第二章英语
英语语言学 第二章 Phonetics and Phonology
scope of phonetics
articulatory phonetics
auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （ 研究语音的产生）
当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语 音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。 当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动 （vibration），形成的声音成为浊音 （voicing），如[ b, z, d]。 当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声 音。
pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.1 the phonic medium of language
two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 speech
organs (发音器官)
0832 英语词汇学 第二章考点归纳Chapter 2 The development of the
Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family comprise 8 branchesEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-lranian, American and Albanian , Western set : Celtic , Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.The major modern languages of each branch(常见选择，填空)：Armenian Albanian each the only languageBalto-Slavic : Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish , Czech , Bulgarian , Slovenian and Russian, Hellenic:GreekItalic: Portuguese, Spanish , French z Italian , Romanian ( five Romance language ) Germanic : Norwegianjcelandic, Danish , Swedish . (Scandinavian Languages) Celtic: Scottish , Irish , Welsh , Breton A History Overview of the English VocabularyThe formation of English words (常见简答，填空)Old English (450-1150):CelticLatin of the Roman Legions (55-54B.C)Anglo-Saxon of theGermanic tribes (now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English )-religious terms brought by the introduction of Christianity (6th century) ----Scandinavian words of Norwegian and Danish vikings (the 9th century )Middle English (1150-1500): French of Normans (1066) --English came back (13th century).Modern English (1500-up to now ): Early Modern English (1500-1700) ：Latin and Greek were borrowed in the time of Renaissance .Late Modern English ( after 1700); absorbing words from all major language s of the world with the growth of colonization ( Mid-seventeenth)--- new words created about science and technology (after World War II)Characteristics of Old English (常见填空题)Old English was a highly inflected language , language of full endings .Characteristics of Middle English (常见填空题)Middle English is alanguage of leveled endings .Characteristics of Modern English (常见填空题)English has evolved froma synthetic language ( Old English) to the present analytic language .2.1Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary The main reasons for the development of Present-day English vocabulary are:(常见简单 , 选择)Generally, there are three main source of new words : the rapid development of modern science and technology; social , economic and political changes ; the influence of other cultures and languages.2.2Modes of Vocabulary Development The Main Modes of Vocabulary Development(常见填空，简答题)Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels : creation , semantic, change , borrowing.(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots ,affixes and other elements . In modern times , this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion .(2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet he new need . This does not increase the number of word forms but increases many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary .(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.。
八上英语第二单元课文
八上英语第二单元课文八上英语第二单元课文内容如下：Section A 1b :Reporter:What do you usually do on weekends?Girl1:I sometimes go shopping.Boy1:I never go shopping.I usually watch TV.Boy2:I always exercise.Girl2:I often help with housework.Reporter:How about you?Girl3:I hardly ever watch TV.I always read.Reporter:Oh,why is that?Girl3:Oh,I don’t know.I guess I just like books.Section A 2a and 2b:Reporter:So,Cheng Tao,how often do you watch TV?Cheng Tao:Hmm...about twice a week,I guess.Reporter:Uh-huh.And how often do you read?Cheng Tao:Oh,I read every day at school!Reporter:How often do you go to the movies?Cheng Tao:Uh...let me see...maybe once a month?Reporter:How often do you exercise?Cheng Tao:Oh,I exercise about three times a week.Reporter:How often do you shop?Cheng Tao:Shop?I shop about...about twice a month.Section B 1c and 1d:Interviewer:Hi,Tina and Bill.Let’s start with the first question.How often do you exercise?Tina:Every day.Bill:Hardly ever.Interviewer:How often do you eat vegetables and fruit?Tina:I eat vegetables and fruit every day.Bill:I sometimes eat vegetables.But I never eat fruit.Interviewer:OK.How many hours do you sleep every night?Tina:Nine.Bill:Me,too.Interviewer:How often do you drink milk?Bill:Never.I can’t stand milk.Tina:Oh,I love milk—I drink it every day.Interviewer:How often do you eat junk food?Bill:I eat it three or four times a week.Tina:I guess I eat it two or three times a week. Interviewer:And how often do you drink coffee? Bill:Oh,I drink coffee four times a day.Tina:I never drink coffee.Interviewer:Well,thank you very much.Bill/Tina:You’re welcome.。
研究生英语第二章the new single 课件
• Afford [əˈf ɔrd] vt.提供，给予；买得起， 负担得起 常接在can后面表示负担得起 后常接名词 I live for the day when I can afford to buy a car.
