6 The Root Locus Method2009
《自动控制原理》课程主要参考教材
《自动控制原理》课程主要参考教材自动控制原理(第四版)【作者】胡寿松【出版社】科学出版社【出版时间】2001.2【内容简介】本书系《自动控制原理》一书的第四版,比较全面地阐述了自动控制的基本理论与应用。
全书共分十章,前八章着重介绍经典控制理论及应用,后两章介绍现代控制理论中的线性系统理论和最优控制理论。
本书精选了第三版中的主要内容,加强了对基本理论及其应用的阐述。
书中深入浅出地介绍了自动控制的基本概念,控制系统在时域和复域中的数学模型及其结构图和信号流图;比较全面地阐述了线性控制系统的时域分析法、根轨迹法、频域分析法以及校正和设计等方法;对线性离散系统的基础理论、数学模型、稳定性及稳态误差、动态性能分析以及数字校正等问题,进行了比较详细的讨论;在非线性控制系统分析方面,给出了相平面和描述函数两种常用的分析方法,对目前应用日益增多的非线性控制的逆系统方法也作了较为详细的介绍;最后两章根据高新技术发展的需要系统地阐述了线性系统的状态空间分析与综合,以及动态系统的最优控制等方法。
书末给出的两个附录,可供读者在学习本书的过程中查询之用。
本书1985年被评为航空工业部优秀教材,1988年被评为全国优秀教材,1997年被评为国家级教学成果二等奖,同年被批准列为国家“九五”重点教材。
本书可作为高等工业院校自动控制、工业自动化、电气自动化、仪表及测试、机械、动力、冶金等专业的教科书,亦可供从事自动控制类的各专业工程技术人员自学参考。
自动控制原理(第五版)【作者】胡寿松【出版社】科学出版社【出版时间】2007.6【内容简介】《自动控制原理》(第5版)精选了第四版中的主要内容,加强了对基本理论及其工程应用的阐述。
书中深入浅出地介绍了自动控制的基本概念,控制系统在时域和复域中的数学模型及其结构图和信号流图;比较全面地阐述了线性控制系统的时域分析法、根轨迹法、频域分析法以及校正和设计等方法;对线性离散系统的基础理论、数学模型、稳定性及稳态误差、动态性能分析以及数字校正等问题,进行了比较详细的讨论;在非线性控制系统分析方面,给出了相平面和描述函数两种常用的分析方法,对目前应用日益增多的非线性控制的逆系统方法也作了较为详细的介绍;最后两章根据高新技术发展的需要,系统地阐述了线性系统的状态空间分析与综合,以及动态系统的最优控制等方法。
Feedback-Control-11
(s p1)(s p2 ) (s z1)(s z2 )
(s pn ) K (s zm)
where
G(s)H (s) K(s z1)(s z2 ) (s zm ) is open loop TF.
(s p1)(s p2 ) (s pn )
第17页,共50页。
Terminus
of open loop TF. Thus, each locus originates at a pole of open loop TF
(designated by ×’s) and the number of individual loci is equal to n,
the number of poles of open loop TF.
• The locus crosses the imaginary axis(与虚轴交点)
第15页,共50页。
Basic Rules
• n branches which start from open poles • m branches terminate at open-loop zeros • n-m branches go to infinity along asymptotes • The loci symmetrical about the real axis. • The number of zeros and poles of open loop TF
As c increase, the roots move along a circle and meet at -1
After breakin point, the roots move off to infinity and open-loop
自动控制第五章根轨迹法
15
绘制根轨迹的规则
【例5-2】已知负反馈系统的开环传递函数为:
解:(1)根轨迹的分支数和对称性 开环极点分别为: 系统的根轨迹有三条分支 (2)根轨迹的起点与终点 起始于系统的三个开环极点,并趋向于无穷远处
K1 Kb
j Kc
K1
(3)根轨迹的渐近线
Kc K1
16
绘制根轨迹的规则
闭环特征根s1,s2 随着K1值得 改变而变化。
(1) K1= 0:s1 = 0,s2 = 2,是根轨迹的起点,用“”表示。 j K1 (2) 0 < K1<1 :s1 ,s2 均是负实数。 K1 s1 ,s2 。 s1从坐标原点开 始沿负实轴向左移动; s2从(2, K1= 0 K1= 0 K1=1 j0)点开始沿负实轴向右移动。 1 0 2 (3) K1= 1: s1 = s2 = 1,重根。
+
﹣
K s(0.5s+1)
C(s)
式中,K为系统的开环比例系数。 K1 = 2K 称为系统的开环 根轨迹增益。
系统的闭环传递函数为:
K1 ( s) 2 s 2s K1
系统的闭环特征方程为: s2 + 2s + 2K1 = 0
4
一、根轨迹
用解析法求得系统的两个闭环特征根为:
s1,2 1 1 K1
K1
分离角为:
Kb
Kc K1
17
绘制根轨迹的规则
一般情况下,如果根轨迹位于实轴上相邻的开环极点之间, 则在这两个极点之间至少存在一个分离点;同样,如果根 轨迹位于实轴上两个相邻的开环零点之间(其中一个可在 无穷远处),则这两个零点之间至少存在一个汇合点。
专业英语-学习指南
专业英语-学习指南一.根据下面的英文解释,写出相应的英文词汇。
1. that is a material or covering which electricity, heat or sound cannot go through _________2. that allow electricity or heat to go through ________3. the standard unit of measurement for the strength of an electrical current _________4. of or relating to magnetism or magnets _________5. a unit of potential difference equal to one thousandth of a volt_________6. a number written using the base 10; numerical _________7. something, such as a machine or an engine, that produces or imparts motion _________8. the act of disturbing _________9. an integrated circuit that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single chip _________10. a procedure for solving a problem that involves collection of data, processing, and presentation of results _________11. the standard measure of electrical power ____________12. an electric generator that produces alternating current __________13. two pieces of wire were connected end to end ____________14. two pieces of wire were connected side by side ____________15. the standard unit of measurement for strength of an electrical current ____________16. a device used to break or open an electric circuit or to divert current from one conductor to another ____________17. a device that generates light, heat, or therapeutic radiation____________18. a material that insulates, especially a nonconductor of sound, heat, or electricity ____________19. of