet tend to receive higher grades compared to their counterparts with later alphabetical placements. This bias is particularly striking in large classes or courses where assignments are submitted digitally through platforms like Canvas, a widely used online learning management system. Systems like this typically arrange student submissions alphabetically by default (系统默认). As a result, students with surnames towards the end of the alphabet, such as those starting with Y or Z, tend to receive lower grades on average compared to their peers with surnames from the beginning of the alphabet.This phenomenon is attributed to an effect known as “sequential grading bias”, which refers to an unintentional advantage or disadvantage that students may face due to the order in which their work is evaluated. For example, job interview candidates who are interviewed later in the day may be rated more harshly compared to those who went earlier. In the context of alphabeticalordering, instructors often begin grading from the top of the list, where surnames starting with letters like A or B appear. This initial advantage can unintentionally influence grading patterns, where early papers might receive more favorable assessments compared to those evaluated later. However, the exams that are graded in the reverse order in which they are submitted may show an opposite trend.Educational institutions and policymakers are encouraged to explore alternative grading strategies that mitigate alphabetical biases. Suggestions include randomized grading orders, nameless submissions, or deliberate efforts to counteract first impressions through diverse evaluation criteria. By addressing these biases proactively, institutions can foster fairer and more inclusive learning environments where student performance is evaluated impartially based on merit rather than surname placement.12．Why does the author mention Canvas in the context of the study?A．To promote the use of digital platforms for academic purposes.B．To highlight the popularity of online learning management systems.C．To emphasize the impact of digital learning platforms on grading biases.D．To demonstrate the diverse grading standards of digital learning platforms.13．In the last paragraph, what does the underlined word “mitigate” mean?A．Complicate.B．Simplify.C．Fuel.D．Reduce.14．According to the text, one suggested alternative grading strategy should be based on_________.A．the student’s surnameB．random grading sequenceC．random first impressionD．the student’s submission time15．Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?A．Inequality Issues via Digital Learning SystemsB．Strategies for Overcoming Bias in Grading SystemsC．Unintended Consequences of Alphabetical GradingD．The Cause of Sequential Grading on Student PerformanceLife is filled with numerous victories and downfalls; what matters is how you tackle each situation. Whether it is your schooling or a serious life struggle, we must learn to turn the page and change our life for the better. 