• Housing [ˈha ʊzɪŋ] n.房屋；外壳，遮盖 物 Housing accumulation fund 住房公积金
Background knowledge
• Stockholm：the capital city of Sweden. It is a port and also an import center of business ,art and education.斯德哥尔摩 • 2004年斯德哥尔摩一共有765,044人口，其 中370,482是男性，394,562是女性。平均 年龄是39.8岁，其中40.5%在20岁到44岁 之间。40.4%的人口没有结婚，27.5%已婚， 11.1%离婚。
• 房子被分为几类：公寓，别墅，农场，第二套住房。瑞典政府规定，所 有的房子都必须包括一个卧室，一个厨房，一个厕所和一个阳台。下面 这套是典型的公寓，价格是77万5瑞典克朗，约合人民币73万。公寓面 积55平方米（绝对的实际面积，不是“建筑面积”）。地点在南泰利耶， 交通还算方便，走路可到火车站，坐火车进斯德哥尔摩市区不到1小时 火车，开车大约35公里左右。
Translation
• A self-determined life doesn’t come cheap.In capitals like Stockholm,Rome or Berlin,high rents mean that only big eaners can afford their own housing. • 过自己选择的生活一点也不便宜。在像斯 德哥尔摩、罗马或柏林这样的首都城市， 房租很高，这意味着只有高工资的人才付 得起自己的住房。
Good Job 职场英语第二章 欢迎与介绍新人
Good Job 职场英语第二章欢送与介绍新人【Good Job! 职场英语】第二章：欢送与介绍新人Unit 2 Weling and introducing the newer 欢送与介绍新人Key terms1. to run the place——to be in charge or handle day to day activities to ensure things run smoothly. Someone who runs the place is usually in a position of authority; however, secretaries and receptionists can be said to run things as they make and know schedules and are usually relied upon to handle or fix office machinery, etc 经营公司2. to pick someone’s brain——to ask questions and get information from someone 向……请教3. to "dot the i's and cross the t's——to put precise finishing touches on something; to fill in all the particulars 仔细检查4. cubicle——a small partment within an office that is a workspace for one person 隔间5. set up——to configure or organize something so it can function 设定6. to give someone the rundown on (something)——to give someone a summary or point by point explanation of a particular topic 概述7. at the moment——right now 目前8. a wealth of information——a great source of information on a topic 通晓9. getting one’s feet wet——just beginning a new job, task, project, etc. The phrase alludes to wading into water: the first thing to get wet is your feet 初尝某事10. to get up to speed——slang, to show someone what he or she needs to know in order to begin work. In a sense, to catch up to the knowledge the rest of the team already has进入状态；了解Katharine is being introduced to her coworkers by her supervisor, Jacob Smith, on her first day of work. .Jacob: You might have met Barbara Polley on your way in. She’s our receptionist and she’ll tell you who’s in, who’s out, where to find us . . . she pretty much runs the place.Barbara: Hi, Katharine.Katharine: Nice to meet you, Barbara.Jacob: And this is Jason Smollet, another researchass istant here. You’ll probably end up working together a lot of the time. He’s a good person to go to withquestions or problems, before you ask someone else.Jason: Wele to ABC Tech, Katharine.Katharine: Thank you, it’s a pleasure to meet you. Maybe I can set up a time to pick your brain?Jason: Any time. I know it can be confusing around here at first!Jacob: And that’s Samantha Bar, our Human Resources Manager, just walking in. She’ll probably be ing around to help you set up your paperwork,right Samantha?Samantha walks over.Samantha: Good morning, everybody. Wele, Katharine. Yes,I'll e by later today to make sure we've dotted the i's and crossed the t's.Jacob: Thanks, folks. Now, Katharine, let's go to your cubicle.Katharine: OK—nice to have met all of you!Jacob: And here is where you'll be working. Barbara will e to show you how to set up the telephones and give you the rundown on the puter, passwords, and anything else you need to know to get going. I think I'll call her now so you can get started. Is that alright? Do you have any questions? Katharine: No, not at the moment, thanks. I'm happy to get started.Sample SentencesA. Introductions1. Let’s get acquainted with the rest of the team.2. Katharine, meet Barbara, our receptionist.3. Katharine, Barbara. Barbara, Katharine. Katharine is our new research assistant.4. I don’t believe you’ve met Lance yet. Lance is an analyst.5. I’d like you to meet Jason, a senior analyst. Jason isa wealth of information on ? nance. You and he should setup a time to meet. He will be a big help in getting you oriented here.B. Describing your postion6. “So you’re the new girl?” “Yes, I’m just getting my feet wet.”7. I just started this week.8. I just started working as a project manager.9. I work in the sales department as a customer service technician.10. I’m in real estate.C. Offering assistance11. Please e to me if you have any questions.12. If there’s anything I can do to help, just let me know.13. George is always willing to give a helping hand.14. Barbara will e to help you get settled in here.15. Barbara will help you get up to speed.D. Politely declining more assistance16. Thanks, but I think I’m all set for now.17. Thank you; I think that’s all I need for now.18. I feel pretty fortable with everything now.19. I’m ready to get to work.Good Job! 职场英语(全彩图本)——不同于一般的日常会话，如何跨越语言障碍、善用语言的`力量，适切表达自己的意见、沟通无碍，是晋升职场英文王的一大重点。
英语语言学第二章练习
Chapter 2：Speech soundsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21．The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction ofa______.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．P______ is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．The sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating are v ____ sounds.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. minimal pair49. intonation 50. phoneticsV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:51. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?52. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying consonants ?53. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?54. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.。
