u3l1
初中英语新世纪教材八年级第一学期U3L1课时练习
Unit Three Knowledge of Common InterestLesson One Idioms with Body PartsⅠFill in the blanks with the words in their proper forms. (用所给单词适当形式填空)1.Mr. Wu is an ________ (interest) teacher. He often makes us laugh in class.2.I think Andy is one of my best ________(friend).3.I have a pet ________(name) Mimi.4.I have ________ (many) friends than him.5.She will make a ________(vividly) description of the animal.6.The child ________ (recite) a poem in public.7.The music is too ________ (loudly) , please turn it down a bit.8.Which do you like ________(well) ,this one or that one?9.Tom spends a lot of time ________ (read) books everyday.10.You should be ________(care) when you do your homework.11.Ben always tells us a lot of ________(joke) and makes us laugh.12.The quickest ________ (meaning) of transport is by plane.13.Don’t worry about the boy. He can take care of ________ (he).ⅡChoose the best answer(选择最恰当的答案)（）1. You should run the shop ________ your boss has taught you.A. asB. andC. butD. so（）2. That bank clerk plays football _________ a football player.A. as good asB. as better asC. so well asD. as well as（）3. I didn’t go to bed ________ mother came back.A. afterB. ifC. as soon asD. until（）4. He has told the story just _________ it happened.A. soB. andC. asD. for（）5. I met him _______ I was spending the summer holiday.A. asB. sinceC. butD. and（）6. I don’t know when my father _________ back , but I’ll tell you when he ________ back.D. comes; comesA. will come; comesB. comes; will comeC. will come;will come（）7.The film had been on _________ we arrived.A. whileB. whenC. howD. if（）8. My mother was working _________ I was doing my homework .A. whenB. becauseC. andD. whileⅢ. Choose the best answer(选择最恰当的答案)（）1. When they travelled in England , they found the cars and buses drive _________ the left.A. inB. onC. atD. by（）2. My brother want to work ________ an astronaut when he grows up.A. inB. forC. asD. like（）3.As Young Pioneers, we should give our seats to _______ old on bus.A. aB. anC. theD. /（）4. We must study hard and help _______ other.A. eitherB. eachC. oneD. the（）5. My hometown is _______ beautiful than his.A. very muchB. more muchC. much moreD. very more（）6. -- _______ do you go to the cinema?-- Sometimes.A. How oftenB. How soonC. How longD. How farⅢ.Put the following into English.(将下列词组译成英文)1. 一……就……___________________2. 小心一点___________________3. 靠记忆___________________4. 在……帮助下___________________5. 没关系，不要紧___________________6. 身势语___________________7. 安静一点___________________ 8. 同意某人___________________9. 用……表达___________________ 10. 擅长于___________________11. 喜欢吃甜食___________________ 12. 看法完全一致___________________ 13. 园艺技能___________________ 14. 全神贯注地听___________________ 15. 击中要害___________________ 16. 更生动地表达___________________Ⅳ. Rewrite the sentences as required(按要求改写句子)1.Tell Harry the news when you see him, please. (改为否定句)_________ _________ Harry the news when you see him, please.2.Mr. Smith has taught in our school for three years.(对划线部分提问)_________ _________ has Mr. Smith taught in our school?3.He usually does some reading after supper. (改为否定句)He _________ usually _________ any reading after supper.4.It took me half an hour to go to school on foot from my home. (保持原句意思)I _________ half an hour _________ _________ school from my home.5. The new bridge will be built in three months. ( 对划线部分提问)_________ _________ will the new bridge be built?6.My young sister can hardly write or speak. (改为反义疑问句)My young sister can hardly write or speak, _________ _________ ?Ⅴ. Fill in the blanks with the phrases in their proper forms.