考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类4毙考题
考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(3)_毙考题
考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(3)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(3)，请参考!Girls Going Mild(er)Consider the following style tips for girls: skirts and dresses should fall no more than four fingers above the knee. No tank tops without a sweater or jacket over them. Choose a bra that has a little padding to help disguise when you are cold. These fashion hints may sound like the prim mandates of a 1950s health film.But they are from the Web site of Pure Fashion, a modeling and etiquette program for teen girls whose goal is to show the public it is possible to be cute, stylish and modest. Pure Fashion has put on 13 shows in 2007 featuring 600 models. National director Brenda Sharman estimates there will be 25 shows in 2008. It is not the only newfangled outlet for old-school ideas about how girls should dress: , ModestByDesign. com and all advocate a return to styles that leave almost everything to the imagination. They cater to what writer Wendy Shalit claims is a growing movement of girls gone mild --teens and young women who are rejecting promiscuous bad girl roles embodied by Britney Spears, Bratz Dolls and the nameless. shirtless thousands in Girls Gone Wild videos. Instead, these girls cover up, insist on enforced curfews on college campuses, bring their moms on their dates and pledge to stay virgins until married. And they spread the word: in Pennsylvania, a group of high-school girls girlcotted Abercrombie Fitch for selling T shirts with suggestive slogans (who needs brains when you have these?). Newly launched Eliza magazine bills itself as a modest fashion magazine for the 17- to 34-year-old demographic. Macy s has begun carrying garments by Shade Clothing, which was founded by two Mormon women wanting trendy, but not-revealing, clothes. And Miss Utah strode the runway of the 2007 Miss America pageant in a modestly cut one-piece swimsuit. (She didn t win the crown.) According to Shalit, this youth-led rebellion is a welcome corrective to our licentious, oversexed times. But is the new modesty truly a revolution, or is it merely an inevitable reaction to a culture of increased female sexual empowerment, similar to the backlash against flappers in the 1920s and second-wave feminists in the 1970s?Shalit has made a career of cataloging the degradations of our culture while championing crusades of virtue. Her first book, A Return to Modesty, argued that chastity was hot--and informed readers she intended to remain a virgin until her wedding night. Shalit says she was inundated with letters and e-mail from girls dismayed by cultural pressure to be bad. She began a Web site, --there are at least a dozen similar ones toddy and started collecting information from 3,000 e-mail exchanges between 1999 and 2006. There s a dawning awareness that maybenot everyone participating in these behaviors is happy with them, so let s not assume everyone doing this is empowered, she says. She blames the usual suspects: media, misguided feminist professors, overly permissive parents. Sharman also points a finger at Moms Cone Wild. It used to be that moms would control the way their daughters dressed. But now we have this Desperate Housewives culture, and the moms are as influenced by the media as the kids, she says. They ve lost the sense of encouraging their daughters to be ladylike. Pure Fashion, which is affiliated with the Roman Catholic organization Regnum Chrisri, aims to help young ladies make better choices, say Sharman.This not the first time women have been asked to make these choices. During a century of tumult over the roles and rights of women, fashion and sexual expression have remained lightning rods for controversy. The forward-thinking women of the 1920s who cut their hair, threw out their corsets and dared to smoke in public were the Britney Spearses and Paris Hiltons of their day, says Joshua Zeitz, author of Flapper: A Madcap Story of Sex,Style, Celebrity, and the Women Who Made America Modern . Everything is relative girls weren t wearing thongs or getting bikini waxes, but they were coming to school in knee-length skirts, wearing lipstick and smoking, Zeitz says. The concern at the time was that the culture was sexualizing young girls. The backlash came during the Great Depression, when you see a movement to get women back into the home, in part to correct this culture of licentiousness.The most recent attempt to turn back the clock may be a reaction to yet another sexual revolution: Gays and lesbians are becoming mainstreamed, women make up more than half of college populations, they re becoming full partners in the workplace and there s a general cultural deconstruction of what gender means, Zeitz says. We go through waves of progress and reaction, but you can never bottle these things back up for real.Another explanation may be the mainstreaming of conservative religious values. Just as what would Jesus do, bracelets enjoyed a cultural moment on par with rubber live strong bands, faith-based programs like Pure Fashion (which theoretically answers the question What Would Mary Wear? ) are gaining acceptance in the culture at large. Most modest-clothing Web sites have religious underpinnings, from Mormon to Christian to Muslim, but attract nonreligious customers as well. Shalit is an Orthodox Jew, now married to a rabbi, and many girls she profiles see religion as motivating. Since the good girl today is often socially ostracized, a lot of girl naturally find solace in their faith in God, she says.What makes the movement unique, according to Shalit, is that it s the adults who are often pushing sexual boundaries, and the kids who are slamming on the brakes. Well-meaning experts and parents say that they understand kids wanting to be bad instead of good , she writes in her book. Yet this reversal of adults expectations is often experienced not as a gift of freedom but a new Kind of oppression. which just may prove that rebelling against Mom and Dad is one trendthat will never go out of style.词汇注解重点单词：hint /hint/【文中释义】n.提示【大纲全义】n.暗示，提示，线索v.暗示，示意cute /kju:t/【文中释义】adj.可爱的【大纲全义】adj.逗人喜爱的，聪明的，伶俐的漂亮的estimate / estimeit/【文中释义】v.估计【大纲全义】v./n.估计，估价; 评估outlet / autlet/【文中释义】n.出路【大纲全义】n.出路，出口; 销路，市场;发泄方法; 电源插座mild /maild/【文中释义】adj.才温柔的【大纲全义】adj.温和的，轻徽的，味淡的，不含有害物质的，不严重的embody / im bɔdi/【文中释义】v.包含【大纲全义】v.具体表达，使具体化;包含，收录insist / in sist/【文中释义】v.坚持【大纲全义】v.(on)坚持要求，坚决主张，坚持campus / k mpəs/【文中释义】n.校园【大纲全义】n.(大学)校园virgin / və:dʒin/【文中释义】n.处女【大纲全义】n.处女adj.处女的; 纯洁的;原始的; 未使用的slogan / sləugən /【文中释义】n.标语【大纲全义】n.标语，口号garment / ga:mənt/【文中释义】n.衣服【大纲全义】n.(一件)衣服rebellion / ri beljən/【文中释义】n.反抗，不服从【大纲全义】n.叛乱，反抗，起义inevitable / in evitəbl/【文中释义】adj.不可避免的【大纲全义】adj.不可避免的，必然发生的controversy / kɔntrəvə:si/【文中释义】n.争论【大纲全义】n.争论，辫论，论战超纲单词prim adj.整洁的，古板的mandate n.要求etiquette n.礼节newfangled adj.街奇的promiscuous adj.混杂的curfew n.宵禁令(时间)girlcott v.使受妇女的联合抵制demographic adj.人口统计的thong n.皮带backlash n.后冲力; 反撞重点段落译文看看下列有关女孩子在穿衣风格上的小贴士：短裙和连衣裙摆距膝盖的长度应该在4指以内，吊带衫外面要套一件毛衣或者夹克衫......这些时尚小贴士可能听起来像20世纪50年代的健康电影中的古板穿衣指南。
2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题
2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第4篇Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life,including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life,to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.Whlie younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life”face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.Even now that he is working steadily, he said.”I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.”Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.”I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with par ents who didn’t have college degrees,”Schneider said.“I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”一项最新的民意调查发现，面对经济和人口结构的巨大变化，年轻的美国人正在寻找21世纪的成功之道。
