civil action
英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释
英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释1、国际组织类已经考过的:apec,国际货币基金组织,G20,世界银行,世贸组织,EU,WTO,关税总协定,安理会常任理事国,CDED,IAEA,ASEM,UNICEF,ASEAN,OECD,APEC,前苏联可能要考的:联合国、联合国大会/联大、联合国安全理事会、欧盟、东盟、阿盟、非盟、20国集团、亚太经合组织、北约、上合组织、金砖四国、八国集团首脑会议、经合组织、关税及贸易组织、石油输出国组织/欧佩克、国际奥委会、国际足球联合会、国际原子能机构、核供应国集团、禁止化学武器组织、国际能源机构、博鳌亚洲论坛、英联邦、独联体、欧洲委员会、世界卫生组织、世界知识产权组织、世界旅游组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国教科文组织、联合国儿童基金会、国际劳工组织、国际标准化组织、国际红十字会、亚太空间合作组织、欧洲货币联盟、国际复兴开发银行/世界银行、亚洲开发银行、非洲开发银行、欧洲中央银行、欧洲复兴发展银行、美洲开发银行/泛美开发银行、伊斯兰开发银行、不结盟运动、巴黎俱乐部、南方中心、阿拉伯各国议会联盟、拉丁美洲议会、海湾合作委员会、联合国工业发展组织、联合国开发计划署、联合国环境署、世界动物卫生组织、世界穆斯林大会、世界气象组织、世界和平理事会、国际金融公司、国际海事组织、国际民用航空组织、国际开发协会、国际商会、国际贸易中心、国际捕鲸委员会、阿拉伯石油输出国组织、太平洋岛国论坛、SCO、UNSC、OECD、OIE、OPEC、FAO、UNESCO、UNCF、UNIDO、UNDP、UNEP、UNCDF、UNCTAD、WHO、WMO、GATT、WIPO、WPC、ILO、IMF、IOC、IPC、ISO、ICC、IAEA、NATO、OPEC、EEC、NAM、UNCITRAL、UNDP、UNEP、UNIDO、WB、WCO、WEC、WFC、WFP、WTO、EMU (European Monetary Union)、PLO(PalestineLiberationOrganization)巴勒斯坦解放组织、EFTA/欧洲自由贸易联盟2、中国政府机关名词已经考过的:全国人民代表大会,政协,npc、可能要考的:主席团、常务委员会、办公厅、秘书处、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、国务院、外交部、国防部、国家发展计划委员会、教育部、科学技术部、国家科学技术工业委员会、国家安全部、监察部、民政部、司法部、财政部、人事部、劳动和社会保障部、国土资源部、建设部、铁路部、交通部、信息产业部、水利部、农业部、对外贸易经济合作部、文化部、卫生部、国家计划生育委员会、中国人民银行、国家审计署、国务院办公厅、国务院研究室、新闻办公室、海关总署、国家税务总局、国家环境保护总局、中国民用航空总局、caac、国家广播电影电视总局、国家体育总局、国家统计局、国家工商行政管理局、新闻出版署、国家版权局、国家林业局、国家质量技术监督局、国家药品监督管理局、国家知识产权局、国家旅游局、新华通讯社、中国科学院、中国社会科学院、中国工程院、中国地震局、中国气象局、中国证券监督管理委员会、国家轻工业局、国家纺织工业局、国家海洋局、国家测绘局、国家外汇管理局、国家出入境检验检疫局、中国共产党中央委员会、中央政治局、CPPCC、中央政治局常务委员会、中央书记处、中央军事委员会、中央办公厅、中央组织部、中央宣传部、中央统一战线部、中央对外联络部、中央政策研究室、中央党校、中央翻译局、中央档案馆、中国人民政治协商会议、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会、中国共产党、中国国民党革命委员会(民革)、中国民主同盟(民盟)、中国民主建国会(民建)、中国民主促进会(民进)、九三学社3、美国《时代》周刊评出年度热词已经考过的:defacto,Neet,unfriend,somebody'scupoftea,givethefloorto,thein-thing,infortainment,可能要考的:Vuvuzela/呜呜祖拉、TopKill/JunkShot/StaticKill/T opHat顶部封杀/垃圾弹/静态封杀/盖帽法、深水地平线/DeepwaterHorizon、Bedbugs/臭虫、Eyjafjallajokull/冰岛火山、Austerity/节衣缩食/欧洲紧缩政策、AnchorBabies/定锚婴儿、MamaGrizzlies/棕熊妈妈军团、ReleasetheKraken/释放海妖、Double-dip/二次探底、Bungabunga/强行侵犯俘虏/意大利总理贝卢斯科尼举办的性派对、海地地震、维基解密、援救智利矿工、巴基斯坦特大洪灾、朝鲜半岛局势、也门/反恐战争新前线、基地组织、主权债务/sovereigndebt、实体经4、科技发明类已经考过的:HDTV,CPU,显示器,小排量汽车可能要考的:Semiconductor/半导体、5、近年重大疾病类已经考过的:CBS,TheGuardian,FIT,新华社、CCTV可能要考的:CBC、BBC、ABC、CNN、AP/Associated Press、美联社、路透社、全国广播公司(NBC )、哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)、美国广播公司(ABC)、美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)、福克斯新闻频道(FOX NEWS)、日本广播协会(NHK)、半岛电视台(Al Jazeera)、加拿大广播公司(CBC)、澳大利亚广播公司(ABC)、东京广播公司(TBS)、韩国kbs电视台(KBS)、家庭影院频道(HBO)、[V]音乐台(channelv)、探索频道(discovery)、美国音乐电视频道(MTV)、NPR(National Public