16You might find yourself in a dead end. 17 This will help you mark your future decisions. Everything that you faced until now was just a part of the problem and everything that comes after the line will be part of the solution. Don’t take the whole thing as suffering; instead, it is a learning experience. Make sure that you won’t let anything hold you back and will try to be better each day.When handling a tough situation, you may need some extra help. Connect with people that have gone through the same trials as you have. During the interactions, you will notice the different patterns which made them successful. 18 Their experiences are beneficial to uplifting your spirit and truly help you out.Another amazing approach is to make sensible and favorable choices for yourself. Engaging in battles and struggles is going to be very hard. 19 Picture your goals in your mind and make sensible steps towards them with each passing day. Remember to do what actually works and make sure that nothing stands in your way.The past is a part of your history, but not a part of your destiny. Life moves on and so should we. 20 The new chapter of your life is coming for you.A．Now it’s your turn to think outside the box.B．We must forgive ourselves to begin the next chapter.C．Here’ s how you can create a new chapter in your life.D．What you can do in this situation is draw a mental line.E．However, giving up and being stuck in pain will be even harder.F．Let your tears and sweat water the seeds of your future happiness.G．Besides, you will obtain the motivation you can’t find in yourself.二、完形填空Dress shopping for my thirty-year high school reunion had become very frustrating because I’d gained weight over the years.How could I attend the reunion looking like this? I felt embarrassed and ashamed. I finally 21 on a simple black dress, one size bigger, so it would be 22 and cover my body.That evening I tried on the dress again in front of the mirror at home. The dress looked 23 ! Just then, my husband and son walked in. “Mom, what are you wearing?” My son giggled. “That dress is too big!” My husband 24 .I looked at my 25 once more; I looked like I was wearing a sack. I don’t know what came over me, but I started to laugh 26 happy tears fell. It must have been 27 because we all stood there roaring with 28 .I 29 the dress the next day and I bought a red, 30 dress! This time when I stood in front of the mirror, I couldn’t believe it — I loved what I saw. “Wow, you’re beautiful!” my husband said, when I 31 around to show him.On the day of the reunion I was 32 . I timidly walked into the venue. Just then, one of my friends ran over to hug me. “You look amazing with that cute dress!” she said, excited. That evening I talked, laughed and danced the night away.That was a turning point for me. Since then, I have learned to embrace my body 33 hiding it. I realized later that those dresses I 34 didn’t look bad on my body; it was my lack of 35 that made them look bad. My reflection in the mirror was the reflection of my lack of security.21．