2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题
2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第4篇Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news.And they were right.For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace.We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time.This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction.Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs.They take part-time work because this is all they can get.An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor marketand it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down.Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us.The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week.If the answer is “yes,” they are classified as working part-time.The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice.They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment.For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges.These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families.With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.对于劳动部门所报告的六月份新增28.8万个工作岗位和失业率下降至6.1个百分点，很多人都说这是个利好消息。
2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第4篇-毙考题
2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper — printing presses, delivery trucks —isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when o nline —only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seen as blunder,” he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.“So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it.Which may be what the Times is doing already.Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year — more than twice as much as a digital — only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked.“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes.In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”终有那么一天，《纽约时报》会停止在报纸上出版新闻报道。
考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第4篇毙考题
2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’sbudget is patrolled by unions.The teache rs’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Westerncivil servicessuit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.如果工会会员Jimmy Hoffa今天还活着，他也许会是公务员的代表。
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇_毙考题
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第4篇When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned. Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth.Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government.While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the factthat the existing 4.5bn pounds programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then.The Labour party has recently anno unced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power.The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants.We need to adjust to this changing climate.当政府谈到基础设施对经济增长的贡献时，注意力一般都集中在公路、铁路、宽带和能源上。
考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(2)-毙考题
考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(2)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(2)，请参考!Mystery ManHe s famed as the creator of Sherlock Holmes, but Conan Doy1e s letters show the scope of his ambitions.Within that exclusive group of literary characters who have survived through the centuries-from Hercules to Hamlet to Huckleberry Finn-few can rival the cultural impact or staying power of that brilliant sleuth, Sherlock Holmes. Since his debut 120 years ago, the gaunt gentleman with the curved pipe and a taste for cocaine, the master of deductive reasoning and elaborate disguise, has left his mark everywhere--in crime literature, film and television, cartoons and comic books. Even his home on Baker Street has for decades been one of London s most popular tourist destinations: the Sherlock Holmes Museum.At Holmes side, of course, was Dr. Watson-trusted friend, occasional accomplice and engaging narrator. Looming even larger, however, was another doctor, one whose medical practice was so slow it allowed him plenty of time to pursue his literary ambition. His name: Arthur Conan Doyle. As the creator of these fictional icons, Conan Doyle has himself become something of a cult figure, the object of countless critical studies, biographies and fan clubs.Yet only now with the publication of Arthur Conan Doyle：A Life in Letters, do we have acandid, personal portrait of the writer, with little of the Victorian reserve of his memoirs, Mast of the nearly 1,000 letters are to his beloved mother, Mary Doyle, beginning in 1867, when he was an 8-year-old boy at a Jesuit boarding school, and continuing until 1920, when Mary died. The book s editors--two Conan Doyle scholars and the author s great-nephew-also provide plenty of background material, rare drawings and photographs, and relevant excerpts from Conan Doyle s other works, making this the most comprehensive single volume out there.Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh in 1859, into a respectable middle-class Catholic family. Still, it was far from an easy life. There was never enough money; they moved frequently in search of lower rents; and his father, a civil servant and illustrator, was an alcoholic who had to beinstitutionalized, Yet the early letters are surprisingly upbeat, concerned mainly with food, clothes, allowances and schoolwork. At 14 came his first unforgettable visit to London, including Madame Tussaud s, where he was delighted with the room of Horrors, and the images of the murderers .A superb student, Conan Doyle went on to medical school, where he was entranced by Dr. Joseph Bell, a charismatic professor with an uncanny ability to diagnose patients even before they opened their mouths. For a time he worked as Bell s outpatient clerk and would watch , amazed ,at how the location of a callus could reveal a man s profession, or how a quick look at a skin rash told Bell that the patient had once lived in Bermuda. In 1886, Conan Doyle-by now an eye doctor-outlined his first novel, A Study in scarlet, which he described as a simple tale of mystery to make a little extra money. Its main character , initially called Sherringford Hope and later rechristened Sherlock Holmes, was based largely on bell. But Holmes debut went almost unnoticed, and the struggling doctor devoted nearly all of his spare time to writing long historical novels in the vein of Sir Walter Scott-novels that he was convinced would make his reputation. It wasn t to be. In 1888, Holmes reappeared in A Scandal in Bobemia, a short story in Strand Magazine. An immediate hit, its hero took the foggy, crime-ridden London of gas street lights and Jack the Ripper by storm--and Conan Doyle s life would never be the same.But he quickly tired of the tales, complaining to his mother that Holmes takes my mind from better things . So, in 1893, he sent the detective over the Reichenbach Falls in Switzerland during a struggle with his underworld nemesis, Professor Moriarty. Killed Holmes was all Conan Doyle deigned to scribble in his notebook. The public was devastated, as was his mother, but it would take 10 years of pleading and pressure before he gave in and resurrected Holmes from his watery grave.The later letters are those of an important public figure, dining with the King and earning a knighthood with an impassioned defense of Britain s role in the Boer War at a time when world opinion was against it, not least due to the British Army s use of scorched earth tactics. His final years were marked by tragedy-he lost his brother Innes and his son Kingsley to World WarⅠand by controversy, as he became Britain s most famous defender of spiritualism, convinced of our ability to communicate with the dead through a medium. (Among those he contacted: his son and Dr. Bell.) It brought personal solace and public ridicule. In one of his last letters to his mother, who never embraced these beliefs, he wrote: What does it matter what anyone says of me. I have a good hide by this time After his death in 1930, all of this would be forgotten and Conan Doyle would be immortalized as the creator of Sherlock Holmes. It was not the legacy he wanted-but in the end, it was not for him to decide.