Chinese T&D
英语单词Chinese的由来及含义
英语单词Chinese的由来及含义【英语单词“Chinese”的由来】Chinese=Clever聪明的+Honest诚实的+Intelligent 智慧的+Noble高贵的+Excellent卓越的+Smart机灵的+Elegant优雅的。
我骄傲，因为我是中国人。
Clever聪明的
She is a bright [clever] girl.
她是一个聪明的女孩。
Honest诚实的
Honest men despise lies and liars.
诚实的人蔑视谎言和撒谎者。
Intelligent智慧的
He is so intelligent that he always keeps ahead of his competitors.
他非常聪明，总是胜过他的竞争对手一筹。
Noble高贵的
What a noble spirit this is!
这是多么高尚的精神!
Excellent卓越的
This is an excellent quality.
这是一种杰出的品质。
Smart机灵的
Sometimes in life you have to be smart.
有时，在生活中你必须要聪明点儿。
Elegant优雅的
A man's demeanor is high and elegant.
器宇高雅。
把以上这些英文字的头一个字母放一起就是：Chinese（中国人）！。
China的用法与区别
China's，Chinese，of China 的用法与区别学了那么多年英语，你一定知道中国是China，但是如果用英语表达“中国的”？是China's，Chinese，还是 of China？今天我们就来看看知乎大牛如果解析这几个词的用法与区别。
一般来说，China's 和of China 表达的意思都是“属于中国的”。
由于of China 显得比较正式（而且字数更多适合装逼），正式写作时首选of China，除非遇到以下的例外用China's1. 将中国整体作为一个拟人角色或者独立实体（而非国家这样抽象的概念）看待；2. 句子结构太复杂多一个介词of 不够清爽。
Chinese 用来表示有中国属性（风味，血统，文化等等）的。
既然这里着重讲它们的区别，所以我会尽量举一些三者不同用法的例子，但是既然它们的意义很相似，例子也只是“更”适合，所以诸如“这里另种说法也可以”的评论就敬谢不敏了。
例1拟人化时最好用China's （常见于中国与他国谈判，互动，等等）a. 中国在一战里的角色= China's role in WWIb. 中国的决心= China's determinationc. 中国的回应= China's responsed. 中国的份额= China's sharee. 中国的参与= China's participation例2 其它表示“属于中国”的时候用of China，除非句子不美观a. 中国的未来=the future of Chinab. 中国的未来的问题= the problem of the future of China但是连着两个of 甚无美感，所以正(chu)常(nv)人(zuo)一定都会改成the problem of China's future 的。
例3 除了语言，国籍，其它表示“有着中国的特征/风味/文化/渊源/来历的”的也用Chinese。
英文新闻翻译及分析加生词解析-Four-big-“tea-schools”-of-Chinese-t
3.占优势： Truth will prevail. 真理必胜。
4.流行，盛行；普遍： The use of horese for ploughing still prevails among the poorer farmers. 用马耕作的现象在贫苦农民中仍然十 分盛行。
prevail against〔over〕 胜过,克服,压倒
prevail against overwhelming odds在极不利的情况下取胜 prevail among 在…中流行 prevail in 在…占上风 prevail on 劝说,说服
perseverance prevail 坚持不懈为准 ; 坚持为准 Sensibilities Prevail 情面盛行 cannot prevail 成为了气候 Prevail price 现行价格 Galaxy Prevail 银河为准 Kind Prevail 以实物为准 complete prevail 告成 prevail with 劝说
语言点
ridge n. 山脊；山脉；屋脊 短语 mountain ridge 山脊 the ridge of a roof 屋脊 the ridge of the nose 鼻梁
rattan n. 藤；藤杖，藤条 canes and rattans 竹藤
meditative adj. 冥想的，沉思 的；耽于默想的 短语 meditative mind 禅心 Meditative Prayer 默想祈祷 Meditative Poery 冥想派诗歌 Meditative Song 默想咏唱 Meditative Multitasking 一心多用
中国的英文读音是什么
中国的英文读音是什么汉语解释：中国(China)，位于亚洲东部，这个中国的概念是指一个以华夏文明为主体、中华文化为基础、发展历史绵延5000年的文明古国。
此处中国一词解释的是文化，地理，民族意义上的中国，不是政治国名解释。
中国龙是中华民族的象征。
想知道中国的英文读音是什么吗?中国[zhōng guó]中国的英文释义：<名>China ; the People's Republic of China ; Sino- ; PRC网络China;CN;chinese;CHN中国的英文例句：中国和许多国家进行多方面贸易。
China does a lot of trade with many countries.中国是一个有着悠久历史的东方国家。
China is an oriental country with a long history.中国人用筷子吃饭。
The Chinese eat with chopsticks.那个亚洲人拦住我，问我是不是中国人。
That Asian stopped me and asked if I was Chinese.一位德国科学家打断了我，并问我是否来自中国。
A German scientist interrupted me and asked if I came from China.北京是中国的首都。
Beijing is the capital of China.主张对中国汇率政策采取强硬态度的人承认，全球经济衰退在中国贸易顺差的大幅下降中发挥了一定的作用。
Yuan hawks acknowledge that the global downturn played a role in that slump.中国领导人说过中国永远不做超级大国。
Chinese leaders have already said china will never be a super power.中国曾经声称东海气田完全在中国的专属经济区内。
小学生英法德语单词速记：China和English
小学生英法德语单词速记：China和English 小学生英法德语单词速记：China和English英语中的ch有比较复杂的读法：1、绝大多数读[tʃ]，辅音字母h的字母音[eɪtʃ]由[eɪ]+[tʃ]组成，只要会读h这个字母，就肯定会读[tʃ]这个音标。
对应英语中的tch，德语中的tsch，西班牙语中的ch，意大利语位于e,i,y前的c，接近汉语拼音中的q；2、源自现代法语的单词中ch读[ʃ]。
古法语中的ch也读[tʃ]；3、源自希腊语的单词中ch读[k]，相当于汉语拼音中的k。
英语单词China由词根chin-和后缀-a组成。
其中的chin-是汉字“秦”的音译，对应现代汉语拼音中的qin。
【英语】China [ˈtʃaɪnə]n. 中国ch读[tʃ]（对应汉语拼音中的q），元音字母i读其字母音[ai]。
na 读[nə]，对应梵语中的na，汉语拼音中的ne。
人类语言中，i几乎都读[i]，古时还有长短音之分：长音ī读[i:]，短音i读[i]。
拉丁语中的i是半元音，作元音时读[i]，作辅音时读[j]。
英语中的长音ī古时读[i:]，现代变化为读[ai]，对应德语中的ai,ei,ay,ey。
也就是说，现代英语基本上是唯一的会把长音i读成[ai]的语言。
由于这个原因，英语单词China的读音和汉字“秦qin”的读音差异较大。
而西班牙语中的China，意大利语中的Cina的读音接近汉语中的“七qi拿na”。
您不用相信我说的，但请用《谷歌翻译》验证一下。
据说，波斯语中的相应单词依然接近汉字“秦”的读音。
我们这里主要探讨如何组合记忆英语、法语、德语单词【法语】Chin e [ʃin] f.中国 (la Chine)前面介绍了，法语中的ch读[ʃ]。
英语、意大利语、西班牙语中使用的是-a——拉丁语表“阴性、单数”后缀，而法语用-e，应该是受希腊语的影响。
【德语】Chin a[das] 中国。
das是德语中性单数定冠词。
Chinese etiquette
Differences
Make the elders have a sit first. Ask the elders and visitors to move the chopsticks first Don't eat until everyone is there although someone is a little late. Put on the bowl while eating Be careful while using chopsticks
4.Greeting
When we meet somebody at the first time,it's okay to ask his name、age or the payment,while Americans think it’s impolite. In China, When people meet acquaintances or friends, we always say ,“Have you eaten yet?” “What are you going to do?” While Americans unusual say “Good morning/afternoon/evening.” “Fine day, isn’t it? “”How is it going?” ,etc
5.Table manners
Similarities
Wash hands before the meal. Take the seat from left. Eat with little noise and movement You’d better not eat too fast or too much. Don't speak with your mouth full of food. Don't litter the bone of food everywhere
Traditional Chinese Medicine Week in London
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CHINESE WOMEN AND THEIR CARS
CHINESE WOMEN AND THEIR CARS ELLEN SANDER （United States）2005Chinese girls and women, including those employed in automobile manufacturing, marketing and sales as well as a substantial and growing number of female car consumers, play a significant part in the growth of the automobile culture and economy in China. And the car, a symbol of prosperity, personal freedom and mobility, is becoming more and more important to the lives and lifestyles of Chinese women.Adecade ago, there were only 10.4 million cars in China, most of them in government and corporate fleets. Now there are over 23 million cars all over the country. New car sales were up by 82 percent in 2003 and 11 percent in 2004. Over 40 million Chinese have driver's licenses and according to a 2003 survey by Swiss consulting firm CBC, 40 percent of Chinese families are planning to buy cars."Cars have given people a chance to pursue freedom," said Beijing University sociologist Xia Xuelan to the American weekly magazine, Newsweek, in the May 9, 2005 issue, the cover story of which was China's Century. "They have opened up a space for private life." Newsweek also reported that "The length of China's highway network is second only to the United States and the government announced in January that it will spend US $200 billion over the next 25 years to nearly triple that; total mileage is expected to surpass America's around 2020."