英语国家概况第二章知识点
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation•第01讲Early Settlers & Roman Britain & The Anglo-SaxonsI. Early Settlers （5000 BC—55 BC）Britain was originally a part of the European continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creatingthe English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island.【译文】早期居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。
7000年前的冰川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。
•1） Iberians （伊比利亚人）（the first known settlers）① At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain,probably from the Iberian Peninsula, now Spain.② They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops.【译文】1）伊比利亚人（所知道的最早的英国居民）①大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。
②作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。
•2） The Beaker Folk （宽口陶器人）① At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now knownas Holland and the Rhineland.② These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinkingvessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves.③ They brought with them the art of pottery making, the ability to fashionbronze tools and the custom of individual burial.【译文】2）宽口陶器人①大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到这里。
英语听力练习-第二章短对话（ShortConversation）
推理与判断1) A) He enjoys reading letters. B) He has been job-hunting.C) He is offering the woman a job. D) He is working for a company.2) A) His mother can’t make apple pies. B) This pie can’t match his mother’s.C) His mother likes the pie very much. D) This apple pie tastes very good.3) A) He is an awful speak. B) He gets nervous very easily.C) He is an inexperienced speaker. D) He hasn’t prepared his speech.4).A) The child is a boy. B) The child’s name is Bill.C) The child is 3 years old. D) The child is lovely.5) A) The man is not happy with the woman’s promise.B) The man believes the man will play tennis with him tomorrow.C) The man played tennis with the woman yesterday.D) The man forgot to play tennis with the woman.6) A) Jim will get well soon.B) Jim doesn’t like school.C) The teacher is glad to hear that Jim can’t come to school.D) Jim won’t go back to school any more.7) A) Mothers are usually good wives. B) Mary is a very good wife.C) Mary is a considerate wife. D) Mary is both a good wife and mother.8) A) She is too busy to go. B) She’s willing to go swimming.C) She doesn’t want to wait long. D) She enjoys the wonderful weather.9) A) Young people are too quick to make decision.B) Young people seldom stay long on the same job.C) Young people are too eager to succeed.D) Young people lose their jobs easily.10).A) He is afraid he won’t be chosen for the trip.B) The boss has not decided where to go.C) Such a trip is necessary for the company.D) It’s not certain whether the tri p will take place.转折关系1) A) Because she has got an appointment. B) Because she doesn’t want to.C) Because she has to work. D) Because she wants to eat in a new restaurant.2) A) At home. B) At the riverside. C) At the health center. D) At his office.3) A) The woman doesn’t want to spend Christmas.B) The woman is going home for Christmas.C) The woman has not been invited to the Christmas party.D) The woman is going to spend Christmas abroad.4) A) The first house they saw is too expensive.B) They may save some money for the time being.C) She is happy with the price set by the seller.D) Less money will be spent in maintaining the house.5) A) He will only be available in the afternoon. B) It’s not his office hour.C) He doesn’t have time. D) He is too tired after class.6) A) He’ll repay the woman soon.B) He hasn’t received his financial statement yet.C) He can’t lend the woman any money.D) His loan isn’t due yet.7) A) To make the woman angryB) To please the man’s motherC) David is the man’s good friendD) David is good at carrying on conversations.8) A) He wonders about the usefulness of the protest.B) He thinks the present tuition is fair.C) He doesn’t know how many students protested.D) He doesn’t know how much the school charges for tuition.9) A) He was offered a better job. B) He received a traffic ticket.C) He works very carefully. D) He always drives through a lot of traffic.10) A) Compare her own papers to others B) Watch out for the usual typing mistakesC) Have someone else type her papers D) Ask another person to check her work.3. 短对话部分综合测试Quiz One1)A) He couldn’t hear everything the speaker said.A)He couldn’t understand anything of the lecture.B)He left the lecture after the opening words.C)He had not heard there would be a lecture.2)A) The man does not have much time.B) She wants to leave early.C) They will have to rush if they want to be early.D) The man does not have to hurry.3) A) She is a kind of maid.B) She bought them a nice gift.C) She is very considerate.D) She lives by herself.4) A) His relationship with his roommate was not satisfactory.B) He never could find a roommate.C) His roommate never wanted to go along with him to the park.D) His roommate was never at home at the same time he was.5) A) Watch the woman’s dogB) Tell her when five minutes have passedC) Watch to see if the number five is comingD) Take care of the woman’s handbag6) A) He could have gotten a scholarship if he had worked harder.B) He criticizes himself too harshly.C) He has a very difficult problem.D) The scholarship examination is unusually difficult.7) A) He is trying to hurt the woman.B) He is a generous person.C) He is joking with the woman.D) He is going to visit the Algerian ambassador.8) A) She wants Taro to keep something