Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation
英国气候变化税与工业能效
UK Climate Change Levy Addressing Industrial Efficiency英国气候变化税与工业能效Presentation at the Policy Advisory Council Meeting Beijing 18 November 2005 Marie Pender英国环境，食物及农村事务部United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs英国气候变化项目 UK Climate Change Program• Established in 2000 • Kyoto Protocol commitment of a 12.5% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2008-2012 relative to 1990 • Domestic goal of a 20% CO2 emissions reduction relative to 1990 by 2010 • 建立于2000年 •京都议定书承诺，到 2008-2012年，温室气 体排放相对于1990年 的数值将减少12.5% • 到2010年，国内CO2 的排放量相对于1990 年减少20%英国气候变化项目 UK Climate Change Program• UK emissions of carbon were 156MtC in 2003 – 40% from industry and commerce • Over the last 30 years, UK output has doubled, but energy use in industry has hardly risen. • But UK industry and businesses still waste an estimated 30% of their energy – especially in service sectors • 2003年，英国的碳排放 为156MtC，其中40%源 自工商业 • 在过去的30年，英国的 产值翻了一番，而其工 业耗能却几乎没有增长 • 但是，英国的工商业部 门的能源浪费据估计仍 达30%，服务部门能源 浪费尤其严重针对工业和商业的项目 Programs Aimed at Industry and Business• Climate Change Levy and Agreements • Carbon Trust •Enhanced Capital Allowances • EU Emissions Trading Scheme• 气候变化税和协议 • 碳基金 •提高的投资补贴 • 欧盟排放交易方案气候变化税 Climate Change Levy• Energy tax applied to industry, commerce, agriculture, and the public sector • Does not apply to domestic customers or charities • Electricity produced through combined heat and power (cogeneration) units or with renewable sources is not taxed• 能源税用在工业、商 业、农业和公共部门 • 未应用于家庭消费者 和慈善机构 • 使用热电联产或利用 可再生资源的电力生产 可免税气候变化税 Climate Change Levy• Introduced in 2001 • Adds about 10-15% to fuel bills • Exemptions for renewable sources and CHP • Most companies could save the cost of the levy by simple better management, without investment • But, for non-energy intensive sectors, the costs of energy are too low to incentivise this action• 2001年引入 • 燃料费用将增加10-15% • 可再生能源与热电联产免税 • 多数公司可以不需投入，仅 通过好的管理即可得到减税 • 但是，对于非高能耗部门而 言，其能源费用太低，而对 此没有兴趣气候变化税 Climate Change Levy燃料Fuel天然气Gas 煤 Coal 液化天然气 Liquified Petroleum Gas 电力 Electricity税率Tax Rate (£)£0.0015/kWh £0.0117/kg (£0.0015/kWh) £0.0096/kg (£0.0007/kWh) £0.0043/kWh税率Tax Rate ($US)0.0028 $US/kWh 0.02202 $US/kg (0.0028 $US/kWh) 0.01807 $US/kg (0.001318 $US/kWh) 0.008094 $US/kWh气候变化税—“中性税收” Climate Change Levy – “Revenue Neutral”• Most western governments want environmental taxes to be seen as a good thing to protect the planet, not a way of raising money • In the UK, revenues from the levy are returned to industry through a ： • 多数西方国家政府希 望环境税收是保护地 球的好事，而不是为 了敛钱 • 在英国，所得税收通 过如下渠道返回工业 部门：气候变化税- “税收中立” Climate Change Levy – “Revenue Neutral”– 0.3% reduction in the rate of employer’s National Insurance Contributions, – funding of the Carbon Trust ( a public benefit fund) and – reductions or exemptions for meeting targets or switching to renewables or cogeneration.– 减少英国国民保险雇 主交纳率的0.3% – 碳基金项目资助（一 项公共收益基金） – 在达到能效目标或应 用可再生能源或热电 联产的条件下减免税碳基金 Carbon Trust• Funded from Climate Change Levy receipts • An independent body to promote carbon reductions in industry and commerce • Advises industry e.g. through site visits • Provides low costs loans for energy efficiency projects • Provides venture capital for investments in early-stage carbon reduction technologies• 由气候变化税设立 • 作为一个促进工商业领 域碳排放减少的独立机构 运作 • 通过现场走访等方式给 工业企业提出建议 • 为能效项目提供低成本 贷款 • 为碳减排技术的早期阶 段提供风险投资提高投资补贴方案 Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme• Part of the CCL “package” • Business can claim 100% tax allowances on their capital spending on energy saving equipment (specified in a government list) against their taxable profits • 气候变化税（CCL） 一揽子方案的一部分 • 企业可以申请由税前 利润冲抵节能设备 （由政府清单列明） 100%的投资。
工业能源效率：国际最好实践的案例
• 这一比重在发展中国家更高，因为这些国家的基础设施建设和城 市化进程对工业原料的需求更大。 Share is higher in developing countries, where infrastructure construction and urbanization places heavy demands on industrial materials
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工业领域的重要性 Importance of Industrial Sector
100%
90%
80%
占一次能耗总量的比重 Share of Total Primary Energy Consumption
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
商用建筑 Commercial Buildings
20%
民用建筑 Residential Buildings
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如何降低工业能耗 How to Reduce Industrial Energy Use
• 转向能耗较低的产业 Shift to Less-Intensive Industries — 在工业化阶段，这一措施难以执行 Difficult during industrialization phase — 中国已是“世界工厂” China is “world’s factory”
节能减排的措施英语作文
节能减排的措施英语作文Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction MeasuresClimate change is one of the most pressing global challenges of our time. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily due to human activities, is leading to a rise in global temperatures, sea levels, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. In order to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change, it is crucial that we take immediate and comprehensive action to reduce our carbon footprint and transition to a more sustainable way of living.One of the most effective ways to combat climate change is through energy conservation and emission reduction measures. Energy consumption is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, with the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation, transportation, and industrial processes accounting for the majority of global emissions. By implementing strategies to reduce energy consumption and shift towards renewable energy sources, we can significantly lower our carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future.One of the most important energy conservation measures is improving energy efficiency in our homes, businesses, and transportation systems. This can be achieved through a variety of strategies, such as upgrading to more energy-efficient appliances, installing insulation and weatherstripping to reduce heating and cooling costs, and adopting energy-efficient lighting and building design. Governments can also play a crucial role by implementing policies and regulations that incentivize the adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices.Another key aspect of energy conservation is the shift towards renewable energy sources. Solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power are all viable alternatives to fossil fuels, and their adoption is rapidly increasing around the world. By investing in the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies, we can reduce our reliance on non-renewable and polluting energy sources, and contribute to a more sustainable energy future.In addition to energy conservation, emission reduction measures are also essential in the fight against climate change. This includes strategies to reduce emissions from transportation, such as promoting the use of public transportation, electric vehicles, and biofuels, as well as measures to reduce emissions from industrial processes, such as implementing carbon capture and storage technologies, and transitioning to more sustainable manufacturingpractices.Governments can also play a significant role in emission reduction by implementing policies and regulations that incentivize the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This can include carbon pricing schemes, emissions trading systems, and regulations that mandate the use of renewable energy or the implementation of energy-efficient technologies.At the individual level, there are many actions that we can take to contribute to energy conservation and emission reduction. This includes reducing our energy consumption through simple lifestyle changes, such as turning off lights and electronics when not in use, reducing our use of private vehicles, and adopting more sustainable consumption habits. By collectively taking these actions, we can contribute to a more sustainable future and help mitigate the devastating effects of climate change.In conclusion, energy conservation and emission reduction measures are essential in the fight against climate change. By implementing a comprehensive set of strategies that address energy consumption, renewable energy, and emissions reduction, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future. The time to act is now, and we all have a role to play in creating a more sustainable and resilient world.。
节能减排英语作文400字
节能减排英语作文400字Energy conservation and emission reduction are two important issues in today's society. With the rapid development of industry and the increasing demand for energy, it has become crucial to find ways to reduce energy consumption and minimize the impact on the environment. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of energy conservation and emission reduction, as well as some effective strategies to achieve these goals.First and foremost, energy conservation and emission reduction are essential for protecting the environment and combating climate change. The burning of fossil fuels for energy production releases large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming and other environmental problems. By reducing energy consumption and using cleaner, renewable sources of energy, we can help to mitigate these issues and create a more sustainable future for our planet.There are several effective strategies that can be implemented to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction. One of the most important steps is to improve energy efficiency in all aspects of life, including transportation, industry, and residential buildings. This can be achieved through the use of energy-efficient appliances, vehicles, and lighting, as well as the implementation of energy-saving practices in daily life. Additionally, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.Furthermore, government policies and regulations play a crucial role in promoting energy conservation and emission reduction. By implementing laws and incentives to encourage the use of renewable energy and the adoption of energy-efficient technologies, governments can help to create a more sustainable energy system and reduce the environmental impact of energy production and consumption. In addition, public awareness and education are also important for promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, asindividuals and communities can make a significant impact through their daily choices and actions.In conclusion, energy conservation and emission reduction are essential for protecting the environment and creating a sustainable future. By improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and implementing government policies and public education initiatives, we can work together to reduce energy consumption and minimize the impact on the environment. It is crucial that we all take action to address these issues and create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly society for future generations.。