“I Have Bought a Car”According to , women purchase 30 percent of new cars in China.Some experts estimate that this number is about to increase tremendously.A survey indicates that 70 percent of female car owners bought their cars on their own, with their own money. The largest percentage of female car owners is between 30 and 40 years old and women from 25 to 30 years old come second.The study also indicated that women research their automobile purchases more carefully than men and that 30 percent of current driving school students are women.Chinese women are the focus of marketing experts who predict that designing particular cars to appeal to women will encourage and expand the automobile market in China, as it has in other countries. A car expresses its owner's individuality, taste and social status, things as important—if notmore—to females as males. And, of course, cars are sexy and lovely girls are one of the most popular ways of advertising cars.These sexy ads carry a double meaning. For men, they say, "Buy this car and maybe you can have this kind of woman." For a woman they say, "As a woman, maybe you can have this car," or, "If you buy this car, you will be considered as sexy as this woman."Famous women are often called upon to discuss their cars, to promote a certain brand of car or to promote the evolving car culture and they are only too happy for the publicity. Celebrity testimonials also promote female car ownership.Liu Zi, a beautiful and famous television actress and emcee says that she buys cars on impulse, attracted to beautiful shapes, comfortable interior design and convenient driving controls. She regards her car as hermovable home, and won't buy luxury cars to show off. But she wants a beautiful and dean car to relax in.She said, "A girl will never underestimate her own ability and as long as she works hard she will realize her dream to have a car."A Sweet ImpactThe automobile market in China is so new that gender-based statistics are hard to come by. In more developed areas, you can safely assume that the number of women buying cars is much higher than the national average. According to the latest survey by the Xin Sheng Dai Market Supervision Organization, among the over 3.3 million drivers in Beijing, 866,000 are women, 1/4 of the total. According to salesmen in the Asian Game Village Auto Market, women car buyers are less than 1/2 of the total. It doesn't take an expert or a statistician to observe that the phenomena of women drivers and women car owners in China is having a sweet impact on both the growing economy and the lives of the socially emergent, engagingly stylish and ever more prosperous women of China.In January, China Daily reported that Synovate, one of the top research firms, polled almost 4,000 women in nine countries such as China, the United States and Japan the previous month about their attitudes towards financial matters. In China, 314 women aged 15-64 were interviewed. Almost nine out of 10 Chinese married women or those living with a partner claimed to have at least an equal say in big-ticket purchases such as property and cars, third behind the United Kingdom and France. However, recent data shows that more and more Chinese women are buying cars on their own.Cars for WomenAccording to the website, The Chengdu Commercial Newspaper and an auto company in Sichuan conducted a survey of female car owners in Chengdu in March. Over 100 women took part in the survey. Eighty percent chose the appearance of a car as the deciding factor in their purchase. After that, the interior design and passenger capacity were the second most important factors. Seventy percent of women would like to buy cars between 100,000 yuan (US $12,000) and 150,000 yuan (US $18,100) and 20 percent would buy cars between 50,000 yuan (US $6,000) and 100,000 yuan (US $12,000). Of the women surveyed, 60 percent would prefer a red car while 20 percent would like a blue car.Men and women have different priorities when they choose to invest in a car and automobile manufacturers around the world have done extensive marketing research to determine what appeals to woman car buyers. The minivan, a combination of car and van that holds seven to nine passengers, was introduced in the US in the 1980s to appeal to American women, specifically the Western woman known as a "soccer mom," a mother that drives her children and their friends to after school activities, such as soccer (football) games. They developed rear doors designed to be especially convenient for loading a large number of grocery bags, special safety seats for babies, as well as arm rests that hold beverage containers, a row of seats in the rear that folds forward to provide more cargo space and other special conveniences that appeal to moms. It is an enormously successful model.Single women like small, colorful, nimble cars, working women like practical economical cars, movie stars like ostentatious cars and divorced women like their ex-husband's cars.Celebrities Conspicuously Cherish Their CarsCelebrities seem to exude a sense of romance and sensuality about their cars. On the CCTV website, popular singer Dai Rao is quoted as saying, "A car is like a fashionable dress, constantly tempting me. I cannot help being drawn to her. I collect lots of car magazines and I like to put my favorite pictures of cars on the wall." She got her driver's license in 1996 and shehas driven her latest car, a Nissan Sunny she's had for some two years, over 20,000 kilometers. "I love driving fast and hate it when other cars pass me by."Dai Rao said that the car is a friend who provides her a private space and enables her to enjoy peace alone. When it is cold outside, the car brings her warmth. When she is depressed, the car plays her music and lifts her spirits. The car protects her and takes her to "a spacious world where I can relievemy inner tensions." Her dream car is the astronomically expensive and supremely prestigious Italian Ferrari.Unlike other girls, she doesn't like decorations in her car, keeping the interior quite clean and simple. Dai Rao said, "The car can always bring me special feelings which are totally different experiences from my daily life. For example, when I drive fast on a silent street late at night it reminds me of some stories in novels. When I drive in the rain, it seems that I and the world outside are separated. I communicate with only the sound of rain. Of course, I prefer to drive in a sunny day when I start a casual journey in a lighthearted mood with clean air and nice music."Celebrities may entice the panorama of more ordinary Chinese women who buy cars. But Chinese women use their own good sense when considering or reconsidering having a car in their life. The three women interviewed for this story have much more practical attitudes about their cars.Fashionable Car for the Material GirlNicole Chen, (Chen Peng), 32, is a quintessential single career girl and a successful entrepreneur with her own company, NC.Style. She is also a columnist for several fashion magazines, among them iL ook, Fresh and An Era of Stars. A native Beijinger, the pretty, young and energetic fashion stylist spent nine years in the Tokyo fashion world. She graduated from the Bunka College of Fashion in Tokyo with a degree in Fashion Design and worked in Japan as a fashion designer and stylist for several years after that. She went to driving school in Beijing when she got back from Japan two years ago and