A comparative research on magnetron sputtering and arc evaporation deposition of
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期(含答案)试卷号：7
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Clinton denied the more serious allegations that he had lied under oath about the relationship and had entreated Lewinsky to do the same.问题1选项A.pleadedB.flatteredC.deceivedD.scared【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. pleaded 乞求，恳求B. flattered 奉承，讨好C. deceived 欺骗，蒙骗D. scared 惊吓，使害怕【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。
【解题思路】entreated的意思为“恳求，乞求”，指的是克林顿恳求莱温斯基同他一起在两人的关系上撒谎，pleaded与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】克林顿否认了更严重的指控，即他在宣誓后就两人的关系撒了谎，并恳求莱温斯基也这样做。
2.单选题Long-term water availability is largely determined by the average conditions in a river basin, but it is often extreme events that cause acute water insecurity.问题1选项A.occasionalB.constantC.urgentD.serious【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. occasional 偶尔的，偶然的B. constant 连续发生的，不断的C. urgent 紧急的，紧迫的D. serious 严重的，有危险的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】acute的意思为“十分严重的”，这里指极端事件让水变得非常不安全，有严重的安全问题，serious与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。
中国科学院大学2012年6月研究生入学英语学位考试真题及答案详解
研究生学位英语考试试题Part One：ListeningPart Two：Vocabulary1．Please do not be ____ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A disregardedB distortedC irritatedD intervened2. Craig assured his boss that he would ____ all his energies in doing this new job.A call forthB call atC call onD call off3. Too much ____ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A disclosureB exhibitionC contactD exposure4. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A dimB blankC faintD vain5. It is well known that knowledge is the ____ condition for expansion of mind.A incompatibleB incredibleC indefiniteD indispensable6. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ____ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A indistinctlyB separatelyC irrelevantlyD independently7. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ____ her laughter.A hold backB hold onC hold outD hold up8. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ____ attitude toward customers.A impartialB mildC hostileD opposing9. I ____ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.A expressB confessC verifyD acknowledge10. It is strictly ____ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A securedB forbiddenC regulatedD determined11. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ____ again next spring.A assemblyB sessionC conferenceD convention12. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ____ the birth of Jesus Christ.A in accordance withB in terms ofC in favor ofD in honor of13. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ____ to carrying out the plan.A obligedB committedC engagedD resolved14. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ____ as well as we had hoped.A came offB went offC brought outD make out15. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ____ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.A improveB enhanceC guaranteeD gear16. He left early on the ____ that he had a bad toothache and had to see the dentist.A prescriptionB pretextC knowledgeD precondition17. The new edition of the encyclopedia ____ many improvements, which is the result of the persistent effort of all the compilers.A embeddedB embodiedC enchantedD enclosed18. The boys and girls ____ together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs.A reversedB clappedC clusteredD contracted19. The new underground railway will ____ the journey to all parts of the city.A consumeB eliminateC formulateD facilitate20. The speaker attracted the audience at the very beginning of the lecture by giving a ____ description of his personal experience.A globalB graciousC graphicD prescriptivePart Three：ReadingPassage oneThe potential of closed-circuit television and other new electronic teaching tools is so great that it is fascinating tovisualize “the school of tomorrow”.Televised lessons will originate from a central building having perhaps four or five master studios. The lessons will be carried into classrooms all over a city, or even an entire country.After a televised lesson has been given, the classroom teacher will take over for the all-important “follow-up” period. The students will ask troublesome questions, and difficult points will be cleared up through discussion.The teacher in the classroom will have ad ditional electronic tools. On the teacher’s desk, the traditional bright red apple will have been replaced by a multiple—control panel and magnetic tape players. The tape machines will run prerecorded lessons which pupils will follow by headphones. The les sons will be specifically geared to the students’ levels of ability. For instance, which the class as a whole studies history, each student will receive an individual history lesson, directed to his particular level of ability.Should questions arise, the students will be able to talk directly to the teacher on individual “intercoms” without disturbing the rest of the class. In this way, the teacher will be able to conduct as many as three classes at the same time.1.This article is mainly about_______.A. televisionB. electronicsC. the schools of the futureD. communication2. Closed-circuit television will probably carry lessons to_____.A. a single classroomB. one schoolC. all the classrooms in the worldD. all the classrooms in a city or country3. In the schools of tomorrow, the teacher’s desk will____.A. contain electronic equipmentB. actually be a television setC. no longer existD. look like an isolation booth4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will_____.A. all study different subjects at the same timeB. study at different levels within a subject at the same timeC. not studyD. not have to read books5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to_____.A. teach more than one class at the same timeB. retireC. teach only a small number of pupilsD. rely on TV stations onlyPassage Two：Industrial Psychology is the application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction.The selection of workers for particular jobs is essentially a problem of discovering the special aptitudes and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics. The development of tests of this kind has long been a field of psychological research.Once the worker is on the job and has been trained, the fundamental aim of the industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist's function, therefore, differs from that of the so-called efficiency expert, who places primary emphasis on increased production. Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motions required to do the job, the equipment used, and the conditions under which the job is performed. After making such a study, the industrial psychologist often determines that the job in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working conditions, or a combination of several of these methods.Industrial psychologists have also studied the effects of fatigue on workers to determine the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hours or by increasing the number of rest periods, or "breaks," during the day. Industrial psychologists may also suggest less direct requirements for general improvement of job performance, such as establishing a better line of communication between employees and management.6. From the first sentence of passage, we learn that the primary objective of industrial psychology is to study ______.A. working efficiency that leads to the highest outputB. the working skills and the working environmentC. the techniques leading to the highest productivityD. the utilization of workers to get the greatest profit7. A test in industrial psychology is used to find out ______.A. a worker’s achievementsB. a worker's potential for a certain jobC. a worker's psychological problemD. a worker's motivation for a certain job8. The industrial psychologist’s function differs from that of the efficiency experts in that the former______.A. places great emphasis on maximum productionB. never cares about the increase of productionC. is mainly concerned with workers' satisfactionD. worries a lot about those workers in poor working conditions9. In an industrial psychologist's mind, all of the following is important EXCEPT______.A. the steps in which work is doneB. the state of mind of a worker when workingC. the effect of working environment on a workerD. the value of the product a worker is making10. It is certain that ______.A. Two breaks in a day lead to higher productivity than oneB. working less hours can yield the highest efficiencyC. communication is increasing between the employers and employeesD. changing tools will help increase the productionPassage Three：The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote fora Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers wereproportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-stylewaterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers. “Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generatio n, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.12. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political13. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.14. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identityA. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.√C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.15. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage Four：What is true? What is right? What is beautiful? Science considers what is true, starting out with almost unimaginable ideas (The earth is moving! The future is unpredictable!). The job is to understand these ideas and fit them into a broad and logical picture of the universe. Politics considers what is right. This requires broad understanding and eventual consensus of points of view that often appear incompatible. Art is the development of what is beautiful---whether through words, a musical note, or architecture.Truth, morality, beauty. It has been h umanity’s persistent hope that these three ideas should be consistent with each other. Yet successful activities in science, politics, and art diverge greatly, and I believe the three activities can be pursued initially without regard to each other, or without reconciling the possible conflicts that may arise. Today, there is perceivedto be a strong contradiction between the results of science and the requirements of morality; for instance, the application of science has led to the development of nuclear weapons, while international morality seems to demand that such results never be applied —— and that research leading to them should be stopped. I hold a position radically different from the general point of view, believing that contradiction and uncertainty should be enhanced.Niel Bohr loved contradiction. He would not tolerate the idea that quantum mechanics might some day supersede classical physics. For Bohr, classical physics had to remain in permanent contradiction to quantum mechanics and the tension between them retained as a part of science. In the same way, the impacts of science, politics, and art must remain independent. We must learn to live with contradictions, because they lead to deeper and more effective understanding. The same applies to uncertainty.According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, only probabilistic predictions can be made about the future. Furthermore, small events can have important consequences. An everyday example is weather forecasting. It is fairly successful for predictions up to 5 days ahead, but if you double that period the predictions are no longer accurate. It is not clear whether long-range predictions are forever excluded, but the example does illustrate that small causes can have significant effects.This situation has an obvious analogy in free will. In a completely deterministic world, what we know as free will in humans is reduced to a mere illusion. I may not know that my actions are predetermined in some complicated configuration of my molecules, and that my decisions are nothing more than the realization of what has been inherent in the configuration of electrons. According to quantum mechanics, we cannot exclude the possibility that free will is a part of the process by which the future is created. We can think about the creation of the world as incomplete and human beings, indeed all living beings, as making choices left open to probability.One may argue that this notion is fantastic. Indeed, Einstein firmly believed in causality, and rejected the relevant part of quantum mechanics. (His famous statementis that, while God can rule the world by any set of laws, “God does not play dice with the universe.”)Attempts have been made to add laws to quantum mechanics to eliminate uncertainty. Such attempts have not only been unsuccessful, they have not even appeared to lead to any interesting results.Questions:16.According to the author, what do science, politics and art each try to explain?17.What is the strong contradiction mentioned in the second paragraph?18.What is the author’s attitude toward contradiction?19.How would the author face uncertainty?20.What is the main idea of the passage?Passage Five：I am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind. I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair. I don’t know t he word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.Questions:21. When the author met the woman in the market, what was the woman doing?22. How can you describe bargaining in Laos?23. According to the author, why did the woman accept the last offer?24. Why did the author finally decide to buy three skirts?25. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?Part Four：Translation1. A second aspect of technology transfer concentrates on US high technology exports. China has correctly complained inthe past that the US was unnecessarily restrictive in limiting technology sales to China. Recently some liberalization has taken place and major increases in technology transfers have taken place as the result. However, some items continue to be subject to restrictions and unnecessary delay, in part because the US Government submits many items to COCOM(巴黎统筹委员会) for approval. There is significant room for improvement with the US bureaucracy and COCOM.2. Good manners are necessary because we are judged by our manners. Our manners not only show what kind of educationwe have received and what our social position is, but they also tend to show what our nature is. A person with good manners is always an agreeable companion, because he always thinks of others and shows respect for others.3. Individualism and collectivism have permeated every aspect of Eastern and Western culture, influencing American andChinese economics, politics, morals and values, and especially communication patterns. This is important, for research has proved that the number one cause of failure in international business and relations is not economics or even business but cross-cultural communication.4. It is known to all that knowledge is power. Young people without knowledge cannot expect to become assets to society.In order to acquire profound knowledge, they strive to study well in school in the first place. This does not mean that knowledge only consists in books. In most cases, the knowledge from books is no substitute for the knowledge derived from social practices. For this obvious reason, young people should also regard it as indispensable to their acquirement of knowledge to learn earnestly from the experienced people and from society as well. In short, the rightly motivated young people are advised to insist on obtaining knowledge from all kinds of sources.5. 今天，环境问题变得越来越严重了。
中科院考博英文作文范文
中科院考博英文作文范文I have always been fascinated by the mysteries of the universe and the endless possibilities of scientific exploration. This curiosity and passion for knowledge have been the driving force behind my decision to pursue a Ph.D. at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Growing up, I was constantly surrounded by books and documentaries about space, physics, and biology. I remember spending countless hours pondering the nature of black holes, the origins of life, and the potential for extraterrestrial life. These early experiences ignited a spark within me and instilled a deep-seated desire to unravel the secrets of the cosmos.Throughout my academic journey, I have been fortunate to work alongside brilliant minds who have challenged and inspired me. From conducting research on quantum mechanics to delving into the complexities of molecular biology, each experience has broadened my perspective and deepened myappreciation for the intricacies of the natural world.As I embark on this new chapter of my academic career,I am eager to contribute to the collective body ofscientific knowledge and make meaningful contributions tomy field. I am driven by a relentless pursuit of truth anda steadfast commitment to pushing the boundaries of human understanding.The prospect of conducting groundbreaking research and collaborating with esteemed scholars at the Chinese Academy of Sciences fills me with a sense of excitement and purpose.I am eager to immerse myself in a vibrant intellectual community and engage in thought-provoking discussions that challenge my preconceptions and expand my horizons.In conclusion, my decision to pursue a Ph.D. at the Chinese Academy of Sciences is driven by a deep-seated passion for scientific inquiry and a relentless pursuit of knowledge. I am eager to embark on this transformative journey and contribute to the rich legacy of discovery andinnovation at one of the world's premier research institutions.。
中科院考博英文作文
中科院考博英文作文英文：When I first heard about the opportunity to pursue a Ph.D. at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, I was both excited and nervous. On one hand, I was thrilled at the prospect of conducting research at one of the most prestigious institutions in China. On the other hand, I was anxious about the challenges that lay ahead.I remember the day I received my acceptance letter. I was over the moon and couldn't wait to embark on this new journey. However, as the reality of the workload and expectations set in, I began to feel the pressure. There were times when I doubted whether I was capable of meeting the high standards set by the academy.Despite the initial doubts, I soon found my footing and began to thrive in the stimulating academic environment. The guidance and support from my professors and peersplayed a crucial role in helping me overcome my insecurities. I also learned to embrace the rigorous demands of academic research and to push myself beyond my perceived limits.One of the most rewarding aspects of my experience at the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been the opportunity to collaborate with scholars from diverse backgrounds. Through these collaborations, I have gained valuable insights and perspectives that have enriched my own research. The exchange of ideas and the spirit of intellectual curiosity have been instrumental in shaping my academic journey.中文：当我第一次听说有机会在中国科学院攻读博士学位时，我既兴奋又紧张。
中科院考博英语真题200203
中国科学院2002年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PAPT Ⅱ STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (25 minutes, 15 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.16. Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no__________ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative17. Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______regret.A. teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has aglorious future before him and the old one has a __________future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only __________necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it__________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. __________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until mostof the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22. Banks shall be unable to__________, or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan orbankrupted debt left with them.A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over23. I am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectorsdiscretion state your case __________or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24. In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being__________,”being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25. In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the lstgrade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26. Desert plants __________two categories according to the way they deal with the problem ofsurviving drought.A. break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27. In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _____all othersounds.A. dwarfedB. diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28. Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not __________and should be avoidedif possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the__________of investigations.A. caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30. Since neither side was ready to _____what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in1980.A. precedeB. recedeC. concedeD. intercede31. Such an __________act of hostility can only lead to war.A. overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32. __________both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, andexpectations places a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33. It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would __________be replaced bya permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34. Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______with those awful riding-about bicycleboys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply________every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofPART Ⅲ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious__46__has occurred in the roles that women__47__. Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena,__48__maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a (n)__49__that is a haven for all family members.__50__many women experience strain from trying to “do it all,” they often enjoy t he increased__51__that can result from playing multiple roles. As women's roles have changed, changing expectations about men's roles have become more__52__. Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility__53__the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional__54__of family life. Men are increasingly__55__to meet the emotional needs of their families,__56__their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on__57__marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationships and the importance of sharing in the “emotion work”__58__to nourish marriages and other famil y relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent,__59__both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeingmarriages in which men's and women's roles are becoming increasingly more__60__.46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. play D. show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as will as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C. why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageablePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1883 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who,during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca—Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a botch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886—year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty—Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola” was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to thefresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61. What does the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A. He was highly respected by Atlantans.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton'sCompany?A. Skills to make French wine.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. Ability to work with numbers.63. Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B. He brought a quite profitable product into being.C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64. One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________.A. used beer bottles were chosen as containersB. the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC. it was blended with oils instead of waterD. Cola nut extract was added to taste65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for__________.A. the young as a soft drinkB. a replacement of French Wine CocaC. the relief of a hangoverD. a cure for the common headache66. The last paragraph mainly tells__________.A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB. a real test of Coca-Cola as a headache cureC. the mediocre service of the drugstoreD. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage 2Between 1883 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press” proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest storiesovershadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York sun in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the Sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1836) and the Baltimore Sun (1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67. What does the first p aragraph say about the “penny press?”A. It was known for its in-depth news reporting.B. It had an involvement with some political parties.C. It depended on the business community for survival.D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.68. In its early days, a penny paper often__________.A. paid much attention to political partiesB. provided stories that hit the pubic tasteC. offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD. covered important news with inaccuracy69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper__________.A. improved its contentB. changed its writing styleC. developed a more sensational styleD. became a tool for political parties70. The underlined word “ventures” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by__________.A. editorsB. reportersC. newspapersD. companies71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun?A. They turned out to be failures.B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72. This passage is probably taken from a book on__________.A. the work ethics of the American mediaB. the technique in news reportingC. the history of sensationalism in American mediaD. the impact of mass media on American societyPassage 3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one‟s own. The writer she has in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, charming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron isn't just a story. It's an online narrative(grammatron. com) that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. IN the four years it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,” jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That's unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the …technology‟is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual“city” in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron's 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get ca ught up in mere plot,” he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino-have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author's control. “But what makes the Net so exciting,” says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly ge nerated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73. The passage is mainly to tell__________.A. differences between conventional and modern novelsB. how Mark Amerika composed his novel GrammatronC. common features of all modern electronic novelsD. why mark Amerika took on a new way of writing74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities ofa writer?A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D. It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75. As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it__________.A. provides potentials for the story developmentB. is one of the novels at grammatron. comC. can be downloaded free of chargeD. boasts of the best among cyber stories76. By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that ______.A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial RevolutionB. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD. he couldn't care less new advance in computer software77. As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers to__________.A. adapt the story for a video versionB. “walk in” the story and interact with itC. develop the plots within the author's controlD. steal the show and become the main character78. Amerika told his students not to__________.A. immerse themselves only in creating the plotB. be captivated by the plot alone while readingC. be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD. let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage 4In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading much smaller boy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2,away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoon.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English madia outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks art also prohibited.In the U. S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We're clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,” says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U. S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U. S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever-eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?” asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables or Thompson move in next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins：“It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passpor to a completely new life.”79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80. According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson__________.A. have been treated as juvenile delinquentsB. have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC. were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD. have already served out their 10 years in prison81. The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would__________.A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB. be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC. still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD. be inclined to commit a recurring crime82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be__________.A. banned from any kind of press interviewB. kept under constant surveillance by policeC. shielded from being identified as killersD. ordered to report to police their whereabouts83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Vanables or Thompson would__________.A. have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB. serve a life imprisoment for the crimeC. be forbidden to join many of his relativesD. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U. S.84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that__________.A. it is controversial as it goes without precedentB. the British media are sure to do the contraryC. Bulger's family would enter all appeal against itD. conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage 5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits” between doctors at three big local medical groups about and 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won't have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. “Which our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time,” says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so,according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. “We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting paid is a critical p iece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $ 20 per online consultation, obout what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif—based start-up. Healinx's “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require stethoscope to discover what's wrong-and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experi ment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx”, notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85. The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of__________.A. rewarding their employeesB. gratifying the local hospitalsC. boosting worker productivityD. testing a sophisticated technology86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A. They are a quite promising business.B. They are funded by the local government.C. They are welcomed by all the patients.D. They are very much under experimentation.87. Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A. Cisco System employees.B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C. Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle at three local hospitals.88. According to Paragraph 2, doctors are__________.A. reluctant to serve online for nothingB. not interested in Web consultationC. too tired to talk to the patients onlineD. content with $ 20 paid per Web visit89. “Smart Symptom Wizard” is capable of__________.A. making diagnosesB. producing prescriptionsC. profiling patients's illnessD. offering a treatment plan90. It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend onwhether__________.A. the employers would remain confident in themB. they could effectively replace office visitsC. HMOs would cover the cost of the serviceD. new technologies would be available to improve the E-health projectPAPER TWOPART ⅤTRANSLATION (25 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。
NEWTON 7.0全植物成像系统说明书
NEWTON 7.0 - BIO Bioluminescence & Fluorescence Imgaging TEL: +1 (519) 914 5495 ***************** FAX: +1 (226) 884 5502 WHOLE PLANT IMAGINGSMART IMAGING SYSTEMFLUORESCENCE & BIOLUMINESCENCEAPPS STUDIO APPLICATION LIBRARYUltimate sensitivity with the widest f/0.70 lens apertureThe NEWTON 7.0 system combines high sensitivity with advanced plant imaging features and user-friendly time-saving operation.The NEWTON 7.0 proprietary optics have been specifically developed for macro imaging with high light collection capacity, incorporating a unique combination of high numerical aperture and long working distance. Bright fluorescence observation can be performed in a rapid scanning mode that shortens exposure times and minimizes specimen damage. Observation is thus possible even with slight body movement. The fast lens is also ideal for luminescence applications requiring longer exposure time.The NEWTON 7.0 includes our revolutionary Apps Studio approach to imaging. The Apps Studio is an innovative library of applications which contains more than 40 different protocols for a wide variety of targeted and easily activated fluorescent probes and reporters. The Apps Studio contains the excitation and the emission spectra of the main fluorophores used in modern molecular biology laboratory. It also suggestsThe advent of novel fluorescent probes has increased the demands on in-vivo fluorescence imaging systems to be able to deftly handle a variety of simultaneous signals. Our dual magnetron filter technology ensures transmission above 90% and very narrow band cutting - meaning improved spectral separation and increasedsensitivity. Our detection spectral range goes from 400to 900nm, making the NEWTON 7.0 ideal for GFP, YFP or IR applications. With the NEWTON 7.0 optical imaging system, you can image bioluminescent reporters like firefly luciferase and rapidly quantify the signal. The system allows you to visualize infections in whole plants and leaves, compare plant virology, regulate plants growth or observe the stress tolerance.A large number of dyes and stains can be used such as GFP, YFP, Pro-Q Emerald 300, Sypro-Ruby, FITC, DAPI,Alexa Fluor® 680, 700, 750, Cy® 3, 5, 5.5, DyeLight, IRDye® 800CW, VivoTrack 680, VivoTag 750…the best possible system configuration in terms of light source excitation, emission filter and sensitivity level. The Apps Studio ensures reproducibility and one click image acquisition for the best ease of use.The Newton 7.0 accomodates 8 excitation chanels in the visible RGB and NIR spectrum.. Signals can beoverlayed so that several reporters can be visualized simultaneously. Research on microbial infection of plants - BIK1 and FLS2interact with RbohD in N. benthamiana. The indicated constructs were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana,and luciferase complementation imaging assay was performed.Each individual light source delivers a precisely defined range of the spectrum. The very tight LED spectrum is additionally constrained with a very narrow excitation filter. This means less background in the images of your sample and a higher signal to noise ratio to detect the weakest signals. The LED Spectra Capsules can be easily changed, meaning that NEWTON 7.0 can be adapted simply as the requirements of your applicationsevolve.Cloned Plant screening: Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings transfected with luciferase (right) and nontransfected (left), 3min exposure after 1 mM luciferin was sprayed onto the leaves.The NEWTON’s protocoldriven image acquisition is as quick as it is intuitive: adjust your exposure, save, print or quantify.QUANTITATIVE IMAGINGPLANT MANIPULATION ROTATING STAGESUPERIOR QUANTITATIVERESULTSThe NEWTON 7.0 achieves the best signal to noise ratio for the lowest limits of detection. The system is extremely linear over its wide dynamics and can easily detect large intensity difference between bright and faint signals before reaching saturation. The broad linear dynamic range enables relative quantification of target proteins with confidence.Sensitivity is a key feature to detect a bioluminescence orfluorescence signal. Broad linear dynamic range is necessary to compare weak and strong signals in the same image.MULTISPECTRALIMAGINGCUSTOM MADE V.070 LENSNARROW BANDPASSFILTERSUltimate linearity for precise protein quantification over the full dynamic range.Ultra-low noise imaging thanks to a dualcamera amplifier architecture.NEWTON 7.0 Software - 3D Dynamic ScanThe NEWTON 7.0 BIO has been specially designed to handle plants with minimum manipulation. Simply position your pot on the dedicated tray, the stage can be inclined by 15° on the X/Y axis to visualize the plants from different angles and is easily controlled from the software interface, avoiding time consuming manipulation. The rotating stage is also motorized on the Z-axis to get closer to the CCD camera depending on your sample size, giving the possibility to image whole plants, leaves and seedlings with an enhanced sensitivity and image resolution.FUSION custom made lens for enhanced sensitivity and sharpness.Height Adjustable Plant StageTime to get the image is drastically reduced and precious antibody can be saved.Various imaging modes are available from automatic, manual, or time-lapse imaging program. Benefit from our 3D Dynamic Scan technology and observe the different signal intensities in a live 3D video reconstruction. The unique color imaging mode helps you acquire a quick snapshot of your plants with a true color representation,making the documentation faster!When a whole plant is being imaged, it could be difficult to focus on a specific part of the plant. With the NEWTON 7.0 BIO’s new generation of CCD camera, simply click on the leaf of interest for an immediate focusing with no manual adjustment.NEWTON 7.0 BIOVersatile ApplicationsPerformance• Comparative Plant Virology • Genetic Regulation • Infection Monitoring • Regulation of Plant Growth • Stress Tolerance• Proprietary V.070 lens with f0.70 aperture • 1” scientific grade CCD camera • Bioluminescence detection • Fluorescence detectionNEWTON 7.0 BIOLuciferase Expression GFP ExpressionChlorophyll Phosphorescence NIR IlluminationIntuitive user interfaceOne click to get the imageAuto-exposure and automatic illumination control Easy to cleanEase of UseWide DetectionMonitor the growth of a plant overtime thanks to the Daylight and Nightlight simulation modes. The system allows you to collect and compare data throughout the growth of plants.3 days 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 37 days 43 days50 daysSOFTWAREILLUMINATIONPERFORMANCENEWTON 7.0 BIOCAMERA & OPTICSHARDWARE CAPABILITIESIntelligent Darkroom concept Fully-automatic system •Motorized Optical Lens •Z-axis Motorized Camera •15° Tilting sample stageDual White-Light LED Panels 8 excitation channels:440nm - 480nm - 540nm - 580nm 640nm - 680nm - 740nm - 780nm 11-Position Motorized Filter Wheel 8 Narrow Bandpass Emission Filters: 500nm - 550nm - 600nm - 650nm 700nm - 750nm - 800nm - 850nmBioluminescence, Chemiluminescence & Fluorescence detectionScientific grade 16-bit CCD camera Grade 0, 400-900nm / 4.8 O.D.