Radio)美国全国公共电台、7、美国之音常用新闻词汇已经考过的:commuter/乘车上班族、lipsynching/假唱、入境签证,Commuter,爵士摇滚,可能要考的:intangibleculturalheritage/非物质文化遗产、holdoff/保持距离、barrage/接连发问sound-detectiongear:声音探测器spam:垃圾邮件hideout:藏身点snap:仓促的coupplotter:政变策划者stemcell:干细胞playup:大肆渲染graffiti:涂鸦feverpitch:高度兴奋,狂热overstaff:人员过多peacesaboteur:和平破坏者comatose:昏迷的crackdown:取缔,制裁down-to-earth:实际的切实的BallisticMissileTest:弹道导弹试验Ordeal:严峻的考验Kidnapper:拐子、绑匪AtomicNucleus:原子核ConfidenceVote:信任票Denuclearization:非核化Blast:爆炸,冲击波GreenBeltMovement:绿带运动Argumentative:爱争论的Cram:塞满、拥挤SnapPoll:即席调查Premature:过早的,仓促的Paralyzed:瘫痪的LiftAnEmbargo:解除禁运Barbecuestoppage:中止;中断abstention:弃权clinicaltrial:临床试验ChrysanthemumThrone:天皇王位VaccinateBlockbusterMascotSleasyCULLOutofwhackhotwords:fie ldworkriotRedtape:繁文缛节ColdfrontAbduct:诱拐,绑架Preemptive:先发制人的Footage:电影胶片Incumbent:现任者,在职者MilitaryChief:军事最高统帅StateVisit:国事访问PermanentMember:常任理事国Relevance:意义,实用性UraniumEnrichment:铀浓缩PowerPlant:发电站Evacuate:撤退、疏散Bayard:骑士,勇武异常者launchpad:发射台Constituency:选区,选民atadiscountTabloidAchilles'heelPostmodernComeout (ofthecloset)Reggae Rap music Platonic Punk Blackball Coat tail Lame duck Independent counsel Preset Orbit:预定轨道Milestone:里程碑,转折点BallisticMissile:弹道导弹HeartBbypassSurgery:心脏搭桥手术Wail:大哭Denunciation:谴责、指责Holeup:藏匿StepDown:辞职,下台Benchmark:基准点,衡量标准BeakedWhale:突吻鲸,喙鲸Procurement:采购Handset:手机Stake:股份Portal:门户网站Showcase:展示Sedan:小轿车StrategicPetroleumReserve:战略石油储备BackT ax:退缴税CrudeOutput:原油生产LogOn:进入系统LagBehind:落在后面TeamUp:合作,协作AudienceRating:收视率PlayDown:对……不太重视FloorTrader:场内交易人APackageOfProposals:一揽子建议OperatingMargin:营运利润率Hedge-Fund:对冲基金Shortfall:不足、差额、赤字Anti-Trust:反托拉斯FullSwing:达到活动的ClawBack:夺回,费力收回BalanceSheet:资产负债表Inventory:货存、库存量MutualFund:共同基金LoanGuarante:借款保函ClassAction:集体诉讼Antidumping:反倾销Confetti:五彩纸屑FederalReserve:美国联邦储备系统Ink:签署(合同、文件等)HSBC:汇丰银行HotMoney:国际套利资本Scooter:速克达、踏板车、单脚滑行车InARow:一个接一个NetWorth:资本净值ABM=anti-ballisticmissile反弹道导弹abortivecoupattempt未遂政变absenttrial(absentvoting缺席审判(缺席投票absolutemajority绝对多数abstainfromvoting弃权abuseofpowerforpersonalgain以权谋私academia学术界academiccareer学历,学业academician院士AcademyAward奥斯卡金像奖academysciences科学院accreditedjournalist特派记者acquit (beacquitted宣告无罪(无罪释放actingpresident代总统activecapital流动资本activesubstance放射性物adversetradebalance逆差advisorybody顾问团after-saleservice售后服务aircrash飞机失事album专辑alliedpowers同盟国all-outban全面禁止all-roundtitle全能冠军alumnus(复数:alumni)校友amendment修正案,附加条款amicablerelations 友好关系amnesty特赦anarchy无政府状态animalyear本命年anti-corruption反腐败anti-robberybell防盗铃apartheid种族隔离appropriateauthorities有关当局arch-foe 主要的劲敌armedintervention武装干涉arm-twisting施加压力arson放火,纵火assemblyhall会议厅assemblyline生产流水线assemblyman议员,装配工assistantsecretary(美)助理部长assistantsecretaryofstate (美)助理国务卿attaché专员,(外交使团的)随员audiencerating收视率audiophile音乐发烧友authoritativeinformation官方消息authoritativesource权威人士autonomousregion(prefecture自治区(州axispower轴心国bachelormother未婚母亲backgroundbriefing吹风会,背景情况介绍会bacteria细菌bail 