考研英语完型填空第一讲共40页
2024年度考研完形填空讲义pdf
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识别并列关系
留意段落间的并列连词，如“同时” 、“并且”等，这些词语表明段落间 存在并列关系。
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上下文线索寻找
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注意代词指代
代词如“它”、“他们”等在文章中通常指代前文提及的 某个或某些事物，通过寻找代词指代可以明确上下文关系 。
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备考策略与技巧
扩大阅读量
通过大量阅读，提高对不同文体和主 题的熟悉度，增强语感和阅读速度。
积累词汇和短语
重点记忆和复习考研词汇范围内的单 词和短语，特别注意一词多义和熟词 僻义的现象。
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训练上下文推理能力
学会利用上下文线索推断词义和选择 最佳答案，注意文章中的逻辑关系和 转折词。
高频词汇例句解析
针对每个高频词汇，给出相应的 例句和解析，帮助考生在具体语 境中理解词汇的含义和用法。
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常用短语搭配
完形填空常用短语汇总
总结考研完形填空中经常出现的短语搭配， 包括动词短语、名词短语、形容词短语等， 方便考生系统学习和记忆。
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短语搭配记忆技巧
提供记忆短语搭配的方法和技巧，如联想记忆、对 比记忆等，帮助考生快速掌握并灵活运用这些短语 。
定语和状语
识别定语和状语，理解它们对句子意思的修饰和限制 。
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复杂句型解析
并列句
识别并列连词，理解并列句的结构和意义。
复合句
识别主句和从句，理解复合句的结构和意义 。
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完型填空PPT课件
在选择答案时，要考虑到固定搭配和 习惯用法的正确性。
注意空格处所需的单词或短语是否与 固定搭配或习惯用法相符。
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常见错误类型及避免方法
忽视上下文联系导致误选
忽略文章主题和中心思想，仅凭 局部信息选择答案。
不注意上下文中词汇、语法和逻 辑的连贯性。
避免方法：通读全文，理解文章 大意；关注上下文中的提示和线
提供一些额外的练习题目，让学生在课堂上进行实战演 练，巩固所学知识。
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学生自主练习与互动环节
提供多篇不同难度的完型填空文章供学生选择练习
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初级难度
针对初学者，提供简单、 明了的完型填空文章，帮 助学生熟悉题型和解题方 法。
中级难度
适当增加文章长度和难度， 引入更多词汇和语法结构， 提升学生解题能力。
避免盲目猜测和主观臆断
在没有充分理解文章和上下文的情况下 进行猜测。
凭借个人主观感受或经验进行选择，忽 视客观事实。
避免方法：理性分析，结合文章和上下 文进行推断；尊重客观事实，避免主观
臆断。
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实例分析：完型填空解题过程演示
选择一篇具有代表性的文章进行讲解
选取一篇难度适中、内容有趣的完型填空文章。 文章主题应涉及日常生活、社会文化、科普知识等，以引起学生兴趣。
提高了词汇量和语法水平，增 强了阅读理解能力
通过实战演练，熟悉了完型填 空的考试形式和难度
学会了如何分析文章结构和上 下文，提高了答题准确率
展望未来，提出改进建议和方向
加强词汇和语法的系统学习，提高语 言基础能力
增加阅读量，扩大知识面，提高阅读 速度和准确性
加强完型填空的模拟训练和实战演练， 提高应试能力
考研英语完型填空第一讲解读
2）应用于文章中的段落结构
例如：1999年考研英语完型文章的第二段 "Successful safety programs may(45 differ) greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by (46 observing) rules or regulations. (47 Still) others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained." 本段的结构就是标准的总分对照型：
The
(1) of knowledge is largely through diligence, which seems to be ignored by many college students. A. study B. learning C. acquisition D. controlling
第二步：按段精读、按段理解、按段分析，按段做题(因为 段本身就是相对独立的意群，以段为单位，其实是缩小了考 生的对立面)； 第三步：做完20个空后，再进行整篇通读(REVIEW)；
通用性的解题方法
1，排除法 例如：2001年试题的第35题 "bill that will propose making payments to witnesses(34 illegal) and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case" ［A］publicity［B］penalty［C］popularity［D］ peculiarity 答案:［A］publicity 分析:此题可以应用"无关词排除法"。本题所考查的名 词处于这样一个句子结构中：作为control的宾语；后边还 受到一个定语从句的限制。根据文章的主题，可以发现3个 选项［B］penalty(惩罚)、［C］popularity(流行度)、［D］ peculiarity(古怪度)与文章的主题根本无关，政府不可能去 控制这些东西。政府要控制的是选项［A］publicity(公开 度 )。
考研英语 英语知识运用(完型填空)
•A. shape B. spirit C. balance D. taste
• 2）利用意思相反的选项排除干扰项
• 1. 实词与实词的搭配
• 例证
• BMI ____ body mass divided by the square of height.