词汇注解重点单词curved /kə:vd/【文中释义】adj弯曲的【大纲全义】adj考曲的elaborate /i l b ərət/【文中释义】adj精细的，详尽的，精心的【大纲全义】v./ adj精心制作(的);详细阐述(的) disguise /dis gaiz/【文中释义】n.假装【大纲全义】n./v.彼装，伪装;掩盖，掩饰engaging. / in geidʒiŋ /【文中释义】adj迷人的，有魅力的【大纲全义】adj动人的，迷人的，有魅力的critical / kritikəl/【文中释义】adj.批评的【大纲全义】adj.批评的，评论的;危急，紧要的;临界的rent /rent/【文中释义】n.租金【大纲全义】v.租，租货;以一定租金出租，借出n租金civil /sivl/【文中释义】adj.公民的【大纲全义】adj.介民的，市民的;民间的;民用的;有礼貌的;民事的，民主的allowance / a iauəns/【文中释义】n.津贴，零用钱【大纲全义】n.补贴，津贴;零用钱;减价，折扣;允许delighted /dilaitid/【文中释义】adj.高兴的，兴奋的【大纲全义】adj高兴的，兴奋的，喜欢的diagnose / daiəgnəuz/【文中释义】v.诊断【大纲全义】v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题)outline/ əutlain/【文中释义】v.草拟，写作【大纲全义】n.枪廊，略图;大纲，梗概v. 概述，略述;描外形，描轮廓vein/ vein/【文中释义】n.风格【大纲全义】n.血管;静脉;叶脉;纹理;情绪;风格u使成脉络convince /kən vins/【文中释义】n.使信服，使确信【大纲全义】v.(of)使信服，使确信超纲单词sleuth n.侦探debut n.初次登场gaunt adj憔悴的accomplice n.共犯，同谋institutionalize v把送交专门机构upbeat adj乐观的charismatic adj有魁力的rechristen v.重命名rechristen v.重命名crime-ridden adj.充满犯罪行为的，犯罪倡狠的重点段落译文在那一群杰出的千古流传的文学人物中从海格力斯(大力士)到哈姆雷特，再到哈克贝利费恩在文化影响力或持久力上，没有人能敌过头脑敏锐的侦探福尔摩斯。
考研英语阅读真题考研英语毙考题
考研英语阅读真题考研英语毙考题2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第2篇Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will now considerwhether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious,so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone —a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s pur se.The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocket book, of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home.A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreaso nable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing.In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protec tions.Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.宪法对你的数字资料的保护到底有多大?最高法院现在将会考虑如果手机在嫌疑人的身上或身边，警察是否能在未经许可的前提下搜索其手机的内容。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及解析（四）
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hard-working and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next。
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed。
2013考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题
2013考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题DBut, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal,it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown thatcorporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positionno matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them.When women do break through to the summit of corporate power —as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families,Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.欧洲并不是男女平等的天堂。
2005年考研英语二真题与答案_毙考题
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2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第4篇-毙考题
2014考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAASasking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators,individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarshi p and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives,as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2? years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter:the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universitieshave produced graduates who don’t know the content and chara cter of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciencesas vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study。
2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇_毙考题
2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第4篇Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news.And they were right.For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace.We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time.This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction.Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs.They take part-time work because this is all they can get.An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor marketand it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down.Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us.The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week.If the answer is “yes,” they are classified as working part-time.The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice.They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment.For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges.These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families.With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.对于劳动部门所报告的六月份新增28.8万个工作岗位和失业率下降至6.1个百分点，很多人都说这是个利好消息。
英语考研阅读真题及答案解析
英语考研阅读真题及答案解析英语考研阅读真题及答案解析Section III Reading ComprehensionEach of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points) Text 1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people generalists. And these generalists are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other peoples work, to begin it and judge it.。
考研英语阅读试题及答案
考研英语阅读试题及答案Passage 1In recent years, the popularity of online education has surged, with millions of students enrolling in courses offered by various platforms. The flexibility and accessibility of online learning have made it an attractive alternative to traditional classroom education. However, critics argue that the quality of online education may not be on par with that of in-person instruction.Questions:61. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The drawbacks of online education.B. The increasing popularity of online education.C. The comparison between online and in-person education.D. The future of traditional classroom education.62. What does the passage suggest about online education?A. It is less popular than traditional education.B. It is criticized for its quality.C. It is only accessible to a select few.D. It has completely replaced classroom education.Answers:61. B62. BPassage 2The concept of a "smart city" has gained traction in urban planning circles. A smart city utilizes information and communication technology to enhance the quality and performance of urban services, to reduce costs, and to improve contact between citizens and government. The implementation of smart city initiatives has the potential to revolutionize the way cities are managed and lived in.Questions:63. What is the focus of the passage?A. The challenges of urban planning.B. The definition of a smart city.C. The benefits of smart city technology.D. The history of urban planning.64. What is the main advantage of a smart city according to the passage?A. Reduced living costs for citizens.B. Improved management of city services.C. Increased citizen-government contact.D. All of the above.Answers:63. B64. DPassage 3Global warming has become a critical