一个牛人写的文章(关于RTL级设计)
关于网络设计的英语作文
关于网络设计的英语作文Title: The Essence of Effective Web Design。
In the digital age, web design plays a pivotal role in shaping the online presence of businesses and individuals alike. A well-designed website not only attracts visitors but also engages them, leading to enhanced user experience and achieving the desired objectives. To delve into the nuances of effective web design, it's imperative to explore key principles and elements that contribute to its success.First and foremost, usability stands as the cornerstone of web design. A user-centric approach ensures that the website is intuitive and easy to navigate, regardless of the device or platform used. This entails clear navigation menus, logical page hierarchy, and responsive design to adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes. By prioritizing usability, designers create an environment where visitors can effortlessly find what they're looking for, fostering a positive interaction with the website.Moreover, the visual appeal of a website greatly influences its effectiveness. A harmonious blend of aesthetics and functionality is essential to captivateusers' attention and convey the intended messageeffectively. This involves thoughtful selection of colors, typography, imagery, and whitespace to create a visually appealing layout that aligns with the brand identity and resonates with the target audience. Consistency in design elements across the website promotes brand recognition and reinforces trust among users.In addition to aesthetics, accessibility is a fundamental aspect of web design that cannot be overlooked. Designing with accessibility in mind ensures that all users, including those with disabilities, can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the website effectively. This encompasses factors such as providing alternative text for images, ensuring keyboard navigation, implementing proper contrast ratios for readability, and adhering to web accessibility standards such as WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). By prioritizing accessibility,designers not only demonstrate inclusivity but also expand the reach of the website to a wider audience.Furthermore, the performance of a website plays acrucial role in user satisfaction and engagement. Intoday's fast-paced digital landscape, users expect websites to load quickly and perform seamlessly across different devices and network conditions. Optimizing performance involves various techniques such as minimizing file sizes, leveraging browser caching, and employing content delivery networks (CDNs) to deliver assets efficiently. Byprioritizing performance optimization, designers ensurethat visitors have a smooth and uninterrupted browsing experience, reducing bounce rates and increasing conversions.Another key aspect of effective web design is content strategy. Compelling and relevant content not only attracts visitors but also keeps them engaged and encourages them to explore further. A well-defined content strategy involves identifying the target audience, understanding their needs and preferences, and delivering content that is informative,engaging, and valuable. This includes creating compelling headlines, concise and scannable copy, multimedia elements such as videos and infographics, and clear calls-to-action to guide users through the desired actions.Additionally, mobile responsiveness is imperative in today's mobile-first world. With the increasing use of smartphones and tablets, websites must be optimized for mobile devices to provide a seamless browsing experience. This entails designing with a mobile-first approach, prioritizing mobile-friendly layouts, optimizing images and multimedia for smaller screens, and ensuring that all interactive elements are touch-friendly. By embracing mobile responsiveness, designers cater to the growing number of mobile users and enhance the overallaccessibility and usability of the website.In conclusion, effective web design is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses usability, visual appeal, accessibility, performance, content strategy, and mobile responsiveness. By adhering to these key principles and elements, designers can create websites that not onlyattract and engage visitors but also achieve the desired objectives of the business or individual. In a constantly evolving digital landscape, staying abreast of emerging trends and technologies is essential to continuously enhance the effectiveness of web design and stay ahead of the competition.。
一个技术牛人的电子人生 超震撼!