for her.B) Taro should hug her to say good-bye.C) Taro should visit her during the summer.D) They should communicate during the summer.9) A) She does not feel like talking.B) She agrees to meet the man at her home.C) She is recovering from being ill.D) She is tired from a long airplane trip.10) A) The man’s brother lived there for only one month.B) The man put his brother’s things in a safe place.C) The man’s brother is difficult to live with.D) She never met the man’s brother.Quiz Two1)A) She was accepted into graduate school.B) She does not understand the graduate school requirements.C) She does not know if she got into graduate school.C) She does not want to go to graduate school.2) A) The man would talk too long on the telephone.B) The man would forget to buy a birthday card.C) The man would be rude to his mother.D) The man might forget his mother’s birthday.3) A) The roommate will move out at the end of the month.B) The roommate will moved out last week.C) The roommate moved out two weeks ago.D) The roommate lived there only a month.4) A) She has a class at three o’clock.B) She cannot have coffee with the man.C) She will meet the man for coffee after class.D) She will cancel her appointment with her adviser.5) A) He wanted to get there earlier.B) He has to work this weekend.C) He has to leave early to go to work.D) He was allowed to leave work early.6) A) It was the same speech that was given last year.B) It was shorter than last year’s speech.C) It was longer and less focused than last year’s speech.D) It was a big improvement over last year’s speech.7) A) He had not known about the trip.B) Most people like dangerous activities.C) He does not like dangerous activities.D) No one told him the trip would be so dangerous.8) A) He enjoys spending time with her.B) She does not have enough fun.C) She knows how to have a lot of fun.D) He enjoys helping her with homework.9) A) She had not known about Eli’s party.B) She did not attend Eli’s party.C) Only a few people knew about the party.D) Eli’s apartment was too small for a party.10) A) He can’t find the directions.B) The chair needs another bolt.C) A bolt is missing.D) The directions are incomplete.11) A) Astrid is not as tall as the woman.B) Astrid is taller than the man.C) The shirt will be too short for Astrid.D) Astrid never wears T-shirts.12) A) She thought he did not want a convertible.B) She thought he should wait to buy a car.C) She did not know he wanted to buy a car.D) She wanted to help him decide which car to buy.13) A) Her secretary will arrange the details of her trip.B) She will arrange to have her secretary accompany her.C) She will not go to the conference.D) Her secretary will go to the conference.14) A) He wishes he received more letters.B) His friends do not answer his letters.C) He rarely corresponds with anyone.D) He does not like to use e-mail.15) A) Professor Tran let no one else speak.B) Professor Tran did not hear the speech.C) Professor Tran probably liked the speech.D) Professor Tran is not a good teache。
自考英语词汇学 第二章课件
In fact, more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. 事实上，现代英语词汇 中有 25%以上几乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的 （WBD）。 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.在现代英语中，除了少数几个 词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。可以这样说，英语已 从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言 。
2
- The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 印欧 语就是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数 语言、近东诸语言和古梵语。
2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) -中古英语 Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. 虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还 是日耳曼语。 Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.从 1250 年 到 1500 年的 250 年间，大约有 9000 个法语词汇 进入到英语中，其中 75%仍在使用。 If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings. 如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英 语的词尾已去了一半
英语国家概况第二章知识点
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation∙第01讲Early Settlers & Roman Britain & The Anglo-SaxonsI. Early Settlers （5000 BC—55 BC）Britain was originally a part of the European continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creatingthe English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island.【译文】早期居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。
7000年前的冰川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。
∙1） Iberians （伊比利亚人）（the first known settlers）① At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain,probably from the Iberian Peninsula, now Spain.② They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops.【译文】1）伊比利亚人（所知道的最早的英国居民）①大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。
②作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。
∙2） The Beaker Folk （宽口陶器人）① At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now knownas Holland and the Rhineland.② These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinkingvessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves.③ They brought with them the art of pottery making, the ability to fashionbronze tools and the custom of individual burial.【译文】2）宽口陶器人①大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到这里。
英语国家概况 第2章 英国的起源
大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材 矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可 能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。
作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。
At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland 大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰
Roman influence
on Britain so
limited?