保释,保释金ballot选票,投票bankbook银行存折bankfailure银行倒闭barcode条形码bargainprice廉价beresponsibleforone'sownprofitandloss自负盈亏behonestinperformingone'sofficialduties廉洁奉公beeperBP 机behind-the-scenemaneuvering幕后操纵benefitconcert义演音乐会bestsupportingactressaward最佳女配角bidupprice哄抬物价biggun有势力的人,名人biglie大骗局bistro夜总会blackbox测谎器blackmarketprice 黑市价blanketballot全面选举blast爆炸blindalley死胡同blockade封锁bloodlesscoup不流血政变BlueBerets 蓝盔部队bluffdiplomacy恫吓外交bombard轰炸,炮击boom(经济)繁荣,兴旺borrower债方botanicalgarden 植物园bottleup抑制bottomout走出低谷boxofficereturns票房收入boxofficesmash卖座率高的演出boycott 联合抵制braindrain人才流失braingain人才引进braintrust智囊团brawndrain劳工外流read-and-butterletter 感谢信bribery行贿bubbleeconomy泡沫经济bureaucracy官僚主义bureaucrat官倒cabinetlineup内阁阵容cabinetre-shuffle内阁改组cablecar缆车cable-staybridge斜拉桥cadre干部cafeteria自助餐厅calamity灾难campaignagainstporns 扫黄运动candidateforexam考生cargohandlingcapacity货物吞吐量carnival狂欢节casualty遇难者,伤亡人员catchphrase口头禅,口号ceasefire停火ceilingprice最高限价celebrity知名人士cellularphone移动电话,大哥大censurevote不信任投票census人口普查ceremonialusherette迎宾小姐chamberconcert室内音乐会charity慈善组织charteredplane包机chinahand中国通China'sactualconditions 中国国情ChinesedescendantinAmerica 美籍华裔cholesterol胆固醇civilservant公务员civilian平民classroomboycott罢课climbout经济复苏closingaddress闭幕辞cloverleafintersection立交桥comfortably-offlevel小康水平complainsbox意见箱computernik电脑迷condo(minium)商品房condolence 慰问,吊唁conductedtour团体旅游confiscate没收,充公conscienceforum道德法庭conscript征兵,入伍conservativeparty保守党constructionofacleangovernment廉政建设conveniencefood方便食品corruptionreportingcenter举报中心countdown倒计时countymagistrate县长crammingsystem填鸭式教学法crashprogram应急计划criminallaw刑法crudeoil原油culturalundertakings文化事业curfew宵禁curriculumvitae履历表curtaincall谢幕dailynecessities日用品dailyturnover日成交量dan (围棋的)段deadlock 僵局deathtoll死亡人数,死亡率defendant 被告deli(catessen)熟食dictatorship独裁disaster-hitarea灾区discjockeyDJdissolve解散divisionchief处长,科长doctorialtutor 博士生导师doormoney入场费dove主和派,鸽派duet二重唱Duma(俄)杜马,俄罗斯议会dux学习标兵,学习尖子economicsanction经济制裁economictake-off经济腾飞ElNino厄尔尼诺现象electricpower电力eliminate淘汰embargo禁运enrouteto 在……途中enlistedman现役军人epidemic流行病exclusiveinterview独家采访expo(sition)博览会face-to-facetalk 会晤fairplaytrophy风格奖familyplanning计划生育fleamarket跳蚤市场flyingsquad飞虎队frame-up诬陷,假案frontpage头条frontrowseat首席记者fullhouse满座gear…totheinternationalconventions 把…与国际接轨grasswidow (widower留守女士(留守男士guestofhonor贵宾guestteam (hometeam客队(主队hawk主战派heroin海洛因highlightsandsidelights要闻与花絮his-and-herswatches情侣表hitparade 流行歌曲排行榜hitproduct拳头产品hit-and-runner肇事后逃走者HongKongcompatriot香港同胞honorguard 仪仗队hostage人质housingreform住房改革hypermedia多媒体ideology 