A．settled B．worked C．insisted D．took 22．A．straight B．shabby C．loose D．delicate 23．A．amazing B．strange C．elegant D．horrible 24．A．agreed B．argued C．answered D．expected 25．A．mirror B．reflection C．shadow D．size 26．A．when B．unless C．until D．though 27．A．worthwhile B．ambitious C．infectious D．familiar 28．A．anger B．approval C．surprise D．laughter29．A．returned B．withdrew C．ordered D．delivered 30．A．bright-looking B．long-lasting C．fast-updating D．well-fitting 31．A．wandered B．spun C．looked D．sat 32．A．pleased B．nervous C．upset D．frustrated 33．A．instead of B．apart from C．regardless of D．other than 34．A．tried on B．came across C．give away D．turned down 35．A．discipline B．determination C．attention D．confidence三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
中考英语科技创新的生态系统构建单选题40题
中考英语科技创新的生态系统构建单选题40题1.In the field of technology innovation, a(n) _____ is a person who comes up with new ideas.A.inventorB.scientistC.engineerD.artist答案：A。
本题考查名词辨析。
inventor 发明家，在科技创新领域，能想出新点子的人是发明家。
scientist 科学家，主要从事科学研究；engineer 工程师，主要负责设计和建造；artist 艺术家，与科技创新关系不大。
2.The _____ of a new product often takes a long time.A.developmentB.productionC.salee答案：A。
本题考查名词辨析。
development 发展，新产品的发展通常需要很长时间。
production 生产；sale 销售；use 使用，这三个选项都不符合“takes a long time”的描述。
3.In the ecosystem of technological innovation, _____ play an important role.paniesernmentsC.schoolsD.families答案：A。
本题考查名词辨析。
在科技创新的生态系统中，公司通常是进行科技创新的主体，所以companies 公司发挥重要作用。
governments 政府主要起引导和支持作用；schools 学校主要是教育机构；families 家庭与科技创新生态系统关系不大。
4.A(n) _____ is a tool used in technological innovation to solve specific problems.A.instrumentB.applianceC.equipmentD.furniture答案：A。
自闭症的知觉特异性与知觉功能促进化理论
N-back 工作记忆任务
左侧顶叶激活较强，与前额 右侧额叶和顶叶激活， 颞叶下
叶区域活动联系密切
方和枕叶后方有更多的激活
否
Müller 等人 [24]
枕 区 和 额 叶 皮 层 （BA8 和 10）的激活
否
Pierce 等人 [25]
面孔识别任务
顶下回、颞上沟、杏仁核激 杏仁核没有被激活， 显示独特
心理研究 Psychological Research 2012，5（4）：13-19
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自闭症的知觉特异性与知觉功能促进化理论
吴 冉 徐光兴
（华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院，上海 200062）
摘 要：知觉特异性是自闭症的典型症状之一，掌握自闭症的特异性知觉特征对理解自闭症的认知、行为及其诊断、治疗有重要意 义。 21 世纪初提出的知觉功能促进化理论很好地解释了自闭症的知觉特异性特征，引起了科学研究与临床领域的重视。 本文介绍 了自闭症的知觉功能促进化理论及其发展，并以该理论为框架，介绍自闭症的知觉特异性特征及其对自闭症行为特征的影响，期 望通过对知觉特异性特征的理解和理论反思，能够对自闭症的教育与治疗有所裨益。 关键词：自闭症；知觉特异性；知觉功能促进化
1 引言
自闭症被定义为一种特殊类型的广泛性发展 障 碍 ，自 从 Kanner 和 Asperger 几 乎 同 时 首 次 对 自 闭症进行了描述后［1－2］，自闭症复杂的病 因 、症 状 就 吸引了很多研究者的目光。 特异性的知觉功能是 自闭症典型的特征之一。 越来越多研究证据表明， 知觉特异性在自闭症的行为和认知表型中具有突 出作用。
通讯作者：徐光兴，男，教授，博士生导师。 Email: gxxu@
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心理
内科常用英文名称缩写-考试临床用