• A. measures B. determines C. equals D. modifies
• 2. 实词与虚词的搭配
• 例证
• Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a proposal to make the Web a safer place---a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled ___ one.
• 2）瞻前顾后，寻找答案。联系空格前后的信息寻找相 关线索，分清句子间和段落间的逻辑关系，利用已知信 息推出未知信息，一题一题地作答。
• 3）检查答案，纠错防漏。全部题目做完之后，应该从 头到尾再读一遍，核对答案正误。
• 了解答题步骤之后，掌握以下几个技巧能让考生解题时 事半功倍。
•技巧1 利用上下文语义关联答题
7考研英语完型填空第一讲PPT课件
❖C) inspiration D) intuition
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❖The new secretary has written a remarkably (1) report. With a few hundred words, she incorporated all the required details.
值得注意的是，近年来，命题更加注重 词汇辨析和应用能力的考查，而相对淡化了 纯语法的考查。
Байду номын сангаас13
完型填空文章的结构特点
❖ 1，文章一般都有明确的中心主线
整个文章的中心主线包括鲜明的主题(FOCUS)，同 时文章往往又具有很强的导向性或者作者态度具有 倾向性；这个主题以及这种导向性或倾向性其实就 构成了完型文章的中心主线，成为从整体上把握完 型文章的关键点。
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2）应用于文章中的段落结构
❖ 例如：1999年考研英语完型文章的第二段 ❖ "Successful safety programs may(45 differ) greatly in
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❖ 第一部分 英语知识运用（use of English） 该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素
（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考 生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。共20 小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇280~320词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生 从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意 思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡1上作答。
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从命题形式分析命题思路
❖ 命题人员之所以将20个未知信息设置在大量的已知信息之中， 就是要求考生先对这些已知信息进行充分的把握和理解，通 过已知信息去破解未知信息。
考研英语完形填空深度解析最新PPT课件
[A] for
[B] against
[C] with
[D] on
短语搭配：
（2010年英语二完形） But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people
（二）完型填空题型解析
1. 完型填空的命题思路分析
完型填空的命题形式 ? 完型填空的基本命题形式是给考生一篇短文（按照新大纲的
规定在240-280字左右），出题者有目的地在每隔一定数量 的词语后去除一处词语，形成总共20处词语空缺，然后在相 应的空缺处设置（包括三个干扰项在内）的四个备选答案， 需要考生从四选中选出一个最佳（the best）的答案。
____20____infants and healthy young people.
[A] involved in
[B] caring for
[C] concerned with
[D] warding off
3）逻辑关系：
? ① 大纲规定“从上下文的角度来考虑”以及“运用逻 辑关系推理”
? ② 可以帮助理解文章，推测选项； ? 复习方法：首先，理解五大逻辑关系的核心特征；
[A] inflating [B] expanding
[C] increasing [D] extending
形容词辨析：
{2005年完形} Some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, whereas others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose.