工业能源效率：国际最好实践的案例
• 所需条件：Requires: — 新的，高效的技术 New, efficient technologies • 可从国外引进或运用国内技术 Import or produce domestically — 创新的，有效的政策和方案 — Innovative and effective policies and programs
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荷兰 -长期能效协议 Netherlands Long-Term Agreements
政策和方案的支持 Supporting Policies and Programs • 补贴 • Subsidies • 投资能源减少交税 • Energy investment tax reduction • 信息传播 • Information dissemination • 能源设备审计 • Facility audits • 环境准入的简化手续 • Simplified procedure for environmental permits • 能源政策的一致性和对项目的保护 • Consistency in and protection from new energy regulation in
electricity) • 如果公司同意并且实现降低温室气体排放量的目标后，公司的气候
变化税将会有80%的折扣 。 • Companies that agree to and achieve GHG emissions reduction
节能减排的英语作文
节能减排的英语作文Energy conservation and emission reduction are crucial for sustainable development. Here's a composition on this topic:The Importance of Energy Conservation and Emission ReductionIn the modern era, the world is grappling with the pressing issues of climate change and environmental degradation. The need for energy conservation and emission reduction has become more apparent than ever before. As the global population grows and industrial activities intensify, the demand for energy escalates, leading to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. This essay aims to highlight the significance of energy conservation and emission reduction in our pursuit of a sustainable future.Understanding the ConceptEnergy conservation refers to the efficient use of energy resources to reduce waste and lower energy consumption. Emission reduction, on the other hand, involves decreasing the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.The Impact of Energy ConsumptionThe excessive use of fossil fuels for energy production has led to a significant rise in carbon emissions. These emissions are the primary drivers of climate change, which manifests in the form of rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity. The consequences of unchecked energy consumption are dire and far-reaching, affecting every aspect of life on Earth.Strategies for Energy ConservationTo combat this issue, various strategies can be implemented. These include:1. Improving Energy Efficiency: By upgrading to energy-efficient appliances and machinery, we can reduce the amount of energy used for the same output.2. Renewable Energy Sources: Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power can significantly decrease our reliance on fossil fuels.3. Public Awareness: Educating the public about the importance of energy conservation can lead to behavioral changes that contribute to a reduction in energy use.Emission Reduction EffortsIn addition to energy conservation, efforts to reduce emissions are equally important. Some of the key measures include:1. Carbon Capture and Storage: Developing technologies that capture carbon dioxide emissions before they are releasedinto the atmosphere and store them safely underground.2. Green Transportation: Promoting the use of electric vehicles and improving public transportation systems can help reduce emissions from the transportation sector.3. Regulatory Policies: Governments can enact policies that limit emissions from industries and encourage cleaner production methods.ConclusionEnergy conservation and emission reduction are not just environmental concerns; they are also economic and social imperatives. By taking proactive steps to reduce our energy consumption and emissions, we can safeguard our planet for future generations. It is the collective responsibility of every individual, community, and nation to contribute to this cause. The time for action is now, and together, we can make a difference.This composition provides a comprehensive overview of the topic, emphasizing the importance of energy conservation and emission reduction in the context of environmental sustainability.。
节能减排与绿色生活英语作文
节能减排与绿色生活英语作文英文回答：Energy conservation and emission reduction, as well as green living, have become increasingly critical issues in contemporary society due to the pressing environmental challenges we face. Embracing sustainable practices andeco-friendly lifestyles is imperative for mitigating the negative impacts of human activities on the planet and ensuring a brighter future for generations to come.Implementing energy-efficient measures cansignificantly reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, which are the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Simple actions such as switching to LED lighting, unplugging appliances when not in use, and using energy-efficient appliances can make a substantial difference. Moreover, investing in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can further reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources and promote clean energy production.Adopting green living practices extends beyond energy conservation to encompass all aspects of our daily lives. Reducing waste and promoting recycling are crucial for minimizing the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills and incinerators. By opting for reusable items, reducing paper consumption, and composting organic waste, we can significantly reduce our ecological footprint.Sustainable transportation choices play a vital role in mitigating air pollution and traffic congestion. Walking, cycling, or using public transportation can reduce our reliance on cars, which contribute heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, electric vehicles and hybrid cars offer eco-friendly alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, further minimizing our environmental impact.Diet and food choices also have environmental implications. Reducing meat consumption and opting for plant-based diets can significantly reduce methane emissions from livestock and promote sustainable land use.Organic farming practices minimize the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm ecosystems and pollute water sources.Promoting environmental awareness and education is essential for fostering a culture of sustainability and encouraging individuals to adopt green practices. By educating ourselves and others about the importance of energy conservation, emission reduction, and green living, we can inspire collective action and create a more sustainable future for all.中文回答：节能减排、绿色生活在当代社会中变得越来越重要，因为我们面临着紧迫的环境挑战。
如何写节约能源英语作文
如何写节约能源英语作文Title: Embracing Energy Conservation: A Call to Action。
In the wake of ever-increasing energy demands and environmental concerns, the imperative of energy conservation has become more pressing than ever. As we confront the challenges of climate change and finitenatural resources, it is incumbent upon us to adopt sustainable practices and foster a culture of conservation. In this essay, we delve into the significance of energy conservation and explore practical strategies to promote it.First and foremost, energy conservation plays a pivotal role in mitigating climate change. The burning of fossil fuels for energy production releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming and its attendant impacts. By reducing our energy consumption, we can curtail these emissions and help safeguard the planetfor future generations.Moreover, energy conservation contributes to resource preservation. Many of our energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are finite and non-renewable. Byminimizing our reliance on these finite resources, we can extend their availability and alleviate the strain on the environment caused by extraction and utilization processes.Furthermore, energy conservation offers economic benefits. By optimizing energy use and implementing efficiency measures, individuals, businesses, and governments can reduce their utility bills and operational costs. This not only enhances financial savings but also fosters economic resilience by minimizing vulnerability to energy price fluctuations.To effectively promote energy conservation, a multi-faceted approach is required. Education and awareness-raising campaigns are essential to instill a sense of responsibility and empower individuals to take meaningful action. Schools, universities, and community organizations can play a pivotal role in educating the public about the importance of energy conservation and equipping them withthe knowledge and skills to implement energy-saving practices in their daily lives.Additionally, policies and regulations can serve as powerful drivers of energy conservation. Governments at the local, national, and international levels can enact legislation to incentivize energy efficiency improvements, such as offering tax incentives, rebates, and subsidies for energy-saving technologies and practices. Moreover, mandatory energy efficiency standards for appliances, buildings, and industrial processes can help raise the bar for energy performance across sectors.In the residential sector, simple yet effective measures can be adopted to reduce energy consumption. These include turning off lights and appliances when not in use, using energy-efficient lighting and appliances, optimizing heating and cooling systems, and improving home insulation and weatherization. Furthermore, adopting renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, canfurther reduce reliance on conventional energy sources.In the commercial and industrial sectors, businesses can implement energy management systems, conduct energy audits to identify inefficiencies, and invest in energy-efficient technologies and equipment. Additionally, adopting sustainable practices such as green building design, waste reduction, and recycling can further enhance energy conservation efforts.In conclusion, energy conservation is a vital imperative in our quest for sustainability and environmental stewardship. By embracing energy-saving practices and fostering a culture of conservation, we can mitigate climate change, preserve finite resources, and promote economic prosperity. Through collective action and concerted efforts at all levels of society, we can pave the way towards a more sustainable and resilient future.。