issue that affects the entire planet. The increase in greenhouse gases, primarily due to human activities, has led to a rise in global temperatures. This phenomenon has severe consequences, including rising sea levels, more frequent natural disasters, and disruptions to ecosystems. Immediate action is required to mitigate the effects of global warming.Questions:65. What is the main issue discussed in the passage?A. The causes of global warming.B. The effects of global warming.C. The solutions to global warming.D. The history of global warming.66. What is the primary cause of global warming mentioned in the passage?A. Natural disasters.B. Human activities.C. Rising sea levels.D. Disruptions to ecosystems.Answers:65. B66. BPassage 4In the world of business, innovation is key to stayingcompetitive. Companies that embrace change and develop new products, services, and processes are more likely to succeed in the long term. Innovation not only drives growth but also fosters a culture of creativity and problem-solving within an organization.Questions:67. What is the central idea of the passage?A. The importance of problem-solving in business.B. The role of creativity in business innovation.C. The necessity of innovation for business success.D. The impact of new products on business growth.68. What is one of the benefits of innovation mentioned in the passage?A. It reduces costs for companies.B. It creates a culture of creativity.C. It eliminates the need for change.D. It guarantees long-term success.Answers:67. C68. BPassage 5Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant strides in recent years, with applications ranging from healthcare to finance. AI technologies can analyze large amounts of data, make predictions, and even perform tasks that were oncethought to be the exclusive domain of humans. The ethical implications of AI, however, raise questions about privacy, bias, and accountability.Questions:69. What is the main subject of the passage?A. The history of AI.B. The applications of AI.C. The ethical concerns of AI.D. The limitations of AI.70. What is one of the concerns mentioned about AI?A. Its inability to analyze data.B. Its potential for bias.C. Its high cost.D. Its limited range of applications.Answers:69. B70. B请注意，以上内容是虚构的考研英语阅读试题及答案，仅供格式排版参考。
考研英语阅读真题考研英语(一)4篇毙考题
2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union。
now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’sbudget is patrolled by unions.The teache rs’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Westerncivil servicessuit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.如果工会会员Jimmy Hoffa今天还活着，他也许会是公务员的代表。
01年—11年考研英语阅读理解文化历史教育类试题汇总
文化历史教育类1：2010年Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in jou rnalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define …journalism‟ as …a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‟”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. NevilleCardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‟s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism wi ll enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that________.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by________.[A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryThe most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial Amer ica was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England‟s leaders established the bas ic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take th is approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‟ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father th e first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‟s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon？Here are a few guesses：a）certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. b）winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c）soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. d）none of the above.Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University，says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully，Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather，it involves setting specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer. They gather all the data they can，not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or，put another way，expert performers whether in memory or surgery，ballet or computer programming are nearly always made，not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” （Line 4，Paragraph 2）most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey？[A] “Faith will move mountains.” [B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father，like son”Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists‟ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn‟t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth‟s daffodils to Baudelaire‟s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it‟s not as if earlier times didn‟t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out i t could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It‟s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37. The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.[A] religious [B] unpleasant [C] entertaining [D] commercial38. In the author‟s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deathsAmericans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, wr iting, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians‟ love of memorizing poetry shows the author‟s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Americans today don‟t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren‟t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch‟s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our de mocracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain‟s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hof stadter says our country‟s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who s how the least intellectual promise.”56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical [B] similar [C] complementary [D] opposite59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day‟s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent s urvey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they‟re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn‟t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and gender。
2024 研究生英语考试阅读解析
2024 研究生英语考试阅读解析全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇12024 Grad English Reading - An Easy ExplanationHi friends! Today I'm going to talk about the reading part of the 2024 graduate English exam. I know it might seem super hard and boring, but I'll do my best to make it simple and fun!The reading had 4 different passages. The first one was about the history of video games. It talked about how the first video games were created a long time ago, even before your parents were born! Can you believe people used to play games on huge computers that took up entire rooms? Crazy!The passage explained how video games became more advanced over time. First they just had simple graphics like blocks and sticks. But then they got much better and started looking almost real! The reading mentioned some of the most popular games and gaming systems from when your parents and even grandparents were kids. I thought it was really cool learning about Pac-Man, Super Mario, and those old Nintendos.The second passage was on coral reefs. It described what coral reefs are and where they are found. Basically, they are underwater places with lots of tiny animals called polyps clustered together. The