(选出所给词组的适当形式填空) have got a sweet tooth see eye to eye with sb. be all earshit the nail go in one ear and out the other have a green thumb1.My answer is right, so my teacher will say _____________________.2.If you agree with Tom, what can you say? _____________________.3.We should listen to our teacher attentively. What does it mean? _____________________4.His sister is good at growing such plants as flowers and grass. We can say she_____________________.5.Her little brother likes eating a lot of chocolate. So we can say he _____________________.6.Jim never takes his parents’ advice. He always _____________________.Ⅵ. Rewrite the sentences as required(按要求改写句子)1.Alan has to finish the homework before nine o’clock. (改为一般疑问句)_________ Alan _________ to finish the homework before nine o’clock?2.Tom read an interesting story about the world under water.(改为否定句)Tom _________ _________ an interesting story about the world under water.3.Mrs. Smith could hardly remember where she had put her handbag. (改为反义疑问句)Mrs. Smith could hardly remember where she had put her handbag, _________ _________?4. Mr. and Mrs. Brown have already been to China twice. ( 对划线部分提问)_________ _________ times have Mr. and Mrs. Brown been to China ?5.The playground of my school is 800 meters long. Hers is 800 meters long, too.(保持原句意思)The playground of my school is _________ long _________hers.U3L1I.Choices( ) 1. My sister told me she would introduce ____ idiom to me.A. aB. anC. theD. /( ) 2. I’ve learned some idioms ______ body parts today.A. ofB. forC. withD. about( ) 3. It goes _______ one ear and out _____.A. in; otherB. in; the otherC. on; otherD. on another ( ) 4. You’ve just hit the nail ______ the head.A. inB. onC. atD. to( ) 5. “I’ve a green thumb” means “I’m good at _______.”A. gardenB. yardC. gardenerD. gardening ( ) 6. My uncle will come to visit us ______ next week.A. somethingB. sometimesC. some timeD. some times ( ) 7. Tom has made great progress ______ the help of the teacher.A. withB. withoutC. onD. in( ) 8. Sometimes body language may _____ trouble to you because some gestures _______ different meaning to different people.A. bring; takeB. take; bringC. carry; takeD. carry; bring ( ) 9. _______ one’s forehead with an index finger means “smart” in the Unit ed States.A. TipB. TipsC. TippingD. Tippings ( ) 10. I haven’t had enough. Can I have _______ chicken leg?A. othersB. anotherC. otherD. much( ) 11. The students stopped talking ______ the bell rang.A. as soon asB. so thatC. thoughD. if( ) 12.There is a generation gap ______ my mother and me. She never takes my advice _______.A. between; seriousB. on; seriousC. on; seriouslyD. between; seriously( ) 13. _____ you agree _______ me?A. Are; withB. Are; toC. Do; withD. Do; to( ) 14. He always gives us _______.A. a useful adviceB. an useful adviceC. useful advicesD. useful advice( ) 15. What a smart boy he is! The underlined part means ______.A. lovelyB. troublesomeC. naughtyD. clever( ) 16. Look out! The big vase is falling. The underlined part means ________. A. Be careful B. LookC. WonderfulD. Greatplete the sentences with the given words.1.His ambition is to be a good ________. (garden)2.He always listens to the teacher _________ in class. (attentive)3.Do you know the ______ of the English idiom? (mean)4.I Joining the thumb and index finger in a circle is a popular of _______ OK. (say)5.Let’s start the ________ about English idioms. (discuss)III.Rewrite the following sentences as required.1.I have already known this English idioms.