第一次做电路板是读高中的时候,从每周20块钱的生活费里省下一半来买元器件和材料。
那样纠结着做出了自己的第一块电路板。
敷铜板,透明胶带,三氯化铁,松香,焊条,现在想来还带着那么一种让人难以释怀的亲热劲儿。
原理一知半解的,照着书上的原理图在敷铜板上画出线,然后用透明胶带裁成细条粘到需要保留的部分,再放到三氯化铁溶液里腐蚀。
一晚上起来看好几次,翻翻搅搅,最后一次醒来发现漂亮的小板已经腐蚀好了。
然后焊接调试……可惜第一次以失败告终,板子没有调试成功。
现在已经回忆不起当时的感受了,不过,肯定是十分美妙的,即便没有成功,也有了很多欣喜!最重要的是,我从此迈出了自己的第一步。
虽然摔倒了,但也从此开始体会到更多的快乐。
遗憾的是现在已经找不到那块对我来说意义非凡的板子了,不过,它留给我一串的美好回忆。
那一年,就是我的电子元年。
进了大学就像放归了草原的饿羊,看见绿的就想啃,抱本书就舍不得放。
专业的书看起来没够,扎在图书馆就懒得出来(我们学校一般,不过,图书馆藏书还是着实不错的)……可是,因为没有基础,学的又没有条理,所以学起来很费劲。
还好,我有世界上最强大的导师——兴趣。
虽然高中的时候做了第一块电路板,但实际对电子知识还是很懵懂。
大一是我开化的一年。
这一年在系里的电子科协做了不少电子制作:电子感应查线器,早上太阳出来会叫的鸟,循环闪烁的灯,手触延时的开关……都是一些比较简单的小制作。
大一在电子科协做义务维修的过程中翻阅了不少模拟电路相关的书籍和资料,知识和动手能力得到了很大的提升。
大二的时候啃书为主:数电,模电,单片机,DSP,X86,VHDL……见什么啃什么,虽然啃不出味,但也能充饥。
当时就通过这样硬填的方式杂七杂八的学了一堆东西。
不过,也算因祸得福,正因为当时那样没有条理的乱学东西,所以了解的知识面比较宽,填的也还算扎实。
内功扎实了,再学套路就比较快了。
大二的时候做了声音采集板,音调调理板。
当时还做了一块DSP板,使用的主芯片是TMS320C5402。
梦想芯片设计师的作文
梦想芯片设计师的作文英文回答:The symphony of transistors orchestrating complex computations, the intricate tapestry of circuits weaving the fabric of digital realities these are the elements that ignite my passion for chip design. As a child, I marveled at the sleek gadgets that connected me to the world, unaware of the intricate technological wonders within. It was not until high school, when I delved into computer science, that I stumbled upon the enigmatic realm of integrated circuits.The ability to manipulate raw silicon into computational powerhouses captivated me. I devoured books and online resources, eager to unravel the mysteries of MOSFETs, interconnects, and floorplanning. The challenge of optimizing performance while adhering to stringent constraints ignited a fire within me. As I progressed through university, I immersed myself in the intricacies ofVLSI design, exploring the frontiers of nanotechnology and embedded systems.Beyond the technical prowess, chip design for me embodies the spirit of innovation and progress. It is an arena where human ingenuity meets technological advancement, shaping the very infrastructure of our digital society. The prospect of contributing to the next generation of chipsthat will power self-driving cars, artificial intelligence, and space exploration fills me with both excitement and a profound sense of responsibility.I envision myself as a maestro of microcosms, orchestrating the dance of billions of transistors tocreate symphony of computational power. I aspire to pushthe boundaries of technology, exploring unchartedterritories in the realm of chip design. My ultimate dreamis to leave an indelible mark on the world through thechips I create, chips that will empower humanity to solve complex challenges, unlock new frontiers, and redefine the very limits of human potential.中文回答:梦想成为芯片设计师的作文。
关于牛人叔叔的作文400字写一个人的
关于牛人叔叔的作文400字写一个人的
哇!我要说说我的牛人叔叔,他真的是好厉害呀!
我的叔叔个子高高的,笑起来眼睛会弯成月牙儿,超级帅气!他超级会讲故事,每次他来我家,我都缠着他给我讲故事。
叔叔的故事里有大恐龙、会飞的鱼,还有勇敢的骑士,每次听我都觉得好像在梦里一样。
但是,叔叔最牛的地方不是讲故事哦!他是一名超级厉害的工程师!爸爸说他设计的大桥能跨过宽宽的大河,让人们不再需要绕很远的路。
每次听到这里,我都觉得叔叔像超人一样厉害!
叔叔还很有爱心哦!他会带很多好玩的东西给我,还会教我画画和做手工。
他说,这些都是他的宝贝,要和我分享。
我觉得叔叔的宝贝一定很多很多,因为他总是笑眯眯的,好像有很多很多开心的事情。
虽然叔叔工作很忙,但是他每次来都会陪我玩很久很久。
我希望我长大以后也能像叔叔一样,做一个有爱心、会讲故事、还很厉害的工程师!
叔叔,你真的是我的牛人叔叔!我爱你!。
项目设计实验(RTL设计)
Bus Master: “PCI Initiator”, Bus Slave: “PCI Target” Burst Data Phases continue until Initiator deasserts ‘Frame#’ 64MHz, 64 bit Versions available Supports 5V and 3.3V operation Bus Signal Integrity guaranteed with special PCI-IO pads (slew limited) Only 4 Slots allowed, Extensions only with PCI-toPCI Bridge
Project文件:IP软核
Ram:软核中的存储器 的仿真模型 Rtl:pci软核的rtl级设计 Testbench:pci软核的 仿真用激励文件
项目设计相关文档
主要内容参考我的PPT TE原来的PPT文档 TE说明文档 TE相关IP的说明文档 相关接口协议的说明文档,例如PCI
第六章RTL编写
RTL Coding Style
• Why Coding Style?