3） The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶级以及属民来对待 。 四百年中，罗马人从不和不列颠人通婚。
此岛，直至罗马人入侵
名词
解释
▲ 他们可能源自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国、比利
时和德国南部
第二节 罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—公元410年）
1.英国被罗马人的占
British recorded For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.
In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany, settled in East Anglia, Mercia （which covered the Midlands and the Welsh borders） and Northumbria, which reached to the Scottish border.
会计英语 第二章
• The account is debited • The account is charged
10
Credit
• Amount credits to the account • The account is credited
30
P64 E2-2
• Indicate the necessary action (debit or credit) to increase or decrease each of the following accounts: d. To increase Accounts Payable. e. To decrease the owner’s capital account. f. To decrease Prepaid Insurance.
34
P60-2
• Traylor Company paid $ 2850 on account. The effect of this transaction on the accounting equation is to ____ C. Have no effect on total assets D. Decrease assets and decrease liabilities
Analyzing and Recording
Classifying and Summarizing
Financial Statements and other Reports
Internal transaction Flow-chart
4
External transaction
英语二单元作文第二章
英语二单元作文第二章In today's interconnected world, cultural diversity has become an integral part of our daily lives. As we navigate through the complexities of global interactions, it is essential to understand and appreciate the rich tapestry of cultures that make up our human family. This essay aims to explore the significance of cultural diversity, the challenges it presents, and the opportunities it offers for personal and societal growth.IntroductionCultural diversity refers to the variety of cultures, traditions, and beliefs that exist within a society or across the globe. It is a reflection of the human experience, shaped by history, geography, and social structures. Embracing cultural diversity is not only a moral imperative but also a practical necessity in our increasingly globalized world.The Importance of Cultural Diversity1. Promotes Understanding and Tolerance: Exposure todifferent cultures fosters empathy and understanding, which are crucial for peaceful coexistence. It helps to break down stereotypes and prejudices.2. Encourages Innovation and Creativity: A diverse cultural environment stimulates new ideas and perspectives. It canlead to innovation in various fields, from technology to the arts.3. Enhances Global Competitiveness: In a global marketplace, cultural diversity can be a competitive advantage. It can help businesses to better understand and cater to a wide range of consumers.Challenges of Cultural Diversity1. Communication Barriers: Language differences can lead to misunderstandings and hinder effective communication.2. Cultural Misunderstandings: What is considered polite or appropriate in one culture may be offensive in another. Navigating these differences requires cultural sensitivity and education.3. Integration Issues: Migrants and immigrants often face challenges in integrating into a new culture, which can lead to social exclusion and economic disparities.Opportunities Presented by Cultural Diversity1. Educational Benefits: Learning about different cultures can enrich educational experiences and provide a broader worldview.2. Cultural Exchange Programs: Initiatives that promote cultural exchange, such as student exchange programs, can foster mutual understanding and respect.3. Economic Opportunities: A culturally diverse workforce can open up new markets and provide a platform for businesses to thrive in a global economy.ConclusionCultural diversity is a multifaceted phenomenon that offers both challenges and opportunities. It is up to individuals, communities, and nations to harness its potential for the betterment of society. By promoting cultural literacy, encouraging dialogue, and celebrating our differences, we can build a more inclusive and harmonious world.Reflection Questions1. How has your understanding of other cultures changed over time?2. What steps can be taken to overcome the challenges posed by cultural diversity?3. In what ways can cultural diversity benefit your local community or workplace?This essay serves as a starting point for a deeper conversation about the role of cultural diversity in our lives. It is a call to action for everyone to play a part in fostering a more culturally aware and accepting society.。
英语(第二册)第二章
What do you usually do online?
Do you learn English online?
Do you make friends on the Internet?
Do you play computer games on the Internet?
Do you buy things on the Internet?
√
√
√
Ⅱ Listen and fill. 听录音，补全对话。
Tim: Diane, ___________________ now?Diane: I’m _______________ online.Tim: Do you always order food online?Diane: Yes. Ordering food online is really convenient and ________________________. Tim: Definitely. The Internet has made our life better in lots of ways.Diane: Yeah, _________________. I regard the Internet as a great helper. Everything becomes easier when you have the Internet. You can surf the Internet for any information you need in a short time without working hard in the library. It’s also a good way to find out what’s going on around us. Tim: Also, when it comes to planning a trip, you can research places that are far away from you a lot more easily. I think it really kind of enriched my understanding of the world in lots of ways.Diane: You’re right. It’s so important to us that I can’t imagine ______________________ without the Internet.