or relating to a system of numeration having 2 as its base ____________20. the standard unit of electrical resistance ____________21. a number written using the base 10; numerical _________22. something, such as a machine or an engine, that produces or imparts motion _________23. the act of disturbing _________24. an integrated circuit that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single chip _________25. a procedure for solving a problem that involves collection of data, processing, and presentation of results _________26. that is a material or covering which electricity, heat or sound cannotgo through _________27. that allow electricity or heat to go through ________28. the standard unit of measurement for the strength of an electrical current _________29. of or relating to magnetism or magnets _________30. a unit of potential difference equal to one thousandth of a volt _________二. 根据电气工程专业基本知识,判断正误。
6阶多项式劳斯–赫尔维茨判据
6阶多项式劳斯–赫尔维茨判据英文版6th Degree Polynomial Routh-Hurwitz CriterionIn the field of control theory, stability analysis is crucial for determining the behavior of dynamic systems. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a mathematical tool used to assess the stability of linear time-invariant systems. Specifically, it helps determine whether the roots of a system's characteristic equation—which govern its dynamic response—lie in the left half of the complex plane, indicating stability.For polynomial equations of lower degrees, the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion is relatively straightforward. However, as the degree of the polynomial increases, the complexity and computational requirements also increase. This article focuses on the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to 6th-degree polynomials, which represent a significant challenge in control system design.The Routh-Hurwitz criterion involves constructing a tabular array known as the Routh array. This array is constructed by arranging the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial in a specific manner. The criterion states that if all the elements in the first column of the Routh array are positive, then the system is stable.For 6th-degree polynomials, the construction of the Routh array becomes more complex. The array now has six rows, with each row representing a specific coefficient of the polynomial. The elements of the array are obtained by calculating ratios and differences of the coefficients.Once the Routh array is constructed, it can be used to determine the stability of the system. If all the elements in the first column are positive, the system is stable. If any element is zero or negative, the system's stability cannot be determined solely based on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. In such cases, further analysis, such as examining the signs of the remainingelements in the array or performing a root locus analysis, may be necessary.The application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to 6th-degree polynomials is crucial in control system design, especially when dealing with complex systems that exhibit higher-order dynamics. By carefully constructing the Routh array and analyzing its elements, engineers can gain valuable insights into the stability of these systems and make informed decisions about their design and operation.中文版6阶多项式劳斯–赫尔维茨判据在控制理论领域,稳定性分析对于确定动态系统的行为至关重要。
西安交通大学17年3月课程考试《专业英语》作业考核试题
西安交通大学17年3月课程考试《专业英语》作业考核试题一、单选题(共50 道试题,共100 分。