Making the code more readable, reusable, maintainable Assuring compatibility with most synthesis tools. Bad coding styles can cause mismatches between RTL and gate-level simulations
History of Verilog
• 1981 Gateway Design Automation
released GHDL • 1983 Gateway released Verilog HDL • 1985 Gateway released enhanced simulator Verilog-XL • 1989 Cadence bought Gateway • 1990 Cadence released Verilog to public • 1995 Reviewed and adopted as IEEE standard 1364
RTL Designed for Test
• Synchronous design style? • All flip-flops using the same edge of the clock throughout chip? • Any synchronous or transparent latches in the design? • Any internally generated test mode signals? • Any power on reset type of test mode activation? • Any combinational feedback loops in design? • Any self timed logic in the design? • Any data used as clocks?
我想当芯片设计师作文
我想当芯片设计师作文Becoming a chip designer is a great career choice because of the increasing demand for designing advanced and efficient electronic devices. 作为芯片设计师是一个很好的职业选择,因为对设计先进和高效电子设备的需求日益增加。
Chip design is a captivating field that requires a strong foundation in mathematics, physics, and electrical engineering. 芯片设计是一个迷人的领域,需要扎实的数学、物理和电子工程基础。
With the rapid advancement of technology, the need for new and innovative chips is growing exponentially. 随着技术的迅速发展,对新型创新芯片的需求呈指数级增长。
As a chip designer, you have the opportunity to make a meaningful impact on the world by creating electronic solutions that improve people's lives. 作为一名芯片设计师,你将有机会通过创造改善人们生活的电子解决方案,对世界产生有意义的影响。
The creativity and problem-solving skills required in chip design make it a rewarding and engaging career path. 芯片设计需要创造力和解决问题的技能,这使得它成为一个有意义而吸引人的职业道路。
明确的RTL级结构设计(数据流
Partitioning for Synthesis
Input Control Signals Clk Signals Control Path (FSM) Control Signals Output
Model Recommendations
a c b d + sel sel + 1 0 out a 1 b 0 + c 1 d 0 out
Partitioning for Synthesis
Objective Better Synthesis Results Faster Compile Runtimes Ability to Use Simple Strategy to meet Timing Constraints Optimal Design
Modeling Recommendations
如何保证HDL代码模拟的正确性? 对时序逻辑电路,受同一时钟控制的时序 块,最好置于同一个描述块中;
always @(posedge clk) y1=a; clk a b y1 y2 clk a b y1 y2
always @(posedge clk) if (y1==1’b1) y2=b; else y2=1’b0;
Partitioning for Synthesis
Guidelines
Register all output signals of the module
Separate modules that have different design goals Complete combinational logic paths in a single module, and specially avoid glue logic Considering resource sharing
一个成功的设计 英语作文
一个成功的设计英语作文Design is an intricate tapestry of art and engineering, a delicate balance between form and function. A successful design transcends mere aesthetics; it solves problems, enhances experiences, and enriches lives. It is the silent ambassador of a brand, the subtle guide in a user's journey, and the silent witness to countless interactions. 。
At the heart of every successful design lies empathy. It is the ability to step into the shoes of others, to understand their needs, desires, and limitations. This empathetic approach is the cornerstone of user-centered design, ensuring that products are not only beautiful but also accessible, usable, and inclusive. 。
Consider the smartphone, a marvel of modern design. It is not just a device; it's a lifeline, a workhorse, and a portal to the world's knowledge. Its success lies not in its sleek lines or shiny surface, but in its intuitive interface that has revolutionized communication. The smartphone's design considers the user's hand size, the reach of their thumbs, and the clarity of the screen in sunlight. Every element is meticulously crafted to create a seamless experience.Sustainability is another hallmark of a successful design. In an age where resources are finite and the environment is fragile, designs must not only be efficient but also environmentally conscious. The cradle-to-cradle approach, where products are designed with their entire lifecycle in mind, is a testament to this philosophy. Products are created to be disassembled and recycled, reducing waste and conserving resources.Collaboration is the fuel that powers the engine of successful design. It is a symphony of diverse voices, each bringing their unique perspective to the table. Engineers, marketers, psychologists, and designers all play a vital role in shaping a product. This cross-disciplinary dialogue ensures that a design is not only feasible but also resonates with its intended audience.Innovation is the spark that ignites the flame of successful design. It is the courage to explore uncharted territories, to question the status quo, and to dare to dream. Successfuldesigns often come from a place of bold experimentation, where failure is seen not as a setback but as a stepping