外研版高一英语必修一第二章单词详解
1.amusing adj funny and entertaining✧I don't find his jokes at all amusing.amused adj if you are amused by something, you think it is funny and you smile or laugh be amused at/by✧Ellen seemed amused by the whole situation。
✧an amused smile/look/expression etckeep sb amused✧There were puzzles and games to keep the children amused.amusement with/in amusement to sb's amusement即学即练:When Mike was a child, he often ______ himself with his toy。
迈克孩提时经常摆弄玩具取乐.Much _____ ______________, his false beard fell off.使我感到及其好笑的是, 她的假胡子掉下來了。
2.energetic adj having or needing a lot of energy or determination✧an energetic manenergetic in doing sth✧We need to be more energetic in promoting ourselves abroad.energetically adv即学即练:My grandfather is as _____ as a young man and hates sitting around doing nothing all day.A。
《大学英语实用教程(上册)》第二章
4. Because my journey to know God is my greatest passion, my friends have been the bridges that assisted me in crossing the calm and not so calm waters of life.
3. Friendship is God’s magical, miraculous looking glass, through which we see each other with the eyes of soul.
友情是上帝神奇的反光镜，通过它，我们可以心灵相通。
through which we see each other with the eyes of soul, 非限制性 定语从句，修饰说明looking glass。关系代词which在定语从句中作介词 through的宾语。在这种从句中，which要紧跟介词，不能把介词 through放在句尾。
good friends rather weak
taken care of
the beautiful flowers
on the table
Part Two Follow the Movie SSeeccttioionnⅠⅠ Section Ⅱ Section Ⅲ Section Ⅳ Task one
2
3
过渡页
1
Transition Page
4
4
Part One Practice Listening
SSeeccttioionnⅠⅠ Section Ⅱ Section Ⅲ Section Ⅳ
New Words and
重编版出版自考《英语二》课件第二章
Unit 2 Mistake to SuccessA Famous QuoteSuccess is going from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm.——Winston Churchill成功就是经历一次一次失败后，热情依旧。
——温斯顿·丘吉尔TEXT A Spilt Milkcry over spilt milk express regret for sth. that has happened and cannot be remedied 为已经发生而无法补救的事懊悔New Wordsspill v.（especially of liquid） to flow over the edge of the container by accident （使）洒出，泼出，溢出respond v.to do something as a reaction to something that somebody has said or done 作出反应，响应interview v.to ask somebody questions about their life, opinions, etc., especially on the radio or television for a newspaper or magazine （媒体）采访；访问creative adj. involving the use of skill and the imagination to produce something new or a work of art创造（性）的；创作的occur v. to happen 发生；出现remove v.to take something or somebody away from a place 移开；拿开；去掉refrigerator n. a piece of electrical equipment in which food is kept cold so that it stays fresh 冰箱grip n.an act, of holding somebody/something tightly 紧握；紧抓slippery adj.difficult to hold or to stand or move on, because it is smooth, wet or polished 滑的；滑的抓不住（或站不稳，难以行走）的content n. the things that are contained in something 所容纳之物；所含之物veritable adj. a word used to emphasize that somebody/something can be compared to somebody/ something else that is more exciting, more impressive, etc. 