内科常用英文名称缩写5-HT：5羟色氨A：阿糖胞苷AA：再障AcA：抗着丝点抗体ACEIAchR：乙酰胆碱受体ACTH：促肾上腺皮质激素Adam -Stoke syndrome：阿斯综合征Addison disease：阿迪森病（原发性甲状腺功能减退）ADH：抗利尿激素ADPKD：成人型多囊肾AGI：葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂AGN：急性肾炎AIDP：急性炎性脱髓鞘多发性神经病AIDS：艾滋病AIHA：自身免疫性溶血性贫血AIN：急性间质性肾炎AITD：免疫性甲状腺病AL：急性白血病ALG：抗淋巴细胞球蛋白ALI：急性肺损伤ALL：急淋Alport：遗传性肾炎AMI：心梗ANCA：抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体ANCA：中性粒细胞胞浆抗体ANLL（AML）：急非淋ARB：血管紧张素受体阻滞剂ARDS：急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARF：急性肾衰竭ARVC：心律失常型右室心肌病AS：强直性脊柱炎ASD：房缺ATD：抗甲状腺药ATG：抗胸腺细胞球蛋白ATN：急性肾小管坏死ATN：急性肾小管坏死Auer小体：见于ANLLAUNRT：房室结内折返心动过速Ausin-Flint：主闭时相对性二狭A VP：加压素（即ADH）AZT；叠氧脱氧胸苷BAL：支气管肺泡灌洗BAO：基础胃泌酸量Barrett溃疡：见于胃食管反流病Barrett食管：见于胃食管反流病BCAA：支链氨基酸BCG：卡介苗BD：白塞病BDP：支气管舒张试验Bell麻痹：面神经炎BMT：骨髓移植BOOP：机化性肺炎Bouchard结节：见于OABPT：支气管激发试验C：环磷酰氨CABG：冠状动脉搭桥Cabot环：骨髓红细胞代偿性增生部分红细胞含核碎片CagA：细胞毒素相关蛋白(Hp毒力主要标志)CAP：社区获得性肺炎CAPD：腹膜透析CCB：钙拮抗剂CCU：监护室CEAChushing syndrcome：皮质醇增多征CI：心脏指数CIC：循环免疫复合物CLL：慢淋CML：慢粒CNS -L：中枢神经系统白血病CO：碳氧血红蛋白CO2麻醉：肺性脑病Coombs：抗人球蛋白试验Courvoisier征综合征：胰腺癌时因胆汁淤积可扪及肿大的胆囊CP：慢性胰腺炎CPAP：持续气道正压通气CPR：心肺复苏CREST综合征：见于系统性硬化病CRF：慢性肾衰竭CRH：促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素Crohn（CD）：克隆恩病CRP：C-反应蛋白CTD：结缔组织病CTX；环磷酰胺Curhing溃疡：中枢神经系统病变所致应激性溃疡Curling溃疡：烧伤所致应激性溃疡Cushing病：其中最多为垂体ACTH分泌亢进所致的临床类型Cushing综合征：各种原因致肾上腺皮质分泌过多糖皮质激素所致病症的总称D：柔红霉素DA：多巴胺DCM：扩张型心肌病De Musset：点头征DI：尿崩症DICDKA：糖尿病酮症酸中毒DM：特发性肌炎DMARD：改变病情抗风湿药DPB：弥漫性泛支气管炎DSA：数字减影血管造影EACA：6氨基己酸Ebstein畸形：三尖瓣下移畸形EHF：流行性出血热Epo：红细胞生成素ERCP：经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影ESR：血沉EST：oddi括约肌切开术Ewart征：心包积液征FD：功能性消化不良FD：功能性消化不良Felty：见于类风湿性关节炎FEV1%：FEV1/预计值FEV1/FVC%：第一秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量FPG：空腹血糖FSNGN：局灶节段性肾炎FT3：血游离三碘甲腺原氨酸FT4：血游离甲状腺素G6PD：葡萄糖6磷酸脱氢酶Gaisbock综合征：真性红细胞增多征伴高血压而脾不大GBM：抗肾小球基底膜抗体GBM：肾小球基底膜GBS：格林巴利综合征GDM：妊娠糖尿病GERD：胃食管返流病GGT：谷氨酰转肽酶GH：生长激素GHRH：促生长激素释放激素GHRH：人工合成人生长激素Gibson杂音：机器样杂音GO：浸润性突眼Good pasture综合征：肺出血肾炎综合征Gottron：见于皮肌炎Gout：痛风GPI：糖基磷酰酯肌醇Graham-Steel杂音：二狭时相对性肺动脉瓣关闭不全Graves病（GD）：毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿Grey-Turner：见于出血坏死性胰腺炎GRF：肾小球滤过率Guller：见于出血坏死性胰腺炎H：阿霉素H2RA：H2阻滞剂HA：溶血性贫血Hamman征：见于左气胸或纵隔气肿HAP：医院获得性肺炎HbH：血红蛋白病HCM：肥厚型心肌病HE：肝性脑病Heberden结节：见于OAHeinz小体：海因小体HFRS：肾综合征出血热hGH：基因重组人生长激素HIV；人免疫缺陷病毒HL(HD)：霍奇金病HLA：组织相容抗原Hornen：霍纳综合征Houssay：见于巨人症Howell-jolly小体：骨髓红细胞代偿性增生部分红细胞含核碎片HTLV：人类T细胞白血病淋巴瘤病毒IABP：主动脉内球囊反搏术IBS：肠预激综合征IC：肾小球内免疫复合物ICD：植入式心脏复律除颤器ICU：重症监护病房IE：心内膜炎IFA：内因子抗体IgAN：IgA肾病IIM：特发性炎症性肌病（包括DM，PM）IIP：特发性间质性肺炎ILD：间质性肺病INF：干扰素IPF：特发性肺间质纤维化IR：胰岛素抵抗IR：胰岛素抵抗ITP：特发性血小板减少性紫癜Janeway损害：见于感染性心内膜炎KD：克山病（地方性心肌病）Koch：科赫现象Krukenberg：库伯氏瘤Kussmaul征：见于缩窄性心包炎LE：狼疮细胞LES：下食道括约肌LHRHLLT：鳖溶解物试验LMWH：低分子肝素L-T4：左甲状腺素LVEF：左心室射血分数（正常>50%）LVFX：左氧M：氮芥MA：巨幼红细胞性贫血MAO：最大胃泌酸量Mb：肌红蛋白MCH：平均血红蛋白含量MCHC：平均血红蛋白浓度MCTD：混合型结缔组织病MCV：平均红细胞体积MDI：气雾吸入MDR-TB：耐多药PTBMDS：骨髓增生异常综合征MDS；骨髓增生异常综合征MEN：多发性内分泌腺瘤Menetrier病：为特殊类型胃炎的一种MG：重症肌无力MM：多发性骨髓瘤MM：他巴唑MODY：青少年中成年发病糖尿病MPA：镜下型多血管炎MRSA：耐甲氧西林金葡菌株MSH：促黑色素细胞生成素MTU：甲基硫氧嘧啶MTX：甲氨碟呤M样症状：毒蕈碱症状NAP：中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶NHL：非霍奇金病NS：肾病综合症NSAID：非甾体类药物NSAID溃疡：NSAID所致应激性溃疡NSCLC：非小细胞肺癌N样症状：烟碱症状O：长春新碱OA：骨关节炎OFLX：氧氟沙星OGTT：葡萄糖耐量试验OP：骨疏松症Orther综合征：PPH时增大的肺动脉压迫喉返神经致声嘶OSAS：睡眠呼吸暂停综合征Osler结节：见于感染性心内膜炎P：甲基苄肼P：泼尼松PAM-1：解磷定PAMBA：氨甲苯酸PAN：结节性多动脉炎Pancoast：肺上沟瘤PCA：壁细胞抗体PCI：冠脉内支架植入PCM：限制型心肌病PCP：卡氏肺囊虫肺炎PCWP：肺小动脉契压PDA：动脉导管未闭PE：血浆置换PEEPPEF：呼气流量峰值PET：正电子计算机体层扫描PG：前列腺素PIE：肺嗜酸粒细胞浸润征Plummer-Vinson：缺铁性贫血时咽下时梗阻感Plummer病：毒性结节性甲状腺肿PM：特发性皮肌炎PNH：阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿POX：过氧化物酶PPH：原发性肺动脉高压PPI：质子泵抑制剂PRCA：纯红细胞性再障PRL：泌乳素瘤pSS：干燥综合征PSVT：室上速PTCA：经皮腔内冠状动脉成型术PTE：肺栓塞PTH：甲状旁腺激素PTU：丙基硫氧嘧啶PWP：毛细血管压力Quervain甲状腺炎：亚急性甲状腺炎RA：类风湿性关节炎RA：难治性贫血RAAS：肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统RAI；放射碘治疗Reiter(RS)：血清阴性脊柱关节病的一种RF：类风湿因子RFCA：导管射频消融术Roth斑：见于感染性心内膜炎RPGN：急进性肾炎RTA：急性肾小管酸中毒SAARD：慢作用抗风湿药SAB：窦房阻止SASP：柳氮磺氨嘧啶Schmidt综合征：原发性甲减伴肾上腺皮质功能减退和1型糖尿病Schonlein-Henoch综合征：过敏性紫癜Schonlein型：过敏性紫癜关节型SCLC：小细胞肺癌Shock：休克SK：链接酶SLE：系统性红斑狼疮SLE：系统性红斑狼疮SpA：脊柱关节病SS：生长抑素SSc：系统性硬化症SSS：病窦综合征T1DM：1型糖尿病T2DM：2型糖尿病TACE：肝动脉栓塞化疗TC：血总胆固醇TG：血总甘油三酯THAM：3.64%氨基丁三醇（用于酸中毒）TPP：周期性瘫痪Traube征：枪击音TRH：促甲状腺素释放激素TSH：促甲状腺素TT3：血总三碘甲腺原氨酸TT4：血总甲状腺素UA：不稳定性心绞痛UC：溃疡性结肠炎UIP：寻常性间质性肺炎UK：尿激酶V：长春新碱VacA：空泡毒素蛋白(Hp毒力主要标志)Valsalva动作：室上速刺激迷走神经深呼吸Velcro：肺部爆裂音VSD：室缺vWD：血管性血友病WG：韦格纳肉芽肿病Whipple三联征：低血糖三联征WPW综合征：预激综合征Zollinger-Ellison综合征：胃泌素瘤。
Abriefhistoryofscience
Module 1 : A Brief History of ScienceIntroduction 1 The First Inklings of Science 1 True Science Begins to Emerge 4 Experiment 1.1: Density in Nature 5 Experiment 1.2: Atomic Motion 7 Three Other Notable Greek Scientists 8 The Progress of Science Stalls For a While 12 Experiment 1.3: A Chemical Reaction 12 Science Begins To Pick Up Some Speed Again 16 The Renaissance: The “Golden Age” of Science 19 Experiment 1.4: Mapping the Paths of the Planets 21 The Era of Newton 23 The “Enlightenment” and the Industrial Revolution 25 The Rest of the Nineteenth Century 25 Modern Science (1900 AD - Present) 27 Summing it Up 29 Module 2 : Scientific InquiryIntroduction 33 What Science is NOT 33 Experiment 2.1: How Does Weight Affect the Speed 33 Experiment 2.2: Learning More About Weight and Speed 34 The Scientific Method 38 Experiment 2.3: The Broken Flashlight 41 Failures of the Scientific Method 43 The Limitations of Science 47 Science and Christianity 48 Module 3: How to Analyze and Interpret ExperimentsIntroduction 57 Experiments and Variables 57 Experiment 3.1: A Floating Egg? 58 Using a Series of Experiments 61 Experiment 3.2: Which “Boat” Will Move? 61 Experiment 3.3: What Does Soap Do To Water? - Part 1 63 Experiment 3.4: What Does Soap Do To Water? - Part 2 64 Recognizing Experimental Variables When They are not Obvious 68 Interpreting the Results of Experiments 71 Module 4: Science, Applied Science, and TechnologyIntroduction 79 The Distinction Between Science, Applied Science, and Technology 79 Simple Machines 82The Lever 83 Experiment 4,1: The Lever 83 The Wheel and Axle 89 The Pulley 91 Experiment 4,2: A Simulation of A Series of Pulleys 92 The Inclined Plane 95 The Wedge 96 The Screw 98 Module 5: The History of Life: Archaeology, Geology, and PaleontologyIntroduction 107 How Do We Learn About The History of Life? 107 Archaeology and History 108 The Internal Test 112 The External Test 115 The Bibliographic Test 119 Archaeology in the Absence of Historical Documents 120 Relative Dating and the Principle of Superposition 125 What Do We Know About Human History? 