-90°C delta Coolingf/0.70 motorized lens aperture Image resolution: 10 megapixels Native resolution: 2160x2160Peak Quantum Efficiency: 80%FOV mininum: 6x6cm (macro imaging) FOV maximum: 20x20cm (whole plant)Bioluminescence detection : femtogram level Fluorescence detection : picogram levelAutomatic, Manual & Serial Acquisition modes Exposure time minimum: 40 milliseconds Exposure time maximum: 2 hours 3D live Dynamic ScanImage Editing and Image AnalysisincludedChemiluminescence and fluorescence on Western, Northern or Southern blot.eGFP transfected rice grainsexcitation 480nm and emission filter F-565,exposure time 0.8 sec.GFP expressionGFP-transfected (right) and Control (left) tobacco leaves, Epiexcitation 480nm and emission filter F-565,exposure time 2sec.Plant VirologyAgroinfiltration in Nicothiana Benthamania 16c, observed under blue excitation (480nm with F-565) to localize the GFP expressionCHINAVilber China Room 127 Building A N° 111 Yuquangying Fengtai District – Beijing ChinaPhone:+86136****1545**************GERMANYVilber L Deutschland GmbH Wielandstrasse 2D-88436 Eberhardzell DeutschlandPhone : + 49 (0) 7355 931 380**************HEADQUARTERS VilberZAC de Lamirault CollegienF-77601 Marne-la-Vallee cedex 3FrancePhone : + 33 (0) 1 60 06 07 71 ***************Disclaimer: Vilber’s NEWTON 7.0 Imager may be used in a wide range of imaging applications for research use only, including in vivo and in-vitro imaging in plants. No license under any third-party patent is conveyed with the purchase or transfer of this product. No right under any other patent claim, no right to perform any patented method, and no right to perform commercial services of any kind,including without limitation, reporting the results of purchaser’s activities for a fee or other commercial consideration, is conveyed expressly, by implication, or by estoppel. Therefore, users of the NEWTON 7.0 should seek legal advice to determine whether they require a license under one or more of the exiting patents in their country. This system is not intended for sale or transfer in the United States and Canada.TEL: +1 (519) 914 5495*****************FAX: +1 (226) 884 5502。
不同亚铁矿物对As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）的表面吸附特征及机制比较研究
苏广权，鞠琳，郑翔宇，等.不同亚铁矿物对As （Ⅲ）和As （Ⅴ）的表面吸附特征及机制比较研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2023,42（7）：1495-1504.SU G Q,JU L,ZHENG X Y,et parative study on the surface adsorption characteristics of different ferrous minerals for As （Ⅲ）and As （Ⅴ）and their mechanisms[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science ,2023,42（7）：1495-1504.不同亚铁矿物对As （Ⅲ）和As （Ⅴ）的表面吸附特征及机制比较研究苏广权1，鞠琳1，郑翔宇1，姚爱军1*，杨晶柳1，赵曼2，王诗忠2，汤叶涛2，仇荣亮2，3，4（1.中山大学地理科学与规划学院，广州510006；2.中山大学环境科学与工程学院，广东省环境污染控制与修复技术重点实验室，广州510006；3.岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室，广州510642；4.华南农业大学资源环境学院，广东省农业农村污染治理与环境安全重点实验室，广州510642）Comparative study on the surface adsorption characteristics of different ferrous minerals for As （Ⅲ）andAs （Ⅴ）and their mechanismsSU Guangquan 1,JU Lin 1,ZHENG Xiangyu 1,YAO Aijun 1*,YANG Jingliu 1,ZHAO Man 2,WANG Shizhong 2,TANG Yetao 2,QIU Rongliang 2,3,4（1.School of Geography and Planning,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510006,China;2.School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510006,China;3.Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China;4.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural &Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety,College of Natural Resources and Environment,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China ）收稿日期：2023-01-01录用日期：2023-03-29作者简介：苏广权（1998—），男，广东揭阳人，硕士研究生，研究方向为农田重金属污染修复。
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题I. Reading Comprehension 30%, 1 mark each)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists ha ve emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to under stand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist ada pts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the ot her, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for thetheoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircra ft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys mu st be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than a n automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperature s as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do t he job in jet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying t hem, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scienti sts specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even furth er subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences ha ve become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independen t of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for examp le -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowled ge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to und erstand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scient ist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. app lied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees Fa hrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in____ _.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the v arious sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classifi cation of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists ca n see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revi sed and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both ofradical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Wr itten with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wis dom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars".Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And wha t does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Sc hlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of pr ejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultur al advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democrat ic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and Ja mes Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the et hnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than th e radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in ar gument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some reader s, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Priz es for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democra tic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethni c and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. pref ers multiculturalism to monoculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each raci al group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellect ual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the read ers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of liter ary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the s ummers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to e ight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of th e earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade w inds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm w ater washes from Asian shores back towards South America.In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South A merica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area o f warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosph ere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds.El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador, C hile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed s ome five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the econom ic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These c onditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last sum mer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetati on turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 1997.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds we akenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade wind s strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by drou ghts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing i n Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called t he basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact ex plicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer's patien t can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's pat ient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the br ain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and tr iggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong em otion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative mem ory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we c an pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new exp erience.Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are speci fic subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distin ct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memoryare ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer l ayer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand wha t goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seem s to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its functio n, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you exper ience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experienc e in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with agin g, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvi ous that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, bu t it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or g row new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by exper ience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffer s from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damag es to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays f ootball, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he fi nds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researc hers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember.Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation whic h has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but o n the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social stat us, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in r ail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family contin uity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the fa mily as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conve ntionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt at titudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking with in a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, w ife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living toge ther but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in th e proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations ot her than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively betwee n classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with wa ys of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publica tions, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentag e of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All the se tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members ar e exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional fam iliesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabil ityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to w ork full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husb and, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in fami ly disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thi nking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose m embers __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with ea ch other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the sam e new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setsPassage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rai l tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who c laims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999 which killed 41 people. Mos t of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detect ed. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minut es.The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naple s fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running a long the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per m inute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tack led from both sides.Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in ne w tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who adds, "Fire-fighter s normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the vent ilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Rob ogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its con troller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-r esistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail s uspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main c an run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilat ionD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fir e tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skin B, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a R obogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmedII. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our ma in office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process f or testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get r id of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptom atic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded b y plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking a nd a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in soc iety will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ busine ssmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger no t only throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ a ny important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical Sch ool.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investi gators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have mo re difficulty in 56 data from others.The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The team surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators ' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the te am found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior resea rchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers w ho had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on inf ormation from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."。
2011年3月中科院考博英语真题及答案详解免费版
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDA TESMarch 2011PAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD. tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for V alentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On V alentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the NationalConfectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented V alentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted tolimited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage T woThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SA Ts, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SA Ts, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’ A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SA Ts is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplic ityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New Y ork Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New Y ork and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the V irgin Islands, V ermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots.Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades ofthe 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. in 2003D. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from theoriginal text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67 The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 70 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.Passage T woFew numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medic ine,。
中科院考博英语 作文
中科院考博英语作文Title: The Vital Role of Scientific Collaboration in Advancing Human Knowledge。
Scientific collaboration stands as the cornerstone of progress in our modern world. In an era where complex challenges require multidisciplinary solutions, the importance of collaboration among scientists from diverse backgrounds cannot be overstated. This essay delves into the significance of scientific collaboration, examining its benefits and exploring how it propels humanity forward.First and foremost, scientific collaboration fosters innovation. By bringing together minds with varied expertise and perspectives, collaboration cultivates a fertile ground for the cross-pollination of ideas. In such collaborative environments, researchers can leverage their collective strengths to tackle intricate problems that transcend the boundaries of individual disciplines. This synergy often leads to breakthroughs that would have beenunattainable through solitary efforts.Furthermore, collaboration enhances the efficiency of scientific endeavors. In an interconnected world where information flows rapidly, collaboration allows researchers to access a broader pool of resources, data, and methodologies. By sharing resources and expertise, scientists can avoid duplication of effort and accelerate the pace of discovery. This streamlined approach not only optimizes resource utilization but also enables researchers to address pressing challenges with greater agility and effectiveness.Moreover, scientific collaboration promotes diversity and inclusivity within the scientific community. By engaging scientists from different cultural, social, and academic backgrounds, collaboration enriches the scientific discourse and brings forth a multiplicity of perspectives. This diversity not only fuels creativity but also ensures that scientific research is more representative and relevant to global concerns. Inclusive collaboration also provides opportunities for underrepresented groups tocontribute their unique insights and expertise, thereby fostering a more equitable scientific landscape.Additionally, collaboration strengthens the integrity and rigor of scientific research. Through peer review and interdisciplinary scrutiny, collaborative projects undergo rigorous evaluation, ensuring that findings are robust and reliable. The collective scrutiny of peers helps identify potential biases, errors, or oversights, thereby upholding the highest standards of scientific integrity. This collaborative quality assurance process safeguards the credibility of scientific findings and bolsters publictrust in the scientific enterprise.Furthermore, scientific collaboration transcends geopolitical boundaries, fostering international cooperation and diplomacy. In an increasingly interconnected world, global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and food insecurity necessitate collaborative efforts on a global scale. By transcending political differences and fostering mutual understanding, scientific collaboration promotes peace and stability whileaddressing shared challenges that affect humanity as a whole.In conclusion, scientific collaboration is indispensable for advancing human knowledge and addressing complex global challenges. By fostering innovation, enhancing efficiency, promoting diversity and inclusivity, strengthening scientific integrity, and fostering international cooperation, collaboration serves as the driving force behind scientific progress. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, fostering a culture of collaboration must remain a priority, ensuring that we harness the collective wisdom of humanity to create a brighter future for all.This essay was written in response to a prompt that highlights the importance of scientific collaboration in advancing human knowledge. Through an exploration of the benefits of collaboration, this essay articulates the significance of collaborative efforts in addressing complex challenges and driving scientific progress.。
举例-蒸镀分享资料
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Байду номын сангаас
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例2 电子束蒸发
Effect of annealing on the electrical and optical properties of electron beam evaporated ZnO thin films
R. Al Asmar, G. Ferblantier, F. Mailly, P. Gall-Borrut, A. Foucaran* Centre d VElectronique et de Micro-optoe´lectronique de Montpellier, CEM2-UNIVERSITE
MONTPELLIER II-UMR CNRS 5507, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
Thin Solid Films 473 (2005) 49– 53
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摘要
Zinc oxide thin films have been grown on (100)-oriented silicon substrate at a temperature of 100℃ by reactive e-beam evaporation. Structural, electrical and optical characteristics have been compared before and after annealing in air by measurements of X-ray diffraction, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric coefficient, refractive index and electrical resistivity. X-ray diffraction measurements have shown that ZnO films are highly c-axis-oriented with a full width at half maximum (FWMH) lower than 0.58. The electrical resistivity increases from 102 V cm to reach a value about 109 V cm after annealing at 750℃. The FWHM decreases after annealing treatment, which proves the crystal quality improvement. Ellipsometer measurements show the improvement of the refractive index and the real dielectric coefficient after annealing treatment at 750℃ of the ZnO films evaporated by electron beam. Atomic force microscopy shows that the surfaces of the electron beam evaporated ZnO are relatively smooth. Finally, a comparative study on structural and optical properties of the electron beamevaporated ZnO and the rf magnetron deposited one is discussed
21年考研真题英语答案
21年考研真题英语答案来自21年考研真题的英语部分，本文将提供详细的答案解析以帮助考生更好地理解和准备考试。
以下将按照题目的顺序给出解答，并提供相关的解题思路和对答案的详细解析。
阅读理解部分：Passage 1:1. A解析：根据第一段的句子"Physicists have identified the source of "tricritical” magnetic behavior in a material that could benefit next-generation computing." 可知，物理学家已经找到了下一代计算机中受益的材料的“三重临界”磁性行为的来源。
根据上下文也可以判断出这是一项新的发现。
2. C解析：根据第三段 "This is the first time that a new type of magnetic behavior has been predicted theoretically and then discovered experimentally." 可知，从理论上预测然后通过实验证明这种新型磁性行为是第一次。
所以选C。
3. B解析：根据第六段 "These are intriguing discoveries that will help unlock novel electric and magnetic effects." 可知，这些都是令人感兴趣的发现，将有助于揭示新的电磁效应。
4. D解析：根据最后一段的最后一句 "The effort could also create a path to finding other novel materials with potentially useful properties." 可知，此举还可以为发现其他具有潜在有用性能的新材料铺平道路。
Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide as Visible-Light-Sensitive
© XXXX American Chemical Society
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/10.1021/cr5000738 | Chem. Rev. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Review /CR
Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide as Visible-Light-Sensitive Photocatalyst: Designs, Developments, and Prospects
Ryoji Asahi,*,† Takeshi Morikawa,† Hiroshi Irie,‡ and Takeshi Ohwaki†
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Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
Chemical Reviews TiO2 has not been widely applied to indoor use. Thus, for the more efficient utilization of incoming solar and room light energy, expanding the range of indoor applications of TiO2 has been investigated for many years through attempts to increase the sensitivity of TiO2 to visible light. Since the early 1980s, there have been numerous studies on the introduction of various transition-metal ions (iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), vanadium(V), molybdenum (Mo), etc.) as a dopant into the TiO2 lattice36−57 and on the introduction of oxygen (O) defects.58−60 However, the metal-doped TiO2 and O-defective TiO2 photocatalysts proposed in these studies have not been developed for practical applications because some of them exhibited poor photocatalytic activity and others exhibited poor reproducibility in improvement of activity. Thus, studies on the development of visible-light-sensitive TiO2 photocatalysts in the last two decades of the 20th century were generally unsuccessful. The other approach to the visible-light sensitization of TiO2 is so-called dye sensitization, which was studied in the late 1990s. For example, it is well-known that TiO2 containing a covalently attached Ru complex exhibits visible-light absorption. In this system, upon the excitation of the Ru complex, electrons in the conduction band (CB) of TiO2 injected from the excited Ru complex can produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with which organic substances are degraded. Another example of dye sensitization is the platinum−chloride (H2[PtCl6] (or PtCl4))-modified TiO2 system reported by Kisch et al.61−66 and Ishibai et al.67 In this system, Pt(IV) chloride absorbs visible light to generate two new redox centers (2Pt4+(Cl−)4 + hν → Pt3+(Cl−)4 + Pt4+Cl0(Cl−)3). The oxidative center can be described as a type of Cl0/Cl− pair weakly coordinated to a metal center, while the reductive center can be described as Pt4+/Pt3+. Pt3+ reverts to Pt4+ when electrons are injected into the CB in TiO2 followed by the reduction of O2, while Cl reverts to Cl− upon the oxidation of organic compounds (upon extracting electrons from organic compounds). While these dye/complex catalysis systems show a large visible-light response and unique selectivity in photocatalysis, they have low stability under light irradiation.68−70 Also, using expensive metal complex makes it difficult to apply to practical use. The visible-light absorption of TiO2 by nitrification processing was first reported by Noda et al.71 and Sato72 in 1986. Sato showed photocatalytic reactions of CO and ethane under visible light, and concluded that visible-light sensitization was attributed to NOx-doping in TiO2. In 2001, Asahi et al. predicted by the first-principles calculations that doping of nitrogen (N) among possible anions should be effective for visible-light sensitization in TiO2, and demonstrated that Ndoped TiO2 has significant photocatalytic activities under visible light in experiment.73,74 Since then, N-doped TiO2 has attracted considerable attention, and its visible-light sensitivity has been independently confirmed by many researchers. Since the realization of N-doped TiO2, various types of TiO2 doped with nonmetal elements, such as sulfur (S),75−79 carbon (C),80,81 and iodine (I),82,83 have been widely studied as visible-light-sensitive photocatalysts. Numerous papers have been published on nonmetal-doped TiO2, including monoanion- and di-anion-doped TiO2 and even tri-anion-doped TiO2, as well as anion-and-cation-codoped TiO2.84−91 Among them, N-doped TiO2 is still leading visible-light-sensitive photocatalysts; it is now widely used in practice for environmental applications even under indoor irradiation. The material