意识形态idlemoney闲散资金inanotherrelateddevelopment另据报道incumbentmayor现任市长info-highway信息高速公路in-servicetraining在职训练inspector-general总监interimgovernment过渡政府invitationmeet邀请赛judo柔leadingactor男主角lease租约,租期manofmark名人,要人manuscript原稿,脚本marriagelines结婚证书masterkey万能钥匙medium媒体,媒介mercykilling安乐死moped助力车Moslem穆斯林multimedia多媒体musiccafe音乐茶座nationalanthem国歌negativevote反对票nestegg私房钱newsagency通讯社newsbriefing新闻发布会newsconference记者招待会newsflash短讯,快讯nominee候选人notions小商品nullandvoid无效的off-hourhobby业余爱好off-the-jobtraining脱产培训onstandby待命on-the-jobtraining在职培训on-the-spotbroadcasting现场直播opinionpoll民意测验overpass(人行)天桥overseasstudent留学生overture序曲overwhelmingmajority压倒性多数palmphone大哥大parliament国会passerby过路人pay-to-the-driverbus无人售票车peacefulco-existence和平共处peace-keepingforce维和部队peakviewingtime 黄金时间pedestrian行人pensioninsurance养老保险Pentagon五角大楼perk外快PM=primeminister首相,总理politburo政治局poorbox济贫箱pope教皇poseforagroupphoto 集体合影留念poverty-strickenarea贫困地区powerfailure断电,停电premiere首映,初次公演pressbriefing新闻发布会presscorps记者团pressspokesman新闻发言人prize-awardingceremony颁奖仪式professionalescort"三陪"服务profiteer投机倒把者protocol草案,协议puberty青春期publicservant公务员questionnaire调查表quick-frozenfood速冻食品quizgame智力竞赛racialdiscrimination种族歧视rapport默契reciprocalvisits互访recital独唱会,独奏会red-carpetwelcome隆重欢迎red-hotnews 最新消息red-letterday大喜之日redundant下岗人员re-employment再就业rep=representative代表ripoff宰客senate参议院tenureofoffice任职期theotherman (woman第三者topnews 头条新闻tornado龙卷风tourdeforce代表作townshipenterprises 乡镇企业townshiphead乡长traffictie-up交通瘫痪truce停火,休战trustee董事two-daydayoffs双休日tycoon巨富umpire裁判V.D.=venerealdisease性病vaccine疫苗vehicle-freepromenade步行街votedown否决well-offlevel 小康水平well-to-dolevel小康水平Who'sWho名人录workingcouple双职工8、国际贸易类已经考过的:installment plan,chenck and balance,boned good,优惠合同,购货合同,报关,贸易顺差,售后服务,安检,POD,L(C,bonded warehouse,转基因食品,可能要考的:9、金融危机相关词汇已经考过的:IPR,Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis,Free Trade Agreement,稳健的货币政策,可能要考的:10、大陆对台政策类已经考过的:CEPA,可能要考的:一国两制、11、中国航天事业类已经考过的:载人航天计划,载人飞船可能要考的:12、美国机构类已经考过的:NASA,USNE,美国联邦储备银行,奥巴马、奥斯卡奖、花旗银行,Arbor Day,可能要考的:ANSI(美国国家标准学会、美利坚合众国、USDA、ACM、USNA、NSC、USMA、AMA、ABA (American Bar Association美国律师协会、ECMA(European Computer Manufacturers Association欧洲计算机制造商协会、IDC (International Data Corporation国际数据公司、NAS(National Academy of Sciences国家科学院、AAA(American Automobile Association美国汽车协会、ABA(American Bankers Association 美国银行家协会、ARC(American Red Cross美国红十字会、IATA (International Air Transport Association国际航空运输协会DA (Department of the Army (美国)陆军部、OSS(Office ofStrategic Services战略情报局、NMD/国家导弹防御系统、13、全球著名快递公司已经考过的:EMS、14、全球航空公司已经考过的:BA(British Airways英国航空公司可能要考的:CAB(Civil Aeronautics Board民航局、AAL (American Airlines美国航空公司、AA(American Airlines 美国美洲航空、15、全球著名企业已经考过的:可能要考的:HP(Hewlett-Packard惠普公司、GM(General Motors美国通用汽车公司、16、各国缩写已经考过的:可能要考的:CAN加拿大SP西班牙IR伊朗PE(Peru秘鲁IRE (Ireland爱尔兰AR(Argentina阿根廷JP(Japan 日本、SFO(San Francisco三藩市、16、各国央行及全球著名银行已经考过的:中国工商银行,可能要考的:ECB(European Central Bank欧洲中央银行、17、全球证交所已经考过的:NSDAQ、创业板,可能要考的:ASE美国证券交易所、SEX((Singapore Stock Exchange)新加坡证券交易所、SSE(上海证券交易所)、ASX澳大利亚证券交易所Australian Stock Exchange、纳斯达克,道.