(改成否定句)I ______ known this English idioms ________.2. He read the newspaper every day last year. (改成一般疑问句)_____ he ______ the newspaper every day last year?3.It means “He’s listening attentively”. (对划线部分提问)_____ _______ it mean?4.Li Hui helped me finish the job. (保持原句意思)I finished the job ______ the ______ of Li Hui.5.English idioms sound vivid. (改为感叹句)_______ ________ English idioms sound!U3L1 PartⅡⅠ.Choose the best answer( ) 1. It seems that she is thirsty because her look dry.A. lipsB. earsC. armsD. legs( ) 2. Miss Yang regards her students her children.A. likeB. asC. forD. to( ) 3. I was glad that I could make myself when I was in Australia.A. to understandB. understandC. understoodD. understanding( ) 4. Tony’ s father young and Tony his father.A. looks; looksB. looks like; looksC. looks like; looks likeD. looks; looks like( ) 5. —I always forget the words I have recited.—You should recite them .A. by busB. by bikeC. by handD. by heart( ) 6. Jane is a good student. She often listens to teachers in class.A. attentivelyB. vividlyC. loudlyD. quickly( ) 7.—You look sad. Why?—Oh, it’s hard to my sadness.A. writeB. introduceC. expressD. recite( ) 8. —What can I do for you?—This skirt looks nice. Can I it ?A. try; onB. turn; downC. put; awayD. look; for ( ) 9. She us the truth as soon as she it.A. will tell; knewB. told; will knowC. tells; will knowD. will tell; knows( ) 10. —I’m sorry. I’ve broken your cup. —.A. I’m sorry to hear thatB. Never mindC. Good jobD. This way, pleaseⅢ. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.1. Michael sees a foreigner (put) out his hand with his thumb raised.2. You can (buy) a guide book when you are travelling.3. I (go) to Shanghai next week.4. I’m ju st (kid).5. They are fond of (excite) activities.6. As soon as Jane got to Australia, she (call) her parents.Ⅳ. Rewrite the sentences as required.1. Lucy is listening to Mr Lee attentively.(改为同义句)Lucy is .2. I mean that I see eye to eye with you.(对画线部分提问)do you mean?3. 你一到上海就给我打个电话好吗？（汉译英）Will you please call me as soon as you Shanghai?4. 请尽快完成作业。
U3L1 This is my head
小学三年级英语导学案 时间：课题This is my mother.课型 新授主备教师郭杰教学内容鲁科版三年级上册U3L1学习目标 1.学生能听懂、会说下列单词：look,family,mother,father,sister,brother. 2.学生听懂、会说“This is my......”句型。
3.通过小组之间的交流，通过创造真实的语境，使学生能够灵活运用“This is my......”句型来介绍自己的家庭成员。
重难点 1.学生能听懂会说单词：look,family,mother,father,sister,brother2.学生能灵活运用句型“This is my......”句型来介绍自己的家庭成员。
教学流程 1.Warm-up （热身运动）3-5分钟2.Presentation(新知呈现) 15-17分钟3.Extension(拓展运用)15分钟4.Standard test (达标检测) 3分钟5.Summary (归纳总结)1分钟6. Homework(家庭作业) 1分钟 教学设计 （重要单词、重点句子、主问题、分问题、听音操练、拓展练习）修改与补充（实施策略、学法指导）一、Warm-up （热身）1.Greetings : Hello , boys and girls .How are you ?2.Sing a song together:I love my mommy.二、Presentation(新知呈现)1.Lead-in出示Danny ，Jenny 和Li Ming 的图片，练习This is......句型出示Jenny 和她的家庭照片，引出This is my family 句型，并学习单词family 。
2.Watch the video and answer a question(看视频回答问题)： How many people are there in herfamily?(Jenny 家中有几口人？)A.4B.53.Who are they ？通过边听边回答问题通过自由交谈，建立英文环境。
U3L1 What day is today
三．Practice
1.出示课程表
1).lead_in：师示范，从星期五入手，what day is today? what subjects do we have on……？
2). let’s do。小组四人合作完成,并在小组内谈论。
3).课堂展示。
2.师出示转盘教具，让学生操练句型
复现：Friday ,Monday，Tuesday，句型
Thursday：ur_ thurs _Thursday.(one by one).板贴
复现：Friday, Monday，Tuesday，Wednesday.句型
4)think:请生观察：这几个单词有什么相同之处。总结：首字母大写，都有day.师点出day，today与—day,发音的不同。
What day is today ?---It’s…
What do you have on Wednesdays？We/I have...．
交流完毕后，让大家评选出最受欢迎的宣读者。
四．Summary
读板书
六．Homework
1.熟读课文
2.根据课程表与父母谈论有关星期及课程的内容。
通过热身和talk复习有关学科的单词，为下面的学习做好铺垫。
教学重点
1．能听、说、认读单词：day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
2.能听说并认读句子:“What day is today ?”来询问星期几，并能用It’s…做出回答.