researched a car that would help her with her work. She picks out costumes and designs sets, hair and makeup for film, shows, advertisements and television, and often has to convey a lot of clothing, shoes, props and equipment around Beijing, so her car had to be roomy as well as appealing. She bought her car, a fashionable white Toyota Dario Terios, in July 2004, after a male friend who works for Toyota recommended that model to her. It fit her needs perfectly. It's a compact SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) that Nicole calls a Jeep. "I didn't really like the white color. But later I can change the color. I went to Tianjin to buy the car because they didn't have one in Beijing at the time. The one in Tianjin was the last one."Her car cost 130,000 yuan (US $ 15,700) and she bought it for cash from her savings. The car seems small, but the large and flexible amount of interior space in this type of car suits her professional needs perfectly. "It looks small but it really isn't that small, it has a lot of room inside. I can put lots of things in it. It makes work a lot easier," she said, speaking in her fashion studio office inChaoyang, the trendy eastern part of Beijing, "I don't like the normal car."Nicole giggles as she remembers driving her car home from Tianjin. "I drove really fast. You shouldn't really drive a new car that fast, but I did. Before I drove the car, I had only rented a car for two months. So, I was a beginner driver, but I am quite a good driver. I was excited. I was a littlebit nervous because I never drove a car on the highway before. Also, I never drove at 140 kph in Beijing before."Since I have a car, when I go out on a date, I usually drive myself, even though a man should take a woman to go somewhere. If the man doesn't have a car, I always drive. I pick them up and drive them home."I can say that now that I have a car, I don't want to get a taxi any more even though sometimes parking is very difficult. I work every day. I don't drive much recreationally. I once went to the seaside with my car, but that was unusual. It really is more of a working partner."Supporting a Car Is Expensive for a Student and a Teacher Michelle Liu Lingxia, 30, married, owns a white 2000 Alto epi compact hatchback that is her constant companion, "Like my friend and a great helper." She is an English teacher at Financial and Trade Vocational School in Beijing by day and at night she takes classes at China Foreign Affairs University for her second degree in English. She lives in Changping District, the northern suburb of Beijing and bought the car for her long commute to her university, which would otherwise take her three hours by bus. The car is fully equipped with heat, air conditioning and an airbag.Although it is possible to buy a car on credit, Michelle chose to pay cash. She bought her car with 60,000 yuan (US $7,250) of her own savings that she accumulated from her salary. She chose the Alto EPI because of its small size and inexpensive price and she has been very happy with it. But the car keeps costing her money. "I feel like I am working to feed my car," she said. She spends 200 yuan (US $24) per 5,000 km for factory maintenance, petrol costs her 300 yuan (US $36) a month and parking is two yuan (US $0.2) per hour at school, although at supermarkets parking is free. Insurance is 2,000 yuan (US $242) a year and every two years the car needs a 300 yuan (US $36) inspection. There is also the liability of vandalism. "Last December I parked my car at school and put my bag on the back seat. A half hour later when I came back, the window was broken and my bag, which had a lot of school books in it, was stolen."Her then-boyfriend (now her husband) helped her pick the car out at the car market. He has a car as well, a black Hong Qi (Red Flag, a native Chinesebrand) but it is more expensive and he wouldn't let her drive it. After picking out her car, she drove it home herself, with her boyfriend coaching her. It was the first time, she said, that she was aware of how fast the car went. Her nervousness continued for about a month, but after that she felt very confident driving.These days she loves driving around in her car, "When the sky is blue and the clouds are white, listening to music on CRI radio. The car gives me a new kind of independence." When she and her husband are together, they ride in his car because it's bigger. She almost revels in the fact that her car is so small that her husband can't comfortably fit in it. She won't let anyone else drive her car.She's had one small accident, when she drove it into a factory gate. She's also gotten a speeding ticket which cost her 150 yuan (US $ 18) and a policeman stopped her for not wearing a seat belt which cost her a50-yuan (US $6) fine. Maintenance is puzzling for Michelle because, "I know how to drive, but when something goes wrong, I don't understand why. I have to take it to the factory to fix it and I think sometimes the workers cheat me because I'm a girl. Men know more about how the car works and why things break because they're more interested in that." She advises her friends not to buy a car, because "It is too expensive now. It is cheaper to take a taxi."After Michelle graduates, as much as she loves her car, she plans to give it to her brother. She won't have a long commute to the university any more, and since her husband has a car, she would rather save the expense.The Modern Executive Woman's CarLiu Xiumei, 43, married, is the Directorof the Distribution Department at awomen's magazine. In the spring of 2002, she bought her first car. "I visited Asian Game Village Auto Market—one of the largest auto markets in Beijing—several times. After three months of collecting information and comparing, I decided to buy this Volkswagen brand car. I asked two of my experienced friends to help me choose my car. The car cost 138,000 yuan (US$16,670) plus tax, insurance and other costs; I spent 150,000 yuan (US $18,100)on the car in total. The money for purchasing the car is from my husband's and my savings." She paid in cash when buying the car.She went to driving school to get her license half a year before buying the car. The Volkswagen is the family car but she is the only driver. Her husband is too busy to learn to drive and her daughter is too young.When Liu first drove her car home from the lot she was "very nervous. Like other new drivers, I put a sign, 'new driver,' in the back of my car. My daughter sat in the front seat beside me to help and encourage me. I drove very slowly, about 20 or 30 kph. It took me an hour to cover six kilometers on my first drive! After I arrived home, my daughter said she was exhausted from the nervousness of helping me. She had to watch out and give hand signals to other cars for me. I was relieved to finally arrive home safely. Early the next day, my husband offered to join us and helped