琼斯,香港恒生,东京证券交易所,18、全球运动协会缩写已经考过的:NBA可能要考的:AHL(American Hockey League)美国曲棍球联盟、MLB(Major League Baseball)美国全国棒球协会和盟国棒球协会、NBA(美国)国家篮球协会、NHL(National Hockey League)全国曲棍球联盟、WWF(World Wrestling Federation)世界摔角联盟、CBA、19、中国特色的词汇已经考过的:中国特色的社会主义市场经济,外向型经济,政企分开,恶性循环,自负盈亏,扫黄打非,西部大开发,高度自治,中小企业,打造知名品牌,晚婚晚育,可能要考的:20、百科全书已经考过的:Encyclopedia Britannica, binary opposition,可能要考的:21、古代巨著已经考过的:《论语》《红楼梦》《红楼梦》《毛泽东语录》《论语》《钦定圣经》、可能要考的:水浒、三国、西游记、一千零一夜、天方夜谈、道德经、TAO,孔子、孟子、22、军事外交类已经考过的:外交庇护,战略伙伴关系,Special Safeguard Mechanism,可能要考的:23、节能减排、气候大会已经考过的:节能,温室气体排放可能要考的:24、中国网络热词已经考过的:选秀,囧,绿坝,SOHO、可能要考的:25、中国成语可能要考的:26、中国自然灾害已经考过的:地震,可能要考的:27、中国名盛古迹已经考过的:颐和园,天坛、兵马俑,可能要考的:28、翻译专业述语已经考过的:音译、对等翻译、direct Translation,MTI,Simultaneous Interpretion,会议传译,应用语言学,可能要考的:29、节日已经考过的:老人节,Arbor Day,可能要考的:30、中国特色的评选已经考过的:中国十佳宜居城市可能要考的:31、科技类已经考过的:the king of kings, Dubbling,文本对等,可能要考的:。
American Civil War美国内战英文简介
• The conflict between north and south • Although Lincoln,whom from the northern republicans, was not the advocate of liberating the slaves, he thought slavery was inhumanity, and he opposed expanding slavery. But the South,which always with slaves to develop its industry ,felt strongly opposed. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected President, and he mentioned in the platform which is protecting tariff and The Homestead Act greatly harmed the interests of southern slave owner. Two months later, the southern government started to rebel, the northern government had to accept the battle , the civil war began to erupted.
Before the civil war, the United States is made of four areas: 1. Northeast (the New Zealand ) – the growth of industrial , commercial and population density; 2.Northwest (Midwest today) free farmers here developed quickly, Northwest Ordinance grant here has no slavery; 3. the Upper South - reclamation farm, but part of there economic declined; 4. Southwest - economic zone of cotton are quickly developed.
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS
3. Influenced Americans to view themselves. 4.Many Americans to view treatment towards Blacks as wrong.
On December 1st 1955,Rosa Parks refused to obey the bus driver’s order that she give up her seat for a white passenger. Parks was arrested for failing to obey to the bus driver’s command and found guilty a few days later. This started the Montgomery Bus Boycott and as a result Rosa Parks was considered one of the pioneers of the Civil Rights Movement.
1776 -- Declaration of Independence The Continental Congress asserts that “these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States”.