Enhancing Energy Performance in Industry
Enhancing Energy Performance inIndustryEnsuring high energy performance in the industrial sector is crucial not only for sustainable development but also for maximizing profitability and competitiveness. By implementing various energy efficiency measures, industries can reduce their energy consumption, decrease operational costs, and minimize their environmental impact. In this article, we will explore some effective strategies for enhancing energy performance in the industry.One of the most important steps in improving energy performance in industry is conducting a comprehensive energy audit. This involves analyzing the energy consumption patterns of various processes and equipment within the facility to identify potential areas for improvement. By understanding where energy is being used inefficiently, industrial facilities can develop targeted strategies to optimize their energy use.Investing in energy-efficient technology and equipment is another key aspect of enhancing energy performance in industry. Upgrading to energy-efficient lighting, HVAC systems, and machinery can significantly reduce energy consumption and operational costs. Additionally, adopting advanced automation and control systems can help optimize energy use by adjusting production processes in real-time based on energy demand.Implementing energy management systems (EnMS) is also essential for effectively managing energy consumption in the industry. EnMS provides a systematic approach to continuously monitor, control, and improve energy performance within a facility. By setting clear energy targets, tracking performance metrics, and implementing regular reviews, industrial facilities can ensure sustainable improvement in energy efficiency.Furthermore, promoting a culture of energy efficiency among employees is crucial for achieving long-term success in enhancing energy performance in industry. Byproviding training and awareness programs, employees can become actively engaged in energy-saving initiatives and contribute to the overall success of energy management efforts. Recognizing and rewarding employees for their energy-saving ideas and behaviors can also help create a culture of continuous improvement.In addition to internal initiatives, industrial facilities can also benefit from collaborating with external partners to enhance their energy performance. Partnering with energy service companies (ESCOs) can help identify and implement cost-effective energy-saving measures, such as retrofitting existing equipment and introducing renewable energy sources. Building strong relationships with suppliers, utilities, and government agencies can also provide access to valuable resources and incentives for improving energy efficiency.Another effective strategy for enhancing energy performance in industry is implementing a systematic maintenance program for equipment and systems. Regular maintenance can help ensure that equipment operates at peak efficiency, minimizing energy waste and preventing costly downtime. By conducting preventive maintenance, facilities can extend the lifespan of equipment and reduce the risk of unexpected failures.Finally, monitoring and benchmarking energy performance is essential for tracking progress and identifying further opportunities for improvement. By collecting and analyzing energy data, industrial facilities can identify trends, set performance benchmarks, and compare their energy performance against industry standards. Utilizing key performance indicators (KPIs) can help track energy efficiency metrics and drive continuous improvement efforts.In conclusion, enhancing energy performance in industry requires a multifaceted approach that addresses energy efficiency at all levels of operation. By conducting energy audits, investing in energy-efficient technology, implementing EnMS, promoting a culture of energy efficiency, collaborating with external partners, maintaining equipment, and monitoring performance, industrial facilities can achieve significant energy savings and improve their overall sustainability. By prioritizing energy efficiency initiatives,industries can not only reduce their environmental impact but also enhance their competitiveness in the global market.。
工业企业节能降耗激励方案
工业企业节能降耗激励方案英文回答：Energy Efficiency and Consumption Reduction Incentive Schemes for Industrial Enterprises.Industrial enterprises consume significant amounts of energy, and implementing energy efficiency measures canlead to substantial cost savings and environmental benefits. To encourage industrial enterprises to adopt energy efficiency practices, governments and regulatory bodieshave introduced a range of incentive schemes.Types of Industrial Energy Efficiency Incentive Schemes:Tax incentives: Tax credits, deductions, or exemptions offered to businesses that invest in energy efficiency improvements.Financial incentives: Grants, loans, or rebatesprovided to fund energy efficiency projects.Technical assistance: Free or subsidized consulting services to help businesses identify and implement energy efficiency measures.Regulatory incentives: Mandates or performance standards that require industries to meet certain energy efficiency targets.Market-based incentives: Tradable permits or carbon pricing mechanisms that create economic incentives for energy efficiency.Benefits of Industrial Energy Efficiency Incentive Schemes:Reduced energy costs: Energy efficiency measures can significantly reduce energy consumption, leading to lower operating expenses.Increased competitiveness: Energy efficiency canimprove productivity and reduce costs, making businesses more competitive in the global market.Environmental sustainability: Reduced energy consumption lowers greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to environmental protection.Job creation: Energy efficiency projects often involve the installation and maintenance of new technologies, which can create new jobs.Increased energy security: Reduced energy consumption makes industries less dependent on external energy sources and improves energy security.Challenges to Industrial Energy Efficiency:High upfront investment costs: Energy efficiency projects can require significant upfront capital investment, which may deter businesses with limited financial resources.Lack of technical expertise: Implementing energyefficiency measures often requires specialized knowledge and expertise, which may not be readily available withinall businesses.Split incentives: In some cases, the benefits of energy efficiency investments may accrue to tenants or future owners, while the upfront costs are borne bybuilding owners.Long payback periods: Some energy efficiency measures may have relatively long payback periods, making them less attractive to businesses focused on short-term returns.Measurement and verification challenges: Accurate measurement and verification of energy savings can be complex and time-consuming, which can hinder the evaluation of project effectiveness.中文回答：工业企业节能降耗激励方案。
以节能减排为导向英语
以节能减排为导向英语In recent years, the issue of energy conservation and emissions reduction has become increasingly prominent, which has attracted wide attention and discussion from all walks of life. As the world's population continues to grow andindustry develops rapidly, energy consumption has become a major challenge that we must face.In order to effectively reduce energy consumption and emissions, we need to take a series of measures.1. Develop Greener Habits:The first step towards energy conservation and emissions reduction is to develop more environmentally-friendly habits. Encouraging people to avoid wasting resources, turning off the lights when they leave a room, and using public transportation instead of driving alone are just a few habits that can make a difference. Encouraging people to use environmentally friendly products, recycling, and reducing their consumption of disposable products can also make a significant difference.2. Promotion of Energy-efficient Technology:The promotion of energy-efficient technologies is also vital to reducing energy consumption and emissions. For example, using energy-saving lamps, air conditioners, andrefrigerators can reduce energy consumption and lower carbon emissions. Encouraging people to use renewable energy sources such as solar energy and wind power can also significantly reduce CO2 emissions.3. Industrial Energy Efficiency:Industrial energy efficiency is also critical to reducing energy consumption and emissions. Governments should encourage industries to adopt more efficient production methods, such as waste heat recovery systems, and provide incentives to companies that have successfully reduced energy consumption.4. Encourage Green Transportation:Promoting green transportation is also important to reduce energy consumption and emissions. Encouraging the use of public transportation or bicycles as an alternative to cars, and promoting the use of electric or hybrid vehicles can significantly reduce emissions.5. Education and Awareness:Education and awareness are critical to creating a culture of energy conservation and emissions reduction. We should educate students from a young age about the importance of environmental protection and energy conservation. Raising awareness through campaigns, advertisements and community events can also encourage people to take action.In conclusion, preserving our planet's resources and reducing emissions is everyone's responsibility. Through developing more environmentally-friendly habits, promoting energy-efficient technology, encouraging energy-efficient practices in industry and transportation, and raising awareness through education initiatives, we can all help to reduce energy consumption and contribute to a cleaner, greener world.。