me. The whole family in my car made me feel much more relaxed. With their encouragement, I felt I could drive even more smoothly."Now, I can drive naturally, operate the car fluently and drive faster. At first I didn't know how to change lanes but now I can change lanes freely and shift the gears appropriately."The car makes her work and life more convenient and efficient. Compared to taking busses, she feels it's safer and cleaner. "It feels very good when the whole family can chat on the way home from work."Of course, traffic jams are really annoying. Parking is also a problem, especially in Beijing. Sometimes it's hard to find a parking lot or space to park. Because I own a car, I now have to pick up and drive my friends; this has reduced my spare time. Chinese people are hospitable to their friends, so there is an obligation and a car owner will bring their friends home from a social gathering."Driving makes me more confident. It really feels good when driving a car while listening to broadcasting. During vacations, I can drive to faraway places like Tai Mountain in Shandong Province and on weekends, we go to the suburbs to see villas and apartments there. It has enriched my leisure time. The car also makes my life freer and increased my sense of responsibility, because I have to be very cautious and put safety first."Every day when I drive to and from work and see the increasing number of cars on the streets, I feel very proud of the country's rapid development. For most common people in China, owning a private car was like a dream 20 years ago. Now more and more people are realizing that dream. I also feel very proud of myself for owning my own car just before my 40th birthday. I'm glad that I become a beneficiary of the social and economic development of China."。
Dumplings in Chinese Traditional Food
Dumplings in Chinese Traditional FoodReferring to the symbol of Chinese food, the first food that rushes into our mind is dumpling.Dumpling expresses Chinese traditional philosophy such as containment, diversity, harmony, and auspicious wishes. Because of these significations, I take dumplings as the most typical Chinese food.In Chinese traditional philosophy, containment and diversity play important roles in both our awareness and our daily life. In fact, the method of making dumplings has a deeply reflect on our traditional thoughts. For examples, dumpling wrapper needs contains the whole fillings tightly so that when it is boiled, it can not become a kind of soup with some wrappers. On the other hand, dumplings also show diversity of Chinese philosophy. You can take whatever you want as your dumplings fillings. Mince meat and vegetable and mix with shallot, ginger, garlic, and other condiments. According to your food material, your dumplings’ taste is different. So we can create different taste dumplings, even you can put fruits into your fillings. I have ever eaten a kind of dumplings, whose fillings is made up orange.In Chinese philosophy, harmony is advocated in every aspect: in society, in governing country, in developing relationship with other people. I think dumpling is a kind of attractive food. It is difficult to mix the taste of flour with the fragrance of fillings. But after getting dumplings out of boiled water, you can’t stop eating them one by one. In my view, it represents harmony, which fuses the mouthfeel of wrappers with fillings. And in dumplings wrappers aspect, making wrappers need fuse flour, eggs, and water together.Auspicious wishes permeate our daily life. Dumpling is seen as a tool to send auspicious wishes, too. During Spring Festival, old people always put a coin into fillings. If someone eats the only one dumpling that contains the coin in its fillings, it means the person will be very lucky in the next year.Dumplings are eaten as not only a kind of traditional food in our daily life, but also a kind of symbol of Chinese culture in other countries. Because of its typical Chinese style, dumpling has been spread all over the world.。
my chinese 的英语作文
my chinese 的英语作文My Chinese。
Chinese is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with over a billion people speaking it as their first language. As a Chinese, I am proud to be able to speak and write in my native language, and I believe thatit has played a significant role in shaping my identity and cultural heritage.Growing up in a Chinese-speaking household, I was exposed to the language from a young age. My parents and grandparents would often speak to me in Chinese, and I would watch Chinese television shows and movies. As a result, I quickly became fluent in the language and developed a deep appreciation for its rich history and cultural significance.One of the things I love most about the Chinese language is its complexity and depth. Unlike many otherlanguages, Chinese is a tonal language, which means that the meaning of a word can change depending on the tone in which it is spoken. This adds an extra layer of challenge and intrigue to the language, and I find it incredibly rewarding to master the nuances of pronunciation and intonation.In addition to its tonal nature, Chinese also has a vast and intricate writing system. The characters are not simply letters or symbols; each one is a work of art, with its own unique history and meaning. Learning to write Chinese characters has been a labor of love for me, and I take great pride in being able to produce beautiful calligraphy and brushwork.Beyond its linguistic intricacies, Chinese is also deeply intertwined with the culture and traditions of the Chinese people. Many of our most cherished stories, poems, and philosophical texts are written in Chinese, and being able to read and understand them in their original language has given me a deeper insight into the values and beliefs of my ancestors.As I have grown older, I have come to realize that my proficiency in Chinese has opened many doors for me, both personally and professionally. In a globalized world, being able to speak Chinese is a valuable skill that has allowed me to connect with people from all over the world and to access a wealth of knowledge and opportunities.In conclusion, my Chinese is not just a language; it is a part of who I am. It has shaped my worldview, connected me to my cultural roots, and provided me with countless opportunities for growth and enrichment. I am grateful for the gift of being able to speak and write in Chinese, and I will continue to cherish and nurture this precious aspect of my identity for years to come.。
211041097_Innovation_Spearheads_China’s_Modernizat