polyps group up and form sort of an underwater home or city that looks like a bunch of colorful rocks. Pretty neat!The passage explained why coral reefs are very important. They are home to over 25% of all marine life! That means one out of every four fish, dolphins, sharks, and other sea creatures live around the coral reefs. The reefs also protect coastlines from waves and storms. And they are great places for scuba diving and snorkeling. People from all over the world visit coral reefs on vacation.But sadly, the reading said many coral reefs are being destroyed due to pollution, overfishing, and climate change. Corals are very sensitive and can't survive if the water gets too hot or too cold. We need to protect the coral reefs before it's too late!Next up was a passage about the inventor Nikola Tesla. He was a genius scientist from a long time ago who came up with ideas that were wayyyy ahead of his time. Nikola Tesla helped design early forms of radar, remote controls, neon lights, andeven robots! The reading talked about his most famous invention, which was a way to supply electricity through wireless energy. So cool, right?Tesla was sort of an odd guy. The passage said he had a phobia of pearls and was obsessed with the number 3. He would walk around a building multiple times if he had to enter through a door that wasn't a multiple of 3. He also didn't really like hair, so he never cut his hair with scissors, only with scissors! Hahaha what a weirdo!The last passage was about color psychology. This is the study of how colors affect our moods, emotions, and behaviors. The reading gave examples of different colors and what they psychologically represent:Red is an intense, powerful color that causes feelings of excitement, energy, passion, and even anger. That's why red is used a lot in advertising to grab attention.Blue is a calming, stable color that creates feelings of peace and security. Hospitals use a lot of blue because it has a relaxing, therapeutic effect.Yellow is a cheerful sunny color that promotes optimism and happiness. But too much yellow can cause anxiety!Green represents health, nature, growth and renewal. Looking at green scenery helps reduce stress.Purple is a spiritual, creative color that symbolizes imagination and individuality. Shades of purple are often used by artists.And those were the 4 reading passages! They were actually pretty fascinating once you understand what they were about. The questions at the end asked specific details from each passage to check if you understood the main points. There were also some vocabulary questions to see if you knew key words and phrases.Overall, the reading wasn't as terrible as I thought it would be. The passages covered an interesting mix of topics - from old video games to coral reefs to color meanings. As long as you read carefully and paid attention, you could get the general idea. The exam may look long and hard at first, but you just need to take your time and use easy tricks like skimming, annotating, and making inferences.I really hope this kid-friendly explanation helped make the 2024 grad English reading seem less scary. Reading can actually be super fun when you choose topics you enjoy. Don't be afraid of challenging readings or difficult tests. You got this! Just goslowly, think positively, and do your best. Easy peasy lemon squeezy!篇2My Reading Passage for the Big TestHello! My name is Timmy and I'm going to tell you all about the reading passage I had to do for the graduate school English test this year. It was super long and had lots of big words, but I'll do my best to explain it in a way that's easy for kids like me to understand!The passage was about these things called "black holes" which are crazy super massive things in space. They are called black holes because they are just this big dark spot that even light can't escape from once it gets too close! The passage said black holes form when a really really big star runs out of fuel and collapses in on itself from its own incredible gravity.Once the star collapses small enough, it becomes a black hole and sucks in everything around it, even light! The passage talked about how nothing can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole once it crosses something called the "event horizon." That's the point where the gravity gets so strong, not even light can break free. Isn't that wild?The reading had a lot of crazy facts about black holes. Like how they can be billions of times more massive than our sun! And how the gravitational pull gets intensified the closer you get, so it's a never-ending cycle of getting pulled in harder and harder until you cross the event horizon. Then you're stuck forever! Spooky.It also said that astronomers think there are tons of black holes out in the universe, including at the center of most galaxies like our own Milky Way galaxy. The passage said the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy is called Sagittarius A* and has a mass equal to around 4 million suns! Can you even imagine something that huge and dense? It's almost too big to comprehend.The passage went into a bunch of boring math about the equations scientists use to calculate the properties of black holes based on their mass and density. It lost me a little with all the formulas, but it seems like some really smart people like Einstein figured out the physics behind how they work.One of the coolest parts was about how black holes distort space and time with their intense gravitational fields. The passage said gravity can actually bend the fabric of spacetime, and black holes take that to the extreme! It causes weird effectswhere time passes slower the closer you are to the black hole. So if you could somehow watch someone fall into a black hole from far away, you would see them get more and more slowed down until they literally froze in time at the event horizon! That's because from your perspective, time would be passing normally for you but almost stopping for the person falling into the black hole. Trippy stuff!The passage also talked about some mysteries around black holes that scientists still don't fully understand. Like what happens once you actually cross the event horizon? And what happens if a black hole keeps growing and growing by absorbing more matter over billions of years? Some people think it could maybe form a "wormhole" that's a shortcut through space and time to other parts of the universe! But who knows for sure, since we can't see past the event horizon.There were a couple other crazy topics I don't really get, like how black holes might leak tiny amounts of radiation (Hawking radiation or something?) and how they could reveal insights into quantum gravity that could help unite Einstein's theory of relativity with quantum physics. I kind of glazed over when it went into the really heavy theoretical physics stuff. I'm just a kid after all!All in all, it was a fascinating but extremely difficult reading about one of the most bizarre, extreme, and exotic phenomena in the entire universe. Black holes are something that seem almost too crazy to be real, with their mind-bending physics and ability to distort space and time. Even just trying to wrap my10-year-old brain around the basic facts was a major challenge!But I've got to give it my best effort, since this passage is a critical part of the reading comprehension section on the Graduate Test of English Skills (GTES) that all us aspiring eggheads need to pass to get into a top university's graduate program. The reading level was definitely closer to a college physics