基于分子动力学模拟构建NiCr合金模型
基于分子动力学模拟构建NiCr合金模型2.南华大学摘要：基于分子动力学模拟构建在锆合金表面的NiCr合金涂层在微观模型，用Atomsk建立原子模型，lammps构建Ni70Cr30模型；为模拟涂层材料在激光微熔下的变化，设定在周期性边界条件下，分子动力学模型采用NVT系综进行计算；为保证此多晶模型的有效性，采用EAM势函数，对激光微熔的升温融化和冷却结晶过程进行建模。
关键字：NiCr，分子动力学模拟，NVT系综，EAM势函数Abstract: Based on molecular dynamics simulation, the NiCr alloy coating on the surface of zirconium alloy is built in the microscopic model, Atomsk is used to build the atomic model, and Lammps is used to build the Ni70Cr30 model; In order to simulate the change of coating material under laser micro-melting, the molecular dynamics model is calculated by NVT ensemble under periodic boundary conditions; Inorder to ensure the validity of the polycrystalline model, the EAM potential function is used to model the process of heating, meltingand cooling crystallization of laser micro-melting.Keywords: NiCr, molecular dynamics simulation, NVT ensemble, EAM potential function目前，俄乌危机引发欧洲能源短缺，能源问题再次进入人们视线。
纳米金刚石TiV 色心的实验制备与性能研究
表面技术第51卷第3期表面功能化纳米金刚石TiV色心的实验制备与性能研究谭心，徐宏飞，孟可可（内蒙古科技大学 机械工程学院，包头 014010）摘要：目的利用磁控溅射辅助微波等离子体化学气相沉积技术制备钛掺杂纳米金刚石薄膜。
方法预先通过磁控溅射在石英玻璃基底上沉积纳米钛颗粒，然后使用微波等离子体化学气相沉积（MPCVD）设备在其表面沉积金刚石薄膜，通过活性氢原子将钛带入含碳生长基团中，从而将钛掺入纳米金刚石薄膜内。
使用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪对钛掺杂纳米金刚石薄膜的化学组成、表面形貌和钛色心光致发光性能进行分析。
结果上述实验方法可以将钛掺杂到金刚石薄膜中，进而影响金刚石薄膜的微观结构和表面形貌。
利用XPS对实验中经过MPCVD沉积前后钛元素的键能详细地做了对比分析，预溅射钛的XPS能谱在458 eV和464 eV处出现明显的峰值，符合氧化钛的能谱，而经过MPCVD沉积金刚石薄膜后钛元素的峰值发生了移动，在454 eV和460 eV处，表明钛成键发生了改变；通过Raman检测发现钛的掺入导致G峰的强度增加；AFM表明纳米金刚石薄膜掺钛后表面粗糙度由13.8 nm下降到6.69 nm；通过荧光检测首次观察到了钛掺杂纳米金刚石薄膜在540 nm和760 nm附近的光致发光现象。
结论掺杂钛可细化金刚石晶粒，同时会增加石墨相，并降低其表面粗糙度。
光致发光光谱表明钛掺杂金刚石薄膜中存在TiV0色心。
这为金刚石过渡金属色心的制备提供了研究基础。
关键词：磁控溅射；化学气相沉积；钛掺杂金刚石；色心；光致发光中图分类号：O77+3文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2022)03-0192-07DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2022.03.020Experimental Preparation and Performance Research ofNano-Diamond TiV Color CenterTAN Xin, XU Hong-fei, MENG Ke-ke(School of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to prepare titanium-doped nano-diamond films by magnetron sputtering assisted microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition technology. Nano titanium particles were deposited on the quartz glass substrate by收稿日期：2021-04-16；修订日期：2021-08-09Received：2021-04-16；Revised：2021-08-09基金项目：国家自然科学基金（61765012）；国家重点研究开发项目（2017YFF0207200、2017YFF0207203）；内蒙古自然科学基金（2019MS05008）；内蒙古自治区科技创新指导项目（2017CXYD-2、KCBJ2018031）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China (61765012); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFF0207200, 2017YFF0207203); Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (2019MS05008); Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Innovation Guidance Project (2017CXYD-2, KCBJ2018031)作者简介：谭心（1974—），女，博士，博士生导师，主要研究方向为纳米金刚石色心单光子源。
高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注练习题30题
高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注练习题30题1.The latest scientific discovery has brought a lot of attention to the field of quantum mechanics. What is quantum mechanics mainly concerned with?A. Atoms and moleculesB. Subatomic particlesC. Planets and starsD. Biological organisms答案：B。
量子力学主要研究亚原子粒子。
选项A 原子和分子不是量子力学主要研究对象；选项C 行星和恒星属于天文学研究范畴；选项D 生物有机体与量子力学无关。
2.In the field of artificial intelligence, what is the term used to describe the ability of a computer program to learn from data without being explicitly programmed?A. Machine learningB. Software engineeringC. Computer graphicsD. Database management答案：A。
在人工智能领域，描述计算机程序从数据中学习而无需明确编程的术语是机器学习。
选项B 软件工程主要涉及软件开发过程；选项 C 计算机图形学与图像生成等相关；选项 D 数据库管理是对数据库进行操作和管理。
3.The study of black holes is an important part of astrophysics. What is a black hole?A. A very bright starB. A planet with a strong gravitational fieldC. An object with extremely strong gravity that nothing can escape fromD. A cloud of gas and dust答案：C。
基于铂@金纳米线作为信号放大物的电化学适体传感器检测黄曲霉毒素
刘俊桃，刘志景，李晓江，等. 基于铂@金纳米线作为信号放大物的电化学适体传感器检测黄曲霉毒素[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（24）：294−300. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020181LIU Juntao, LIU Zhijing, LI Xiaojiang, et al. Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Platinum @ Gold Nanowires as Signal Amplifier for Aflatoxin B1 Detection[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(24): 294−300. (in Chinese with English abstract).doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020181· 分析检测 ·基于铂@金纳米线作为信号放大物的电化学适体传感器检测黄曲霉毒素刘俊桃，刘志景，李晓江，马志伟*（河南牧业经济学院理学部，河南郑州 450000）摘 要：目的：为了满足食品质量安全并快速检测食品中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）的含量，构建基于铂@金纳米线（Pt@AuNWs ）作为信号放大物的电化学适配体传感器用于花生中AFB1的高灵敏、高选择性检测。
方法：首先在玻碳电极（GC ）表面修饰纳米金颗粒（AuNPs ）构建AuNPs/GC 电极，增强基底电极的电催化性能并通过Au ﹣S 键将互补链（cDNA ）固定于AuNPs/GC ，其次通过模板法合成Pt@AuNWs 使其与适配体结合构建信号探针（记为Pt@AuNWs-apt ），最后基于碱基互补配对作用构建电化学适配传感器。
当AFB1存在时，其和cDNA 竞争结合适配体，导致电极表面的Pt@AuNWs-apt 信号探针部分脱落，使电化学适配体传感器催化H 2O 2产生的电流信号降低，从而间接定量检测AFB1。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期(含答案)试卷号：1
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The physical devastation caused by the Civil War, the freeing of the slaves, and the chaos of the Reconstruction era had ruinous effects on Mississippi’s economy.问题1选项A.impactB.disorderC.offenceD.folly【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. impact 巨大影响，强大作用B. disorder 杂乱，混乱C. offence 犯罪，罪行D. folly 愚笨，愚蠢的想法（或事情、行为）【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】chaos的意思为“混乱，杂乱”，指的是重建时期的混乱，disorder与之词义相近，因此B 选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】南北战争造成的物质破坏，奴隶解放和重建时期的混乱给密西西比的经济带来了毁灭性的影响。
2.单选题Is it surprising that a wave of sadness swept over me as I looked for the last time at the Flaming Cliffs, gorgeous in the morning sunshine of that brilliant August day?问题1选项A.splendidB.riskyC.restlessD.gloomy【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. splendid 壮丽的，雄伟的B. risky 有危险（或风险）的C. restless 坐立不安的，不耐烦的D. gloomy 黑暗的，阴暗的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。
磁流控制潜力分析器说明书
Magnetic Design and Simulation Analysis of Magneto-rheologicalDamper Xiaojuan Li 1,a , Xiaobin Liang 1,b , Fan He 1,c , Wei Guo 1,d , Weibin Wang 1,e1Communication & Power Utilization Subcomany of Nari Group Corporation, Haidian, Beijing,102200, Chinaa***********************,b ************************,c******************,d *******************,e**********************Keywords: MR; Damper; Magnetic Design; SimulationAbstract. Magneto-rheological damper has advantages of fast response, good stability and continuously adjustable damping force, that is controlled by the damping force to achieve damping. This paper analyzes the influence of the thickness of the outer cylinder, work space, turns, damping channel length, coil currents and other factors on magnetic field intensity in damping channel by ANSYS software, it provides theoretical basis for the overall structural design of MR damper. IntroductionMagneto-rheological fluid [1] is referred as MRF, which is a kind of suspension in a kid of carrier liquid from in a large number of magnetizable particles which constitute its rheological properties change with the applied magnetic field changes.Since 1980th , the Magneto-rheological technology has been developing rapidly, researches on MR Damping Equipment [2]resulted in many inspiring achievements which revealed bright prospect for human being ．MR Damper is a hot research spot internationally because of its small volume, low power requirements, big damping force, wide dynamic range, high frequency response, wide applying occasions, etc. Domestic researchers are also attaching importance to it gradually ．MR damper is widely used in automobile manufacturing, machinery manufacturing industry, weapons systems, helicopters, civil engineering and other fields.This paper presents some of the key through the magnetic circuit design size Magneto-rheological damper optimization methods to further improve the performance of Magneto-rheological damper.Principle of MRF DamperOuter CylinderMRF Reservoir Piston Guide PistonPiston RodCompressed Gas ReservoirAccumlator PistonCoilUFig.1 Functional Principle of MR DamperMR damper can achieve vibration damping by magneto-rheological fluid in the gap generated by the flow of damping force. Fig.1 indicates MR damper operating principle. The outer cylinder is fixed, the piston moves axially with velocity U, MRF is squeezed flows between the gap of the outer cylinder and the piston, the force generated by the damping can be controlled by the external magnetic field.International Industrial Informatics and Computer Engineering Conference (IIICEC 2015)© 2015. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press757Magnetic Circuit Design of MR DamperThe main task of the magnetic circuit design is: ensure that the magnetic field lines perpendicular to the gap and fluid work by rational design of the core structure ，and the magnetic field strength has the highest concentration of the fluid gap. MR damper magnetic field lines through the area includes four parts which including piston 、piston flank 、permeable tube and damping path gap. As shown in Fig.2, magnetic force lines are from the piston I, go through the piston flanking II, then pass the damping path gap IV , enter the permeable tube III, finally pass the gap IV of another part, pass the piston flank II enters I, which form a closed loop. According to the flux continuity theorem, the total magnetic flux is:Ф Total = ФI = ФII = ФIII = ФIV (1) The total reluctance of magnetic structure is:R=R I +2R II +R III +2R IV (2)ⅠⅡⅢⅣFig.2 The Magnetic Circuit of MR DamperI- Piston II- Piston Flank III – Permeable Tube IV - Damping Channel GapMagnetic Circuit Simulation of MRF DamperANSYS is a kind of general purpose finite element analysis software, its electromagnetic module is based on Maxwell's equations field guide. It can be used to analyze electromagnetic problems such as inductance, capacitance, impedance, magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength, etc. In this paper, ANSYS finite element analysis software is used to simulate the magnetic field of MR damper field [3], which analyzes the impact of the current intensity, the geometry of the core structure of the magnetic field distribution, etc.In order to improve the performance of damping force MR damper, the main method is to improve the magnetic field strength of Magneto-rheological fluid work area. Therefore, magnetic circuit analysis is calculating the magnetic field intensity of damping channel.Fig.3 Two-dimensional Analysis Model Fig.4 Magnetic Field Lines Simulation Resultof Damper SimplifiedThe following is the specific process of MR damper Finite element analysis of the magnetic field strength of the damping channel ：ANSYS product applications; ANSYS / Multiphysics: Application branches: Magnetism;758Type of analysis ： 2D linear static analysis; Unit type to use: PLANE 53;Although the Magneto-rheological fluid damper is a three-dimensional object, but it is symmetry and its structure is simple, this paper uses the 2-D static magnetic field analytical method which is simplified. Fig.3 is analysis model of damper simplified.Fig.4 is the magnetic field lines simulation result. As can be seen from Fig.5, the magnetic lines of force in the damping channel is substantially equidistant distribution, therefore, this area as a uniform magnetic field approximation is reasonable in ANSYS software.Fig.5 shows the magnetic field intensity distribution contour, the result indicates the maximum magnetic field intensity distribution is in the damping channel.Fig.6 shows the simulation results of different parameters such as outer cylinder, coil current,working gap, damping channel length, outer cylinder material and coil winding directioncorresponding to the magnetic field intensity of damper channel. 0.0000.0050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.0400.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.14M a g n e t i c F i e l d I n t e n s i t y (T )Geometry (m)3.5mm 1mm5mm0.000.020.040.00.20.40.60.81.01.2M a g n e t i c F i e l d I n t e n s i t y (T )Geometry (m)1A 2A 3A0.0000.0050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.0400.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.40Geometry (m) 0.2mm M a g n e t i c F i e l d I n t e n s i t y (T )0.5mm 0.3mm0.0000.0050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.0400.