)1. An electric heater draws 10 A from a 120V line. The resistance of the heater is _____.A. 1200?B. 120?C. 12?D. 1.2?正确答案:2. In the root-locus method the actual time response of a system can be obtained by means of _____.A. the inverse Fourier transformB. the inverse Laplace transformC. the Fourier transformD. the Laplace transform正确答案:3. Some schools teach but fail to (_______) their students.A. educateB. instructC. enlightenD. editorial正确答案:4. Finally, the teacher realized that the girl was crying ____.A. because what he had saidB. because that he had saidC. because of what he had saidD. because of that he had said正确答案:5. We are going to have a dancing party tonight. Would you like to join us? ---- (_______) .A. I'm afraid not. Because I have an appointment with my dentist tonightB. Of course not. I have no ideaC. No, I can‘tD. That‘s all set正确答案:6. When John came in, she (_______) her talk with Linda and talked to him.A. broke offB. called offD. passes out正确答案:7. It is reported that two cars (_______) into each other this morning on the highway, killing both driver and two passengers.A. crawledB. crouchedC. pressedD. crashed正确答案:8. A computer printer is _____ device that produces computer-generated text or graphical images on paper.A. an inputB. an outputC. a storageD. a data processing正确答案:9. They took the injured straight to the hospital. Otherwise some of them (_______) .A. might have diedB. might dieC. would dieD. could die正确答案:10. I _____on a sofa because my parents have come for the weekend.A. sleptB. was sleepingC. have sleptD. am sleeping正确答案:11. Any protection scheme consists basically of _____.A. two elementsB. three elementsC. four elementsD. five elements正确答案:12. Beijing is one of _____ cities in China.A. largeB. largerC. the largestD. largest正确答案:13. We have come to a critical moment. You must take immediate (_______) .A. actB. actionD. doings正确答案:14. 1A.B.C.D.正确答案:15. “Have you seen Lao Wu recently?” “It looks (_______) he would return home tomorrow.”A. likeB. asC. as ifD. that正确答案:16. He studied hard in his youth, (_______) contributed to his great success in later life.A. thatB. itC. whatD. which正确答案:17. Mary’s bother promised to go to London with us, but now he is considering___.A. he doesn’t goB. not to goC. not goingD. not go正确答案:18. The DC-DC converts _____ input to _____ output.A. direct current, alternating currentB. direct current, direct currentC. alternating current, alternating currentD. alternating current, alternating current正确答案:19. The team_____ by the famous Italian coach _____ among the best in the league.A. to be headed; wasB. headed; wasC. being headed; wereD. having been headed; were正确答案:20. Bob is __ of the two boys. Mary is ____ of the three girls.A. tall,shortB. taller,the shorterC. tallest,the shortestD. the taller,the shortest21. In the form of _____ the output is continuously fed back and compared with the reference input.A. continuous controlB. discontinuous controlC. discrete-data controlD. sampled-data control正确答案:22. (_______) I do is for your good. You should know this all the time.A. All whatB. All whichC. WhicheverD. Whatever正确答案:23. _____ that connects at least two networks makes decision about the best route for data.A. A modemB. A network cardC. A hubD. A router(路由器)正确答案:24. The marine corps are (_______) with the latest weapons and they are sure to fulfill the mission.A. equippedB. chargedC. guardedD. impressed正确答案:25. —Is there anything I can do for you, sir?— ___.A. Sure. Go aheadB. No. Take your timeC. Yes. You’re welcomeD. Not now. Thanks anyway正确答案:26. There were some great national celebrations in town,___the firework (焰火) displays everywhere.A. looking atB. finding outC. at the sightD. judging by正确答案:27. I found (_______) to answer all the questions within the time given.A. no possibilityB. there was impossibilityC. impossible正确答案:28. Let's go by car. It's _______.A. cheap a lotB. cheap muchC. more cheapD. much cheaper正确答案:29. Oh, sorry to bother you. ----- (_______) .A. That's OKB. No, you can'tC. That's goodD. Oh, I don't know正确答案:30. I’ll make every (_______) to help you.A. wayB. meansC. methodD. effort正确答案:31. He drives much _____ than he did three years ago.A. carefulB. carefullyC. more carefulD. more carefully正确答案:32. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A. will be going toB. will going to beC. is going to beD. will go to be正确答案:33. The delay of the flights is due to (_______) beyond our control.A. conditionsB. causesC. circumstanceD. inconvenience正确答案:34. He was then the only ___among the___there.A. person asleep, people presentB. asleep person, present peopleC. person asleep, present peopleD. asleep person, people present正确答案:35. Thank you very much for giving me so much help. --- (_______) .A. No thank youB. You’re welcomeC. OKD. Thanks正确答案:36. I think English is as ____ as math.A. importantB. importanterC. more importantD. most important正确答案:37. Thank you ever so much for the book you gave me. --- (_______) .A. No thanksB. I’m glad you like itC. Yes, it is goodD. No, it’s not so good正确答案:38. Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as (_______) sicknesses.A. normalB. regularC. averageD. ordinary正确答案:39. It is a pity to throw anything away if it can be (_______) .A. bore in mindB. learnt by heartC. kept in sightD. put to use正确答案:40. We go to the cinema (_______) a week.A. oftenB. onceC. seldomD. usually正确答案:41. 1A.B.C.D.正确答案:42. Can you come over for dinner with us? ----- (_______)A. I'd like to but I have a meeting tonightB. It doesn't matterC. No, I don't likeD. Oh, that sounds well正确答案:43. Tom didn’t come to class yesterday. He (_______) ill.A. must beB. should beC. must have beenD. should have been正确答案:44. The precision of ADC ( analog-to-digital conversion ) is determined by _____.A. its speedB. its gainC. the accuracy of the reference voltageD. the number of binary bits正确答案:45. The thermal energy of the steam is converted into _____ energy by the turbine.A. electricalB. mechanicalC. chemicalD. potential正确答案:46. ______ that the left side of the human brain is responsible for logic .A. It generally is believedB. It is believed generallyC. It is generally believedD. Generally it is believed正确答案:47. Most desktop computers use a separate _____ as a display device, where notebook computers use a flat panel LCD screen (liquid crystal display screen) that attached to the system unit.A. keyboardB. MouseC. MonitorD. hard disk正确答案:48. The cold weather (_______) the planting by two weeks.A. set backB. set forthC. stuck upD. stuck to正确答案:49. He gave me money (_______) advice.A. eitherB. as well asC. as wellD. also正确答案:50. The algebraic sum of all voltages around a loop is _____.A. zeroB. indefinite valueC. sum of voltage risesD. sum of voltage drops正确答案:。
Root Locus根轨迹法
Root Locus根轨迹法指的是在复数平面上,对以增益K为变量,对闭环系统的极点poles 作图。
(通过调节K,可以使闭环的极点落在不同的位置上)
开环的传递函数可以写成这样的形式:
特点如下:
1.开环传递方程有n个极点,那么闭环的根轨迹就有n个分支
2.根轨迹和实数轴对称。
3.K=0时,根轨迹从开环传递方程的极点处出发,即根轨迹起始于开环的极点。
4.对于一个在实数轴上的根轨迹点,K>0时,在该点右侧且在实数轴上的极点和零点的
个数为奇数,K<0时为偶数。
5.K趋向于无穷时,n(极点个数)个根轨迹曲线终结于m(零点个数)个开环传递函数
的零点上。
(如果开环传递函数的零点存在且不是无穷大,则根轨迹的终点是这些零点)
6.K趋向于无穷时,n-m个根轨迹的分支趋向于无穷。
(极点个数减去零点个数,如果
开环传递函数的零点为无穷大,则根轨迹趋向于无穷)这些趋向于无穷的根轨迹沿着一条直渐近线趋向于无穷,这个直渐近线在实数轴上的交点为根轨迹的重心。
计算公式为:
渐近线的倾角为:
7.根轨迹分叉或汇合于实数轴上的一点
当存在m个零点的时候
当没有零点的时候
8.根轨迹上某一点s对应的增益为:
存在零点时:
没有零点时:
当根轨迹与虚数轴交叉时,对应的增益称为临界增益,计算公式为:。
线性控制原理知识点整理
1.什么是传递函数(GH(s)开环传递函数)表示输入和输出之间的的关系称为传递函数,传递函数transfer function 零初始条件下输出量的拉普拉斯变换与输入量的拉普拉斯变换之比。
记作G(s)=Y(s)/U(s),其中Y(s)、U(s)分别为输出量和输入量的拉普拉斯变换。
是系统本质特征与输入输出量无关2.稳态性能指标:稳定性a.闭环传递函数极点:闭环传递函数的极点在虚轴右半边时系统不稳定,在虚轴左半边系统才稳定,在虚轴上系统临界稳定。
b.根轨迹:1.只要绘制的根轨迹全部位于S平面左侧,就表示系统参数无论怎么改变,特征根全部具有负实部,则系统就是稳定的。
2.)若在虚轴上,表示临界稳定,也就是不断振荡3.)假如有根轨迹全部都在S右半平面,则表示无论选择什么参数,系统都是不稳定的。
由此来确定增益K的值,保证系统稳定。
c.劳斯稳定判据(Routh’s Method 劳斯方法):假若劳斯阵列表中第一列系数均为正数,则该系统是稳定的,即特征方程所有的根均位于根平面的左半平面。
假若第一列系数有负数,则第一列系数符号的改变次数等于在右半平面上根的个数。
将特征方程 1+GH(s)=0写成多项式的形式如下:如果特征方程的系数有负的或零的,要么存在一个闭环极点在右半平面(不稳定),要么存在一个或多个闭环极点在虚轴上(临界稳定)。
如都是正系数列出劳斯阵:用劳斯判据进行判断。
d.奈奎斯特图(Nyquist Diagrams)选s平面内的一闭合曲线按逆时针移动(则在GH(s)面内就是按顺时针移动),包括整个右半平面但不过开环传递函数极点,做出频率右零到无穷大在GH(s)平面上的奈奎斯特图,如果在GH(s)平面内的封闭曲线没有包围临界点(-1,j0){闭环系统没有极点在平面的右半边},则系统稳定,否则系统不稳定。
说明1:设想沿着频率增大方向切w>0时的开环频率响应一直行走。