十足的；名副其实的；不折不扣的yell v. to shout loudly, for example, because you are angry, excited, frightened or in pain 喊；大喊；吼叫lecture n. a long angry talk that somebody gives to one person or a group of people because they have done something wrong（冗长的）教训，训斥，谴责mess n. a dirty or untidy state 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁rarely adv. not very often 罕有；很少；不常puddle n. a small amount of water or other liquid, especially rain, that has collected in one place on the ground 水洼；小水坑eventually adv.at the end of a period of time or a series of events 最后；终于restore v.to bring somebody/something back to a former condition, place or position 使复原；使复位，使复职sponge n. a piece of artificial or natural material that is soft and light and full of holes and can hold water easily, used for washing or cleaning 海绵块effectively adv.in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result 有效的tiny adj. very small in size or amount 极小的；微小的discover v.to find out about something or information about something 了解到；认识到；查明grasp v.to take a firm hold of somebody/ something 抓紧；抓牢lip n. the edge of a container or a hollow place in the ground （容器或凹陷地方的）边，边沿renowned adj. famous and respected 有名的；闻名的；受尊敬的remark v.to say or write a commend about something/somebody 谈论；评论opportunity n. a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve something 机会；时机scientific adj.connected with science 科学（上）的；关于科学的valuable adj. very usefu1 很有用的；很重要的；宝贵的Phrases and Expressionsin this manner in the way which something is done or happens 用这种方式set …apart from to make somebody/ something different from or better than others 区别；使与众不同重点词汇讲解spill v.（especially of liquid） to flow over the edge of the container by accident （使）洒出，泼出，溢出eg: The ink spilt all over the desk. 墨水洒了一桌子。
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《马克思主义基本原理概论》第二章部分练习：
一、单项选择题
1．马克思主义认为，从实践的活动机制看，实践是（ A ）
A．主体与客体通过中介相互作用的过程
B．道德行为和政治活动
C．科学实验
D．生活．行为．现实．实事等感性活动
2．实践的主体是（ B ）
A．绝对精神
B．具有思维能力．从事社会实践和认识活动的人
C．人
D．人的意识
3．实践的客体是（ D ）
A．绝对精神的对象化
B．客观物质世界
C．人的意识的创造物
D．进入主体的认识和实践范围的客观事物
4．实践的中介是（ A ）
A．各种形式的工具．手段及其运用的程序和方法
B．对一事物存在和发展有联系的各种要素的总和
C．构成事物一切要素的总和
D．受命于主观，见之于客观的活动
5．马克思主义认为，主客体之间的价值关系是指（ D ）
A．主体对客体的物质欲望和要求
B．主体对客体的能动反映
C．主体对客体的改造和变革的结果
D．客体对于主体的有用性和效益性
6．“社会上一旦有技术上的需要，则这种需要会比十所大学更能把科学推向前进。
”这说明（ C ）A．实践是认识的来源 B．技术推动了科学的发展
C．实践是认识发展的动力 D．科学进步是实践的目的
7．“纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行”，陆游这一名句强调的是（ A ）
A．实践是认识的来源 B．实践是推动认识发展的动力
C．实践是认识的目的 D．间接经验毫无用处
8．感性认识和理性认识的区别是（ C ）
A．感性认识是可靠的，理性认识是不可靠的
B．感性认识来源于实践，理性认识来源于书本
C．感性认识是对现象的认识，理性认识是对本质的认识
D．感性认识来源于直接经验，理性认识来源于间接经验
9．真理与谬误之间的相互关系是（ C ）
A．在任何情况下都是绝对对立的 B．没有相互转化的可能性
C．在一定条件下可以互相转化 D．两者之间没有原则区别
10．“真理是人造的供人使用的工具”的看法是（ A ）
A．主观唯心主义 B．客观唯心主义
C．辩证唯物主义 D．机械唯物主义
?11．“此亦一是非，彼亦一是非”的命题，其含义是（ D ）