“Innovation-driven development” is now a key concept in China. In addition to mastering certain strategi-cally important technologies, it refers also to basing China’s overall social and economic development on continuous innovation and sustained technological progress. The strategy was first proposed at the 18th National CongressBy STEPHAN OSSENKOPPChina’s innovation-driven development aims to make breakthroughs in core technologies dominated by others, make China among the leading innovation-driven countries, and shape China into a major global power in a range of fields.of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in late 2012 with the related guidline issued in 2016.In view of the many Chinese industries then mired in the lower midfield of the global value chain, the strategy proposed three steps to address the situation: make break-throughs in core technologies dominated by others; in-crease the spending on research and development, so as to make China among the leading innovation-driven countries by 2030; and shape China into a major global power in sci-ence and technology, defense technology, and competitive industries by 2050.Incredible Innovation CapacityThis innovation strategy was further underscored and elu-cidated in Chinese President Xi Jinping’s keynote speech inMay 2018 at the joint session of the 19thMeeting of the Members of the ChineseAcademy of Sciences and the 14th Meet-ing of the Members of the Chinese Acae-my of Engineering, when he describedinnovation as “the primary force driving development,” calling for concerted ef-forts to improve the ability to innovate independently.Meanwhile, some external events also underlined the ur-gency of this innovation strategy, for example, the U.S. Depart-ment of Commerce’s imposition in 2019 of sanctions on China’s telecommunications sector. But, in addition to sanctioning Chinese hi-tech companies, the U.S. has also sought to exclude China entirely from the supply chains of semiconductors and similar products.However, the U.S. government’s actions in this regard are highly likely to cause confusion and conflict. Even the New York Times acknowledged recently that China as a wholebacks the self-sufficiency strategy in regard to this vitally im-portant technology. China’s impressive innovation capacity, it continued, could ultimately secure success in other sanctioned areas, such as the space and defense industry. Upgrading Industrial StructuresThrough the Digital EconomyThe government work report delivered at the opening meet-ing of the first session of the 14th National People’s Congress (NPC) stated that, over the past five years, Chinese govern-ment has implemented a series of measures required by its innovation-driven development strategy. This includes upgrad-ing industrial structures and the introduction of important sci-entific and technological innovation projects. The ultimate aim is to motivate industrial companies’ penetration of the mid- to high-end field, especially that of production. Chinese products may thus achieve higher quality and enhance the country’s competitiveness.One such area is that of artificial intelligence (AI). Li Kaifu, a Chinese AI specialist, is quoted as saying in a 2019 newspa-per report, “Artificial intelligence will bring about changes as fundamental as those enabled by electrification.” Current AI applications range from speech, image, and facial recognition, machine translation, and other “perception technologies,” to intelligent manufacturing, innovative drug discovery, robots, and driverless cars.A Forbes article published in 2020 declared that China is well on its way to becoming the first global artificial intel-ligence superpower, due to possessing“the most ambitious AI strategy of allnations” and to providing “the most re-sources worldwide for its implementa-tion.”The rapid expansion of China’s digitaleconomy has also made this possible.The share of digital economy in China’sGDP has now risen to around 40 per-cent. And as of the end of May 2022, China had about 1.7 million 5G base stations, so extending the use of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence applications to such areas as medicine, transportation, educa-tion, and agriculture.The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CP-PCC), the country’s political advisory body, announced at aThe ultimate aim is to motivate industrial compa-nies’ penetration of the mid- to high-end field, espe-cially that of production.press conference before the first sessionof its 14th National Committee that thecountry would fortify the developmentfoundations of its digital economy andpromote its integration into productiveindustries.Clean Energy for a Cleaner EnvironmentImproving the environment is another key field for China’s innovation. The 2023 government work report pointed out that the average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) dropped by 27.5 percent and the number of days with heavy air pollution fell by over 50 percent in cities at and above the prefecture level. But the conversion to more modern energy systems and technologically innovative types of power plants plays an undeniable role in this regard. China’s develop-ment of a domestic nuclear industry, therefore, is an ambitious but promising long-term project.Nuclear science, in addition to safepower generation, opens up a wealthof technologtical and sociological ap-plications, for example, in the fieldsof medicine and food processing.The thousands of new companies innuclear industry supply chains alsogenerate significant economic benefitswhich add impetus to China’s emer-gence as a high-end country.China’s nuclear energy production rose from 70 billion kilowatt hours in 2009 to over 250 billion in 2019. Over the same period the share of nuclear energy in the national energy mix rose from 1.9 percent to about 5 percent. The number of domestic nuclear power units currently in operation (55 to be exact), meanwhile, is expected to increase. In January 2021, China’s first nuclear unit with Hualong One reactor in south-east China’s Fujian Province officially went into operation. The reactor is based on technology independently developed byNuclear science, in additionto safe power generation,opens up a wealth oftechnologtical andsociological applications.A self-driving bus made by CRRC Times Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. on display at Viva Technology, Europe's number one startup and tech event in Paris, France on June 21, 2022.China’s engineers and scientists.China also currently operates the Ex-perimental Advanced Superconductor To-kamak (EAST), the world’s most successful fusion reactor. Researchers at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) announced at the end of December 2021 their containment of 70 million degree Celsius hot plasma for more than 17 minutes. The raw materials needed to keep this “artificial sun” running, moreover, are virtually unlimited both on Earth and in the universe. Power genera-tion through nuclear fusion is consequently envisioned as the ultimate solution to fossil fuel-associated limitations.Integrated Regional Development Fostering InnovationAdvancing technological progress and innovation