stone to greatness.Attention to detail is the final brushstroke in the masterpiece of successful design. It is the subtle texture on a phone case that prevents slips, the satisfying click of a pen, or the gentle glow of a nightlight. These small touches may go unnoticed, but they contribute to an overall sense of quality and thoughtfulness.In conclusion, a successful design is a harmonious blend of empathy, sustainability, collaboration, innovation, and meticulous attention to detail. It is a journey that begins with understanding the user and ends with a product that stands the test of time, both functionally and aesthetically. It is not just about creating something that looks good but about crafting an experience that feels right. A successful design is, ultimately, a celebration of human ingenuity and a tribute to the endless possibilities of the imagination. 。
写关于牛顿的英文作文
写关于牛顿的英文作文英文:When I think of Sir Isaac Newton, the first word that comes to mind is "genius". Newton was a brilliant mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who made groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of the natural world.One of Newton's most famous achievements was his three laws of motion. These laws describe how objects move and interact with each other, and they are still used by scientists and engineers today. For example, the first law states that an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force. This is why we wear seatbelts in cars – if the car suddenly stops, our bodies will continue moving forward unless something stops us.Another area where Newton made significantcontributions was in the study of light. He discovered thatwhite light is made up of different colors, and he developed the first reflecting telescope. His work laid the foundation for modern optics and helped us understand how light behaves.But Newton was not just a scientist – he was also a complex and interesting person. He was famously reclusive and had a difficult personality, but he was also deeply religious and spent a lot of time studying the Bible. He was also known for his love of alchemy, which was a precursor to modern chemistry.Overall, Newton's contributions to science and our understanding of the natural world are immeasurable. His work has had a lasting impact on fields ranging from physics to astronomy to optics, and his legacy continues to inspire scientists and researchers today.中文:当我想到艾萨克·牛顿爵士时,我首先想到的是“天才”。
冗余设计大作文
冗余设计大作文
教室的灯光投下一片暖黄,窗外夜空中装饰点缀着几颗孤独的的星星。
我翻着书页,却惶然若是不能集中注意力,脑海里时不时地慢放时着老师课堂上被问及的“冗余度数据设计”。
冗余设计数据设计设计,宛如一千百道无形无影的安全网,将会如此可怕的结构丝线。
它像夜空中的繁星,本是分散,却约定统合起坚不可摧的屏障。
每一道冗余度,都好似一个默默无语地天残的守护者,在危机时刻危难时刻,为我们一撑一片方便些的角落。
我曾曾经的看到过一座宏伟壮丽的桥梁,它的每一个部件都经穆精心设计,一层层,相互支撑。
桥面上的车流穿流绵绵不息,人们丝毫忌惮地贵宾级别着快捷便利,却也也不知这其中所蕴藏的着多少系统冗余数据电脑设计的飘缈。
系统冗余数据数据设计,也像是一段段求生命的诗篇,在平凡中闪烁着闪亮的光辉。
看起来像一只飞翔的鸟儿,翅膀上本来属于的香菜切段羽毛,能在意外突然间发生了什么时一直都全部掌握到平衡。
但他,冗余设计什么数据设计并不光是是为安全,它更是一种对未来的期许,一种对未知的钦敬。
宛如人类的文明,彷佛生命传承,都透着了冗余的元素,这正是我生命之树永再次枯萎凋谢慢慢枯萎的秘密。
在生命的旅途上,我们总会遇见各种各样的挫折和挑战。
但我或许,如果没有强横至极着冗余度电脑设计什么的精神,要十分极为强大着那一份期许,我们便能很坚强单独的地遇到了一切,到最后赶到到最后了的彼岸。
夜很深,我合上书页,心中升腾又一阵波澜,冗余数据设计,它却让我的不只是是回答,更是一种幽黑的思考,一种对生命的感悟。
用一个芯片设计出一个东西写论文
用一个芯片设计出一个东西写论文
近年来,我们见证了半导体和微电子技术的飞速发展,并应用到日常生活的各个方面中。
通过使用半导体芯片,我们可以实现很多新奇的性能,比如实现智能家居和传感器,以及人工智能的发展。
本文将介绍如何使用一个芯片实现一个自动车床加工任务控制系统。
该系统由一个芯片控制,它包括芯片的主处理模块、存储处理模块、控制电路模块和控制反馈模块。
主处理模块处理及验证来自输入模块的信号,跟踪输入信号,将控制信号发送给控制电路模块。
此外,控制电路模块还从控制反馈模块接受来自车床加工任务的反馈信号,并将其发送给主处理模块,以调整机器运行的参数。
控制程序将由主处理模块读取,由存储处理模块处理和存储,并由控制电路模块控制。
存储处理模块将以字符、指令和数字格式来处理控制程序。
为了保证车床加工任务的高效运行,芯片上的模块还需要支持多种通信协议,以便与外部的控制系统联动。
总的来说,本文描述了通过使用半导体芯片可以实现怎样的一个自动车床加工任务控制系统。
本文探讨了芯片上的主处理模块、存储处理模块、控制电路模块和控制反馈模块的功能,并提出了如何保证控制程序的高效执行。
此外,芯片也需要支持多种通信协议,以保证外部控制系统的配合。
网络工程师的特长英文作文
网络工程师的特长英文作文英文:As a network engineer, I believe my biggest strength is my ability to troubleshoot and problem-solve. I have a deep understanding of network infrastructure and protocols, which allows me to quickly identify and resolve issues that may arise.In addition, I am skilled in network design and implementation. I am able to plan and execute complex network projects, ensuring that they meet the needs of the organization and are scalable for future growth.Another strength of mine is my communication skills. I am able to explain technical concepts to non-technical stakeholders in a way that is easy to understand. This is particularly important when working with clients or other departments within an organization.Overall, I believe that my technical knowledge, problem-solving abilities, and communication skills make me a valuable asset as a network engineer.中文:作为一名网络工程师,我认为我的最大优势是我的故障排除和问题解决能力。
有关冗余设计的作文
有关冗余设计的作文
冗余设计啊,说实话,就像是咱们生活中的“备胎”。
别误会,这可不是说感情上的备胎,而是实实在在的技术备胎。
想象一下,
电梯突然坏了,但你发现旁边还有另一部能立刻用,那感觉就像你
出门忘带伞,结果天上掉下来一把一样,爽!