126 Module #6: Foundations of GeologyIntroduction 133 Soil, Rocks and Minerals134 Experiment 6.1: The Difference Between Rocks and Minerals 136 Strata in Sedimentary Rock 138 Experiment 6.2: Separation of Sedimentation 139 Weathering of Rocks 141 Experiment 6.3: Physical Weathering 142 Experiment 6.4: Chemical Weathering 143 Erosion 145 Experiment 6.5: Erosion 145 Bringing It All Together: The Basic Structure of the Grand Canyon 150 Module #7: The Fossil RecordIntroduction 157 The Making of Fossils Part 1: Casts and Molds 157 Experiment 7.1: Making a Fossil Cast 158 The Making of Fossils Part 2: Petrifaction 160 The Making of Fossils Part 3: Carbonate Residues and Impressions 161 The Making of Fossils Part 4: Avoiding Decomposition 163 Experiment 7.2: Sinking in Ice 164 Three General Features of the Fossil Record 166 A Fourth General Feature of the Fossil Record 169 Geology and Paleontology from the Uniformitarian Viewpoint 172Geology and Paleontology from the Catastrophist Viewpoint 175 Which View is Correct? 178 Module #8: Uniformitarianism and CatastrophismIntroduction 185 Uniformitarianism and the Geological Record 185 Experiment 8.1: A Simulation of Using Index Fossils 186 Uniformitarianism and Evolution 191 Catastrophism and the Geological Record 193 Catastrophism and the Fossil Record 198 Uniformitarianism or Catastrophism: Which is Better? 202 Evolution: Another Weakness of Uniformitarianism 205 Module #9: What is Life?Introduction 213 DNA and Life 213 The Structure of DNA 216 Experiment 9.1: Building a Model of DNA 217 Energy and Life 221 Experiment 9.2: Finding Food in Plants 221 Experiment 9.3: A Simple Biosphere 223 Sensing and Responding to Change 225 Experiment 9.4: Sensing and Responding to Change 226 Reproduction and Life 228 Experiment 9.5: Fruit Fly Reproduction 228 The Cell - Life's Smallest Unit 232 Module #10: Classifying LifeExperiment 10.1: Factors that Affect Bacterial Growth (Part 1) 239 Introduction 240 The Five-Kingdom System 241 Kingdom Monera 243 Experiment 10.1: Factors that Affect Bacterial Growth (Part 2) 245 Kingdom Protista 248 Kingdom Fungi 251 Experiment 10.2: Yeast is a Decomposer 254 Kingdom Plantae 255 Experiment 10.3: Vegetative Reproduction 255 Experiment 10.4: Turgor Pressure 257 Kingdom Animalia 258 Module #11: The Human Body: Fearfully and Wonderfully MadeIntroduction 263 The Superstructure of the Human Body263 Bones and the Human Skeleton 265Experiment 11.1: Minerals in Bone 265 Skeletons in Other Organisms 269 Skeletal Muscles 271 Smooth Muscle and the Cardiac Muscle 277 Muscles and Movement in Other Organisms 279 Experiment 11.2: Phototropism and Gravotropism in Plants 280 Skin 280 Experiment 11.3: Skin Color 284 Skin in Other Organisms 285 Summary 286 Module #12: Energy and LifeIntroduction 291 Life's Energy Cycle 291 How Do Organisms Get Energy From Food? 294 Experiment 12.1: What Combustion Needs 294 Experiment 12.2: What Combustion Makes 296 What Actually Gets Burned For Energy? 