如何科学节能英语作文
如何科学节能英语作文Title: Efficient Energy Consumption: A Scientific Approach。
In today's rapidly evolving world, energy conservation has become a critical aspect of sustainable living. Efficient energy consumption not only benefits the environment but also contributes to economic savings and overall well-being. In this essay, we will explore the scientific principles behind energy conservation and practical strategies to achieve it.Firstly, understanding the significance of energy conservation requires knowledge of its environmental implications. Excessive energy consumption leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change and environmental degradation. By conserving energy, we can mitigate these negative impacts and work towards a healthier planet for future generations.One fundamental concept in energy conservation is the efficient use of resources. This involves optimizing energy production and consumption processes to minimize waste. For instance, industries can implement technologies such as cogeneration, which simultaneously produces electricity and useful heat from a single energy source, thereby maximizing efficiency.Another key aspect is the utilization of renewable energy sources. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower are abundant and environmentally friendly. By harnessing these sources, we can reduce our dependence on finite resources and mitigate the negative effects of climate change.Moreover, advancements in technology play a crucialrole in energy conservation. Smart appliances equipped with energy-saving features, such as programmable thermostats and energy-efficient lighting, enable consumers to reduce their energy consumption without sacrificing comfort or convenience. Additionally, the development of energy storage solutions facilitates the integration ofintermittent renewable energy sources into the power grid, ensuring a stable and reliable energy supply.Furthermore, raising awareness and promoting behavioral changes are essential for fostering a culture of energy conservation. Education campaigns highlighting the importance of energy efficiency and providing practicaltips for reducing energy consumption empower individuals to make informed decisions about their energy use. Simple actions like turning off lights when not in use, unplugging electronics, and using energy-efficient appliances can collectively make a significant difference in energy conservation efforts.In conclusion, efficient energy consumption is imperative for addressing environmental challenges and ensuring a sustainable future. By embracing scientific principles, harnessing renewable energy sources, leveraging technological innovations, and promoting behavioral changes, we can achieve significant reductions in energy consumption while simultaneously advancing economic prosperity and environmental stewardship. Let us commit to adopting ascientific approach to energy conservation and pave the way towards a brighter and more sustainable tomorrow.。
节能减排的英文作文
节能减排的英文作文英文回答：Energy conservation and emission reduction have become urgent tasks for the world today. Climate change, caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, is posing a serious threat to our planet and its inhabitants. As a responsible global citizen, I feel compelled to do my partin reducing my carbon footprint and contributing to a more sustainable future.In my daily life, I make conscious efforts to conserve energy. For instance, I turn off lights when leaving a room, unplug electronic devices when not in use, and adjust my thermostat to a moderate temperature. I also prioritize walking, cycling, or using public transportation overdriving whenever possible. These seemingly small actions may not seem significant individually, but collectivelythey can make a substantial difference.Beyond personal actions, I believe that systemic changes are equally crucial. Governments and industries need to implement policies and technologies that promote energy efficiency and reduce emissions. For example, investing in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power can help us transition away from fossil fuels. Similarly, implementing carbon pricing mechanisms can incentivize businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon emissions.Moreover, education and awareness are vital infostering a culture of energy conservation. By educating people about the consequences of climate change and the importance of reducing our carbon footprint, we can empower them to make informed choices that contribute to a more sustainable future.As the saying goes, "Every little bit helps." By making small changes in our daily lives and advocating for systemic solutions, we can collectively make a significant impact on the fight against climate change. It is our responsibility to protect the planet for generations tocome, and I am determined to do my part.中文回答：节能减排已成为当今世界刻不容缓的任务。
冶金工业节能减排技术指南
冶金工业节能减排技术指南英文回答：Metallurgical industry is a significant contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to develop energy-saving and emission-reducing technologies in this industry. In this guide, I will discuss some key techniques and strategies that can be adopted to achieve these goals.One of the most effective ways to reduce energy consumption in the metallurgical industry is through process optimization. This involves improving theefficiency of various processes involved in metal production, such as smelting, refining, and casting. For example, using advanced control systems and sensors can help monitor and adjust process parameters in real-time, leading to better energy utilization.Another important technique is the use of waste heatrecovery systems. Metallurgical processes generate a significant amount of waste heat, which can be captured and utilized for other purposes. For instance, waste heat can be used to preheat raw materials or generate steam for power generation. This not only reduces energy consumption but also lowers the overall carbon footprint of the industry.Furthermore, the adoption of cleaner and more efficient technologies can also contribute to energy saving and emission reduction. For example, replacing traditional fuel sources with cleaner alternatives like natural gas or renewable energy sources can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, using advanced furnace designs and insulation materials can improve heat retention and minimize energy losses.In terms of emissions reduction, implementing effective gas cleaning and treatment systems is crucial. These systems help remove pollutants and particulate matter from the exhaust gases generated during the metallurgical processes. Technologies such as electrostatic precipitatorsand bag filters can be used to capture and remove these pollutants, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.To illustrate the effectiveness of these techniques,let's consider an example. A steel manufacturing company decides to implement process optimization techniques in their production line. By closely monitoring andcontrolling the parameters, they are able to reduce energy consumption by 15%. Additionally, they install waste heat recovery systems, which further decrease energy consumption by an additional 10%. As a result, the company not only saves energy but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, making their operations more sustainable.中文回答：冶金工业是能源消耗和温室气体排放的重要来源。
高中英语作文节能减排
高中英语作文节能减排Title: Embracing Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for a Sustainable FutureIn today's world, the imperative of energy conservation and emission reduction is becoming increasingly urgent. China, as a rapidly developing country, faces significant challenges in balancing economic growth with environmental protection. Therefore, it is crucial for us to adopt sustainable practices and promote energy efficiency.Energy conservation is not just a national policy but a personal responsibility. Simple lifestyle changes like turning off lights when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and opting for public transportation or cycling can significantly reduce energy consumption. Additionally, adopting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can further decrease our reliance on fossil fuels.Emission reduction is equally important. Industrial processes and motor vehicles are major contributors to air pollution. Implementing cleaner production methods, improving vehicle emission standards, and promoting green building practices can help reduce harmful emissions.Furthermore, promoting recycling and waste reduction can minimize the environmental impact of our daily activities.The government plays a pivotal role in this endeavor. Policies and regulations that encourage energy conservation and emission reduction are crucial. Investing in research and development of sustainable technologies, providing incentives for green businesses, and educating the public on the importance of sustainability are essential steps.In conclusion, energy conservation and emission reduction are integral to China's sustainable development. By embracing these practices, we can not only protect our environment but also ensure a brighter future for our country and future generations. It is a responsibility that we all must embrace, for the sake of our planet and its inhabitants.。