说真的,冗余设计这东西,它可不是简单的复制粘贴。
它可是
对每一个小细节都追求完美的。
就好像你去吃火锅,不仅要肉新鲜,连菜都得是刚从地里摘的。
这种对完美的追求,才是真正的牛逼!
当然啦,冗余设计虽然好,但也得考虑成本啊。
你不能说为了
安全,就无脑地加设备加系统。
得找那个平衡点,既要安全又要划算。
这就得靠设计师的智慧了,他们得提前看到未来的趋势,然后
做出最合适的决定。
未来的世界啊,冗余设计肯定是大放异彩的。
你看现在的科技
发展得多快,人们对安全的要求也越来越高。
所以冗余设计会在更
多地方发挥作用,让我们的生活更加稳定、更加放心。
想象一下,
以后的车子都是双刹车、双引擎,那得多牛逼啊!咱们就坐等这个
美好的明天吧!。
RTL级设计
4、 verilog RTL编码风格
verilog描述的风格对最终设计有很大的影响。就逻辑综合而言,重要 的是考虑实际的硬件实现问题:在不牺牲高抽象层次优势的情况下, RTL描述应该尽可能地接近预期的结构。在设计抽象层次和控制逻辑综 合输出结构之间存在一个折中。下面列出的是班RTL设计中设计者应该 考虑的一些设计原则。
2)步骤2:决定操作执行的顺序。这一步通常被称为调度。
3)步骤3:将操作映射到硬件计算部件并决定结果的存放位置。这一步通常称 为分配。
4)步骤4:产生一个HDL数据流模型或结构模型来描述设计。
二、实例
下面采用一个实例说明如何把算法模型变换为寄存传输级数据流模型。某系统 由两个8bit寄存器Rl,R2和一个加法器组成。用一个2bit信号CON设定操作 指令。系统可完成的4种操作如下:
2.硬件的RTL模型的特点
① RTL模型中的信号代表了硬件中数据的实际移动方向以及电路的互连关系; ② RTL模型中的语句与实际寄存器的结构模型之间存在直接的映射关系; ③ RTL模型指定了寄存器级的电路元件之间的连接关系,从而隐藏了电路结
构; ④ RTL模型指定了存储单元的复用结构及总线; ⑤ RTL模型中明确指定了各个寄存器的驱动时钟; ⑥ RTL模型中通常不采用抽象的数据类型
3、寄存器RTL描述的限制
由RTL描述所生成的逻辑电路中,一般来说寄存器的个数和位置与RTL描述 的情况是一致的。但是,寄存器RTL描述不是任意的,而是有一定限制的。
RTL设计概述ppt课件
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Port Ordering
• Inputs: • • Clocks • • Resets • • Enables • • Other control signals • • Data and address lines • Outputs: • • Clocks • • Resets • • Enables • • Other control signals • • Data
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Avoid Gated Clocks
•Avoid gated clocks in your design. Clock gating circuits tend to be technology specific and timing dependent. Improper timing of a gated clock can generate a false clock or glitch, causing a flip-flop to clock in the wrong data. Also, the skew of different local clocks can cause hold time violations. •If you must use a gated clock, or an internally generated clock or reset, keep the clock and/or reset generation circuitry as a separate module •“How To Successfully Use Gated Clocking in an ASIC Design”
12
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13
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Headers in Source Files
第三章 数字IC系统的RTL级设计
.D6 (RAM3_D2), .A5 (RAM3_A1), .A6 (RAM3_A2),
module TOP ( … BIST U1 ( .D1 (RAM1_D1), .D2 (RAM1_D2), .A1 (RAM1_A1), .A2 (RAM1_A2)),
U3 ( .D1(RAM3_D1), .D2 (RAM3_D2), .A1 (RAM3_A1), .A2 (RAM3_A2),
采用 if…else 结构
module single_if ( a, b, c, d, sel ) input a, b, c, d; input[3:0] sel; output z; reg z; always @( a or b or c or d or sel ) begin z = 0;
二、同步电路的设计要求
• 寄存器的结构
• 寄存器的结构
寄存器的功能
• 建立时间与保持时间
• recovery/removal
§2 几个典型问题的处理
• • • • • 状态机设计 多时钟域的处理 时钟切换问题 时延问题 布线问题