299 Energy Use in the Body 304 Experiment 12.3: Body Temperature 305 Metabolic Rates Throughout Creation 308 How Combustion Works in Living Organisms 310 Module #13: The Human Digestive SystemIntroduction 317 The Process of Digestion 317 Experiment 13.1: Seeing a Part of the Digestive Process 317 The Human Digestive System 319 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 322 The Stomach and Intestines 325 Experiment 13.2: Stomach Acid and Antacids 326 The Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder 331 Experiment 13.3: The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Stomach Acid 333 The Micronutrients 334 Module #14: The Human Respiratory and Circulatory SystemsIntroduction 341 The Human Circulatory System 341 The Heart and Blood Flow 344 Experiment 14.1: Your Own Cardiac Cycle 348 The Components of Blood 350 Lungs and Blood Oxygenation 352 Experiment 14.2: Measuring the Capacity of Your Lungs 354 The Respiratory System 356Experiment 14.3: A Model of Your Lungs 357 Experiment 14.4: A Model of Your Vocal Cords 358 Circulation and Respiration Throughout Creation 359 Experiment 14.5: Xylem 360 Module #15: The Human Lymphatic, Endocrine, and Urinary SystemsIntroduction 365 The Lymphatic System 365 Experiment 15.1: Working Your Lacrimal Glands Too Hard 368 Lymph Nodes 370 The Urinary System 373 Experiment 15.2: A Model of Kidney Function 375 The Endocrine System 377 Module #16: The Human Respiratory and Circulatory SystemsIntroduction 383 Neurons: The Basic Unit of the Nervous System 385 The Basic Layout of the Human Nervous System 389 Our “Split” Brains 393 Experiment 16.1: Determining a Person's Dominant Side 393 The Brain and Blood 396 The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 398 Experiment 16.2: The Pupil of the Eye 399 The Human Sense of Taste 401 Experiment 16.3: Mapping Your Taste Buds 402 The Human Sense of Smell 404 Experiment 16.4: The Sense of Smell and the Sense of Taste 404 The Human Sense of Vision 406 Experiment 16.5: The Human Blind Spot 408 The Human Sense of Touch 411 Experiment 16.6: The Variation in Touch Sensitivity 412 The Human Sense of Hearing 413 Do We Really Use Only 10% of our Brain? 414 Summing it All Up 415。
骨转化指标
骨质疏松症的定义－WHO1999（世界卫生组织）
骨质疏松症是全身骨量降低，骨组织微结构退 化，导致骨脆性增加，极易造成骨折的一种疾病。
正常的骨骼是由皮质骨和支 状骨构造而成的。
疏松的骨骼
骨质疏松症的定义（NIH2001）：以骨
强度受损导致骨折危险性升高为特征的骨骼疾病。 骨强度主要反映了骨密度和骨质量两个方面的综 合特征。
浓度轻微增加骨标志物的临床应用和使用建议iof类型治疗期望值检测间隔crosslaps骨吸收标志物抗吸收治至少下降3555治疗前基础值治疗后3个月每612个月监控一次totalp1np骨形成标志物抗吸收治合成代谢治疗至少下降40至少增加40治疗前基础值治疗后6个月之后每612个月监控一次治疗前基础值治疗后3个月之后每612个月监控一次nmidosteocalcin骨转换标志物抗吸收治至少下降2040治疗前基础值治疗后3个月之后每612个月监控一次抗再吸收治疗后crosslaps明显下降大于3555抗再吸收治疗后总p1np显下降大于40抗再吸收治疗后总p1np有明显下降抗再吸收治疗后crosslaps没有明显下降维持目前治疗继续监控每612个月一次询问依从性如何胃肠的副反应如果需要改变治疗方案监控骨质疏松病人治疗的流程骨质疏松的诊断开始治疗检测标志物的基础值crosslaps抗再吸收治疗总p1np合成治疗治疗3个月后检测crosslaps和总p1npthanks
• Ettinger M, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(suppl):S513-S514. Abstract 1325. • Data on file (Reference # 161-040), Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110.