节能减排的作文英语
节能减排的作文英语Energy conservation and emission reduction are crucial for sustainable development. Here's a short essay on the topic:In the modern era, as our industrial and technological capabilities expand, so does our environmental footprint. The concept of energy conservation and emission reduction has emerged as a vital strategy to mitigate the impact of human activities on our planet.The Importance of Energy ConservationEnergy conservation is not just about saving money; it is about preserving the finite resources of our Earth. By using energy more efficiently, we can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, which are non-renewable and contribute significantly to global warming. This can be achieved through various means such as improving insulation in buildings, using energy-efficient appliances, and adopting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.Emission Reduction: A Global ResponsibilityEmission reduction is equally important as it directly addresses the pollutants that are damaging our atmosphere. Industries and vehicles are major contributors to harmfulemissions. Implementing stricter emission standards,investing in cleaner technologies, and promoting public transportation can help in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants.Individual Actions MatterIt is not just the responsibility of governments and corporations; individuals too can play a significant role in energy conservation and emission reduction. Simple lifestyle changes such as carpooling, recycling, and reducing, reusing, and recycling can collectively make a huge difference.Technological InnovationsAdvancements in technology are also paving the way for more sustainable practices. Electric vehicles, smart grids, and energy-efficient lighting are just a few examples of how technology can help us reduce our carbon footprint.ConclusionIn conclusion, energy conservation and emission reduction are not just buzzwords but are essential actions that we must take to ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for generations to come. It requires a collective effort from all sectors of society, from individuals to governments and corporations, to make a lasting impact.This essay provides a brief overview of the importance of energy conservation and emission reduction, highlighting the roles of individuals, technology, and global responsibility in achieving a sustainable future.。
节能的作用英语作文
节能的作用英语作文In today's world, the importance of energy conservation cannot be overstated. As the global population continues to grow and the demand for energy increases, it is imperative that we find ways to use our resources more efficiently. This essay will explore the various roles that energy conservation plays in our society, from economic benefits to environmental sustainability.Firstly, energy conservation is crucial for economic stability. By reducing the amount of energy we consume, we can lower our energy bills and save money. This isparticularly important for businesses, which can face significant costs due to high energy usage. By implementing energy-saving practices, companies can reduce their overheads and increase their profitability.Secondly, energy conservation is essential for environmental protection. The production of energy, especially from fossil fuels, contributes to air pollution and climate change. By conserving energy, we can reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the harmful effects of pollution. This is vital for preserving our planet for future generations.Thirdly, energy conservation promotes the development of alternative energy sources. As we become more efficient in our energy use, there is a greater incentive to invest in renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, andhydroelectric power. These technologies are sustainable and have the potential to provide a cleaner and more reliable source of energy.Moreover, energy conservation can lead to improved energy security. By relying less on imported energy sources, countries can become more self-sufficient and less vulnerable to geopolitical tensions. This is particularly important in a world where energy resources are unevenly distributed.Lastly, energy conservation can also lead to a better quality of life. By reducing energy consumption, we can decrease noise and light pollution, which can have a positive impact on our health and well-being. Additionally, energy-efficient technologies often result in more comfortable living and working environments.In conclusion, the role of energy conservation is multifaceted. It is not only about saving money but also about protecting the environment, promoting sustainable development, enhancing energy security, and improving our overall quality of life. As we move forward, it is essential that we continue to prioritize energy conservation and embrace the many benefits it offers.。
节能英语作文
节能英语作文In the modern era, where technology and industrialization are advancing at an unprecedented pace, the issue of energy conservation has become a global concern. As the world's population grows and the demand for energy increases, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices to ensure the availability of resources for future generations. This essay will explore the significance of energy conservation, the challenges we face, and the steps we can take to reduce our energy consumption.Firstly, energy conservation is essential for environmental sustainability. The burning of fossil fuels, which is a primary source of energy for many countries, contributes significantly to air pollution and climate change. By conserving energy, we can reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the effects of global warming. This is particularly important as the consequences of climate change become increasingly severe, with rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity.Secondly, energy conservation is an economic imperative. As resources such as oil, gas, and coal are finite, their prices tend to fluctuate and increase over time. By using less energy, individuals and businesses can reduce their operating costs and become more resilient to market volatility. Moreover, investing in renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies can create new job opportunities andstimulate economic growth.However, the path to energy conservation is not without challenges. One of the main obstacles is the lack of awareness and education among the public. Many people are unaware of the simple steps they can take to conserve energy, such as turning off lights when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, or carpooling to reduce fuel consumption. Additionally, the initial costs of investing in renewable energy technologies can be high, which may deter some individuals and businesses from making the switch.To overcome these challenges, a multifaceted approach is necessary. Governments can play a pivotal role by creating policies that encourage energy conservation, such as offering tax incentives for businesses that use renewable energy sources or providing subsidies for households to install solar panels. Educational campaigns can also be instrumental in raising public awareness about the benefits of energy conservation and providing practical tips on how to achieve it.Furthermore, individuals can make a difference by making conscious choices in their daily lives. Simple actions like using public transportation, recycling, and reducing water waste can have a significant impact when practiced by a large number of people. Additionally, supporting and advocating for companies that prioritize sustainability can drive market changes and encourage more businesses to adopt energy-efficient practices.In conclusion, energy conservation is a critical issue that affects us all. It is not only a moral responsibility towards the environment but also a practical necessity for economic stability and long-term survival. By understanding the importance of energy conservation and taking collective action, we can secure a sustainable future for our planet and for generations to come.。
节约能源英文作文模板
节约能源英文作文模板Title: Energy Conservation English Essay Template。
Introduction。
Define energy conservation and its importance。
Briefly introduce the purpose of the essay。
Body。
Paragraph 1: Importance of Energy Conservation。
Discuss the significance of energy conservation in reducing environmental impact。
Highlight the role of energy conservation in addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions。
Provide examples of how energy conservation can benefit the environment and society。
Paragraph 2: Ways to Conserve Energy at Home。
Discuss simple and effective ways to conserve energy at home, such as using energy-efficient appliances, sealing drafts, and adjusting thermostat settings。
Explain the benefits of these practices in reducing energy consumption and lowering utility bills。
Provide practical tips for implementing energy conservation measures in everyday life。