on a broad scale often requiresconcentrating potential success factors in regional innovation centers. The coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and theGuangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) hence plays a vital role in China’s national innovation strategy. The GBA entails the merging of nine cities in Guangdong and two special administrative regions – encompassing a total popula-tion of 70 million – into a huge metropolitan area that attracts key factors which can facilitate technological and innovative leaps. The GBA leverages the various metropolitan areas’ strengths, such as technology and innovation, finance, ship-ping and trade, advanced manufacturing, and hospitality to create a tight-knit supply chain of ideas, resources, and talent within the region. For example, the GBA, bearing in mind the capabilities of its cities in Guangdong as regards cutting-edge innovations and technologies when combined with Hong Kong’s strengths as an international capital market and finan-cial center, is expected to open up new perspectives for com-panies — in research and development as well as in serving as a talent pool and technology ecosystem.By 2035 Shenzhen is expected to become a globally in-fluential metropolis of innovation, entrepreneurship, andcreativity, ultimately a model city and exemplar of China’s socialist modernization. Shenzhen has been prioritizing hi-tech industries, including smart robots and devices over the past decade, and has built 20 industrial parks specializing in innovative production.Proactive Participation in International Technological Cooperation China’s goal of achieving technological independence in as many areas as possible does not signify any intent to seal itselfoff from the world beyond. On the contrary, through intergov-ernmental cooperation platforms it maintains close relations with other innovation hubs around the world. Public sources show that China has so far established sci-tech cooperation relations with more than 160 countries and regions, and joined more than 200 international organizations and multilateral mechanisms. Many experts conclude that China’s independent innovation will likely enlarge the global development pie still further.China’s innovation-driven development strategy has taken it on the right path. It is now only a matter of time before thecountry masters and improves those technologies that the U.S.and other Western countries seek to keep from China and, im-plicitly, all developing countries. This achievement will benefit all areas of global development. CSTEPHAN OSSENKOPP is a senior researcher with the German think tank Schiller Institute and senior copy editor with the China Instituteof International Studies.Visitors watch the performance of a drone made by Shenzhen Autel Robotics Co., Ltd. at theConsumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, the U.S. on January 6, 2023.。
ArichheritageofChinese,：丰富的文化遗产中国，
Singapore.A marriage of diverse culturesand delectablecuisines.A rich heritage of Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian cultures. A well-deserved reputation for mouth-watering food and world-class restaurants. The finest shopping in Southeast Asia. Visit Singapore and you’ll discover all this and much, much more.At the heart of it allMake your stay with PARKROYAL Hotels & Resorts even more memorable when you join our guest loyalty programme, GHA Discovery . What makes us trulyunique is our amazing Local Experiences , which are authentic behind-the-scenes adventures to help you discover thedestination’s hidden gems. Our partnership with 11 other Global Hotel Alliance brands means that you have access to over 300 hotels worldwide. As you accumulate the qualifying room nights at GHA hotels, the benefits you are entitled to as a GHA Discovery member increase – from Local Experiences to complimentary Internet access, refreshments, room upgrades and more. Visit and make your travel unforgettable.GHA Discovery: amazing Local Experiences wherever you travelPARKROYAL on Beach Road offers the international traveller the best of both worlds. Whether you’re on a business trip or enjoying a holiday, you’ll find yourself spoilt for choice. From the vibrant al fresco cafes on Arab Street and Bali Lane’s trendy bars to the sleek business facilities at the Suntec Singapore International Convention & Exhibition Centre, our hotel places you in the thick of it all. Need any helpful tips? Simply ask our friendly PARKROYAL people; they’ll be happy to share their local insights to help you get the most out of your stay!Enhanced privileges: Orchid ClubExpressly created to enhance your experience, the Orchid Club offersexclusive privileges and special benefits. Expect not only complimentary daily breakfast, evening cocktails and canapés, but priority check-in and check-out, as well as complimentary in-room high-speed broadbandInternet access.In the mood for some Si Chuan andCantonese delights? Drop by the award-winning Si Chuan Dou Hua Restaurant for some memorable ‘makan’, the local term for food. Delight in a selection of fine Chinese teas at the adjacent Tian Fu T ea Room . Savour Asian and continental favourites at the popular Plaza Brasserie . At the end of the day, relax with a nightcap at Club 5 to the sounds of classic hits.Whether you’re having a quick meeting or hosting a major event, you can depend on us to make sure it is perfectly organised. With four function rooms, eight meeting rooms and two grand ballrooms, we can accommodate up to 500 guests with ease.It’s ‘makan’ time!Leave it tothe event expertsWhether you’ve spent your daysightseeing or at meetings, you’ll relish returning to the warm comfort of our hotel. Take your pick from a choice of 343 rooms and suites that offer you charming views of the neighbourhood. Enjoy a dip in our Balinese-inspired pool, take advantage of a brisk workout in our well-equipped gymnasium or treat yourself to a luxurious massage at St. Gregory.Where you can take comfort for grantedP h o t o s C o u r t e s y o f S i n g a p o r e T o u r i s m B o a r dN ic o l l H i g h w a y K a l l a n g R o a dK i n g G e o r g e ’s A v e n u eV i c t o r i a S t r e e tBe a c h R o a d B e a c h R o a dR a ffle s B o u l ev a rdR a ffle s B o u l e v a r dS t a m f o r d R o a dRaffles AvenueR e p u b l i c A v e n u eJ a l a n B e s a rS er a n g o o n R o a dO ph i r R o a dK i t c h en e r Ro a dJ al a n S u l t a n J a l a n S u l t a nL av e n d e r S t r e e t S y e d A l w i R o a d R oc h o r R o a dMarina Bay Golf CourseFort CanningParkBugisRaffle sMedical CentreFarrer ParkCity HallPromenadeN o rt h B r i d g e R o a d N o r t h B r i d g e R o a dM i d d l e R o a dP A R K R OY A Lo n B e a c h R o a d S i n g a p o r e F l y e rP A R K R O Y A L o n K i t c h e n e r R o a d L o n g Ba r Beach Road InsiderEnjoy a run in the fresh air along the Kallang River. The 9.5km long track o ffers eye-catching views of dragon boats and canoes, the lush green landscape of the Kallang Park, and an R o ch o r R o a d G o l d e n M i l e F o o d Ce n t r e A r a b S t r e e t H a j i L a n e B u g i s J u n c t i o n& B u g i s V i l l a g e S u n t e c S i n g a p o r e I n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n v e n t i o n &E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e S u l t a n M o s qu e M a l a y H e r i t a g e C e nt r e E a s t Co a s t P a r k w a y Nicoll HighwayP A R K R O Y A L S e r v i c e d S u i t e sS i n g a p o r e EsplanadeBeach RoadIn 36 hours or lessLocal Recommendations...