一、状态机的设计
状态机的分类: • Mealy模型 • Moore模型
//状态寄存器,时序逻辑
always @ ( posedge clk or negedge rst_n ) if ( ! rst_n ) state <= IDLE; else state <= next;
//新状态产生,组合逻辑
Always @ ( state or go or ws ) begin next = 2’bx; case ( state ) IDLE: if (go ) next = READ; else next = IDLE; READ: next = DLY; DLY: if ( ws ) next = READ; else next = DONE; DONE: next = IDLE; endcase end
Verilog第三讲 RTL概念与RTL级建模(P)
河海大学常州校区河海大学常州校区第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模1/ 48第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模1/ 48第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模1 RTL与综合2 RTL级设计的基本要素和步骤3 常用的RTL级建模河海大学常州校区河海大学常州校区第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模2/ 48第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模2/ 481 RTL与综合¾寄存器传输级(RTL ,Register Transfer Level )指不关注寄存器和组合逻辑的细节,通过描述寄存器到寄存器之间的逻辑功能描述电路的HDL 层次¾RTL 级是比门级更高的抽象层次,使用RTL 级语言描述硬件电路一般比用门级描述电路简单、高效得多¾RTL 级语言最重要的特性就是RTL 级描述是可综合的描述¾所谓综合(Synthesize) 是指将HDL 语言、原理图等设计输入翻译成由与、或、非门等基本逻辑单元组成的门级连接,并根据设计目标和要求优化所生成的逻辑连接,输出门级网表文件河海大学常州校区河海大学常州校区第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模3/ 48第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模3/ 482 RTL级设计的基本要素和步骤¾典型RTL 设计的三个部分: 时钟域描述描述设计中使用的所有时钟、时钟之间的主从与派生关系以及时钟域之间的转换时序逻辑描述(寄存器描述)根据时钟沿的变换,描述寄存器之间的数据传输方式组合逻辑描述描述电平敏感信号的逻辑组合方式和逻辑功能★时序逻辑、组合逻辑的连接关系和拓扑结构决定RTL 设计性能。
河海大学常州校区河海大学常州校区第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模4/ 48第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模4/ 48¾RTL 设计步骤功能定义与模块划分 定义所有模块的接口 设计时钟域考虑设计的关键路径 顶层设计 FSM 设计时序逻辑设计 组合逻辑设计河海大学常州校区河海大学常州校区第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模5/ 48第三讲RTL概念与RTL级建模5/ 482 RTL级设计的基本要素和步骤¾典型RTL 设计的三个部分: 时钟域描述描述设计中使用的所有时钟、时钟之间的主从与派生关系以及时钟域之间的转换时序逻辑描述(寄存器描述)根据时钟沿的变换,描述寄存器之间的数据传输方式组合逻辑描述描述电平敏感信号的逻辑组合方式和逻辑功能★时序逻辑、组合逻辑的连接关系和拓扑结构决定RTL设计性能。
scala 写rtl代码
scala 写rtl代码我很高兴能够为您提供一篇关于使用Scala编写RTL代码的文章。
请注意,由于文本的特殊性质,我将提供符合要求的文章大纲,并尽力创作出富有情感和流畅度的内容。
标题:使用Scala编写RTL代码简介:在数字电路设计中,寄存器传输级(RTL)代码是将设计需求转化为硬件描述的关键步骤。
本文将介绍如何使用Scala语言编写RTL代码,并通过实例演示其使用。
段落1:什么是RTL代码RTL代码是一种硬件描述语言,用于描述数字电路设计的功能和行为。
它使用类似于传统编程语言的结构和语法,但在设计层面上更接近硬件实现。
段落2:Scala语言概述Scala是一种功能强大的编程语言,结合了面向对象编程和函数式编程的特性。
它提供了丰富的语法和强大的类型系统,使得编写RTL代码更加灵活和高效。
段落3:Scala中的RTL库Scala提供了许多RTL库,用于简化RTL代码的编写。
这些库提供了各种功能,如模块化设计、信号处理和时序控制等。
段落4:Scala中的模块化设计Scala允许将RTL代码组织为模块,以便更好地管理和重用代码。
模块可以包含输入、输出和内部信号,并通过端口进行连接。
段落5:Scala中的信号处理Scala提供了强大的信号处理功能,如信号的赋值、逻辑运算和组合逻辑等。
这些功能使得对信号进行处理变得简单和直观。
段落6:Scala中的时序控制在RTL代码中,时序控制是非常重要的。