INFLUENCE
PART FIVE
1.changed the fate of African Americans (freedom, equality, dignity) 2.profoudly affected all Americans' ideas. 3.inspired the democracy and freedom struggle 4.drived Women's Movement, Anti-war Movement, the New Left movement and the struggle for rights of other ethnic groups
观看电影《a civil action》的感想——基于公益诉讼的角度结合新《民事诉讼法》第55条
观看电影《a civil action》的感想——基于公益诉讼的角度结合新《民事诉讼法》第55条近年来,社会各界要求建立公益诉讼制度的呼声越来越强烈,最高人民法院对此高度重视,组织力量进行反复研究。
2010 年,全国人大常委会决定启动民事诉讼法的再次修改。
我们及时抓住这个机会,在最高人民法院受托起草的“民事诉讼法修改建议草案”中,写进了建立公益诉讼制度的建议。
2012 年8 月31 日,经过三审,第11 届全国人大常委会第28 次会议通过了“关于修改《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》的决定”,其中采纳了建立公益诉讼制度的建议。
在“决定”的第九部分规定:增加一条,作为第55条,“对污染环境,侵害众多消费者合法权益等损害社会公共利益的行为,法律规定的机关和有关组织可以向人民法院提起诉讼”。
一、我们需要建立公益诉讼制度就电影而言,七个孩子的父母确实需要有人对他们所遭受到的灾难负责,而他们却不知道该向谁求助,最后只得通过寻找民事代理律师来为自己的合法权益维护。
因此,我觉得我们确实需要一个确定的制度来为维护我们的权益,尤其是就中国而言,如果没有确切的维护这方面的制度存在的话,那么可以想象又会有谁愿意作为这些受害者们的代理人去和这些庞然大物进行搏斗。
公益诉讼相对于普通私益诉讼而言,通常是指特定的国家机关、社会组织和公民,根据法律的规定,对违反法律、法规侵犯国家利益、社会公共利益的行为,向法院提起诉讼,通过法院依法审理,追究违法者法律责任的活动。
按照公益诉讼原告主体范围、被诉对象的不同,公益诉讼有广义和狭义之分。
广义的公益诉讼包括所有为维护社会公共利益提起的诉讼,是指任何组织和个人都可以对侵害社会公共利益的行为,向法院起诉,由法院追究其法律责任的活动。
从现实和法治实践角度来看,在民事诉讼法中规定公益诉讼众望所归。
具体说来:1、现实的迫切需求。
近年来,随着社会经济的快步发展,危害公共利益的重大事件频发,环境污染、食品药品安全等领域问题凸显,例如,轰动全国的云南阳宗海重大砷污染事故、陕西儿童血铅超标事件、紫金矿业污染汀江事件、齐二假药事件、三聚氰胺毒奶粉事件、地沟油事件,等等,严重影响了人民群众的生命财产安全。
英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案之欧阳地创编
Book1 Unit 1时间:2021.03.04 创作:欧阳地1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with aclass-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people. 3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8thcentury, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween asan indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. (4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history asa unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged.(2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politicallyinto the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. 6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散,建议参考festival那章的答案,这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens.(2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity." Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of thekey markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority(about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了,所以就搜了一下,以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict —the Troubles —which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were neverlost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces. 3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demandfor political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutionalprinciples.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort toreassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeoisrepublican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, whenmedieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutionaldocuments.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive,an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship withgovernment, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds. Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: Voters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. Voting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government. 2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats. Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus thedifference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth.(2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longerstories, covering national and international events.(3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.(5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII.(2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its nationalwealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones. (5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979: A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme ofprivatisation was carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. (3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing. How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 61.Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.4.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf"Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando";wrence "Sons and Lovers" andE.M.Forster "aPassage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system?Please comment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect socialclass?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class, 3.What are the major changes that have taken place sinceWorld War II? Is British education moving towardsmore progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war.So with the help of the church and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 educationact made entry to secondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by thegovernment.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britainhave rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well intheir A-levels and receive a fully-funded place ina university. And when they graduate, they can becomevery influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do youthink of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications.They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanksto the system, tens of thousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year.And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did theBritain react to this reality? How did the end ofBritish imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longerafford to maintain its empire; while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs.People and territory should not just be treated asa source of economic resources for the ruling centersof commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember whenBritain was one of the most powerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, britishpolicy makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and pointto many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreignpolicy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history m ade the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does thegovernment’s foreign policy represent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the generaldirection of Britain’s foreign policy. Th e main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government’s decisions.。
Civil War
Scarlett spends her young maiden years. She is well disciplined by her mother, but her blazing
green eyes always betray her covert capricious self; the one who enjoys parties and the
(the direct cause of war)
• Both the north and the south experienced major victories and defeats.However,by September 1864 with the talking of Atlanta the North had gained the upper hand and the war would officially end on April 9,1865.
lost culture revisited.