如果临界点(critical point)(-1,j0)在曲线前进方向右边经过系统就不稳定,否则稳定。
双容水箱实验报告(采用PID+模糊控制)之欧阳法创编
目录摘要2一.PID控制原理、优越性,对系统性能的改善2二.被控对象的分析与建模4三.PID参数整定方法概述53.1 PID控制器中比例、积分和微分项对系统性能影响分析53.1.1 比例作用53.1.2 积分作用63.1.3 微分作用73.2 PID参数的整定方法73.3 临界比例度法103.4 PID参数的确定11四.控制结构114.1 利用根轨迹校正系统124.2 利用伯德图校正系统144.3 调整系统控制量的模糊PID控制方法154.3.1模糊控制部分164.3.2 PID控制部分18五.控制器的设计18六.仿真结果与分析19七.结束语20参考文献20摘要:针对双容水箱大滞后系统,采用PID方法去控制。
首先对PID控制中各参数的作用进行分析,采用根轨迹校正、伯德图校正的方法,对系统进行校正。
最后采用调整系统控制量的模糊PID控制的方法,对该二阶系统进行控制。
同时,在MATLAB 下,利用Fuzzy工具箱和Simulink仿真工具,对系统的稳定性、反应速度等各指标进行分析。
关键字:双容水箱,大滞后系统,模糊控制,PID,二阶系统,MATLAB ,SimulinkAbstract:For Two-capacity water tankbig lag system,using PID to control this system. First, to analyze the effectofeach parameter of PID. And the root-locus technique and bode diagram is adopted to design the correcting Unit.Then, fuzzy PID control method was used to adjust this second-order system.And a simulation model of this system is built with MATLAB Fuzzy and SIMULINK,with it analyzing the system stability ,reaction velocity and other indexs.Keywords:two-capacity water tank,big lag system,fuzzy control,PID,second-order system一.PID控制原理、优越性,对系统性能的改善当今的自动控制技术绝大多数部分是基于反馈。
线性控制原理知识点整理
1.什么是传递函数(GH(s)开环传递函数)表示输入和输出之间的的关系称为传递函数,传递函数 transfer function 零初始条件下输出量的拉普拉斯变换与输入量的拉普拉斯变换之比。
记作G(s)=Y(s)/U(s),其中Y(s)、U(s)分别为输出量和输入量的拉普拉斯变换。
是系统本质特征与输入输出量无关2.稳态性能指标:稳定性a.闭环传递函数极点:闭环传递函数的极点在虚轴右半边时系统不稳定,在虚轴左半边系统才稳定,在虚轴上系统临界稳定。
b.根轨迹:1.只要绘制的根轨迹全部位于S平面左侧,就表示系统参数无论怎么改变,特征根全部具有负实部,则系统就是稳定的。
2.)若在虚轴上,表示临界稳定,也就是不断振荡3.)假如有根轨迹全部都在S右半平面,则表示无论选择什么参数,系统都是不稳定的。
由此来确定增益K的值,保证系统稳定。
c.劳斯稳定判据(Routh’s Method 劳斯方法):假若劳斯阵列表中第一列系数均为正数,则该系统是稳定的,即特征方程所有的根均位于根平面的左半平面。
假若第一列系数有负数,则第一列系数符号的改变次数等于在右半平面上根的个数。
将特征方程1+GH(s)=0写成多项式的形式如下:如果特征方程的系数有负的或零的,要么存在一个闭环极点在右半平面(不稳定),要么存在一个或多个闭环极点在虚轴上(临界稳定)。
如都是正系数列出劳斯阵:用劳斯判据进行判断。
d.奈奎斯特图(Nyquist Diagrams)选s平面内的一闭合曲线按逆时针移动(则在GH(s)面内就是按顺时针移动),包括整个右半平面但不过开环传递函数极点,做出频率右零到无穷大在GH(s)平面上的奈奎斯特图,如果在GH(s)平面内的封闭曲线没有包围临界点(-1,j0){闭环系统没有极点在平面的右半边},则系统稳定,否则系统不稳定。
说明1:设想沿着频率增大方向切w>0时的开环频率响应一直行走。
如果临界点(critical point)(-1,j0)在曲线前进方向右边经过系统就不稳定,否则稳定。
西安交通大学14年6月课程考试《专业英语》考查课试题
西安交通大学14年6月课程考试《专业英语》考查课试题西安交通大学14年6月课程考试《专业英语》考查课试题一、其他题(共 5 道试题,共 70 分。
)1.1. the standard measure of electrical power ____________2. an electric generator that produces alternating current __________3. two pieces of wire were connected end to end ____________4. two pieces of wire were connected side by side ____________5. the standard unit of measurement for strength of an electrical current____________6. a device used to break or open an electric circuit or to divert current from one conductor to another ____________7. a device that generates light, heat, or therapeutic radiation____________8. a material that insulates, especially a nonconductor of sound, heat, or electricity ____________9. of or relating to a system of numeration having 2 as its base____________10. the standard unit of electrical resistance ____________2.我们将大规模发展电力工业。
根轨迹法的两个工程设计实例
Select
1 s 1
D2 (s) KD2
zD2 1
s 1
pD2
pD2 0.0001
According to the ratio
zD2 KO L 100 227.27 pD2 KOL 0.44
We yield zD2 0.022727 0.023
18
Calculate the open-loop gain of the lag compensator
s2
z2 0.45 0.773 j
p4 0.55 0.835 j
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
7 0.2
Try a lead compensation
Select
D1 ( s )
s s
zD1 pD1
pD1 5
zD1 must satisfy the angle condition:
9
0.5 0.375 j zD1 262.840 92.490 4.760
143.130 36.870 276.20 87.630 1800
0.5 0.375 j zD1 373.260
0.5 0.375 j zD1 13.260
15s 0.45 0.773 js 0.45 0.773 j s s 1s 0.55 0.835 js 0.55 0.835
j
3
15 s2 0.9s 0.8 Sketch the root locus of G(s)
2
1.5
1
p3 0.55 0.835 j z1 0.45 0.773 j
The_Root_Locus
南京航空航天大学金城学院自动化系
3
2. 在汉语中句子的主要部分通常应放在从属部分之后。 E.g: There is air all round us though we can’t see it with the naked eye. 译: 虽然我们用肉眼看不见空气,但是它却存在于我们周 围。
南京航空航天大学金城学院自动化系
2. 当代词在英语句中用来避免重复时
E.g1: Some jets travel faster than sound. Then we shall not hear them until they have gone. 译:一些喷气式飞机飞得比音速还快。这时,要等飞机飞过之 后,我们才能听到它们的声音。
n.