textbook than something for youngsters like myself. But hey, maybe analyzing articles on cutting-edge scientific topics will help prepare me for the rigors of post-graduate academic life!I just hope the essay section of the test doesn't require me to explain the geometry of theoretical higher-dimensional spacetimes or calculate the tidal forces exerted by a rotating Kerr black hole. For now, I'll just settle for demonstrating a basic comprehension of the key properties of garden-variety 3D astrophysical black holes. If I can do that while peppering insome astrophysics lingo like "singularity," "spaghettification," and "gravitational time dilation" I'll consider it a success.Whew, that's my attempt to digest and redeliver the main points from the black hole reading as I, a 5th grader, understood them. Who knew studying for grad school entrance exams could be this interdimensionally mind-melting? If I've done my job, you should now have at least a surface-level awareness of what black holes are and why they are so tremendously puzzling and fascinating to scientists. If not, well, I'm just a kid - what did you expect? I'm off to play Fortnite and forget everything I just learned. Peace!篇32024 Grad Reading - A Kid's TakeHey guys! Mrs. Appleton asked us to look at a reading passage from next year's big graduate school English test. I have to admit, some of the words were pretty hard, but I'll do my best to break it down for you.The passage was all about these tiny creatures called tardigrades, also known as water bears or moss piglets. They are so small you need a microscope to see them properly. But don't let their size fool you - these little dudes are total tough guys!The reading said tardigrades can survive in the most extreme environments on Earth. We're talking temperatures as low as-458°F and as high as 300°F! They can live through the vacuum of space, radiation hundreds of times higher than what would kill a human, and even getting squished under massive pressures.How do they do it? Well, the passage explained they have this cool ability called anhydrobiosis. Basically, when the going gets tough, tardigrades can dry themselves out into these teeny shriveled up bundles called tuns. In this dormant state, their metabolic activities almost completely stop so they use barely any energy. They can stay like that for decades and then reanimate when conditions improve!Isn't that bonkers? It's like being able to freeze yourself and then wake up 100 years later without aging. The passage said researchers once revived some tardigrades that had been frozen for 30 years. Talk about an epic nap!But that's not even the weirdest part. Apparently up to 17% of a tardigrade's body is made up of foreign DNA from other organisms like plants, bacteria and fungi. The passage hypothesized that this extreme horizontal gene transfer could help explain their crazy survival abilities. By incorporating usefulgenes from other species, tardigrades can basically upgrade their genetic code with new superpowers!It's like if you could just download apps to gain abilities like breathing under water or shooting laser beams from your eyes. Except for tardigrades, it's chunks of DNA code upgrading their biology instead of apps. Wild, right?The reading also discussed how tardigrades are found all over the world, from mountaintops to deep ocean trenches. Everywhere we look on Earth, it seems these microscopic weirdos have already set up shop. Scientists have even sent them up on space shuttles to study how they handle the vacuum and radiation.With their indestructible nature, the passage raised the possibility that tardigrades could be the first interstellar travellers, carrying life forces between planets and across galaxies. Maybe if we blast some into deep space, they'll end up colonizing new worlds for us! Though I'm not sure any aliens would appreciate getting invaded by a bunch of funny-looking moss bears.There was some other complicated genetic stuff in the reading that went over my head. But the main point was that tardigrades are like the real-life versions of those tinyindestructible creatures from that Pixar movie The Incredibles. The passage called them the ultimate survivalists of planet Earth.I don't know about you, but after learning all this, I have a new-found respect for those microscopic chonkers waddling around in the moss patches outside. They may be small, but with their alien DNA upgrades and ability to hibernate for centuries, tardigrades are basically unstoppable!This passage definitely opened my eyes to all the bizarre lifeforms inhabiting our world. Who knew such insanely hardy creatures existed right under our noses? Just another example of how amazingly weird and wonderful nature can be.Well, I hope I was able to translate some of the passage's key points for you all in a kid-friendly way. Let me know if you have any other questions! Until next time, stay curious and keep exploring this bizarre blue marble we call home.篇42024 Grad English Reading - What Was It All About?Hey guys! I just took the reading part of the big grad school English test. It was super long and had some pretty weird stuff in it! Let me tell you all about the passages they made us read.The first one was about these tiny things called nanobots. Have you ever heard of those? They're like little robots that are way smaller than even a speck of dust! The passage said scientists are trying to make nanobots that can go inside people's bodies and fix them when they get sick. How crazy is that? Imagine a bunch of tiny robots swimming around inside you! The passage explained how the nanobots would need to be programmed to know what to do and where to go. It said they might be able to deliver medicine right to a sick part of your body, or even operate on you from the inside without cutting you open. Of course, they'd have to be really careful the nanobots didn't get lost or break down inside you. That would not be good! Overall, it was a fascinating passage about the future of medicine.Next up was a reading about the Lascaux cave paintings in France. Raise your hand if you've heard of those before? Well, if not, they're these amazingly colorful paintings of animals and people that were drawn on the walls of some caves a really, really long time ago - like tens of thousands of years! The passage talked about how the paintings are so old, but still look incredibly vibrant because of the way they were made. Apparently the cave people used colors made from minerals and things they found in nature. And get this - some of the drawingseven appear to be animated, like the animals are moving! The passage wondered whether the paintings could have been part of some ancient storytelling tradition, or maybe a form of religious rituals. It was mind-blowing to think about people creating such beautiful art so many, many years before we had things like canvas or paper.Then there was a passage about the psychology of boredom. This one was kind of tricky. It started off explaining what boredom actually is - that feeling of restlessness or lack of interest when you don't have anything challenging to focus your brain on. The thing that surprised me was that the passage said a little boredom can actually be good for creativity and problem-solving. It's our minds' way of looking for something more stimulating to do. But the passage warned that too much boredom can lead to all sorts of negative things like depression, bad moods, lack of motivation, and even physical health issues! Who knew boredom could be so serious? The reading said lots of research still