•
It is Old South, which today is no more than a dream remembered. People were once there,
living with the high strong slaves' songs in the quarters, in security, peace and eternity. Here,
novel was an instant success. And the story has been bestowed an even further reaching
popularity since Vivian Leigh presented a vivid translation to the screen of Katie Scarlett O'Hara, a
English words of civil action
案件承办人员 -- personnel designated to handle the case 案件发生地 -- place where the case occurred 案 件 发 生 地 的 市 ( 地 、 州 ) 以 上 工 商 行 政 管 理 部 门 -- the administrative department for industry and commerce of the municipality (prefecture) or a higher level administrative region where the case occurred 案件受理费 -- case acceptance fee 案件受理通知书 -- written notice of case acceptance 案外人 – outsider 案由 -- cause of action 按照...处理 -- handle the case in accordance with 败诉 -- lose a case
74. 二审案件 -- second-instance case 75. 重新提起诉讼 -- re-file the action 76. 传唤当事人 -- summon the parties 77. 传来证据 -- hearsay evidence 78. 初步审定并公告 -- be preliminarily approved and announced 79. 初级法院 -- primary court 80. 处理案件 -- handle a case 81. 初审管辖权 -- original jurisdiction 82. 答辩 – defense 83. 答辩阶段 -- pleading stage of a case 84. 答辩期 -- time limit for defense 85. 答辩书 -- statement of defense 86. 答辩意见 -- defense opinions 87. 答辩状 -- statement of defense 88. 担保责任 -- guarantee liability 89. 当事人也有权申请回避 -- the interested party may also be entitled to apply for sb.'s withdrawal from the case 90. 当庭判决 -- render a judgment in court 91. 登记过户 -- registration of ownership transfer 92. 调查收集证据 -- evidence investigation and collection 93. 定罪 – conviction
力量汇聚创奇迹的英语作文
The power of unity is an ageold concept that has been proven time and time again throughout history.When individuals come together and pool their resources,skills,and determination,the results can be nothing short of miraculous.This essay will explore the idea that when strength is combined,it can lead to the creation of wonders that might otherwise be impossible to achieve.The Power of Collective EffortIn any endeavor,whether it be in sports,business,or social movements,the collective effort of a group can far surpass the capabilities of an individual.For instance,in sports,a team that works together,with each member understanding their role and supporting their teammates,can achieve victories that would be unattainable if they were to compete alone.This is evident in the success of sports teams like the1992U.S.Olympic basketball team,known as the Dream Team,which showcased the power of having the best players unite for a common goal.Overcoming ChallengesWhen faced with seemingly insurmountable challenges,it is the combined strength of individuals that can lead to breakthroughs.In the field of science,for example,the collaborative efforts of researchers worldwide have led to significant advancements in medicine,technology,and environmental conservation.The development of the COVID19vaccines is a testament to what can be achieved when the brightest minds in science and medicine come together to tackle a global crisis.Cultural and Social ImpactThe power of unity is not only evident in tangible achievements but also in the cultural and social changes that can be brought about through collective action.The civil rights movement in the United States is a prime example of how the strength of a unified voice can lead to systemic change and social progress.The movement,which was fueled by the collective efforts of activists,leaders,and ordinary citizens,was instrumental in dismantling racial segregation and promoting equal rights for all.Economic BenefitsEconomically,the pooling of resources and skills can lead to the creation of wealth and prosperity that benefits a community or nation as a whole.The rise of cooperative businesses and the sharing economy are modern examples of how individuals can come together to create economic opportunities that are more sustainable and equitable thantraditional models.The Role of LeadershipWhile the power of unity is a driving force,the role of leadership in harnessing this strength cannot be understated.Effective leaders are those who can inspire and mobilize others towards a common goal,creating an environment where the strengths of each individual are maximized for the benefit of all.Great leaders,such as Nelson Mandela or Mahatma Gandhi,have demonstrated the ability to unite diverse groups and channel their collective strength towards creating lasting change.ConclusionIn conclusion,the power of unity is a transformative force that has the potential to create miracles.Whether it is in the realm of sports,science,social change,or economics,the combined efforts of individuals can lead to outcomes that are greater than the sum of their parts.It is through this collective strength that humanity can overcome its greatest challenges and achieve its most ambitious goals.。
civil rights movement
从刚刚那个小故事中,你看出瑞典这样的 从刚刚那个小故事中, 北欧国家有什么特色? 北欧国家有什么特色?