(For the best ones, just ask us)A round robin list of things ourPARKROYAL people think you should definitely check out if you’re in our neighbourhood!T ransportFor information on public transport in Singapore,pleasecall 180****5582.Or check out the following websites:General enquiries – publictransport.sg T axis – Mass Rapid T ransit trains – .sg Buses – .sgPARKROYAL on Beach Road 7500 Beach RoadWe are your local connection to the best bits our city has to offer.Arab StreetBrowse through bales of luxuriousfabrics in vibrant colours on Arab Street or concoct your own scent at the traditional perfume shops. Then take a break at a roadside cafe as you watch the world go by.Malay Heritage CentreThe nine galleries of the Malay Heritage Centre showcase the Malay culture and heritage. Historic artefacts, multimedia displays and exhibits tell the story of the roots, challenges and role of the Singapore Malays in building the nation.Haji LaneIndulge your inner fashionista with an afternoon in Haji Lane. A picturesque alley, it is crammed with narrow shophouses that stock hip, cutting-edge fashion.Sultan MosqueThe golden highlight of Kampong Glam, Sultan Mosque is Singapore’s largest mosque. Built in 1825, the original was replaced in 1928 with the current architecture that was designed by an Irish architect in T urkish, Persian and Moorish styles.Golden Mile Food CentreHousing some of Singapore's best-known hawker stalls selling favourites like char kway teow, prawn noodles and fish head curry, the Golden Mile Food Centre is one of the few that retains its rustic charm.Bugis Village & Bugis JunctionAn appealingly chaotic array of shops selling electronics, clothes and knick-knacks, Bugis Village is a must for bargain hunters. Next door, the upmarket Bugis Junction offers Singapore's first air-conditioned shopping street.Long BarSit back and enjoy the celebrated Singapore Sling at the legendary Long Bar at the Raffles Hotel. T radition demands that you throw your peanut shells on the floor, so don’t hold back.Suntec Singapore International Convention & Exhibition CentreIt’s hard not to be impressed by Suntec Singapore and its remarkable facilities that include 100,000sqm of meeting space,1,000 shops, 300 restaurants and a world-class performing arts centre.Singapore FlyerEnjoy a 30-minute ‘flight’ and admire the stunning skyline and picturesque waterfront views from the Singapore Flyer. Its majestic height of 165m makes it the tallest Giant Observation Wheel in the world.Enjoy a run in the fresh air along the Kallang River. The 9.5km track offers eye-catching views of dragon boats and canoes, the lush green landscape of the Kallang Park, and an impressive close-up of the Singapore Flyer.YOUR TOP TEN THINGS TO SEE IN OUR CITYMass Rapid T ransitGDS CodesAMADEUS PLSIN118 WORLDSPAN PL80410SABRE PL13515GALILEO/APOLLO PL97838PARKROYAL on Beach Road7500 Beach Road Singapore 199591SingaporeT el: +65 6505 5666Fax: +65 6296 3600Email:*********************************T ollfree:180****7795Printed on recycled paper.PARKROYAL Serviced SuitesMALAYSIAPARKROYAL Serviced Suites Kuala Lumpur **********************************SINGAPOREPARKROYAL Serviced Suites Singapore **********************************Other PARKROY AL Hotels & ResortsAUSTRALIAPARKROYAL Darling Harbour, Sydney *********************************PARKROYAL Melbourne Airport *********************************PARKROYAL Parramatta*********************************MALAYSIAPARKROYAL Kuala Lumpur*********************************PARKROYAL Penang Resort*********************************MYANMARPARKROYAL Yangon*********************************SINGAPOREPARKROYAL on Kitchener Road *********************************VIETNAMPARKROYAL Saigon*********************************。
Are Young Chinese people incapable of supporting t
Are Young Chinese people incapable of supporting their parents? It's more difficult for young people who born after 1980's to supporting their parents than people who born before 1980's. Nowadays, most of young Chinese people are only one child in their family. After they get married, they should take care of 4 old people and earn enough money for their coming baby. Obviously, young Chinese people will face this great challenge although they want to escape from great pressure.We can't say they are incapable of this just because of difficulties. Most of parents can understand their children. And the only one thing they care is whether children have a happy life. So parents won't expect too much of their children. Moreover, the cost of the elder's life is supportable for most young Chinese who have long-term work. For example, some restaurants offer preferential price for elders. And they can get 50% off ticket. Food prices are reasonable by government control. So young Chinese people are capable of supporting their parents.When Chinese parents retire , some of them won't get enough pension for their daily life unlike western parents. Thus, government should focus on pension problems and consider whether one-child policy should keep now. And Young Chinese people should be more confident of themselves. Their parents will get through this tough time with them together.。
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社交潜能, Social Development
社交性微笑（2-3月） 社交性参考（7-12月） 社交性互动（9-16月）
社交发育
模仿性学习（20-24月） 合作性学习（24-36月） 互换性学习（36-48月） 组织性学习（36-48月）
社交性微笑 (2-3个月)
定义： 无意识的微笑。
(开始社交)
(反射） （冷热，酸甜苦辣）
• 分辨
影响: • 适应环境 • 触觉刺激的接收包括质地以及其他相关活动 • 社交/人格发展（东西方礼仪）
视觉系统
感受器官:视网膜 刺激来源:光线 视觉+ 其他感觉 = 理解（体验过就可以替代其他感官系统，大人一般通过
听觉和视觉学习，小朋友没有足够的体验所以需要 带动各个系统来学习）
熟悉面孔识别力 (5个月)
活动示例: 面光游戏(游戏适用于Level1) 成人们一闪一闪的亮光打在自己的脸上，看着婴儿 并同他们说话。
应用： 用这种方式同婴儿说话，是使她通过你熟悉的声音 来重新确认并知道你是谁，鼓励她去享受这种新 的体验的过程。
物体永恒性 (7-12个月)
定义: 能够理解当物体不可见的时候, 它还是存在的: 对于物体的概念也 是适用的。
符号联想力 (24-36个月)
定义： 能让孩子们假扮（某种角色）的想 法，是他们在玩“角色扮演”游戏 时抽象或具体的符号因素。
(想象力)
符号联想力 (24-36个月)
活动示例： 狮子笼（活动适用等级5和6） 孩子们在动物园的笼子里像狮子一样爬来爬去， 假装自己是狮子。大人们则拿着装满小豆子的 小布袋给狮子喂食。 应用： 当扮演狮子的时候，孩子们肯定要用他们的想象 力让自己像狮子一样行动并呆在动物园笼子里。 这个角色扮演活动就反映了符号联想。
定义： 一个人自己亲身经历过的特殊 经历唤起的记忆。通常与很详尽 地口头描述过去经历的能力相关。
（懂得逻辑和顺序）
记忆联想力 (36-48个月)
活动实例： 生日蛋糕（生日聚会活动） 假装我们在做蛋糕。我们尝试着用降落伞做（比如 使劲晃伞布是打鸡蛋，顺着一个方向绕圈是在和 鸡蛋，把布撮在一起又拉开是在和面。）放着歌 并随着音乐一起做。 应用： 假装做蛋糕，孩子们一定会记起过去烤蛋糕或者做 蛋糕的经历。回忆经历就证明了认知的发展。
理论与发育培训
September, 2006
概念一
潜能开发
内 感官体验 分阶段性
vs.