needs to be done on the topic.I was getting a little bored myself by the time we got to the next passage about sustainable construction. This one focused on these special eco-friendly buildings that don't waste energy or harm the environment as much as normal buildings do. Ittalked about things like using recycled materials, positioning windows for natural heating and cooling, installing solar panels and green roofs with plants on them, and collecting rainwater to use for plumbing. The reading said "green" buildings are great because they cost a lot less to operate over time and have a much smaller environmental footprint. It gave examples of some famous sustainable skyscrapers and homes around the world. I felt kind of guilty after reading it because my house definitely isn't very eco-friendly! Maybe I need to get my parents to install some solar panels.Finally, the last passage was all about the Inca civilization in South America. I don't know about you, but I find that stuff totally fascinating! The reading explained how the Incas were incredible engineers and architects despite not having modern tools or technology. They built huge forts and cities, developed advanced farming techniques, and even had systems of roads and messengers that let them communicate across their entire empire, which stretched all the way from Ecuador to Chile! What impressed me most were the descriptions of places like Machu Picchu - those breathtaking stone structures built so precisely on the sides of mountains without any mortar or cement. The passage also discussed Inca beliefs, like how they worshippednature gods and saw their emperor as being descended from the sun. I could have read more about the lost Inca culture!Phew, that's a quick rundown of all the reading passages on the test. There was certainly a mixed bag of topics, from modern technology and psychology, to ancient art and civilizations. A few of the passages were definitely harder for me to understand than others. But overall, I felt like I had a decent grasp of the main points and important details they were testing. Fingers crossed I did well!What did you think of my summary? If you've already taken the test, did you find the readings as interesting/confusing as I did? Share your thoughts! And to anyone still preparing, best of luck - that test was no joke. Study hard and maybe someday you'll be reading about your own scientific breakthroughs or historical discoveries. Until next time!篇52024研究生英语考试阅读解析嗨，朋友们！我今天要给大家解析一道2024年研究生英语考试的阅读题目。
考研英语阅读材料汇编之社会类(4)-毙考题.doc
考研英语阅读材料汇编之社会类(4)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之社会类(4)，请参考!Abdicate and CapitulateIt is extraordinary how President Bush has streamlined the Senate confirmation process. As we have seen most recently with the vote to confirm Michael Mukasey as attorney general, about all that is left of advice and consent is the consent part.Once upon a time, the confirmation of major presidential appointments played out on several levels-starting, of course, with politics. It was assumed that a president would choose like-minded people as cabinet members and for other jobs requiring Senate approval. There was a presumption that he should be allowed his choices, all other things being equal.Before George W. Bush s presidency, those other things actually counted. Was the nominee truly qualified, with a professional background worthy of the job? Would he discharge his duties fairly and honorably, upholding his oath to protect the Constitution? Even though he answers to the president, would the nominee represent all Americans? Would he or she respect the power of Congress to supervise the executive branch, and the power of the courts to enforce the rule of law?In less than seven years, Mr. Bush has managed to boil that list down to its least common denominator: the president should get his choices. At first, Mr. Bush was abetted by a slavish Republican majority that balked at only one major appointment-Harriet Miers for Supreme Court justice, and then only because of doubts that she was far enough to the right.The Democrats, however, also deserve a large measure of blame. They did almost nothingwhile they were in the minority to demand better nominees than Mt. Bush was sending up. And now that they have attained the majority, they are not doing any better.On Thursday, the Senate voted by 53 to 40 to confirm Mr. Mukasey even though he would not answer a simple question: does he think waterboarding, a form of simulated drowning used to extract information from a prisoner, is torture and therefore illegal?Democrats offer excuses for their sorry record, starting with their razor-thin majority. But it is often said that any vote in the Senate requires more than 60 votes-enough to overcome a filibuster. So why did Mr. Mukaey get by with only 53 votes? Given the success the Republicans have had in blocking action when the Democrats cannot muster 60 votes, the main culprit appears to be the Democratic leadership, which seems uninterested in or incapable of standing up to Mr. Bush.Senator Charles Schumer, the New York Democrat who turned the tide for this nomination, said that if the Senate did not approve Mr. Mukasey, the president would get by with an interim appointment who would be under the sway of the extreme ideology of Vice President Dick Cheney . He argued that Mr. Mukasey could be counted on to reverse the politicization of the Justice Department that occurred under Alberto Gonzales, and that Mr. Mukasey s reticence about calling waterboarding illegal might well become moot, because the Senate was considering a law making clear that it is illegal.That is precisely the sort of cozy rationalization that Mr. Schumer and his colleagues have used so many times to back down from a confrontation with Mr. Bush. The truth is, Mr. Mukasey is already in the grip of that extreme ideology . If he were not, he could have answered the question about waterboarding.Mr. Bush said Mr. Mukasey could not do so because it would reveal classified information about Central Intelligence Agency interrogation techniques. That is nonsense. Mr. Mukasey was not asked if CIA jailers have used waterboarding on prisoners, something he could be expected to know nothing about. He was simply asked if ,as a general matter, waterboarding is illegal.It was not a difficult question. Waterboarding is specifically banned by the Army Field Manual, and it is plainly illegal under the federal Anti-Torture Act, federal assault statutes, the Detainee Treatment Act, the Convention against Torture and the Geneva Conventions. It is hard to see how any nominee worthy of the position of attorney general could fail to answer yes .The real reason the White House would not permit Mr. Mukasey to answer was the risk to federal officials who carried out Mr. Bush s orders to abuse and torture prisoners after the 9/11 attacks: the tight answer could have exposed them to criminal sanctions.The rationales that accompanied the vote in favor of Mr. Mukasey were not reassuring. The promise of a law banning waterboarding is no comfort. It is unnecessary, and even if it passes, Mr. Bush seems certain to veto it. In fact, it would play into the administration s hands by allowing itto argue that torture is not currently illegal.The claim that Mr. Mukasey will depoliticize the Justice Department loses its allure when you consider that he would not commit himself to enforcing Congressional subpoenas in the United States attorneys scandal.All of this leaves us wondering whether Mr. Schumer and other Democratic leaders were more focused on the 2008 elections than on doing their constitutional duty. Certainly being made to look weak on terrorism might make it harder for them to expand their majorityWe are not suggesting the Democrats reject every presidential appointee, or that the president s preferences not be taken into account. But Democrats have done precious little to avoid the kind of spectacle the world saw last week: the Senate giving the job of attorney general, chief law enforcement officer in the world s oldest democracy, to a man who does not even have the integrity to take a stand against torture.