Scala提供了时钟和时序控制的支持,使得设计时序电路变得更加容易和可靠。
段落7:Scala中的RTL代码示例以下是一个简单的RTL代码示例,演示了如何使用Scala编写一个2:1的多路选择器:```scalaimport chisel3._class Mux2 extends Module {val io = IO(new Bundle {val a = Input(UInt(1.W))val b = Input(UInt(1.W))val sel = Input(UInt(1.W))val out = Output(UInt(1.W))})when (io.sel === 0.U) {io.out := io.a} .otherwise {io.out := io.b}}object Mux2Main extends App {chisel3.Driver.execute(args, () => new Mux2())}```结论:通过本文,我们了解了如何使用Scala语言编写RTL代码,并使用一个简单的示例进行了演示。
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一个牛人写的文章(关于RTL级设计)规范很重要工作过的朋友肯定知道,公司里是很强调规范的,特别是对于大的设计(无论软件还是硬件),不按照规范走几乎是不可实现的。
逻辑设计也是这样:如果不按规范做的话,过一个月后调试时发现有错,回头再看自己写的代码,估计很多信号功能都忘了,更不要说检错了;如果一个项目做了一半一个人走了,接班的估计得从头开始设计;如果需要在原来的版本基础上增加新功能,很可能也得从头来过,很难做到设计的可重用性。
在逻辑方面,我觉得比较重要的规范有这些:1.设计必须文档化。
要将设计思路,详细实现等写入文档,然后经过严格评审通过后才能进行下一步的工作。
这样做乍看起来很花时间,但是从整个项目过程来看,绝对要比一上来就写代码要节约时间,且这种做法可以使项目处于可控、可实现的状态。
2.代码规范。
a.设计要参数化。
比如一开始的设计时钟周期是30ns,复位周期是5个时钟周期,我们可以这么写:parameter CLK_PERIOD = 30;parameter RST_MUL_TIME = 5;parameter RST_TIME = RST_MUL_TIME * CLK_PERIOD;...rst_n = 1'b0;# RST_TIME rst_n = 1'b1;...# CLK_PERIOD/2 clk <= ~clk;如果在另一个设计中的时钟是40ns,复位周期不变,我们只需对CLK_PERIOD进行重新例化就行了,从而使得代码更加易于重用。
b.信号命名要规范化。
1) 信号名一律小写,参数用大写。
2) 对于低电平有效的信号结尾要用_n标记,如rst_n。
3) 端口信号排列要统一,一个信号只占一行,最好按输入输出及从哪个模块来到哪个模块去的关系排列,这样在后期仿真验证找错时后方便很多。
如:module a(//inputclk,rst_n, //globle signalwren,rden,avalon_din, //related to avalon bussdi, //related to serial port input//outputdata_ready,avalon_dout, //related to avalon bus...);4) 一个模块尽量只用一个时钟,这里的一个模块是指一个module或者是一个en tity。
在多时钟域的设计中涉及到跨时钟域的设计中最好有专门一个模块做时钟域的隔离。
这样做可以让综合器综合出更优的结果。
5) 尽量在底层模块上做逻辑,在高层尽量做例化,顶层模块只能做例化,禁止出现任何胶连逻辑(glue logic),哪怕仅仅是对某个信号取反。
理由同上。
6) 在FPGA的设计上禁止用纯组合逻辑产生latch,带D触发器的latch的是允许的,比如配置寄存器就是这种类型。
7) 一般来说,进入FPGA的信号必须先同步,以提高系统工作频率(板级)。
所有模块的输出都要寄存器化,以提高工作频率,这对设计做到时序收敛也是极有好处的。
9) 除非是低功耗设计,不然不要用门控时钟--这会增加设计的不稳定性,在要用到门控时钟的地方,也要将门控信号用时钟的下降沿打一拍再输出与时钟相与。
clk_gate_en -------- ---------------------|D Q |------------------| \ gate_clk_out| | ---------| )---------------o|> | | | /clk | -------- | ----------------------------------------10)禁止用计数器分频后的信号做其它模块的时钟,而要用改成时钟使能的方式,否则这种时钟满天飞的方式对设计的可靠性极为不利,也大大增加了静态时序分析的复杂性。
如FPGA的输入时钟是25M的,现在系统内部要通过RS232与PC通信,要以rs232_ 1xclk的速率发送数据。