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.14M a g n e t i c F i e l d I n t e n s i t y (T )Geometry (m)12mm8mm 10mm(a) Different Thickness of the Outer CylinderCorresponding to Magnetic Field Intensity(b) Different Coil Current Corresponding toMagnetic Field Intensity(c) Different Working Gap Correspondingto Magnetic Field Intensity(d) Different Length of Damping Channel Corresponding to Magnetic Field IntensityFig.5 Distribution Contour of Magnetic field Intensity Simulation Result 7590.0000.0050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.0400.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.14M a g n e t i c F i e l d I n t e n s i t y (T )Geometry (m)m r = 5000 45 Steel0.0000.0050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.040-0.010.000.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.09M a g n e t i c F i e l d I n t e n s i t y (T )Geometry (m)Opposite Direction Same DirectionFig.6 The Simulation ResultsPicture (a)-(e) are single-pole magnetic structure, picture (f) is bipolar magnetic structure. Bipolar magnetic structure can reduce the volume and weight of electromagnetic piston and improve the utilization of permeable material. ConclusionBased on the analysis of simulation results, we can draw the following conclusions ：(1) Increasing the thickness of the cylinder which can reduce the maximum magnetic field intensity of the magnetic circuit, at the same time, the magnetic field distribution of the damping channel may become uniform;(2) The loading excitation current strength increases, the damping force generated by MR damper increases;(3) Work space decreases, the magnetic field intensity damping within the channel can greatly improve;(4) The channel length of the damper is reduced, the magnetic field intensity within the damping channel can be increase;(5) Permeability of the outer tube material increases, the magnetic field intensity damping within the channel also increases.(6) Using a two-stage magnetic circuit excitation current load range can be increased to improve the magnetic circuit performance, optimization of the magnetic circuit; After comparing the different winding ways of the dual-stage magnetic circuit, the performance of the opposite winding way is better than the same winding way.(7) In order to reduce the volume and weight of electromagnetic piston and improve the utilization of magnetic materials, multi-stage magnetic structure shoud be used.(8) In order to reduce magnetic flux leakage, if the electromagnetic piston outside diameter and shaft length allowed, the magnetic circuit stages should be reduced. References[1] Shulman, Z. P. et a1．Strucature Physical Properties and Dynamics of Magneto-rheological Suspensions, Int. J ． Mutiphase Flow ，1986，12(6):935-955.[2] Ribakov Y,Gluck J.Selective controlled base isolation system with Magneto-rheological dampers[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,2002,31:1301-1324.[3] Nam Y J ，Park M A ．Performance evaluation of two different bypass-type MR shock dampers[J]．Journal of Intelligient Material Systems and Structures ．2007，18(7):707-717．(e) Different Material of the Outer Cylinder Corresponding to Magnetic Field Intensity(f) Different Coil Winding Direction Corresponding to Magnetic Field Intensity760。
Si掺杂对Al-Ti-N涂层的结构、力学性能和抗氧化性能的影响
Si掺杂对Al-Ti-N涂层的结构、力学性能和抗氧化性能的影响袁红梅;杨兵;李佳;吴明晶;陈利【摘要】Al-Ti-N and Al-Ti-Si-N coatings with similar atom ratio were deposited on the surfaces of Al2O3, low alloy steel and cemented carbide cutters by cathodic arc evaporation technology. Effect of Si on the structure, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of Al-Ti-N coatings was studied by XRD, SEM, nano indentation, scratch and oxidation tests. The results show that Al-Ti-N coatings are mainly cubic structure and hexagonal structure. Si doping decreases the solution of Alin TiN. and the Al-Ti-Si-N coatings turn to be mainly hexagonal structure and cubic structure. The hardness of Al-Ti-N coating is 34.5 GPa, and thatof Al-Ti-Si-N is 28.7 GPa, which is the results of Si doping. The stress of coating increases with the addition of Si, resulting in the decrease of interfacial strength between matrix and coating. The oxidation resistanceof Al-Ti-N coating is improved significantly with the doping of Si, and the antioxidant temperature is over 1 000℃.%采用阴极弧蒸发技术在 Al2O3、低合金钢和硬质合金刀片上沉积 Ti 与 Al 原子比相近的 Al-Ti-N 和Al-Ti-Si-N 涂层，借助 X 射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、纳米压痕、划痕实验和氧化实验，研究 Si 掺杂对Al-Ti-N涂层的结构、力学性能和抗氧化性能的影响。
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A comparative research on magnetron sputtering and arc evaporation deposition of Ti –Al –N coatingsLi Chen a ,b ,⁎,Ke K.Chang a ,Yong Du a ,Jing R.Li a ,c ,Ming J.Wu ca State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,Changsha Hunan,410083,Chinab Deptartment of Materials Science and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing,100084,China cZhuzhou Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools Co.,LTD,Zhuzhou,412007,Chinaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 22May 2010Received in revised form 20January 2011Accepted 25January 2011Available online 2February 2011Keywords:Ti –Al –N coating Age-hardening Thermal stability Cutting performanceTi –Al –N coating has been proven to be an effective protective coating for machining applications.Here,the differences of cubic Ti –Al –N coatings with a similar Ti/Al atomic ratio of 1deposited by magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc evaporation have been studied in detail.Main emphasis was laid on the characterization of thermal stability and cutting performance.Both coatings during annealing exhibit a structural transformation into stable phases c-TiN and h-AlN via an intermediate step of spiondal decomposition with the precipitation of c-AlN,however,a difference in decomposition pared to sputtered coating inserts,an increase of tool life-time by 42%is obtained by evaporated coating inserts at the higher speed of 200m/min,whereas the similar cutting life is observed at the speed of 160m/min.It is attributed to the better stability of evaporated coating due to its later structural transformation at elevated temperature.A post-deposition vacuum annealing of both coated inserts in their corresponding temperature range of spiondal decomposition improves their cutting performance due to an increase in hardness arising from the precipitation of coherent cubic-phase nanometer-size c-AlN domains.Additionally,the sputtered coating behaves in worse oxidation resistance due to its more open structure.These behaviors can be understood considering the difference in microstructure and morphology of as deposited coatings originating from adatom mobility of deposited particles,where arc evaporation technique with higher ion to neutral ratio shows higher adatom mobility.©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionNitride based hard coatings are highly successful as hard coatings for many cutting applications [1–6].Among them,Ti –Al –N coatings with cubic NaCl (c)structure,where Al substitutes for Ti in the TiN based structure,are widely used in cutting tools as wear resistant protection,due to their high hardness and wear resistance,together with promising thermal stability,oxidation resistance and age-hardening abilities [5–10].High thermal stability and oxidation resistance are crucial and therefore required properties because they are often exposed to air at elevated temperature during machining.With respect to the thermal stability,the decomposition of Ti –Al –N into the stable phases c-TiN and hexagonal (h)AlN involving an intermediate step of c-AlN results in a rapid decrease of mechanical properties [8,10].On the other hand,Ti –Al –N coating forms a bilayered Al 2O 3/TiO 2oxide scale,when exposed to air at elevated temperature [11].Magnetron sputtering and arc evaporation have their advantages and drawbacks,and are the most widespread technologies to synthesize protective coating for cutting tools,which differ with respect to the type of evaporation of the metallic components and the plasma conditions employed during the deposition process [12–17].The most signi ficant difference of two techniques is the ion to neutral ratio of deposited species,which affects the growth pattern of coatings.A high ion to neutral ratio of arc evaporation process results in a densi fication of the growing film and a high level of adhesion to the substrate due to increased adatom mobility [15].However,the formation of macro-particles during arc evaporation,which is a result of arc evaporation of low melting point target materials,leads to a defect and rough surface morphology of coating,as compared to the smooth surface of sputtered coating [15–17].The magnetron sputtering technique was used for the deposition of thin films for a large range of materials in various fields of applications because of its many advantages [12–14],such as,the relative ease for scaling up to larger dimensions,a good control of thickness,layer quality,uniformity and the wide variety of materials to be deposited,controllable films structure and properties,and low temperature process used on the widest range of substrates including temperature sensitive substrates and polymers,etc.Furthermore,the otherThin Solid Films 519(2011)3762–3767⁎Corresponding author at:State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,Changsha Hunan,410083,China.Tel.:+8673188836213;fax:+8673188710855.E-mail address:chenli_927@ (L.Chen).0040-6090/$–see front matter ©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.358Contents lists available at ScienceDirectThin Solid Filmsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /ts fimportant advantage of sputter deposition is that even materials with very high melting points are easily sputtered while evaporation of these materials is problematic or impossible.However,the sputtered films usually exhibits a lower density and adhesion with substrate compared to arc evaporatedfilms due to its low density and degree of ionized sputtered species.Additionally,magnetron sputtering always exhibits lower deposition rate due to target poisoning with an introduction of reactive gas[15].In this paper,we researched the microstructure,mechanical properties,oxidation resistance and thermal stability of sputtered and arc evaporated Ti–Al–N coatings with similar Ti/Al atomic ratios of1:1, where this ratio of Ti–Al–N coatings is widely used in industrial application.Furthermore,the cutting performance of both coated inserts is investigated.2.Experimental details2.1.Coating depositionTi–Al–N coatings were deposited onto powder metallurgically prepared cemented carbide(WC-6wt.%Co)and polycrystalline Al2O3 substrates by direct current magnetron sputtering(DCMS)and arc evaporation.For magnetron sputtering,three cathodes equipped with Ti target inserted(400×88×10mm3)cylindrical aluminum(Φ15mm, 99.9%purity)on the target race track were used on a CemeCon CC800/9 coating system.The coatings were deposited by reactive sputtering in N2–Ar mixed atmosphere at1Pa(300sccm N2),−100V DC substrate bias,13kW of the target power and550°C.For arc evaporation,a commercial cathodic arc evaporation system(Balzers Oerlikon Rapid Cooling System,RCS)equipped with four Ti0.5Al0.5targets(Φ160×12 mm3,99.9%purity)is employed.Prior to the deposition with a two-fold substrate-rotationfixture in N2(99.99%purity)atmosphere at ~2Pa,−100V DC substrate bias,180A target current and550°C,the substrates were cleaned by an Argon-ion-etching process with bias of 180V.2.2.Isothermal annealing and oxidationIsothermal annealing of the coated cemented carbide substrates has been performed in vacuum furnace(COD533R)at0.1mPa.Heated from room temperature with a heating rate of(RT)5K/min,coated cemented carbide substrates were annealed at700,900,and1100°C for2h.Then the annealing samples cooled down inside the furnace with the heater switched off.For isothermal oxidation experiments coated polycrystalline Al2O3and cemented carbide substrates were isothermally oxidized at800°C for18h in a conventional tube furnace,respectively,and then the thickness of oxidized layer was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).2.3.CharacterizationThe elemental composition of the coatings was determined using electron probe microanalysis electron probe micro-analyzer(EPMA) (JXA-8800R,JEOL).The morphology of the coatings was studied using SEM(LEO1525,Germany).Phase identification and structural inves-tigations of both coatings(after removal from their low alloy steel substrates)in their as deposited state and after thermal treatment with the DSC equipment in vacuum from room temperature(RT)to target temperature with a heating rate of20K/min inflowing Ar (99.9%purity,40sccmflow rate)were conducted by XRD with CuKαradiation using a Brucker D8diffractometer in Bragg/Brentano mode at40mA and40kV.Prior to these measurements,both coatings were removed from their low alloyed steel substrates by chemical etching in10mol%nitric acid,in order to avoid substrate interference.The hardness of the coatings as deposited and annealed at700,900,and 1100°C for2h in vacuum was obtained by nanoindentation with a Fischerscope H100VP after the Oliver and Pharr method[18]. According to the experimental results based on the large-load (30mN)penetration test,a smaller penetration load of8mN was chosen to measure the mechanical properties of the coatings to keep the indentation depth below10%of thefilm thickness.2.4.Cutting testsContinuous dry turning of stainless steel(1Cr18Ni9Ti)with CNMG120408-EM style cemented carbide inserts(WC-6wt.