教学难点
Thursday,Tuesday ,Friday的发音，及Thursday与Tuesday在字形上的区别
教学内容
教法，学法
初三九年级新世纪教材U3L1词组整理
U3L1词组整理1.Water is one of the most important natural resources水是世界上最重要的自然资源之一2.human resources人力资源3.nature n.自然4.It is used for drinking and recreation.它被用于饮用和娱乐5.It is also used in farming and industry它还被用于农业和工业6.It is so important that few everyday tasks can be performed without water.它是如此的重要以至于几乎没有日常任务是可以进行的7.performance n.表演8.water resources are limited水资源有限9.the limit of sth有限的。
10.the Earth’s surface 地球表面11.be covered with被覆盖12.salt water咸的水13.fresh water淡水14.in our daily lives在我们的日常生活中15.sth. be available某物可得到16.Fresh water is so precious that it is sometimes called liquid gold.淡水是如此的珍贵以至于它有时候被叫做液体黄金17.with rapid population growth随着人口的快速增长=with the rapid growth of population18.Save and protect water resources节约和保护水资源19.some tips for sth.对某事的一些贴士20.brush ones teeth刷牙21.Don’t let the tap run不要开着水龙头22.Take a shorter shower洗澡时间缩短（淋雨）23.take a bath洗澡（浴缸）24.fix and leaky tap修漏水的龙头25.pour dirty water倒脏水26.remember to do sth记得去做某事（还没做）doing sth记得做过某事（已经做过）27.the less water we waste or pollute, the more we will have for tomorrow.我们浪费或污染的越少，我们将来可用的就越多。
鲁科版英语 五上 U3-L1 When is your birthday？
Example
When is your birthday?
It’s in June.
2. Let’s talk.
3. Let’s do.
小结
重点词汇 party
when
句子 When is your birthday? It’s in…
Homework
1. Listen and imitaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe.(听录音，模仿跟读课文。)
2. 用英语问你的家人及朋友们的生日，并制作一 个生日图表。
Questions
1. When is Ling Ming’s birthday?
It’s in March.
2. When is Peter’s birthday?
It’s in May.
3. When is Wang Hong’s birthday?
It’s October 7.
New words
—It’s in+月份.
Review
Was she...? (angry/sad/excited/worried…)
你知道春季包括哪几个月吗？ spring
你知道春季包括哪几个月吗？
My birthday is in March, and when is your birthday？
1. Listen and say.
Unit 3 Birthday
Lesson 1 When is your birthday?
Learning goals
✓ 能听懂、会说、认读、规范书写词汇party、when，能听懂、 会说、认读March、May、April、October。
译林版高中英语必修一U3L1 Reading (I) 教案
《英语》（必修·第一册）Unit 3 Getting along with othersWelcome to the unit & Reading (I)I. Learning objectivesBy the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:1. learn about the friendship problems after watching the video;2. get to know the main idea and details of the text;3. analyze and understand the changes of Amy’s emotions;4. discuss and reflect on how to get along with friends;5. offer advice on how to maintain a friendship.II. Key competence focus1. Get to know the main idea and details of the text.2. Discuss and reflect on how to get along with friends.III. Predicted areas of difficulty1. Understand the changes of emotions of Amy, the help seeker.2. Offer advice on how to maintain a friendship.IV. Teaching proceduresStep 1 Lead-in1. Watch the video and finish the exercises.Henry’s problem: He is too shy to make friends with the other boys in his class.Jane’s problem: She misses her best friend at junior high very much.Bill’s problem: He and his best friend Paul do not share the same interests now.2. Have a discussion on the following questions.What advice can you give these teenagers?Have you ever fallen out with your best friend? If so, share your experience.【设计意图：紧扣主题，用学生熟悉的话题作为预设教学目标的情境载体导入，创造生动活泼有趣的课堂氛围，激活学生已有的知识和经验，引入主题。
U3L1-What do you want to be
Option 3
7B Unit Two Lesson two
Discovering language
Exercises: 4.Because _______John is sociable, he wants to be a diplomat in the future.
7B Unit Two Lesson two
Text learning
Key phrases and sentence patterns.
Start one’s own business graduate from
Option 5
7B Unit Two Lesson two
Text learning
when, before, after,
Option 1
7B Unit Two Lesson two
Discovering language
I.when 7B Unit One Lesson two
1)When he comes here tomorrow,I will call you.
2)Henry is in the office when Mr.Smith is away.
Option 3
7B Unit Two Lesson two
Tuning in
What do the people in the pictures do? what are they like?
Option 3
7B Unit Two Lesson two
Tuning in
What do the people in the pictures do? what are they like?