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Eu r o Pr o j e xDevelopments in Project Management the Nines SchoolsGPAC Conference Tsinghua University, 1st November 2008Professor Rodney Turner,Lille School of Management Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@©jrt/stork/dec04 e Sc oo o Ma age e tf j gNine Schools of Project ManagementThe importance of Project ManagementThe nine schoolsUsing the nine schoolsEu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ©jrt/stork/dec04Si ifi f j tt Significance of project management¾¯¾¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯Th Ci d ll bjt The Cinderella subject¾¯¯¯¾¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@CASK¾¯¾¯¾¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Who controls the development of the theory¾¯¯¾¯¯¾¯¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@The theory of project management is immature¾¯¯¯¾¯¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯¯Th “f ith ” f P j t Mt The “faiths” of Project Management¾¯¯¾¯¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¾¯Project management is a rich, diversefield¾¾¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@f j gNine Schools of Project ManagementProject Management as knowledge fieldThe nine schoolsUsing the nine schoolsEu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ©jrt/stork/dec04BehaviourPeople Marketing ContingencyModellingSuccess Governance Optimization BusinessPerformanceProcess Solution©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@DecisionG i f th S hlGenesis of the SchoolsThis paper ¾S öderlund (2002)Bredillet (2004)Anbari (1985))¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¾¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¾¯¯¯¯¯¯¾¯¯¯¯¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Optimization©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Optimization School –the project as a machine¾¯¾¯¾¯¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Optimization School -Is that all?¾¯¯¯¯¾¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯M d lli jt Modelling projectsAsset specificity A i CPMc e r t a i n t y Appropriate Governance StructureU n ©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@OptimizationModelling©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Modelling School-the project as a mirror¾¾¯¯¾¯¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Modelling and Optimization School-But what should we be optimizing?¾¯¯¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Success OptimizationModelling©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Success School -the project as a business objective¾¯¾¯¾¯¯¾¯¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯Success School-But who is in charge?¾¾¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Governance OptimizationSuccessModelling©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@The governance school -the project as a legal entity¾¯¯¯¯¾¯¯¾¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯All the schools so far-Where are the people?¾¾¾¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@BehaviourGovernance OptimizationSuccessModelling©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@The behaviour school -the project as a social system¾¯¯¯¯¾¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯Behaviour and Governance Schools -Is anybody listening¾¯¾¯¾¯¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯BehaviourMarketingGovernance OptimizationSuccessModelling©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@The marketing school -the project as a billboard¾¯¾¯¯¯¾¯¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯All the schools so far-How do we get to where we want to go?¾¾¯¯¯¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@BehaviourMarketingGovernance OptimizationSuccessModellingProcess©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@The process school -the project as an algorithm¾¯¯¯¾¯¯¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯Process School-Are we keeping to the right road¾¾¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@BehaviourMarketingModellingSuccess Governance Optimization Process©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@DecisionThe decision school -the project as a computer¾¯¯¾¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯All schools so far?-Do all roads lead to Rome?¾¯¯¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@BehaviourMarketing ContingencyModellingSuccess Governance Optimization Process©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@DecisionThe contingency school -the project as a chameleon¾¯¾¯¾¯¾¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ¯f j gNine Schools of Project ManagementProject Management as knowledge fieldThe nine schoolsUsing the nine schoolsEu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ©jrt/stork/dec04Using the nine schoolsU i th i h l¾¾¯¾¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Project management the Cinderellasubject¾¾¾©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@Th l tiThe value continuum ¾¾¾¾¾¾¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e xrodneyturner@B dllBuyers and sellersTools, techniquesmethodologies Efficiency Superficial relationship No buyer interestNo buyer interestServices methodologies Outcomescompetencies Value of project mgmntEfficiency Once Once--off relationshipEffectiveness Stable relationshipValue Treadmill relationship No seller interest No seller interestImpacts PerformanceValue Growing relationship©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e xrodneyturner@B fi i l h j t ltBeneficial change Beneficial change ––project resultsExploitationGoalsImproved performancep OutcomesBenefitOperation Resources ProjectOutputsImplementation©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e xrodneyturner@G l Governance rolesClientOwner Sponsor ManagerClient Delivered OutcomeNeedDesiredOutcomeDefine Objectives Define M Monitor ProgressDelivered OutputRequired Desired Output MeansProject M Stewardq Process©jrt/p2managers/sep05Eu r o Pr o j e xrodneyturner@ManagerTh a t’s Al l F o l k srodneyturner@Eu r o Pr o j e x rodneyturner@ ©jrt/stork/dec04。