a. 复数共轭
接近,近似
较好的 相角与幅值准则
angle and magnitude criteria complex conjugates
南京航空航天大学金城学院自动化系
15
难句解释:
[1] The root locus, therefore, provides information not
E.g3: You can tell the specific gravity of a certain object by knowing its weight in air and its weight in water. 译: 只要知道某一物体在空气中的重量和在水中的重量, 你就能知道它的比重。
text introduce?
4. What are root loci used for?
5. What conditions are Phase-lead and Phase-lag compensation used?
根轨迹复数部分形状的研究
第43卷 第2期2021年4月电气电子教学学报JOURNALOFEEEVol.43 No.2Apr.2021收稿日期:2020 02 14;修回日期:2020 06 08基金项目:安徽省精品线下开放课程(信号与系统,2020kfkc044);电气信息类专业基础课程群教学团队(2018jxtd070);自动化专业卓越工程师教育培养计划(2018zygc045);测控技术与仪器专业“卓越工程师”人才培养(2019zyrc008)第一作者:卢一相(1980-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事自动控制原理和电路理论的教学与研究,E-mail:lyxahu@ahu.edu.cn根轨迹复数部分形状的研究卢一相,孙 冬,高清维(安徽大学电气工程与自动化学院,安徽合肥230601)摘要:根轨迹法是控制系统分析和设计的三大方法之一,在经典控制理论中占有十分重要的地位。
本文通过分析根轨迹上点的实部和虚部之间的数学约束关系,得到根轨迹复数部分的一般数学表达式,并讨论了一般情况下根轨迹复数部分的具体形状,最后,通过实例验证了结论的正确性。
关键词:根轨迹,特征方程,约束中图分类号:TP13 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008 0686(2021)02 0067 05ResearchonTheShapeofComplexPartofRoot LocusLUYi-xiang,SUNDong,GAOQing-wei(ElectricalEngineeringandAutomation,AnhuiUniversity,Hefei230601,China)Abstract:Theroot-locusmethodisoneofthethreegreatestanalysisanddesignmethodsincontrolsystem,itplaysanimportantroleintheclassicalcontroltheory.Byanalyzingthemathematicalconstraintbetweentherealpartandimaginarypartofthecomplexroots,thegeneralmathematicalexpressionofthecomplexpartoftheroot-locusisobtainedinthispaper.Meanwhile,theexactshapesrelatedtothecomplexpartoftheroot-locusarealsodiscussedinthispaper.Finally,thecorrectnessoftheconclusionsisverifiedbyconductingseveralexamples.Keywords:rootlocus;characteristicequation;constraint0 引言在经典控制理论中,根轨迹法[1]是分析和设计线性定常系统非常有效的一种图解方法,它在分析系统闭环传递函数零极点与开环传递函数零极点的关系的基础上,通过开环传递函数零极点快速、直观地确定当系统参数变化时,闭环系统特征方程的根的轨迹。
控制工程基础 南理工 AC2012_8
(k 0, 1, 2)
Fundamentals of Control Engineering - zhouchuan@ hp.wang@
Basic task of root locus
• How to determine the closed-loop poles from the known open-loop poles and zeros and gain by root locus equation. • Angle requirement for root locus
• Stability • Dynamic performance • Steady-state error
Fundamentals of Control Engineering - zhouchuan@ hp.wang@
Root locus equation
Fundamentals of Control Engineering - zhouchuan@ hp.wang@
6.2 Root locus procedure
• Step 7: The loci proceed to zeros at infinity along asymptotes centered at a and with angles a :
Fundamentals of Control Engineering - zhouchuan@ hp.wang@
6.2 Root locus procedure
• Step 11: Plot the root locus that satisfy the phase criterion. P( s) (2k 1) k 1, 2, • Step 12: Determine the parameter value K1 at a specific root s1 using the magnitude n criterion.