考研英语完型填空讲义
的核心中心主线所包含的信息中去查找： 例题：2002 年考研英语完型试题的 21 题
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21 . As was discussed before, it was not ( 22 ) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic ( 23 ) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the ( 24 ) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution ( 25 ) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading ( 26 ) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures ( 27 ) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in ( 28 ) . It is important to do so.
考研英语完型填空PPT课件
Review of past real problems
• The article has a wide range of topics: Over the years, the English cloze test for postgraduate entrance exams has covered various fields such as society, culture, technology, education, and economy, requiring candidates to have a wide range of knowledge and cross-cultural communication skills.
• There are various types of hollowing out methods: cloze filling includes fixed combinations, synonym analysis, contextual logical inference, and other types, requiring candidates to have flexible thinking methods and a solid language foundation.
• Improving reading speed: Candidates should improve their reading speed and comprehension ability through extensive reading practice, while also mastering reading skills such as quick browsing and skimming.
完型填空课件
随着对于语言应用能力考查的重视程度提高，完型填空的题目难度也有所增加，主要体现 在题目的干扰项设置更加精细，需要考生有更高的辨别能力和理解能力。
未来完型填空的发展方向和挑战
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更加注重实际应用
未来的完型填空题目可能会更加注重对于实际应用能力的考查，例如
对于日常生活中的语境把握和理解，这对于考生的语言应用能力提出
中级练习题
总结词：能力提升
包含内容：题目类型包括阅读理解、词汇辨析、 语法和句型结构等，难度相对较高。
详细描述：中级练习题难度有所增加，注重对学 习者阅读理解能力和词汇辨析能力的考察，同时 加强了对语法和句型结构的掌握要求。
建议使用方法：建议学习者在掌握了一定的语言 知识和阅读理解能力后，开始进行中级练习题的 训练，逐渐提高自己的阅读理解和词汇辨析能力 。
了更高的要求。
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结合新技术的发展
未来的完型填空题目可能会更加结合新技术的发展，例如利用人工智
能技术来设计更加精细的干扰项，或者利用大数据技术来分析考生的
答题习惯和错误率，以便更好地指导教学。
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适应新的教育理念
随着新的教育理念和教学思想的推广，未来的完型填空题目可能会更
加注重对于考生综合素质和思维能力的考查，而不仅仅是语言知识本
对于错误的答案，及时修改并 再次检查。
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完型填空常见问题与对策
对于词汇的困惑与解决方法
总结词：词汇困惑
详细描述：完型填空题目中，词汇的困惑主 要表现在对生词、难词以及近义词的识别和 区分上。有些学生可能对词汇的掌握不够扎 实，导致在选择答案时犹豫不决。为了解决 这个问题，学生应该注重词汇的积累和运用 ，可以通过背单词、阅读等方式扩大词汇量 ，并对近义词进行辨析，增强对词汇的理解
完形填空讲解ppt课件
鼓励学生在实际中运用所学知识
将完形填空技巧应用于日常阅读和学习中，提高语言素养和 综合能力；积极参与课堂讨论和小组活动，锻炼语言表达和 交流能力；尝试用英文写作或翻译练习，加深对语言知识的 理解和应用。
关注社会热点和时事新闻，了解不同文化背景和语言表达方 式；培养跨文化意识和国际视野，提高英语应用能力和竞争 力。
逻辑推理法
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利用上下文进行逻辑推理
通过上下文的理解，结合逻辑推理，可以推测出 空格处应填入的词义。
注意文章中的转折、因果等关系
文章中的转折、因果等关系往往与空格处的填词 有关，通过这些关系可以更准确地填入空格。
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排除法
在无法确定空格处应填入的词汇时，可以采用排 除法，排除与文章意思不符的选项，从而得出正 确答案。
整体脉络。
熟悉常见搭配和用法
掌握常见的词汇搭配和固定用 法，有助于更准确地选择答案 。
避免主观臆断
在答题过程中要客观分析，避 免主观臆断导致答案偏离正确 方向。
控制答题时间
完形填空通常有一定的时间限 制，要合理控制答题时间，确
保能够完成所有题目。
04 词汇积累与拓展 延伸
高频词汇总结归纳
汇总历年真题中的高频词汇，如
定语从句
在复合句中作定语的从句，用来修 饰主句中的名词或代词，表示其所 属的人或物的特征、性质或身份等 。
特殊句型结构掌握
强调句型
通过使用“It was … that/who”结 构对句子中的特定成分进行强调，突 出其重要性。
倒装句型
将句子中的谓语部分放在主语之前， 形成倒装语序，表示强调、疑问、祝 愿等语气。
多样性
试题类型应多样化，包括不同题 材、体裁的文章。
考研 英语 强化班 完型填空 第一讲
完形填空篇一、考情分析1) 题型概述考研英语知识运用部分采用完型填空的题型，即Cloze Test。
Cloze一词来源于Closure。
Closure为西方完型心理学的核心内容，是指读者通过对一些不完全的视觉几何图形的认识和构思来获得完整概念的过程。
因此，Cloze题型就是把一段文章的若干个单词略去，留出一些空白，让应试者增补上去，以达到考查考生对文章的阅读理解和语言知识应用的能力。
考研英语的完型填空一般命题形式是：给考生一篇语句连贯的短文(2001年改革之前文章长约180-200词，2001年到2011年文章长度为240-280词)，出题者遵循一定的规律在每隔4-15个词语之间挖掉一个词语，形成总共20处词语的空缺（01年之前为10个空缺），然后在相应的空缺处设置包括三个干扰项在内的四个备选答案，供考生选择。
每题0.5分，共计10分。
全国平均分为3~4分，保6争7，蒙8、9。
建议考试时间分配为20分钟。
2）考点分布λ按题型词义辨析题占到60%左右；固定搭配题占到20%左右；语法题占到约20%左右。
λ按词性形容词和副词（２４％）、动词（２０％）、名词（１６％）、连词（１６％）、代词（１０％）、介词（１０％）二、考研真经从历年考研文章和大纲样题中，分门别类归纳出9篇比较典型、比较能反映命题者出题思路、能够覆盖绝大部分基础词汇和高频核心词汇的文章，汇为“真经”，并通过“白氏独孤九剑”加以解决。