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Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation Ernst Worrell&Lenny Bernstein&Joyashree Roy&Lynn Price&Jochen HarnischReceived:15June2008/Accepted:7November2008/Published online:30November2008#The Author(s)2008.This article is published with open access at Abstract Industry contributes directly and indirectly (through consumed electricity)about37%of the global greenhouse gas emissions,of which over 80%is from energy use.Total energy-related emis-sions,which were9.9GtCO2in2004,have grown by 65%since1971.Even so,industry has almost continuously improved its energy efficiency over the past decades.In the near future,energy efficiency is potentially the most important and cost-effective means for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from industry.This paper discusses the potential contribu-tion of industrial energy-efficiency technologies and policies to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions to2030.Keywords Greenhouse gas mitigation.Industry. Energy efficiency.Policy.Potentials IntroductionThis article is based on chapter7of the Working Group III report to the IPCC Fourth Assessment (IPCC2007)and provides a review of the trends, opportunities,and policy options to reduce green-house gas(GHG)emissions from the industrial sector. Industry uses almost40%of worldwide energy.It contributes almost37%of global GHG emissions.In most countries,CO2accounts for more than90%of CO2-eq GHG emissions from the industrial sector (Price et al.2006;US EPA2006).These CO2 emissions arise from three sources:(1)the use of fossil fuels for energy,either directly by industry for heat and power generation or indirectly in the generation of purchased electricity and steam,(2) non-energy uses of fossil fuels in chemical processingEnergy Efficiency(2009)2:109–123 DOI10.1007/s12053-008-9032-8E.Worrell(*)Science,Technology&Society,Copernicus Institute, ECOFYS/Utrecht University,Heidelberglaan23584CS,Utrecht,The Netherlandse-mail:e.worrell@uu.nlL.BernsteinL.S.Bernstein and Associates,LLC.488Kimberly Avenue,Asheville,NC28804,USAJ.RoyJadavpur University,Kolkata700032,India L.PriceLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1Cyclotron Road,Berkeley,CA94720,USAJ.HarnischECOFYS,Langrabenstrasse94,90443Nürnberg,GermanyPresent address:J.HarnischKfW,Palmengartenstrasse5-9,60325Frankfurt/Main,Germanyand metal smelting,and (3)non-fossil fuel sources,for example cement and lime manufacture.Industrial processes,primarily chemical manufacturing and metal smelting,also emit other GHGs,including methane (CH 4),nitrous oxide (N 2O),HFCs,CFCs,and PFCs,The energy intensity of industry has steadily declined in most countries since the oil price shocks of the 1970s.Historically,industrial energy-efficiency improvement rates have typically been around 1%/year.However,various countries have demonstrated that it is possible to double these rates for extended periods of time (i.e.,10years or more)through the use of policy mechanisms.Still,large potentials exist to further reduce energy use and GHG emissions in most sectors and economies.Historic and future trendsGlobally,energy-intensive industries still emit the largest share of industrial GHG emissions (Dasgupta and Roy 2000;IEA 2007,2008;Sinton and Fridley 2000).Hence,this paper focuses on the key energy-intensive industries:iron and steel,chemicals (includ-ing fertilizers),petroleum refining,minerals (cement,lime,glass,and ceramics),and pulp and paper.Theproduction of energy-intensive industrial goods has grown dramatically and is expected to continue growing as population and per capita income increase.Since 1970,global annual production of cement increased 336%;aluminum,252%;steel,95%(USGS 2005);ammonia,353%(IFA 2005);and paper,190%(FAO 2008).Much of the world ’s energy-intensive industry is now located in developing nations (see Fig.1).In 2006,developing countries accounted for 74%of global cement manufacture (USGS 2005),63%of global nitrogen fertilizer production,about 50%of global primary aluminum production (USGS 2008),and 48%of global steel production (USGS 2008).In 2006,developing countries accounted for 49%of final energy use by industry,developed countries 40%,and economies in transition 11%.Since many facilities in developing nations are new,they some-times incorporate the latest technology and have the lowest specific emission rates (BEE 2006;IEA 2006b ).Many older,inefficient facilities remain in both industrialised and developing countries.Howev-er,there is a huge demand for technology transfer (hardware,software,and know-how)to developing nations to achieve energy efficiency and emissions reduction in their industrial sectors.Though large-scale production dominates these energy-intensive0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%19902006199020061990200619902002199020061990200519902006SteelCementAluminiumEthyleneAmmoniaPetroleum PdtsPulp and PaperOECD EIT non-OECDSource: IFA, 2005; UN, 2007; USGS, 2007, IEA, 2008, FAO, 2008.Fig.1The 1990and 2006share of commodities pro-duction from OECD,EIT,and non-OECD countries.Source:IFA (2005),UN (2007),USGS (2007),IEA (2008),and FAO (2008)industries,globally small-and medium-sized enter-prises have significant shares in many developing countries,which create special challenges for mitiga-tion efforts.Total industrial sector GHG emissions are currently estimated to be about12GtCO2-eq/year.Global and sectoral data on final energy use,primary energy use, and energy-related CO2emissions,including indirect emissions related to electricity use,for1971to2005 are shown in Table1.In1971,the industrial sector used91EJ of primary energy,40%of the global total of227EJ.By2005,industry’s share of global primary energy use declined to38%.Energy use represents the largest source of GHG emissions in industry(83%).In2005,energy use by the industrial sector resulted in emissions of10.2GtCO2, 38%of global CO2emissions from energy use.Direct CO2emissions totalled 5.2Gt,the balance being indirect emissions associated with the generation of electricity and other energy carriers.The developing nations’share of industrial CO2emissions from energy use grew from18%in1971to55%in2005.In2000, CO2emissions from non-energy uses of fossil fuels (e.g.,production of petrochemicals)and from non-fossil fuel sources(e.g.,cement manufacture)were estimated to be1.7GtCO2(Olivier and Peters2005). Industrial emissions of non-CO2gases totaled about 0.4GtCO2-eq in2000and are projected to be at about the same level in2010.Direct GHG emissions from the industrial sector are currently about7.3GtCO2-eq, and total emissions,including indirect emissions,are about12.3GtCO2-eq.Future projections of the IPCC(IPCC2000)show energy-related industrial CO2emissions of14and 20GtCO2in2030for the B2and A1B scenarios1, respectively.In both scenarios,CO2emissions from industrial energy use are expected to grow signifi-cantly in the developing countries while remaining essentially constant in the A1scenario and declining in the B2scenario for the industrialized countries and countries with economies-in-transition.Energy efficiency and GHG emission mitigation IEA(2005)found,“The energy intensity of most industrial processes is at least50%higher than the theoretical minimum.”This provides a significant opportunity for reducing energy use and its associated CO2emissions.A wide range of technologies have the potential for reducing industrial GHG emissions, of which energy efficiency is one of the most important,especially in the short-to mid-term.Other opportunities include fuel switching,material effi-ciency,renewables,and reduction of non-CO2GHG emissions.Within each category,some technologies such as the use of more efficient motor systems are broadly applicable across all industries,while others are process specific.Below,we discuss cross-cutting and industry-wide technology opportunities,process or sector-specific technologies,as well as manage-ment or operational opportunities.Sector-wide technologiesApproximately65%of electricity consumed by industry is used by motor systems(De Keulenaer et al.2004;Xenergy1998).The efficiency of motor-driven systems can be increased by reducing losses in the motor windings,using better magnetic steel, improving the aerodynamics of the motor,and improving manufacturing tolerances.However,max-imizing efficiency requires properly sizing of all components,improving the efficiency of the end-use devices(pumps,fans,etc.),reducing electrical and mechanical transmission losses,and the use of proper operation and maintenance procedures.Implementing high-efficiency motor-driven systems or improving existing ones in the EU-25could save about30%of the energy consumption of up to202TWh/year(De Keulenaer et al.2004)and over100TWh/year by 2010in the USA(Xenergy1998).IEA(2006a)estimates that steam generation consumes about15%of global final industrial energy use.The efficiency of current steam boilers can be as high as85%,through general maintenance,improved insulation,combustion controls,and leak repair improved steam traps and condensate recovery.1The terms refer to the IPCC Special report on Emission Scenarios and denote two different world views.The A1-family of scenarios assumes a world of rapid economic growth and regional convergence,with global population peaking mid-century.The B2scenario reflects a world with modest economic and population growth,while the economies are more locally oriented.Neither scenario is considered more or less probably than the other.Studies in the USA identified energy-efficiency opportunities with economically attractive potentials of up to18–20%(Einstein et al.2001;US DOE2002).Energy recovery techniques are old,but large potentials still exist(Bergmeier2003).It can take different forms:heat,power,and fuel recovery.The discarded heat can be re-used in other processes onsite or used to preheat incoming water and combustion air.New,more efficient heat exchangers