%Co)was conducted with a cutting speed(v c)of160and200m/min,a depth of cut(a p)of1.0mm and a feed rate(f)of0.2mm per revolution(mm/r).3.Results and discussionElemental analysis by EPMA reveals that sputtered and evaporated Ti–Al–N coatings are stoichiometric with N/metal ratios of1±0.02 and compositions of Ti0.50Al0.50N and Ti0.52Al0.48N,respectively.Fig.1 shows SEM surface morphologies of both coatings with a thickness of~3μm.The sputtered coating shows excessive surface roughness, see Fig.1a,while the evaporated coating exhibits smooth surface,but growth defects of metallic macro-particles,see Fig.1b.Furthermore, the evaporated coating presents more dense structure compared to sputtered coating.SEM fracture cross-sections for our sputtered and evaporated Ti–Al–N coatings show a columnar coating morphology, see Fig.2,however,exhibiting a different growth mode.The sputtered Ti–Al–N coating reveals a pronounced open columnar structure, which occurs for a limited surface diffusion due to the low adatom mobility[12,13],see Fig.2a.Increasing ion bombardment during deposition of evaporated coating causes an interruption of the growing columns and nucleation of new grains,see Fig.2b.This effect combined with increasing mobility of the condensing atoms favors the formation of a dense microstructure[15].Thus,the evaporated coating exhibits more dense structure compared to sputtered coating,which is in agreement to the surface states.X-ray diffractional investigations of both coatings as deposited state show a single phase face centered cubic structure,see Fig.3.The evaporated coatings show prominent orientation of(200)due to the higher surface diffusion arising from the high ion-to-atom arrival ratio during growth,which is in agreement to previous research[19].The stress of sputtered coating results in pronounced peak broadening. Additionally,it is also probably attributed to the smaller grain size of sputtered coating.Fig.4shows the XRD patterns of sputtered and evaporated Ti–Al–N coatings as deposited and after annealing at T a=700,900,and1100°C. For sputtered Ti–Al–N coating after annealing at T a=700°C,XRD patterns reveal an appearance of the right-hand shoulder(close to fcc-AlN)for the(200)peak,which is a characteristic sign for spinodal decomposition of Ti–Al–N based system[8,10].This suggests grain refinement and also an increase in microstresses due to spiondal decomposition precipitation of c-AlN domains.The pronounced left-hand shoulder of the(111)and(200)peaks with increasing annealing temperature to T a=900°C suggests further spinodal decomposition. Additionally,the appearance of h-AlN reflection at~33.2°suggests part of c-AlN phase transformed into its stable hexagonal form h-AlN.The coating is now composed of four different phases:c-Ti1−x Al x N(matrix), c-TiN,c-AlN and h-AlN,see Fig.4a.Further increase of annealing temperature up to T a=1100°C,causes the decomposition process to be finished and the precipitation metastable phases of c-AlN to be almost completely transformed into h-AlN.Similar structural transformation of evaporated Ti–Al–N coating during annealing is also observed,see Fig.4b,where the decomposition of coating into stable phases c-TiN and h-AlN involves an intermediate step of c-AlN.The absence of h-AlN after annealing at T a=900°C shows the significant difference with the sputtered coating.After annealing at T a=1100°C the detected reflec-tions of h-AlN phases suggest the transformation of c-AlN into h-AlN.3763L.Chen et al./Thin Solid Films519(2011)3762–3767However,the un-symmetric (200)diffraction peak indicates that the evaporated coating has not fully decomposed at T a =1100°C.With the above results,the evaporated Ti –Al –N coating behaves better in terms of thermal stability during isothermal annealing compared to the sputtered Ti –Al –N coating.It can be attributed to the higher stress of sputtered coatings,which aggravates the decomposition at lower temperature.The hardness (H)of sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coatings as a function of annealing temperature is presented in Fig.5.An increase in H from ~32.4to ~35.1GPa is obtained with increasing T a to 700°C for sputtered Ti –Al –N coating,which is attributed to the ongoing spiondal decomposition process and thus the formation of coherent c-TiN and c-AlN nm-sized domains [8,10].However,further increase in annealing temperature T a to 900°C results in a decrease in hardness to ~32.2GPa due to the transformation of part of c-AlN into h-AlN [8].A signi ficant decrease in hardness to ~25.5GPa with T a =1100°C is obtained,which arises from the further transformation of c-AlN into h-AlN combined with out-diffusion of Co [6,10].For evaporated Ti –Al –N coating,the onset of spiondal decomposition causes a small increase in H from ~31.2to ~32.8GPa after annealing with T a =700°C.The maximum value of ~34.1GPa in H is obtained by increasing T a to 900°C as compared to the decrease in H for annealing sputtered coating at the same temperature,which is in good agreement to the previous structural transformation.Annealing of sputtered Ti –Al –NFig.1.SEM surface morphology of Ti –Al –N coatings by magnetron sputtering (a)and arc evaporation(b).Fig.2.SEM fracture cross-sections of Ti –Al –N coatings by magnetron sputtering (a)and arc evaporation (b).3764L.Chen et al./Thin Solid Films 519(2011)3762–3767coating results in the advanced formation of h-AlN at lower temperature and thus causes an earlier decrease in H.Correspond-ingly,evaporated Ti –Al –N coatings after annealing at T a =1100°C also behaves in much higher hardness value,see Fig.5.The variation of hardness during annealing is in good agreement to the previous structural evolution.However,it should be noted that the decompo-sition process between Ti –Al –N coating powder and coating depos-ited on cemented carbide must behave differently due to the high surface energy of the powder.Fig.6shows SEM fracture cross-sectional investigations of sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coatings deposited on Al 2O 3substrate after isothermal oxidation at 800°C for 18h.A multilayered oxide scale of ~2μm thickness composed of dense Al 2O 3up-layer and porous TiO 2sub-layer for the sputtered coating is shown in Fig.6a.The formation of porous TiO 2sub-layer is connected with the generation of compressive stresses,which might crack the dense and protective Al 2O 3up-layer,leading to intensi fied oxidation and finally failure of the coating.The evaporated Ti –Al –N coating with oxide scale of~0.8μm exhibits superior resistance compared to the sputtered coating.It does not show laminar structure,and only exhibits a dense oxide layer.The porous structure of sputtered coating offers faster diffusion channels for out-diffusion of metal and in-diffusion of oxygen ions during oxidation,and thereby results in lower oxidation resistance.Additionally,more channel diffusion arising from the smaller grain is also attributed to it.Furthermore,coated cemented carbide inserts are oxidized in air atmosphere at 800°C for 2h.The sputtered coating is completely peeled off from cemented carbide substrate due to the rapid out-diffusion of Co along the grain boundary during oxidation [6,10].However,only slight delamination near the cutting edge is observed for the evaporated coating.The adhesive strength between coating and substrate is charac-terized by the scratch test at the coating fracture initiation.The adhesive strength of sputtered Ti –Al –N coating with cemented carbide substrate is ~72N.An improvement in adhesive strength with value of ~84N is obtained by evaporated Ti –Al –N coating,which is attributed to the high quantity of ionized target atoms,and thus high surface diffusion [15].Fig.7shows the comparison of life-time of the sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coated inserts for continuous turning of stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti)at the cutting speed of 160m/min and 200m/min with the air atmosphere.The sputtered coating inserts behave a little better in cutting performance at the speed of 160m/min,compared to evaporated coating inserts.The life-time of both coated inserts reduces with increasing cutting speed,and a more pronounced decrease is obtained by the sputtered coated inserts.An increase to 142%of the life-time of sputtered coated inserts is obtained by evaporated coating inserts at the cutting speed of 200m/min,see Fig.7.The tool life during turning is mainly controlled by the thermal stability and hardness of the coating.The better performance of sputtered Ti –Al –N coated inserts at the cutting speed of 160m/min is attributed to the higher hardness at low temperature.With increase of cutting speed,more heat generated within the chip-tool contact zone causes a temperature increase on the cutting edge of the inserts,and thus aggravates the decomposition and oxidation of coatings.Consequently,the worse cutting performance of sputtered Ti –Al –N coated inserts during high cutting speed can be attributed to their earlier decomposition,and thus more pronounced drop in hardness at elevated temperature,see Fig.3.Additionally,it is also caused by the lower oxidation resistance of sputtered coating.The cutting life of the sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coating inserts in the as deposited state and after annealing at 700and 900°CFig.3.XRD patterns of as deposited Ti –Al –N coatings by magnetron sputtering and arcevaporation.Fig.4.XRD patterns of sputtered (a)and evaporated (b)Ti –Al –N coatings in the as deposited state and after annealing at T a =700,900,and 1100°C.Fig.5.Hardness of sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coatings as a function of the annealing temperature T a .3765L.Chen et al./Thin Solid Films 519(2011)3762–3767for continuous turning of stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti)is presented in Fig.8.Annealing at T a =700°C results in an increase of 45%and 20%in life-time for the sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coating inserts compared to their untreated states,respectively,which corresponds to an increase in hardness due to age-hardening [10].Further increase of annealing temperature up to 900°C causes a more increase of 70%for evaporated coating inserts,which corresponds to the maximum value of ~34.1GPa.However for sputtered coating inserts,the life-time is reduced to 76%as here the hardness of coating decreases due to the precipitation of h-AlN.The variation of annealed coating inserts in life-time is in good agreement to that of their hardness.4.ConclusionsIn this work,the structure,morphology,thermal stability and mechanical properties of single phase fcc Ti –Al –N coatings with similar Ti/Al atomic ratio of 1:1deposited by magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc evaporation were investigated.High adatom mobility of arc evaporation process arising from the high ion to neutral ratio results in a more dense structure and higher adhesive strength with the substrate.Additionally,increasing ion bombard-ment during deposition of evaporated coating causes an interruption of the growing columns and nucleation of new grains.However,evaporated Ti –Al –N coating exhibits the typical growth defects originating from incorporated macro-particles,while the sputter deposited coating is rather homogeneous.Annealing of Ti –Al –N coatings results in a structural transforma-tion into the stable phases c-TiN and h-AlN involving an intermediate step of c-AlN,where the sputtered coating with earlier formation of h-AlN after annealing at 900°C shows worse thermal stability,compared to the evaporated coating with the formation of h-AlN at 1100°C.Therefore,the evaporated coating inserts exhibit an increase to 142%of the life-time of sputtered coating inserts at the higher speed of 200m/min,whereas the similar cutting performance is observed at the speed of 160m/min.The precipitation of nm-sized metastable c-AlN domains in cubic Ti –Al –N matrix during annealing causes an increase in hardness to the maximum value of ~35.1GPa at T a =700°C for sputtered coating,and ~34.1GPa at T a =900°C for evaporated coating,and thus an improved cutting performance of coated inserts.The life-time of sputtered and evaporated coating inserts is increased to 145%and 170%by post-deposition vacuum annealing at 700°C and 900°C,respectively.AcknowledgementsThe National Natural Science Foundation for Youth of China (Grant No.51001120)and the Postdoctoral Foundation of China (Grant No.20100470060)are gratefully acknowledged by the authors.Li Chen thanks China Manufacturing of NC Machining and Basic Equipment,major scienti fic and technological project (Grant No.[2009ZX04012-031]).Yong du acknowledges Creative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50721003).Fig.6.SEM fracture cross-sections of sputtered (a)and evaporated (b)Ti –Al –N coatings after isothermal oxidation at 800°C for 18h.Fig.7.Life-time of sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coating inserts during continuous turning of stainless steel(1Cr18Ni9Ti).Fig.8.Life-time of sputtered and evaporated Ti –Al –N coating inserts in the as deposited state and after annealing at T a =700and 900°C during continuous turning of stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti).3766L.Chen et al./Thin Solid Films 519(2011)3762–3767References[1]G.S.Fox-Rabinovich,B.D.Beake,J.L.Endrino,S.C.Veldhuis,R.Parkinson,L.S.Shuster,M.S.Migranov,Surf.Coat.Technol.200(2006)5738.[2] 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