TEST 1（科普）Advancing age means losing your hair, your waistline and your memory，right? Dana Denis is just 40 years old，but 21 she’s worried about what she calls “my rolling mental blackouts.” “I try to remember something and I just blank out，” she says.You may 22 about these lapses，calling them“senior moments” or blaming “early Alzheimer’s（老年痴呆症）．” Is it an inescapable fact that the older you get，the 23 you remember? Well, sort of．But as time goes by, we tend to blame age 24 problems that are not necessarily age-related．“When a teenager can’t find her keys，she thinks it's because she’s distracted or disorganized，” says Paul Gold．“A 70-year-old blames her 25 ．” In fact，the 70-year-old may have been 26 things for decades．In healthy people，memory doesn’t worsen as27 as many of us think．“As we 28，the memory mechanism isn’t29 ，” says psychologist Fergus Craik．“It’s just inefficient．”The brain’s processing30 slows down over the years，though no one knows exactly 31 . Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency and 32 there’s less activity in the brain．But，cautions Barry Gordon，“It's not clear that less activity is 33 ．A beginning athlete is winded more easily than a 34 athlete．In the same way, 35 the brain gets more skilled at a task，it expends less energy on it.”There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears，though it 37 effort．Margaret Sewell says：“We’re a quick-fix culture, but you have to 38 to keep your brain 39 shape．It’s like having a good body．You can’t go to the gym once a year40 expect to stay in top form.”。
考研英语一完形填空
考研英语一完形填空The process of preparing for the English test, particularly the cloze section, for postgraduate entrance examinations in China can be a daunting task. However, with the right approac a daunting task. However, with the right approach and dedication, it is achievable to master this crucial component. The cloze section evaluates a candidate's ability to comprehend context, grasp nuances in language, and employ logical reasoning to fill in the blanks with the most appropriate words. Excelling in this section requires a combination of strategic preparation, practice, and a keen understanding of the English language.To begin, it is essential to build a solid foundation in grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Grammar rules govern the structure and usage of language, ensuring that sentences are constructed correctly and convey the intended meaning. Mastering grammar concepts such as parts of speech, verb tenses, and sentence structure is crucial for identifying the appropriate words to fill in the blanks. Additionally, a robust vocabulary is indispensable, as it provides the necessary tools to understand and express ideas effectively. Reading comprehension skills are equally important, as they enable candidates to grasp the context and nuances within thegiven passages.Developing a systematic approach to tackling cloze questions is vital. One effective strategy is to read the entire passage first, without attempting to fill in the blanks. This initial reading allows candidates to understand the overall context, tone, and flow of the passage. Subsequently, they can focus on each blank individually, considering the surrounding context and grammatical cues to narrow down the suitable options. It is also advisable to eliminate implausible choices before making a final selection, as this process can increase the likelihood of identifying the correct answer.Consistent practice is the key to mastering the cloze section. Regularly attempting cloze exercises from various sources, such as past