or more robust(e.g.,low-corrosion)heat exchangers are being developed continuously,improving the profitability of enhanced heat recovery.Waste heat conversion by heat transformers or by thermo-electrical conversion as well as recovery of brake energy by power electronics to electricity poses great potential. Typically,cost-effective energy savings of5%to40% are found in process integration analyses in almost all industries(Worrell et al.2002;IEA-IETS n.d.).Power can be recovered from processes operating at elevated pressures using even small pressure differences to produce electricity through pressure recovery turbines.Examples of pressure recovery opportunities are blast furnaces,fluid catalytic crack-ers,and natural gas grids.Power recovery may also include the use of pressure recovery turbines instead of pressure relief valves in steam networks and organic Rankine cycles from low-temperature waste streams.Bailey and Worrell(2005)found a potential savings of1%to2%of all power consumed in the USA,which would mitigate21MtCO2.Cogeneration(also called combined heat and power,CHP)involves using energy losses in power production to generate heat and/or cold for industrial processes and district heating,providing significantly higher system efficiencies.Industrial cogeneration is an important part of power generation in Germany and the Netherlands and in many countries.Mitiga-tion potential for industrial cogeneration is estimated at almost150MtCO2for the USA(Lemar2001)and 334MtCO2for Europe(De Beer et al.2001).Inter-industry energy-efficiency opportunitiesUse of granulated slag in Portland cement may increase energy use in the steel industry,but can reduce both energy consumption and CO2emissions during cement production by about40%(Cornish and Kerkhoff2004).Co-siting of industries can achieve GHG mitigation by allowing the use of byproducts as useful input and by integrating energy systems.InTable1Industrial sector final energy,primary energy,and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions,nine world regions,1971–2005 Final energy(EJ)Primary energy(EJ)Energy-related carbon dioxide,including indirectemissions from electricity use(MtCO2)197119902005197119902005197119902005Pacific OECD 6.028.0410.098.2911.4714.29524710821 North America20.2119.1521.8925.8826.0428.061,5121,4721461 Western Europe14.7814.8816.6919.5720.0621.831,3801,1871144 Central and East Europe 3.75 4.52 2.80 5.467.04 3.85424529246 Former Soviet Union11.2318.5910.8115.6724.6315.001,0951,631873 Developing Asia7.3419.8837.889.3826.6160.477142,0124505 Latin America 2.79 5.948.39 3.587.5311.16178327480 Sub-Saharan Africa 1.24 2.11 2.44 1.7 2.98 3.5698178203 Middle East and North Africa0.83 4.01 6.72 1.08 4.898.6565277468 World68.1897.13117.7190.61131.25166.865,9908,32410,199 Biomass energy included.Industrial sector“final energy”use excludes energy consumed in refineries and other energy conversion operations,power plants,coal transformation plants,etc.(IEA2007,2008).However,this energy is included in“primary energy”. Upstream energy consumption was reallocated by weighting electricity,petroleum,and coal products consumption,with primary factors reflecting energy use and loses in energy industries.Final energy includes feedstock energy consumed,for example in the chemical industry.“CO2emission”in this table are higher than in IEA’s Manufacturing Industries and Construction category because they include upstream CO2emissions allocated to the consumption of secondary energy products such as electricity and petroleum fuels.To reallocate upstream CO2emissions to final energy consumption,we calculate CO2emission factors,which are multiplied by the sector’s use of secondary energy(De la Rue du Can and Price2008)Kalundborg(Denmark),various industries(e.g.,ce-ment and pharmaceuticals production and a CHP plant)form an eco-industrial park that serves as an example of the integration of energy and material flows(Heeres et al.2004).Heat-cascading systems, where waste heat from one industry is used by another,are a promising cross-industry option for saving energy.Based on the Second Law of Thermo-dynamics,Grothcurth et al.(1989)estimated up to 60%theoretical energy-saving potential from heat cascading systems.However,as the potential is dependent on many site-specific factors,the practical potential of these systems may be limited to approx-imately5%(Matsuhashi et al.2000).Other examples are the use of(waste)fuels generated by one industry and used by another industry,while this results in GHG emission reductions,this may not result in energy-efficiency improvement.Process-specific technologies and measuresThis section discusses process-specific mitigation options,focusing on energy-intensive industries:iron and steel,chemicals,petroleum refining,minerals (cement,lime,and glass),and pulp and paper.These industries(excluding petroleum refining)accounted for almost70%of industrial final energy use in2003 (IEA2006a).With petroleum refining,the total is over80%.All the industries discussed in this section can also benefit from application of the technologies and measures described above.Iron and steel Global steel industry with production of1,129Mt in2005emits2,200to2,500MtCO2or about6%to7%of global anthropogenic emissions (Kim and Worrell2002a),including emissions from coke manufacture and indirect emissions due to power consumption.Emissions per tonne of steel vary widely between countries:1.25tCO2in Brazil, 1.6tCO2in Korea and Mexico,2.0tCO2in the USA, and3.1to3.8tCO2in China and India(Kim and Worrell2002a).These differences are due to a range of factors,including fuel mix,different degrees of integration but mainly due to the age and type of technology,and levels of retrofitting of energy-relevant process steps.Iron and steel production is a combination of batch processes.Steel industry efforts to improve energy efficiency include enhancing continuous production processes to reduce heat loss,increasing recovery of waste energy and process gases,and efficient design of electric arc furnaces,for example,scrap preheating, high-capacity furnaces,foamy slagging,and fuel and oxygen injection.The potential for energy-efficiency improvement varies based on the production route used,product mix,energy and carbon intensities of fuel and electricity,and the boundaries chosen for the evaluation.Kim and Worrell(2002a)estimated socio-economic potential by taking industry structure into account.They benchmarked the energy efficiency of steel production to the best practice performance in five countries with over50%of world steel produc-tion,finding potential CO2emission reductions due to energy-efficiency improvement varying from15% (Japan)to40%(China,India,and the USA).A study in2000estimated the2010global technical potential for energy-efficiency improvement with existing technologies at24%(De Beer et al.2000a)and that an additional5%could be achieved by2020using advanced technologies such as smelt reduction and near net shape casting.Economics may limit the achievable emission reduction potential.A recent analysis of the efficiency improvement of electric arc furnaces in the US steel industry found that the average efficiency improvement between1990and 2002was1.3%/year,of which0.7%was due to stock turnover and0.5%due to retrofit of existing furnaces (Worrell and Biermans2005).Chemicals and fertilizers The chemical industry is highly diverse,with thousands of companies produc-ing tens of thousands of products in quantities varying from a few kilograms to thousand of tonnes.Worrell and Galitsky(2004)identify separations,chemical synthesis,and process heating as the major energy consumers in the chemical industry and list examples of technology advances that could reduce energy consumption in each area,for example,improved membranes for separations,more selective catalysts for synthesis,and greater process integration to reduce process heating requirements.Longer-term, biological processing offers the potential of lower energy routes to chemical products.Ethylene,which is used in the production of plastics and many other products,is produced by steam cracking hydrocarbon feedstocks,from ethane to gas oil.Hydrogen,methane,propylene,and heavierhydrocarbons are produced as byproducts.The heavi-er the feedstock,the more and heavier the byproducts, and the more energy consumed per tonne of ethylene produced.Ren et al.