U3L1教案
小学五年级英语导学案时间：课题U3L1课型新授主备教师教学内容鲁科版五年级上册Unit3Birthday Lesson 1When is your birthday?学习目标㈠知识目标1.能听懂、会说、并认读单词party when March May April October.2.能听懂、会说并运用句型When is your birthday?及其答语My birthdayis in ......㈡能力目标能口头运用When is your birthday?询问别人的生日时间，并能用Mybirthday is in ......来表达自己的月份。
㈢情感目标：让学生能流利地在学校内外互相询问和回答生日时间，非常实用。
重难点教学重点：①单词party when March May April October的听说认读②能听懂、会说并运用句型When is your birthday?及其答语My birthdayis in ......教学难点：①单词party when的读音。
②句型When is your birthday?及其答语My birthday is in ......的熟练运用。
教学流程 1.Warm-up （热身运动）3分钟2.Presentation(新知呈现) 15分钟3.Extension(拓展运用)15分钟4.Standard test (达标检测)3分钟5.Summary (归纳总结)3分钟6. Homework(家庭作业) 1分钟教学设计（重要单词、重点句子、主问题、分问题、听音操练、拓展练习）修改与补充（实施策略、学法指导）Step 1 Warm up1.Greeting:师生互相介绍自己，并互致问候。
2.Sing a song。
Step 2 Presentation1. ①教师拿出事前准备的年历，逐月用英语介绍，让学生初步接触了解12个月份的英文表达方法②教师翻到某一月，向学生介绍说：“My birthday is in ….”，并在当月画上一个大的生日蛋糕，让学生理解“birthday”的意思。
U3L1
ginger n 姜，生姜 un. 生姜茶 ginger tea 姜对我们的健康有益。Ginger is good for our health. 【口】精力,活力;刺激 这个年轻人没有精神。 ginger There is no ________in the young man. ginseng un 人参，高丽参 他们进山搜寻野生人参。 wild ginseng They came to the mountain in search of the _____ ________. tofu un 豆腐 豆腐对健康有好处。 Tofu is good for health. walnut n 胡桃，胡桃树cn 复数 walnuts 胡桃是棕色的。 Walnuts are brown. 胡桃木 un. Tables are made of walnut. 桌子由胡桃木制成的。
单项选择 ( )1.Ginger and garlic_____good for our health. A. both are B. are both C. is both ( )2.Doing exercise_____you smarter and______. A. makes, health B. make, healthy C. makes, healthier ( )3. ---Do you think_____and peanuts are____ foods? ---Yes, I think so. A. walnut, health B. walnuts, healthy C. walnut, healthy ( )4.---Do you know what’s the_____of “My goodness”? ---Certainly! It_____“Dear me!” A. meaning, means B. mean, means C. meaning, mean ( )5.---Can you tell me if there are some benefits to___garlic? ---Sure, it_____our health. A. eat much, benefits B. eating lots of, benefit C. eating a lot of, benefits
人教版新起点(一起)2上U3My Friends Lesson1教案
渲染英语学习氛围
Step2.Lead-in
1.T:Are you ready for the class.OK,let’s start.呈现Joy过生日的图片，播放生日歌。T：Look at the girl.Who is she? Yes,she is our friend, Joy.Today is her birthday. Let’s say HAPPY BIRTHDAY to her.Happy birthday, Joy. How does joy celebrate her birthday? Let’s have a look.
课题：U3l1My friends教学设计
科目：英语
教学对象：二年级五班
课时：1课时
教师：Ms. Zhang
单：He is a boy/ man.. She is a girl/ woman. He/ She is my classmate/ friend.
2.学习描绘人物外貌特征的6个形容词：big, tall, pretty, thin, short,handsome.
1.watch the video
Ss: They see a giraffe snd a mouse.
They see a pig and a monkey.
They see a snail and a rabbit.
They see an ant and a bear.