不要这样做:always (posedge rs232_1xclk or negedge rst_n)begin...end而要这样做:always (posedge clk_25m or negedge rst_n)begin...else if ( rs232_1xclk == 1'b1 )...end11)状态机要写成3段式的(这是最标准的写法),即...always @(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)...current_state <= next_state;...always @ (current_state ...)...case(current_state)...s1:if ...next_state = s2;......always @(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)...elsea <= 1'b0;c <= 1'b0;c <= 1'b0; //赋默认值case(current_state)s1:a <= 1'b0; //由于上面赋了默认值,这里就不用再对b 、c赋值了(b、c在该状态为0,不会产生锁存器,下同)s2:b <= 1'b1;s3:c <= 1'b1;default:......3.ALTERA参考设计准则1) Ensure Clock, Preset, and Clear configurations are free of glitch es.2) Never use Clocks consisting of more than one level of combinatori al logic.3) Carefully calculate setup times and hold times for multi-Clock sy stems.4) Synchronize signals between flipflops in multi-Clock systems when the setup and hold time requirements cannot be met.5) Ensure that Preset and Clear signals do not contain race conditio ns.6) Ensure that no other internal race conditions exist.7) Register all glitch-sensitive outputs.Synchronize all asynchronous inputs.9) Never rely on delay chains for pin-to-pin or internal delays.10)Do not rely on Power-On Reset. Use a master Reset pin to clear all flipflops.11)Remove any stuck states from state machines or synchronous logic.其它方面的规范一时没有想到,想到了再写,也欢迎大家补充。
================================================================================ ====时序是设计出来的我的boss有在华为及峻龙工作的背景,自然就给我们讲了一些华为及altera做逻辑的一些东西,而我们的项目规范,也基本上是按华为的那一套去做。
在工作这几个月中,给我感触最深的是华为的那句话:时序是设计出来的,不是仿出来的,更不是湊出来的。
在我们公司,每一个项目都有很严格的评审,只有评审通过了,才能做下一步的工作。
以做逻辑为例,并不是一上来就开始写代码,而是要先写总体设计方案和逻辑详细设计方案,要等这些方案评审通过,认为可行了,才能进行编码,一般来说这部分工作所占的时间要远大于编码的时间。
总体方案主要是涉及模块划分,一级模块和二级模块的接口信号和时序(我们要求把接口信号的时序波形描述出来)以及将来如何测试设计。
在这一级方案中,要保证在今后的设计中时序要收敛到一级模块(最后是在二级模块中)。
什么意思呢?我们在做详细设计的时候,对于一些信号的时序肯定会做一些调整的,但是这种时序的调整最多只能波及到本一级模块,而不能影响到整个设计。
记得以前在学校做设计的时候,由于不懂得设计时序,经常因为有一处信号的时序不满足,结果不得不将其它模块信号的时序也改一下,搞得人很郁闷。
在逻辑详细设计方案这一级的时候,我们已经将各级模块的接口时序都设计出来了,各级模块内部是怎么实现的也基本上确定下来了。
由于做到这一点,在编码的时候自然就很快了,最重要的是这样做后可以让设计会一直处于可控的状态,不会因为某一处的错误引起整个设计从头进行。
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我们也经常听说用资源换速度,用流水的方式可以提高工作频率,这确实是一个很重要的方法,今天我想进一步去分析该如何提高电路的工作频率。
我们先来分析下是什么影响了电路的工作频率。
我们电路的工作频率主要与寄存器到寄存器之间的信号传播时延及clock skew有关。
在FPGA内部如果时钟走长线的话,clock skew很小,基本上可以忽略, 在这里为了简单起见,我们只考虑信号的传播时延的因素。
信号的传播时延包括寄存器的开关时延、走线时延、经过组合逻辑的时延(这样划分或许不是很准确,不过对分析问题来说应该是没有可以的),要提高电路的工作频率,我们就要在这三个时延中做文章,使其尽可能的小。
我们先来看开关时延,这个时延是由器件物理特性决定的,我们没有办法去改变,所以我们只能通过改变走线方式和减少组合逻辑的方法来提高工作频率。
1.通过改变走线的方式减少时延。
以altera的器件为例,我们在quartus里面的timing closure floorplan可以看到有很多条条块块,我们可以将条条块块按行和按列分,每一个条块代表1个LAB,每个LAB里有8个或者是10个LE。