A．强调真理的客观性 B．否认真理的客观性
C．强调真理具有客观标准 D．否认真理具有客观标准
12．“对客观事物的反映即是真理”，这是（ A ）
A．混淆了真理性认识与一般认识的错误观点
B．辩证唯物主义的真理观
C．一切唯物主义的真理观
D.混淆了真理的客观性与规律客观性
13．承认我们知识的相对性就（ D ）
A．必然归结为诡辩论 B．必然归结为怀疑主义
C．必然归结为不可知论 D．可以防止认识的僵化
14．“人的思维是否具有真理性，这并不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。
人应该在实践中证明自己思维的真理性，即自己思维的现实性和力量，亦即自己思维的此岸。
”这一论断说明了（ B ）A．实践是认识的来源和动力
B．实践是检验认识是否具有真理性的唯一标准
C ．实践检验真理不需要理论指导
D．认识活动与实践活动具有同样的作用和力量
15．列宁提出的：“从物到感觉和思想”与“从思想和感觉到物”是（A ）
A．唯物主义认识论与唯心主义认识论的对立
B．经验论与先验论的对立
C．反映论与先验论的对立
D．可知论与不可知论的对立
16．列宁说：“没有革命的理论，就不会有革命的行动”，这一命题的含义是（ C ）
A．革命理论比革命行动更重要
B．革命运动是革命理论的派生物
C．革命理论对革命实践具有指导作用
D．革命理论最终决定革命运动的成败
17．真理和谬误的界限在于（ C ）
A．是否符合人的利益和愿望
B．是否符合马克思主义
C．是否反映了客观事物的本质和规律
D．是否为大多数人所接受
18．真理的绝对性是指它的（ B ）
A．具体性 B．客观性 C．终极性 D．全面性
19．真理观上的相对主义，错误在于（ A ）
A．夸大真理的相对性，否认真理的绝对性
B．夸大真理的绝对性，否认真理的相对性
C．只讲真理的客观性，否认真理的相对性
D．认为关于同一对象真理性的认识只有一个
20．马克思主义认为，认识的辩证过程是（ C ）
A．从间接经验到直接经验的转化
B．从抽象到具体再到抽象的上升运动
C．实践一认识一实践的无限循环往复
D．从相对真理到绝对真理的发展
二、多项选择题
1．实践的中介系统包括（ AB ）
A．人的肢体延长．体能放大的工具系统
B．人的感官和大脑延伸．智力放大的工具系统
C．进入主体认识和实践范围的各种物质系统
D．在思维中把对象的某种属性．因素抽取出来的逻辑方法与操作系统
2．主体与客体相互作用的过程包括以下环节（ ABC ）
A．确定实践目的和实践方案
B．通过一定的实践手段把实践方案变成实际的实践活动
C．通过反馈和调节，使实践目的．手段和结果按一定方向运行
D．通过改造主观世界而支配客观世界的运行
3．马克思主义认识论与唯心主义认识论的区别在于是否承认（ BD ）
A．世界的可知性
B．客观事物是认识的对象
C．认识发展的辩证过程
D．社会实践是认识的基础
4．实践在认识中的决定作用表现在（ ABCD ）
A．实践提出了认识的课题
B．实践创造出必要的物质条件和手段，使认识成为可能
C．实践是认识的唯一来源
D．实践是检验认识真理性的唯一标准
5．“批判的武器当然不能代替武器的批判，物质的力量只能用物质的力量来摧毁，理论一经群众掌握，也会变成物质力量。
”这一论断的哲学思想是（ ABD ）
A．理论对实践具有指导作用
B．理论不能代替实践
C．理论本身就是物质的力量
D．理论的作用可以通过实践表现出来
6．下列观点中包含实践对认识的决定作用原理的是（ ABC ）
A．没有调查就没有发言权
B．百闻不如一见，百见不如一千
C．不登高山，不知天之高也；不临深溪，不知地之厚也
D．机遇偏爱有准备的头脑
7．“感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解了的东西，才能更深刻地感觉它”，这一观点说明（ BC ）
A．感性认识对于认识事物的本质没有任何帮助
B．感性认识具有局限性，有待于上升为理性认识
C．感性认识是认识的初级阶段，理性认识是认识的高级阶段
D．感性认识和理性认识是相互依存和渗透的
8．理性认识向实践飞跃的意义在于（ ACD ）
A．理论接受实践的检验 B．理论可以改变事物发展的总趋势
C．理论可以指导实践 D．理论在实践的发展中得到发展
9．下列属于中国传统哲学中唯心主义知行观的有（ABC ）
A．生而知之(孔子)
B．不虑而知(孟子)
C．不行而知（老子）
D．不登高山，不知天之高也，不临深溪，不知地之厚也(荀子)
10．实践是检验真理的唯一标准，在于（ ABCD ）
A．实践具有直接现实性的品格
B. 真理的本性在于主观和客观相符合
C．实践是联系主观和客观的桥梁
D．实践是主观见之于客观的活动
11．一个正确的思想，往往需要经历由实践到认识．认识到实践的多次反复才能形成，这是因为（ ABCD ）
A．认识主体存在着自身的局限性
B．事物的本质的暴露是一个过程
C．人的认识受社会历史条件的限制
D．认识是一个过程
12．人类活动的两个基本原则是（ AB ）
A．真理原则
B．价值原则
C．效率原则
D．公平原则
13．下列观点体现真理和价值的辩证关系的有（ ABCD ）
A．真理既是制约实践的客观尺度，又是实践追求的价值目标之一
B．遵循真理尺度就要按科学规律办事，遵循价值尺度就要满足人的需要
C．价值的形成和实现以坚持真理为前提，真理又必然是具有价值的
D．实现价值是人们追求真理的目的，价值追求引导人们去探索真理
14．价值的特性是（ ABCD ）
A．客观性
B．主体性
C．社会历史性
D．多维性
15．价值的客观性在于（BCD ）
A．真理的客观性决定了客观性
B．人的需要具有客观性
C．满足人的需要的对象具有客观性
D．满足人的需要的过程具有客观性
16．马克思主义“是任何坚定不移和始终一贯的革命策略的基本条件；为了找到这种策略，需要的只是把这一理论应用于本国的经济条件和政治条件”。
这一论断的含义是（ ABCD ）A．马克思主义不是教义，而是行动的指南
B．马克思主义必须和各国的具体实际相结合
C．必须从实际出发，理论联系实际
D．马克思主义的原理是对现存的历史活动的真实关系的一般表述
17．认识世界和改造世界是辩证的统一，表现在（ BCD ）
A．认识的任务归根到底在于解释世界
B．认识的任务不仅在于解释世界，更重要的在于改造世界
C．要有效地改造世界，必须正确地认识世界
D．认识和改造客观世界的过程也是认识和改造主观世界的过程
18．人类在客观世界面前所处的两种不同的社会活动状态是（ BD ）
A．必然
B．必然王国
C．自由
D．自由王国。