examination papers, practice books, and online resources, can greatly improve one's ability to recognize patterns and apply strategies effectively. Additionally, seeking feedback and analyzing mistakes can provide valuable insights for improvement. Identifying areas of weakness and addressing them through targeted practice can lead to significant progress over time.Furthermore, it is essential to develop an understanding of the test format and time management strategies. The cloze section often consists of multiple passages, and candidates must navigate through them efficiently while maintaining accuracy. Time management skills,such as pacing oneself and allocating appropriate time for each question, can prevent rushed or careless mistakes. Practicing under timed conditions can help candidates develop a sense of time pressure and refine their strategies accordingly.In conclusion, excelling in the English cloze section for postgraduate entrance examinations requires a multifaceted approach. By building a strong foundation in grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension, developing a systematic strategy, engaging in consistent practice, understanding the test format, and implementing effective time management techniques, candidates can significantly enhance their chances of success. With dedication, perseverance, and the right mindset, the cloze section can be conquered, paving the way for a successful postgraduate journey.。
2020考研英语(一)完型填空(英语知识应用)讲义
“英语知识运用”讲义（USE OF ENGLISH）一．考试要求英语知识应用主要考察考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
本部分共20个小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇约240-280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
注意：该部分不仅考察考生对于不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考察考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性）的辨识能力。
二．考试概况1. 体裁：多为论说文2. 题材：社会话题3. 文章来源：外刊4.分值：10分5. 答题时间：小于20分钟6. 难度：较高三．命题原则1.第一句不出题。
2.答案平均分布3.胡萝卜加大棒。
四．三大考点（一）逻辑关系逻辑关系是英语知识运用考查的重点！主要考察句句之间的一致性和完整性。
例1Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, _______ others with a low BMI may be in poor shape.A.soB. whileC. sinceD. unless解析：本句考察两个句子之间的逻辑关系，Some people/othersHigh BMI/low BMIIn fact三个线索，指向本题答案。
（二）词义辨析例2This suggest that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an _________ in not being too bright.A.tendencyB. advantageC. inclinationD. priority解析：a tendency for/ to do s.than advantage inan inclination fortake priority over s.th例3Negative attitudes toward obesity, grounded in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity ______. My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign……A.discussionsB. businessC. policiesD. studies解析：我的医院禁止含糖饮料很多雇主开展减肥和健身活动米歇尔奥巴马发起……运动（三）固定搭配例4Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign _______ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.A.forB. againstC. withD. without解析：固定搭配+常识判断。
完型填空课件
37 A. big bites B. deep breaths C. a firm hold D. a close look
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【例3】（2008 浙江）After swimming, I would go
… inside his office and sit on the wooden chair in
35 A. fishing net
B. office things
C. wooden chairs D. lab equipment
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【例4】(全国卷) People of Burlington are being disturbed by the sound of bells. Four students from Burlington college of Higher Education are in the bell tower of the 26 and have made up their minds to 27 the bells nonstop for two weeks as a protest against heavy trucks which run 28 through
41 A. but B. and C. or D. so
… 【例2】(2009 江苏) As a result, all students must complete sixty hours of service learning, __37______ they will not receive a diploma.