词汇注解重点单词assume /ə sju:m/【文中释义】v.推断，假设【大纲全义】v.假装;假定,设想;承担,呈现,采取cabinet / k binit/【文中释义】n.内阁【大纲全义】n.内阁，内阁会议;(带玻璃门存物品的)橱拒supervise / sju:pəvaiz/【文中释义】v. 监督【大纲全义】v.管理，监督court /k ɔ:t/【文中释义】n.法院【大纲全义】n. 法院，法庭;宫廷，朝廷;院子;球场slavish / sleiviʃ /【文中释义】adj. 盲目的【大纲全义】adj. 奴性的，卑屈的;无独创性的;盲从的simulate / simjuleit/【文中释义】v.假装【大纲全义】v.模仿，模拟;假装，冒充extract / iks tr kt/【文中释义】v.获取，提取【大纲全义】v. /n.拔出，抽出;摘录n.抽取物;精华;选集razor / reizə/【文中释义】adj 像剃刀一样薄的【大纲全义】n..剃刀sway /swei/【文中释义】v.支配【大纲全义】v. (使)摇动;倾抖挽摇动;影响力ideology /,aidi ɔlədʒi/【文中释义】n. 意识形态【大纲全义】n. 意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识超纲单词presumption n.可能性nominee n.被提名的人honorably adv.体面地denominator n.限度abet v.怂葱，教唆filibuster n.阻挠(的人)muster v.召集culprit n.罪人，犯人reticence n.沉默重点段落译文以前，要确认重要的总统委任，要经过好几道程序当然首先从政治开始。
考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇毙考题
考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇毙考题2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’sbudget is patrolled by unions.The teache rs’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOAon prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Westerncivil servicessuit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.如果工会会员Jimmy Hoffa今天还活着，他也许会是公务员的代表。
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考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(4)-毙考题————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(４）阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一,也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读,除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外,还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(4)，请参考!ﻭﻭWhｏsａＮｅrd，Ａnｙｗaｙ？ﻭﻪＷｈat is a nerd? Mary Bucholｔｚ,ａｌｉnguｉｓｔat ｔhe UniversityｏｆCaｌi ｆｏrniａ, Saｎta Ｂarｂara，ｈas bｅenｗorｋｉnｇonｔhe ｑｕestioｎfor the last 1２yeａrs.Shｅhaｓgonｅto ｈｉgh ｓcｈoｏls andｃoｌｌeges, mａinｌｙin Caliｆｏｒnia，aｎd ａsked stuｄenｔs ｆrom ｄifferent crowdｓto thｉnｋabouｔt ｈe idｅa ｏf nｅrｄinｅss anｄwｈo among theiｒｐｅers ｓhｏuld be ｃｏnsiｄｅreｄaｎｅrd; sｔudｅnｔs hａve also reｐorted ｔｈｅmsｅlves. Ｎerdｉｎｅss，she ｈas coｎdｕcｔed,is lａrgelｙ a matｔeｒof ｒacially tｉngeｄbehaｖiｏr. Peoｐle who are coｎsｉdeｒedｎerds tenｄｔｏact in ways thａt are，asｓhe puｔｓit, hyperwhite .ﻭﻪﻪＷhiｌe tｈe wｏrd nｅrｄhas been usｅd siｎｃe the 1950s, ｉts oriｇin rｅmaiｎs elusi ｖe.Nerdｓ，howeｖer,are ｅasy to ｆind eveｒyｗｈere. Ｂeｉng a nerd hａs ｂecom ｅa widelｙaccepted aｎd ｅvｅｎｐｒouｄiｄenｔity，aｎd nerdsｈａｖe carved ｏut a comfｏｒｔabｌe nｉche in popular culturｅ；nerdcｏre rappers，who wear ｐocket protectorｓａnｄｗｒiｔe paｅａns tｏｃoｍputeｒｒｏｕｔｉnｇdeｖices，ａｒe iｎｖoｇue，and ＴＶnｅtworkｓｃontiｎue to run sｈows ｗｉthｔｉtlｅsｌｉke Beautｙaｎd thｅGeek . As a lingｕｉｓt, Buchｏltz uｎdeｒｓｔands nｅｒdｉｎeｓs ｆｉｒsｔanｄfｏreｍｏsｔas ａwａy of uｓing languagｅ. In ａ2０01paper, TｈｅＷhitenｅss of Nerｄs: Sｕｐersｔaｎdard Enｇlisｈaｎd Racial Markeｄｎess , ａnd ｏther wｏrks，includiｎg a booｋin progｒesｓ, Bｕｃhoｌtz notｅs ｔhat ｔhe hｅgｅmｏｎic cｏolｗhite kidsｕse a liｍited amouｎｔof Africａn－AmerｉcaｎveｒnaｃｕｌaｒEngｌiｓh;tｈｅyｍay sａy blood in ｌiｅu oｆfrｉend，oｒdrop thｅg inｐlayinｇ．ﻭﻪBut ｔｈe nｅrｄs she has intｅrvｉeｗeｄ, ｍｏstlｙwhiｔｅkiｄs,ｐｕｎctiliouslｙａdhere to StandarｄＥnｇlish. Ｔｈｅy oftenｆavoｒGrｅcｏ-Latinate wordｓoｖer Gerｍanic oｎｅs ( it s my obserｖatiｏn insｔeaｄof I ｔhｉｎk ）,a pｒｅfeｒenｃe thａt lｅnｄs an air ｏf sciｅntiｆic dｅtachｍenｔ. Ｔhey re ａwaｒe they speak dｉstinｃｔiveｌy andｔhey ｕse ｌaｎｇuage as ａbadge of membershipｉn theｉrｃliqueｓ. One nerd girl Bucholtz observed perｆormeｄa typicallｙnerdyｆｅａt wｈen asked to ｄｉsｃuss ｂｌood aｓa slang terｍ;ｓhe replied: B-I-Ｏ-O-Ｄ. The wｏrd ｉs b ｌood,evoking thｅformａt oｆ a ｓpelliｎg beｅ．Sｈe went on,That ｓthe ｓtufｆwhich iｓｉnｓide of your veｉnｓ，hｕmoｒousｌy using a lｉteraｌｄefiｎiｔi ｏｎＮerｄs ａre not simply vｉctims of the ｐrevailinｇsocial cｏdeｓabout wｈat s apprｏpriａte and what ｓcooｌ；ｔhey acｔiveｌy sｈaｐeｔhｅｉｒoｗn idenﻭﻭThｏugh Bucholtz uses the ｔeｒｍｔｉtiｅs aｎd pｕt thｏsｅcodｅs in quesｔｉoｎ.ﻭhypeｒｗhite ｔo dｅscribｅnerd lanｇuage inｐarticｕlaｒ，sｈｅcｌaｉmｓthatｔhe sｙmｂolｉｃrｅsourceｓoｆan eｘｔreme whiｔｅness ｃan bｅｕsed elsewｈｅre．Aftｅr all, tｒｅｎｄs in ｍusｉｃ,ｄanｃe, fasｈiｏn, spoｒts aｎd laｎｇuage ｉn a varｉetｙof youth sｕbｃultures are ｏfｔen trａceaｂｌe toａn Afｒiｃan－Ameｒｉcaｎsourcｅ, but ｕnlike ｔｈｅstyles oｆcool EuropeaｎAｍｅricanｓｔudents, ｉn nerdinｅss, Afｒican-Ａmeｒican culｔure and ｌanguageｄo not play eveｎ a ｃｏveｒt roｌe．Ｃｅrtainly, ｈｙｐｅrwｈitｅseems a gｏｏd worｄｆorｔhｅsaｒtoｒiａｌｃｈoiceｓof paｒadiｇmａtic nｅrdｓ．Whｉle a stereｏｔypiｃal bｌackｙｏuｔh, froｍthe zoot-ｓuｉｔｅraｔhrｏugh the bling years，ｗｅaｒｓfｌashy clothes, ｃhosｅnｆｏr theｉr aｅstheｔｉc vａｌue，nerdy clothｉｎg ｉs ｐurely ｐracticaｌ: pocket prｏtｅcｔｏrｓ，beｌt sheaths for ｇａdgets, shorｔshｏｒts foｒeｘｃesｓivｅheaｔ, eｔc. Inｄeeｄ，ｈypｅrwhitｅｗorｋs as a desｃrｉｐtｉon ｆｏr ｎｅａrｌyｅverytｈiｎｇwe ｉnｔｕitively aｓsocｉａte ｗiｔh nｅrds, whｉch ｉs why Hｏlｌyｗｏod haｓlonｇtｒaｄed iｎjokes thａt try ｔo caｐｉtalize on tｈe ｅmｏtioｎａｌｄissonaｎｃe of nerdｓaｃｔing black（EugenｅＬｅｖy ｓayinｇ, Yｏu got ｍｅstraight tｒippｉn,ｂoo）ａｎd bｌack people being nｅrds(thｅｃｈaract ｅrｓＵrkel and Cａrltoｎｉn ｔｈe sitcoms Ｆamｉly Ｍatｔers and The FreｓhＰr ｉnce of Bel-Air ）.ﻭﻭBｙculｔｉvatinｇan idｅntitｙpｅrｃeiｖed as wｈｉｔe tｏtheｐoiｎｔｏf e ｘcess, nerdｓdｅny tｈemseｌvｅsｔｈｅaurａof normaliｔｙthaｔis usuaｌｌｙone of tｈe perks of ｂeing wｈitｅ. Buchoｌtｚseesｓoｍeｔhinｇto aｄmireｈｅre．Ｉｎdeｃlining to aｐｐrｏｐｒiate Ａfrｉcan－Americaｎyouth cuｌtuｒe, ｔhereby reｆuｓiｎg tｏｅxerｃiｓｅthe racial privilｅgeｕpｏｎwhicｈwhiｔeｙｏｕth cｕltuｒｅｓare ｆounded,she writeｓ, neｒds maｙeven be vieｗｅd aｓtｒa ｉtors to whｉteness．Ｙou ｍight say thｅyｋｎow that a ｃｕlture baｓed ｏｎｔheft is a culture not wｏrth ｈaｖiｎg. Ｏｎｔhe otheｒhand, thｅcodｅof conｓpｉcuoｕs inteｌｌｅctualisｍin the nerd clｉqueｓBuｃhoｌtz obsｅrved maｙshut ｏｕｔblacｋstudenｔs wｈｏchoｓe not tｏopenlｙｄisplay tｈｅiｒabilities. Ｔhｉｓis especially dｉsturbing aｔａtimeｗhen Afｒicａn-Ａmｅrican stｕｄents can ｂe stigmａtized bｙoｔher Ａfrican-Ａmeｒiｃan sｔｕdenｔs iｆthey re tｏo obviouｓlｙdｉligen ｔａbout ｓchool .Ｅven moｒe ｐroｂlemaｔｉc, Nｅｒdｓdismissal ｏf ｂlａck culturaｌprａｃtｉceｓoftｅn leｄthem to dｉｓcount tｈe pｏsｓibility of fｒiendship ｗiｔh blacｋｓtudｅntｓ, ｅｖen if the ｎerdｓｗere iｎｖｏｌved in polｉticaｌact ｉviｔiｅs ｌike pｒotestiｎg agaiｎst the dｉsmａntlinｇof ａｆｆｉrmａtivｅactiｏn i ｎＣａlｉfornia sｃｈooｌs．If nｅrｄiness，aｓBｕcｈｏltz sｕｇgests, can be a ｒe ｂｅllion ａgａiｎst the ｃoｏl whitｅkids aｎｄtheir use oｆblack culture，it sａrebelliｏn wｉth aｌiｍｉted mｅmbｅｒｓhip.ﻪﻭﻭﻪ词汇注解ﻭ重点单词ﻭｏｒｉgｉn ／ɔｒidʒｉn /ﻭﻪﻭ【文中释义】n.起源ﻪ【大纲全义】n.起源,由来;出身，来历;血统ﻪﻪｅlusivｅ／i iju:ｓiv/ﻪﻭ【文中释义】ａdj.难捉摸的ﻭﻪ【大纲全义】adj.难懂的，易忘的,难捉摸的ﻪﻪﻭfｏrｅmｏｓt /ｆɔ:məusｔ／ﻪﻭ【文中释义】adj.最初的ﻭﻭ【大纲全义】ａdj.最先的;最初的;主要的ａdv．首要的ﻪﻭﻪｐunctｉliouｓly / pʌŋkｔilｉəslｉ/ﻪﻭﻪ【文中释义】adv．一丝不苟的ﻭﻪ【大纲全义】ａｄv.一丝不苟的ﻭﻪadhｅre /adｎｉə/ﻪﻭﻭ【文中释义】v.附ﻪﻪﻭ【大纲全义】v. (ｔｏ）黏着；坚持,遵宁;依附，追随ﻭﻭﻪdeｔacｈmeｎｔ/ dｉt tʃｍənt ／ﻭﻭ【文中释义】n.分离ﻪ【大纲全义】n．脱离,分离，拆开ﻪﻭﻭｂadge / b dʒ/ﻪﻭﻪﻭﻭ【大纲全义】n.徽章,像章;标记;象征;记号ﻭﻪ【文中释义】n.象征ﻭﻪｆeaｔ/fi:t／ﻪﻭ【文中释义】ｎ.壮举ﻪﻭ【大纲全义】n．功绩，伟业,技艺ﻭﻪﻭﻪｅvoke / ｉｖəuk/ﻭ【文中释义】ｖ.唤起ﻭﻭﻪ【大纲全义】ｖ.换起，引起ﻭformat ／fɔ：m t/ﻪ【文中释义】n.设计ﻪﻭ【大纲全义】ｎ.（出版物的)开本，版式，格式v.设计;安排ｖeｉn/veｉn/ﻪﻭ【文中释义】ｎ.静脉ﻭﻪ【大纲全义】n.血管;静脉；叶脉;纹理;情绪v.使成脉络ﻪﻭﻭ【文中释义】adj.可追踪的ﻭﻪﻭﻭﻪtraceaｂle / ｔｒeisəbl/ﻭ【大纲全义】adj.可追踪(追溯)的;起源于的ﻪﻭaesｔhｅtic / ｉ:s etik /ﻭﻪ【文中释义】adｊ．美学的ﻪ【大纲全义】aｄｊ．美学的，艺术的;审美的ﻪﻪﻭ超纲单词ﻭﻪｔingｅd adｊ.有些许的rappｅr n.交谈者ｐaeａn n.凯歌ﻪｖogue n.时髦ｖernacｕlar ｎ.本国语cliｑue n.集团ﻭﻪbｌiｎg n．绚丽的珠宝ｓｈeaｔh n.外皮dissonance n.不一致ﻪﻭﻭ重点段落译文ﻭﻭ什么是书呆子?加利福尼亚的圣塔芭芭拉大学的语言学家玛丽布霍尔特兹在过去的１2年里一直致力于研究该问题。