Ss:跟读。
进行新学知识的铺垫
1.1.watch and answer.(引导学生回答：his name is Waldy. Her name is wincy. 这首歌节奏快，听一次不知道男孩女孩的名字。再听半首歌。
三相五柱电压互感器符号
三相五柱电压互感器符号
摘要：
I.简介
A.电磁感应原理
B.三相五柱电压互感器的结构
II.符号表示
A.L1、L2、L3 表示三个相位
B.U1、U2、U3 表示三个相位对应的电压
C.V 表示中性线电压
D.P1、P2、P3 表示三个相位的电流
E.S 表示互感器变压比
III.接线方式
A.高压侧输入三相电源
B.低压侧输出三相电压
C.开口三角形接线方式
IV.应用领域
A.电力系统中的测量和保护
B.工业自动化控制
C.能源管理等
正文：
三相五柱电压互感器是一种电力系统中常用的互感器设备，它的主要作用
是将高电压系统中的电压降低到适合测量的低电压，以供电表和保护装置使用。
该设备采用电磁感应原理，通过一定的变压比，实现电压的降低。
三相五柱电压互感器的符号表示如下：
- L1、L2、L3 分别表示三个相位，即A相、B相、C相；
- U1、U2、U3 分别表示三个相位对应的电压；
- V 表示中性线电压；
- P1、P2、P3 分别表示三个相位的电流；
- S 表示互感器变压比。
在接线方式上，三相五柱电压互感器高压侧输入三相电源，低压侧有五个接线柱，其中标注小写a、b、c的三个接线柱为低压侧三相输出，剩余两个接线柱为开口三角形接线。
这种接线方式可以保证电压互感器在正常运行时，三个相位的电压平衡，且中性线电压为零。
三相五柱电压互感器广泛应用于电力系统中的测量和保护，如电能计量、线路保护、母线保护等。
此外，它还应用于工业自动化控制、能源管理等领域，为各种测量和控制设备提供准确的电压信号。
U3 L1
自读第二段
Doctor 是怎么询问王红病情的？
What’s wrong with you?
Do you have a headache?
自读第二自然段
Wang Hong 怎么描述她的病症？
I cough and feel cold.
I have a very bad headache.
What’s wrong with you? I cough and feel cold.What’s wrong with you?
How many people are there in the dialogue?
It's time to get up,dear. What’s wrong with Wang Hong?
（怎么啦？）
Oh, you have a _f_e_v_er_.
medicine
cough
have a fever
have a headache feel cold
A: What’s wrong with you?
B: I __________.
A: Go and see the doctor, please. B: OK.
1. 听音跟读L1，读熟签字。 2. L1新单词3，重点句型1，汉。 3. 预习L2。 4. 一起作业网。
I don’t _fe_e_l_ well, mum. I feel cold.
She has a _fe_v_e_r_. She has a _fe_v_e_r_.
Oh, you have a _f_e_v_er_. Let’s go and see the doctor.
I don’t _fe_e_l_ well, mum. I feel cold.
2024年秋新冀教版三年级上册英语教学课件 U3L1
orange
It’s orange. The book is orange.
green
It’s green. The pencil box is green.
red
It’s red. The schoolbag is red.
Summary
Look, red and blue.
It’s green. That’s cool.
Yellow and blue. What colour is
this now?
What’s missing?
orange
yellow
00:0043215
red
blue
What’s missing?
orange
01 Chant:Point to red.
02
Sentence:What colour is this?It’s _____.
03 Words: colour, red, yellow, blue, orange, green, purple
Homework 01 Read the text aloud.大声朗读课文。
Unit 3 Colours and letters
• Lesson 1 Fun with colours
冀教版英语三年级（上）
What do you see in the video?
new words
colour
颜色
What colour is it? 它是什么颜色的?
What colour is this? It’s red.
What colour is this? It’s blue.
师大选必U3Conservation Lesson1Thesixth extinction知识点课件
●wipe out 彻底毁灭，抹去
wipe 擦
●wipe away 擦去
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
●wipe her eyes with a tissue 用...擦...
●wipe up 擦干
●wipe the sweat from/off his forehead 从...擦去...
The disease __th_r_e_a_te_n_s_ (威胁) to wipe out the entire population.
3.These include the third mass extinction, known as “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species.
●(1) adj. 大量的
mass _p_r_o_d_u_ct_io_n_ 批量生产
mass __e_x_tin_c_t_io_n_ 大灭绝
选必一 Unit 3 L1-L2
知识点
1. How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out? ●die out 消失，灭绝
➢The species(单复同形） has nearly died out because its habitat（栖息地） is being __d_es_t_ro_y_e_d___ (destroy).
●decrease / fall / drop by 了/ to 到 ●increase by / to
●The charge for transportation is on the decrease because of lower fuel costs.