(2006)report that steam cracking for olefin production is the most energy-consuming process in the chemicals industry,accounting for emissions of about180MtCO2/year and that signif-icant reductions are possible.Cracking consumes about65%of the total energy used in ethylene production,but use of state-of-the-art technologies (e.g.,improved furnace and cracking tube materials and cogeneration using furnace exhaust)could save up to about20%of total energy.The remainder of the energy is used for separation of the ethylene product, typically by low-temperature distillation and com-pression.Up to15%total energy can be saved by improved separation and compression techniques (e.g.,absorption technologies for separation).Swaminathan and Sukalac(2004)report that the fertilizer industry uses about1.2%of world energy consumption.More than90%of this energy is used in the production of ammonia(NH3).However,as the result of energy-efficiency improvements,modern ammonia plants are designed to use about half the energy per tonne of product than those designed in 1960s,with design energy consumption dropping from over60GJ/t NH3in the1960s to28GJ/t NH3in the latest design plants,approaching the thermodynamic limit of about19GJ/t NH3.Benchmarking data indicate that the best-in-class performance of operating plants ranges from28.0to29.3GJ/t NH3(Chaudhary 2001;PSI2004).The newest plants tend to have the best energy performance,and many of them are located in developing countries,which now account for63% of nitrogen fertilizer production(USGS2007).Indi-vidual differences in energy performance are mostly determined by feedstock(natural gas compared with heavier hydrocarbons)and the age and size of the ammonia plant(PSI2004;Phylipsen et al.2002). Petroleum refining As of the beginning of2004,there were735refineries in128countries,with a total crude oil distillation capacity of82.3million barrels per day.Petroleum industry operations consume up to 15%to20%of the energy in crude oil or5%to7%of world primary energy,with refineries consuming most of that energy(Eidt2004).Worrell and Galitsky (2005),based on a survey of US refinery operations, found that most petroleum refineries can economical-ly improve energy efficiency by10–20%and provid-ed a list of over100potential energy-saving steps. The petroleum industry has had long-standing energy-efficiency programs for refineries and the chemical plants with which they are often integrated.These efforts have yielded significant results.Exxon Mobil reported over35%reduction in energy use in its refineries and chemical plants from1974to1999and in2000instituted a program whose goal was a further 15%reduction.Chevron reported a24%reduction in its index of energy use between1992and2004. Cement Global cement production grew from594Mt in1970to2,550Mt in2006.In2006,developed countries produced529Mt(21%of world production) and developing countries1,886Mt(74%)(USGS 2005).The production of clinker emits CO2from the calcination of limestone.The major energy uses are fuel for the production of clinker and electricity for grinding raw materials and the finished cement.Based on average emission intensities,total emissions in2005 are estimated at1,800to2,000MtCO2or about7%of global CO2emissions,half from process emissions, 40%from direct energy use,and10%from used electricity.Global average CO2emission per tonne cement production is estimated by Worrell et al.(2001) at814kg.CO2emission/t cement vary by region from a low of700kg in Western Europe and730kg in Japan and South Korea to a high of900,930,and 935kg in China,India,and the United States (Humphreys and Mahasenan2002;Worrell et al. 2001).This reflects differences of fuels mixes,cement types,and also kiln technologies,with age and size being critical parameters.Emission intensities have decreased by approxi-mately0.9%/year since1990in Canada,0.3%/year (1970–1999)in the USA,and1%/year in Mexico (Nyboer and Tu2003;Worrell and Galitsky2004; Sheinbaum and Ozawa1998).Benchmarking and other studies have demonstrated a technical potential for up to40%improvement in energy efficiency(Kim and Worrell2002b;Worrell et al.1995).Countries with a high potential still use outdated technologies, like the wet process clinker kiln.Pulp and paper Direct emissions from the pulp, paper,paperboard,and wood products industries are estimated to be264MtCO2/year(Miner and Lucier 2004).The industry’s indirect emissions from pur-chased electricity are less certain,but are estimated to be130to180MtCO2/year(WBCSD2005).Mitiga-tion opportunities in the pulp and paper industry consist of energy-efficiency improvement,cogenera-tion,increased use of(self-generated)biomass fuel, and increased recycling of recovered paper.As the pulp and paper industry consumes large amounts of motive power and steam,the cross-cutting measures discussed above apply to this industry.Because of increased use of biomass and energy-efficiency improvements,the GHG emissions from the pulp and paper industry have been reduced over time. Since1990,CO2emission intensity of the European paper industry has decreased by approximately25% (WBCSD2005),the Australian pulp and paper industry about20%(A3P2006),and the Canadian pulp and paper industry over40%(FPAC n.d.).Fossil fuel use by the US pulp and paper industry declined by more than50%between1972and2002(AF&PA 2004).However,despite these improvements,Martin et al.(2000)found a technical potential for GHG reduction of25%and a cost-effective potential of 14%through widespread adoption of45energy-saving technologies and measures in the US pulp and paper industry.Inter-country comparisons of energy intensity in the mid-1990s suggest that fuel consumption by the pulp and paper industry could be reduced by20%or more in a number of countries by adopting best practices(Farla et al.1997). Management and operationsManagement tools can reduce energy use.Staff training in companies’general approach to energy-efficiency(Caffal1995)reward systems has had good results.Several countries have instituted voluntary corporate energy management standards(e.g.,Can-ada,Denmark,Ireland,Sweden,and the USA). Companies of all sizes use energy audits to identify opportunities for reducing energy use.Approximately 10%(Okazaki et al.2004)of total energy consump-tion in steel making could be saved through improved energy and materials management.Companies can use benchmarking to compare their operations with those of others,to industry average or to best practice,to improve energy efficiency.The petroleum industry has the longest experience with energy-efficiency benchmarking through the use of an industry-accepted index developed by a private company(Barats2005).Many benchmarking pro-grams are developed through trade associations or ad hoc consortia of companies,and their details are often proprietary.However,ten Canadian potash operations published the details of their benchmarking exercise (CFI2003),which showed that increased employee awareness and training was the most frequently identified opportunity for improved energy perfor-mance.Several governments have supported the development of benchmarking programs in various forms,for example Canada,Flanders(Belgium),the Netherlands,Norway,and the USA.Application of housekeeping and general mainte-nance on older,less-efficient plants can yield energy savings of10–20%.Low-cost/minor capital measures (e.g.,combustion efficiency optimization,recovery and use of exhaust gases,use of correctly sized,high-efficiency electric motors,and insulation)show energy savings of20–30%.Higher capital expendi-ture measures(e.g.,automatic combustion control, improved design features for optimization of piping sizing and air intake sizing,and use of variable speed drive motors,automatic load control systems,and process residuals)can result in energy savings of40–50%(UNIDO2001;Bakaya-Kyahurwa2004). Medium-term mitigation potential and costAn attempt to estimate global mitigation potential from national and regional estimates was rmation is lacking for the former Soviet Union,Africa,Latin America,and parts of Asia. However,we were able to develop a global estimate for the industrial sector by summing estimates of the mitigation potential in specific industry sub-sectors, e.g.,iron and steel.Table2presents an estimate of the industrial sector mitigation potential and cost in2030.Mitigation potential and cost for industrial CO2 emissions were estimated as follows:1.Price et al.(2006)estimates for2030productionrate by industry and geographic area for the SRES A1and B2scenarios(IPCC2000)were used. 2.Mitigation potential estimates available from liter-ature have been supplemented by mitigation potential estimates developed by assuming deploy-ment of current best practice by all plants in2030.Mitigation cost estimates are based on both published values and expert judgment.In most cases, the available cost information was not comprehen-sive,and we have not developed marginal abatement cost curves.Estimates have not been made for some smaller industries(e.g.,glass)and for the light industries.A significant amount of information was available on industrial sector mitigation potential and cost by country or region.To build up a truly global estimate from this data was not possible at the time as robust information was lacking for the former Soviet Union,Africa,Latin America,and parts of Asia.Table2is based on a limited number of studies and implicitly assumes that current trends will continue until2030.Key uncertainties in the projections include the rate of technology development and diffusion,the cost of future technology,future energy and carbon prices,the level of industrial activity in 2030,and policy driver,both climate and non-climate. The use of two scenarios,A1B and B2,helps in estimation of range of values to reflect uncertainties.About a third of the savings potential of electric motor systems(see above)was assumed to be realized in the baseline,resulting in a net mitigation potential of13%of industrial electricity use.This mitigationTable2Estimated potential for CO2emission reduction in2030Area a2030production(Mt)b Mitigationpotential(%)Cost range,($/tCO2-eq)Mitigation potential(MtCO2-eq/year)A1B2A1B2CO2emissions from processes and energy useSteel c,d Global1,5541,57815–40<50430–1,500420–1,500 OECD43638815–40<5090–30080–260EIT17619325–40<5080–24085–260Dev.Nat.94199725–40<50260–970250–940 Primary aluminum e,f Global494315–25<10053–8249–75 OECD121215–25<10016–2515–22EIT6615–25<10012–198–13Dev.Nat.312515–25<10025–3826–40 Cement g,h,i Global5,5244,41811–40<50720–2,100480–1,700 OECD59655311–40<5065–18050–160EIT31321911–40<5040–12020–60Dev.Nat.4,6153,64511–40<50610–1,800410–1,500 Ethylene j Global32921820<208558OECD13814720<203540EIT191120<2053Dev.Nat.1716020<204515 Ammonia k,l Global19919525<20110100OECD201825<201110EIT192225<201012Dev.Nat.15915525<208780 Petroleum refining m Global4,8384,69710–20Half<20150–300140–280 OECD2,2202,12310–20Half<5070–14067–130EIT41241510–20Half<5012–2412–24Dev.Nat.2,2062,16010–20Half<5068–14065–130 Pulp and paper n Global1,2269275–40<2049–42037–300 OECD6575365–40<2028–22022–180EIT62425–40<203–212–13Dev.Nat.5083495–40<2018–18013–110 Other industries,electricity conservationGlobal25%<201,100–1,300410–540OECD25%<50140–21065–140EIT50%<100340–35071–85Dev.Nat.–d640–700280–320。