知识教育
外 学习
概念二
知识 vs. 概念
知识是客观的,固定的 概念是主观的，可以应变的 应变→应用→创新→独立思考（举一反三）
概念三
家庭教育 言传身教，培养价值观和人格
社会教育 个人化 没有考试 重视过程 小班制
自我识知力 (15-18个月)
反映认知能力得到锻炼的行为： • 当看着镜子时触摸脸部和身体 • 对叫到自己名字的声音的反应 • 是对别人受伤和哭喊的意识反应
单字表达力 (12-24个月)
定义: 在两岁时,孩子开始第一次说出一 些单字，单字表达力适用于这个 年龄的孩子一次只说一个字的典 型倾向。
(名词, 双音, 多含意)
符号联想力 (24-36个月)
反映认知能力得到锻炼的行为： • 对物体产生想象（比如拿着沙包当饼干） • 孩子以另外一种口气说话（我想要飞„） • 想象一个宠物并且像对待真的宠物一样对它。 • 角色扮演（例如孩子假装自己是一只猴子，而 把大人当作是喂猴子的动物园管理员）
记忆联想力 (36-48个月)
因果相关性 (8-15个月)
定义： 对物体运动的理解会产生一些具体 的影响：通过重复观看产生的一系列 动作，渐渐熟悉，从而发展了对物体 运动的理解。简易的物体（例如球的 运动），同样也适用于机械运动中的 因果关系。
(体验物体)
因果相关性 (8-15个月)
活动示例： 空中计程球游戏（游戏适用等级3） 计程器分别位于游戏区域的两端。 大人和孩子在计程器下将球来回滚动。 应用： 孩子们学习他们的动作是怎样产生结果的。例 如，球从计程器下滚出，并从计程器的另一端 返回。明白原因与影响可以树立起他们的自尊 和支撑人格发展。
记忆联想力 (36-48个月)
反映认知能力得到锻炼的行为： • 口头叙述并分享与话题有关的经历（例：如果老 师问 “你们做过饼干吗？”,一个孩子可能会谈 起家里妈妈买的饼干。） • 想起过去的时候会讲到细节（如“我有一只猫， 它是我的，它叫弗拉斐，弗拉斐住在我家，并 且…”） • 可以回答关于询问过去事情的问题（如“你们在 聚会的时候干什么？”）
学习乐趣
认同和鼓励 再确认
加入惊喜
期待惊喜
神经系统发展
人出生时120亿个脑细胞（神经元） 一个神经元→2万个突触（突触是靠体验来培养） 突触是靠体验培养，体验越多突触越多，突触的密度和连接越多, 后天潜能开发得越充分
突触的生长时期 0岁 1,500突触/神经元 0~6岁 15,000突触/神经元 6~11岁 开始减少 (可以慢减) 12岁以上 7,500突触/神经元 ☆3岁看大，7岁看老
触觉系统 体能系统 听觉系统
质地 重量 方位 距离
影响： • 深入理解 • 前瞻/背景 • 外围意识
-80%学习 -多感管学习
听觉系统
感受器官：中耳及内耳 刺激来源：声波 信息来源： • 听觉判断 (通过声音判断对方的情绪，体验越丰富你的判断力
越强）
影响： • 听力记忆 • 25/26周
(视觉是长期记忆，听觉是短期记忆）
社交性互动 (9-16个月)
反映社交能力得到锻炼的行为： • 用来玩“一瞥一笑”游戏的微笑、大笑以及鼓 掌等行为，挠痒以及其他的大人的互动行为 • 模糊的声音、上肢的运动、用手指某物或弹回 某物来引起注意。 • 把球扔给某人或把球仍向某人
模仿性游戏 (20-24个月)
定义：一种早期的模仿行为， 孩子们只是在一起玩耍但是没 有互动的行为成分。
因果相关性（8-15月） 识别发育
单字表达力（12-24月）
自我识知力（15-18月）
符号联想力（24-36月）
记忆联想力（36-48月）
熟悉面孔识别力 (5个月)
定义: 通过熟悉的人的声音,味道和 外表来识别他们。可以反映出 婴儿视觉和听觉识别的能力。 开始对人有初步的了解，开始 辨别。
(人的识别力 和亲子关系)
社交性参考 (7-12个月)
反映社交能力得到锻炼的行为： • 当做游戏时,如果没有看见看护者，就会有寻找 看护者或其他类似的行为。 • 在爬过隧道之前，与看护者发生眼神交流。 • 当听到异常声音时，注视着看护者。 • 当其他孩子或大人接近时，会在看护者那里寻 找眼神交流。
社交性互动 (9-16个月)
社交性微笑 (2-3个月)
活动示例： “这只小猪”（游戏适用等级1） 唱“这只小猪”，并且一个个地挠婴儿的脚趾头。
应用： 和婴儿一起玩这个最喜欢的游戏时，你可能会注意 到你每次胳肢他和发出怪声的时候他就会笑，把 无意识的笑转换成有意识的笑。
社交性参考 (7-12个月)
定义： 看着熟悉的大人的面孔，寻找他 （她）对一个不熟悉的事件或外 表作何反应的动作。
体能系统
感受器官:肌肉与关节 刺激来源:舒展与收缩 此系统向大脑传递来自肌肉与关节的信息: • 身体各部位的所在 • 运动方向 • 施加的力 影响: • 在无视觉监测的情况下进行运动 • 学习诠释视觉--在没有触觉的情况下了解事物 • 关于重量和抵抗的信息
触觉系统
感受器官:皮肤（小朋友舌头和脚底最敏感） 刺激来源:触摸 具有双重目的的系统: • 保护
因果相关性 (8-15个月)
反映认知能力得到锻炼的行为： • 一遍遍的重复一个简单的动作（例如把球滚到 另一个伙伴那里） • 当某些物体因为他们的动作而移动时感到惊喜 • 把物体抛给别人引起他的注意 • 对于操作物体产生兴趣
自我识知力 (15-18个月)
定义: 在镜子中认出自己的能力: 这种意识的发展是伴随着儿童显 现出对自己是单独个体的认识的, 得到自我的概念的。
(鼓励性社交)
社交性参考 (7-12个月)
活动示例： 滑滑梯（游戏适用等级2） 大人把婴儿放在迷你滑梯最上面，然后慢慢拉动 婴儿骑在滑梯上。大人与婴儿保持眼神交流。
应用： 对于像滑滑梯这样的新体验，你的孩子会看着你 的表情以便决定这个活动是否有趣和安全。与 婴孩保持眼神交流会鼓励他使用社交性参考的 技巧。
体能潜能, Motor Potential
头部—底部直向
体能发育
内部—向外延伸
主要肌肉—辅助肌肉
(0-14个月体能发育图表)
体能发育
头部--底部直向（纵向）
内部--向外延伸（横向） 主要肌肉--辅助肌肉
识别潜能, Cognitive Potential
熟悉面孔识别力（5月）
物体永恒性（7-12月）
学校教育 标准化 考试 结果论 大量化
理论与发育
孩子们是怎样学习的?
游戏 + 体验
1. 重复性 2. 一致性 3. 适龄性
=
学习
1.工具：好玩/有趣→参与 2.目的性→到底要开发什么
1. 在确认流程→惊喜
再确认的过程, Process of Reassurance
游戏&欢乐 信心建立 重复性&一致性
人格发育 Emotional Develop
音乐发育 Music Develop
语言发育 Language Develop
感官潜能, Sensory Potential
平衡系统 体能系统 触觉系统 视觉系统 听觉系统
感官潜能
平衡系统
感受器官:内耳，体液 （木马） 刺激来源:运动 (例:躺,站等) 信息提供: • 身体的位置 （闭上眼睛的时候无法知道身体的位置，所以平衡系统差） • 运动 （姚明） • 地心牵引 影响: • 维持身体平衡 • 双向调节 • 机敏 • 视觉感知 (学习障碍) • 听觉处理 (学习障碍) • 人格发展