某“倒三轮”摩托车高速直线行驶操纵稳定性分析
30 2018年1月1日,新《GB 7258—2017机动车安全技术条件》开始正式实施,国家标准对“倒三轮”摩托车某“倒三轮”摩托车高速直线行驶操纵稳定性分析李振江 (重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院)任 洁 (重庆交通大学人文学院)摘要:针对“倒三轮”摩托车在高速行驶时的操纵稳定性,以某种国产CVT “倒三轮”摩托车为研究对象,采用专业的摩托车动力学分析软件Bikesim ,对“倒三轮”摩托车在高速直线行驶受到微小干扰时的稳定性进行仿真分析,并利用根轨迹法对系统进行稳定性分析。
结果表明:“倒三轮”摩托车在高速行驶受到微小干扰时,整车会发生摆振(wobble )和迂回摆动(weave )现象,严重影响“倒三轮”摩托车高速行驶时的操纵稳定性以及行车安全性,与根轨迹法分析结果一致。
研究结果对“倒三轮”摩托车高速行驶时的操纵稳定性研究具有一定的指导意义。
关键词:“倒三轮”摩托车 操纵稳定性 wobble weave 根轨迹图Li Zhenjiang (School of Mechanotronics and Vehicle Engineeringof Chongqing Jiaotong University)Ren Jie (School of Humanities, Chongqing Jiaotong University)Analysis on the Stability an Inverted-Three-Wheeled MotorcycleDriving in a Straight Line at High SpeedAbstract: Aiming at the handling and stability of “Inverted three-wheeled ” motorcycles at high speeds, a domestic-made inverted three-wheeled motorcycle with CVT is used as the research object, and the professional motorcycle dynamics analysis software (Bikesim) is used to analyze stability of the motorcycle in a high-speed straight line with minor disturbances, and the stability of the system is analyzed using the root locus method. The results show that when the inverted three-wheeled motorcycle is slightly disturbed at high speed, the whole vehicle will experience wobble and weave. It seriously affects the steering stability of the motorcycle at high speed. The performance and driving safety are consistent with the results of root locus analysis. The research results have certain guiding significance for the research on the handling and stability of the inverted three-wheeled motorcycle at high speed.Key words: Inverted three-wheeled motorcycle Handling stability Wobble weave Root locus diagram的重新定义,使“倒三轮”摩托车可以实现正常上牌上路。
劳斯霍尔维茨稳定性判据
r(t)
1 2
At2
0
t 0 t 0
当A=1时,则称 为单位抛物线
信号
图(3-3)抛物线信号
(四)脉冲信号 (Impulse Signal)
1
r(t)
0
0t t 0及t
当 趋于零时就
得理想的单位
脉冲信号(亦称
d(t) 函数)。
图(3-4)脉冲信号
(五)正弦信号(Sin Signal)
Asint t0
5、调整时间ts(settling time)
性能指标图解
最大超调量p
延滞时间td
上升时间tr
峰值时间tp
调整时间ts
其它性能指标
振荡次数,衰减比等
对于恒值控制 系统,常以系 统对单位扰动 输入信号时的 响应特性来衡 量瞬态性能
图(3-7) 单位扰动输入
3.1.3. 瞬态响应
(Transient Response )
r(t)0
t0
A为幅值
T为周期, =2p/T为角频率
图(3-4)脉冲信号
3.1.2. 系统的性能指标
➢性能指标用来衡量系统性能
➢常由系统在一定的典型输入 信号作用下的具体性能指标 来表示
➢性能指标有许多形式
性能指标
主要包括:
1、最大超调量p (percent overshot):
p
c(tp)c()10% 0 c()
(t0)
当t→∞时,稳态误差e (∞)=0。
=0,无阻尼情况
系统的特征根为一对共轭虚根s1,2= ±jn
单位阶跃响应 c(t)1co nst
等幅振荡过程,其振荡频率就是
无阻尼自然振荡频率n。当系统 有一定阻尼时, d总是小于n
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q(s) (s) 1 F (s)
• 1 + F(s) = 0 or F(s) = −1 + j O • let F (s) K (s z )(s z )(s z )(s z )
1 2 3 m
( s p1 )(s p2 )(s p3 )( s pn )
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
例7.1 2阶系统
• 单环反馈控制系统的特征方程为 • 步骤1: K ( 1 s 1) 1 GH ( s) 1 12 0 • s( 4 s 1) • 步骤 2:将开环传递函数 GH(s)改写成另极点形式:
1 K
(s z )
i
M
(s p
j 1
i 1 n
0
j
)
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
• 步骤 3: 用相应的符号在s平面上标出开环极点和 零点。我们通常关心的是 0 ≤ K ≤ ∞的根轨迹。 当K=0时,特征方程的根为P(s)的极点; 当K趋于无穷时,特征方程的根为P(s)的零点。 结论:当K从0到无穷大时,特征方程的根轨迹 从P(s)的极点开始,到P(s)的零点结束。 大部分函数的极点个数多于零点个数,我们可以 认为P(s)在s平面的无限远处有多个零点。 于是,当P(s)有n个极点和M个零点时,就会有 n - M 条根轨迹趋向于在无穷远处的开环零点。
控制工程基础
例如:
K ( s) 1 KG ( s) 1 0 s( s 2)
2 q(s) s 2 2s K s 2 2 n s n 0
• K从0到+∞之间变化时,跟 的轨迹满足下面条件:
K KG(s) 1 s(s 2)
G(s) 180,540,...