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【例5】 (NMET2000春）The strange thing
考研英语完型填空第一讲PPT42页
谢谢！ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
考研英语完型填空第一讲
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6、黄金时代是在我们的前面，而不在 我们的 后面。
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7、心急吃不了热汤圆。
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8、你可以很有个性，但某些时候请收 敛。
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9、只为成功找方法，不为失败找借口 (蹩脚 的工人 总是说 工具不 好)。
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10、只要下定决心克服恐惧，便几乎 能克服 任何恐 惧。因 为，请 记住， 除了在 脑海中 ，恐惧 无处藏 身。-- 戴尔． 卡耐基 。
21、要知道对好事的称颂过于夸大，也会招来人们的反感轻蔑和嫉妒。——培根 22、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。——韩愈
23、一切节省，归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
考研英语完型1
1996Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Ever y morning, its people swarm into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay.One day at a time. As industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive by red ucing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.Even though its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This “disposable” work force is the most important trend in A merican business today, and it is fundamentally changing the relationship between people and the ir jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive while av oiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, health care costs a nd pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importanc e that came from being a loyal employee.1997Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, nor do they construct or build any part of the body. They are neede d for transforming foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them , and if any is missing a deficiency disease becomes apparent .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxy gen, and sometimes nitrogen. They are different in that their elements are arranged differentl y, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people, nevertheless , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vit amins. However, a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1998Until recent admitted y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the average man. But they insisted that its immediate results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the bulk of the English population. By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, however , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1999Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies with low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them alive and active. When the work is well done, a climate of accident free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may differ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safework practices by observing rules or regulations. Still others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety pays off . The fewer the injury claims , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at a profit or at a loss.2000①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain instead of consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation channels and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be self-sufficient . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. ［139 words］2001The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he agreed with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not offer sufficient control.Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which makes the European Convention on Human Rights legally binding in Britain, laid down that everybody was entitled to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands with our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were said to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.2002Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened between . As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became thedominant pre-electronic_ medium _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in perspective . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, however , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as institutional , with display becoming sharper and storage capacity increasing. They were thought of, like people, in terms of generations, with the distance between generations much smaller .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. The communications revolution has influenced both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been controversial view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed against “harmful” outco mes. And generalizations have proved difficult.2003Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious thought to how they can best accommodate such changes. Growing bodies need movement and exercise , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example ，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide multiple opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful group dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the insurance of some kind of organization with a supportive adult barely visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have short attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. On the contrary they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by planning for roles that are within their capability and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.2004Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theoriescentering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, or as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ considering the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are subject to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; consequently ，children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other _ identifiable __ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ availability _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1996饮食中含有的少量有机化合物—维生素是促进动物（包括人）正常发育和维系生命的必需成分。
考研完形填空英语一
考研完形填空英语一考研完形填空英语一真题1Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as theteam suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension?1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、see考研完形填空英语一真题2Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly cant remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar考研完形填空英语一真题3Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s sc ore on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful考研完形填空英语一真题4Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A]，[B]，[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__，agood laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does.__6__，instead of straining muscles to build them，as exercise does，laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‘s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles，decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual‘s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion，our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips，which would produce a(n) __17___ expression.Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown，____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ，the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely 考研英语一。