n
( s M bM 1 s M 1 b0 ) 1 K n ( s an1 s n1 a0 )
1
s nM
K 0 (n M ) A s nM 1
1
bM 1 zi , and
i 1
M
an1 p j
j 1
n
s nM
(n p nz ) 180
180 n p nz
• 考虑s平面所有趋向于无穷远处的根轨迹分支时,就得 到了上式。
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
n
控制工程基础
M j i
A
poles of P(s) zeros of P(s)
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
步骤 8~9
• 步 骤 8: 如 果 根 轨 迹 通 过 虚 轴 , 则 用 Routh— Hurwitz判据确定根轨迹虚轴的交点。 • 步骤 9: 确定实轴上的分离点或会合点和分离角或 会合角。 • 分离点(Breakaway point): 根轨迹离开s平面实 轴的点。
控制工程基础
(2q 1) A 180, n p nz
q = 0, 1, 2, . . . , (np - nz- 1)
• 解释:考虑根轨迹上与s平面上有界开环零、极点相距 无穷远的一点。 • 由于该点是根轨迹段上的点,它所到处的开环传递函 数的相角的主值应为180度; • 又因为它与P(s)所有有界零、极点相距无穷远,可 认为从所有零、极点到该点的向量的相角υ都相等,因 而整个相角和为υ(np-nz)。
j 1 i 1
(s p ) K (s z ) 0
j i
n
M
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
步骤 4
• 步骤 4: 确定实轴上的根轨迹段。 • 若实轴上某一段右边的开环零点和极点 个数之和为奇数,则该实轴段为根轨迹 段。
n p nz
( p ) ( z )
j 1 i 1
n p nz
• 证明: 仅考虑分子分母的最高阶项
s
1 + GH(s) = 0
K ( s zi )
i 1 M
Ks M 1 n 0 s
1
K ( s A ) nM
0
1
(s p )
j j 1
n p nz
( p ) ( z )
j 1 j i 1 i
n
M
n p nz
A
(2q 1) 180, n p nz
q = 0, 1, 2, . . . , (np - nz- 1)
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
Ci Ci Y ( s) X ( s) KY ( s) ( s si ) n (si ) n
1 K 0 s( s 2)
( p ) ( z )
j 1 j i 1 i
n
M
A
2 1 2
n p nz
• 因为 • q = 0, ØA = 90° • q =1, ØA = 270°
2009/10/27
A
(2q 1) 180, n p nz
张秦艳
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
6.2 根轨迹的概念
• 根轨迹(Root locus):是指系统某一参数变化时, 特征方程的根在s平面上的变化轨迹或路径。 • 令闭环传函为:
T ( s) Y ( s) p( s) R( s) q( s)
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
• 发现分离点的方法: dK dp(s) 0ds Fra biblioteks其中
p( s)
X ( s) Y ( s)
• 证明: KY ( s) 1 F ( s) 1 0 X ( s) • 特征方程是 • X(s) + KY(s) = 0 • 当K有微小增量时有: KY ( s) 1 0 • X(s) + (K + ∆K) Y(s) = 0. X ( s) KY ( s) • 因为此时的分母为原来的特征方程,因此它在分离点 处有重根,即,
1 2 K ( s 2) 0 s( s 4)
• 步骤3: 在s平面上标出开环零极点的位置。
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
• 步骤4:由“若实轴上某一段右边的开环零点和 极点个数之和为奇数,则该实轴段为根轨迹 段。” 可知,在(-2,0)之间,(-4,-∞)的 实轴上有根轨迹段。 • 取实轴上(-2,0)区间内的任意一点如s1= - 1
K K 1 s ( s 2) s s1 s1 s1 2 2009/10/27
K s1 s1 2 张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
6.3 绘制根轨迹的一般方法
( s) 1 Ln Lm Lq Lr Ls Lt
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
步骤 7
• 步骤 7: 根轨迹将沿一组渐近线趋向于无穷 远处的开环零点。这组渐近线与实轴的交 角为A,其中心点A 为实轴上的点。
A
poles of P(s) zeros of P(s)
K 0 n M 1 (an1 bM 1 ) s
(an1 bM 1 ) (n M ) A
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
再讨论 fig.7.2
• 特征方程是
• nP - nz= 2
A
(2K ) s1 2 s1 s1 4 1
K 1 1 4 2 1 2 3 2
• 代入特征方程可得:
3 2 ( s 2) 2 1 0 s ( s 4)
s 7s 6 0
2
得s1= - 1,s2 = -6
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
• 特征方程:
2009/10/27
1 KG(s) 0
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
KG(s) 1
• 其中 k = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . .
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
• 绘制根轨迹图(root locus plot)
2009/10/27
张秦艳
Fundamentals for Control Engineering
控制工程基础
6.1 引言
• 根轨迹法(Root locus method):当增益K从0变 到无穷时,确定特征方程1+KP(s)=0的根轨 迹的方法。 • 利用近似的根轨迹草图可获得系统稳定性和 其他性能的定量信息。 • 研究多环系统同单环系统一样简便,如果根 位置不令人满意,很容易根据根轨迹进行校 正。