美 丽 的 瑞 典 , 安 逸 的 生 活
北欧国家实行的高福利政策, 北欧国家实行的高福利政策,让国 国家实行的高福利政策 人安居乐业,营造了安定、 人安居乐业,营造了安定、祥和的社 会氛围,贫富悬殊相对较小, 会氛围,贫富悬殊相对较小,群体之 间利害冲突较少。 间利害冲突较少。这些国家的社会治 也较好。 安也较好。 在北欧,人们收入的60% 在北欧,人们收入的 %要上交税 款,国家财政的主要支出是各项社会 救助和福利事业。 救助和福利事业。
美国其它民权运动 ——女权运动
历史上, 历史上,美国一直是男性 的天下, 的天下,妇女的天职是家庭 主妇。 主妇。偶有女性工低作也多 半是比较职位, 半是比较职位,而且同工不 同酬。 同酬。女性的尊严得不到体 女性的才能被掩盖。 现,女性的才能被掩盖。 美国妇女现在的地位是 经过长期不懈的斗争得来的。 经过长期不懈的斗争得来的。
I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
北欧国家福利制度的利与弊
甲方
利大于弊
乙方
弊大于利
冰岛
丹麦
挪威
瑞典
芬兰
1. 美国黑人民权运动的领袖人物是? 美国黑人民权运动的领袖人物是? 2.20世纪 年代,美国社会结构呈什 世纪70年代 世纪 年代, 么形状? 么形状?
Civil Rights Movement 美国民权运动PPT
• 1988 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act over President Reagan's veto. • 1989 -- L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes first black elected governor.
• The boycott gained support from black community. • About 50 000 blacks participated
• Since the city’s black population who were the drivers of the boycott were also the main pary of the system‘s ridership. • crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system
Civil rights movement
• A. What is civil rights movement ? • B. How did it come about? Or what was the background then?
• C. Big events timeline and great figures
Victory
• on November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery racial segregation laws for buses were illegal.
• 1957 -- Arkansas Gov. uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in Federal Troops to ensure compliance.
Civil Rights Movement 民权运动
During
African American Civil Rights Movement
African
American Civil Rights Movement(1955-1968) refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights to them in the Southern states. It was a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The movement has had a lasting impact on United States society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.
美国内战爆发的英语作文
The American Civil War, a pivotal moment in the nations history, was a conflict that tore the country asunder and left indelible marks on the collective consciousness of its people. As a high school student delving into the depths of this tumultuous period, Ive come to understand the complexities and the profound impact it had on the United States.Growing up, I was always fascinated by the stories of valor and the harsh realities of war that my grandfather would recount. He had a particular interest in military history, and the Civil War was no exception. His tales painted a vivid picture of a nation divided, of brothers pitted against brothers, and of a struggle for freedom and unity that would shape the countrys future.The war began in April 1861, sparked by the secession of the Southern states from the Union and the subsequent attack on Fort Sumter. This was not just a war over territory, but a war of ideologiesbetween the Norths industrialized economy and the Souths agrarian society, which relied heavily on slave labor. The issue of slavery was at the heart of the conflict, with the North advocating for its abolition and the South fighting to preserve it.What struck me most about the Civil War was the sheer scale of the devastation it wrought. The war lasted four years, from 1861 to 1865, and resulted in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers and an untold number of civilians. The numbers are staggering, and they serve as a stark reminder of the cost of conflict.One of the most significant battles of the war was the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. This threeday engagement was a turning point, not just for the war, but for the nation. The Unions victory there marked the beginning of the end for the Confederacy. The battlefield is now a national cemetery, a place of reflection and remembrance for those who gave their lives in the fight for a more just society.The war also saw the emergence of Abraham Lincoln as a transformative leader. His Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 declared slaves in Confederateheld territory to be free, and it was a significant step towards the abolition of slavery. His Gettysburg Address in 1863, a mere 272 words, encapsulated the ideals of human equality and the sacrifices made by the soldiers who fought for those ideals.The Civil War was not just a military conflict it was a social and political upheaval. It led to the end of slavery with the 13th Amendment in 1865, and it paved the way for the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted citizenship and voting rights to former slaves. These amendments were a monumental step towards civil rights and equality in the United States.However, the aftermath of the war was not without its challenges. The Reconstruction Era that followed was a period of rebuilding and reintegration, but it was also marked by racial tensions and the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which sought to undermine the progress made during the war.Studying the Civil War has given me a deeper appreciation for thecomplexities of history and the resilience of the human spirit. It has also highlighted the importance of understanding and learning from the past to build a more equitable and just society.In conclusion, the American Civil War was a defining moment in our nations history, one that tested the very fabric of the country. It was a time of great suffering and loss, but also of great courage and transformation. As I continue to learn more about this period, I am reminded of the power of unity and the enduring quest for freedom and equality.。
正义天平的另一端——电影《a civil action》鉴赏
正义天平的另一端——电影《a civil action》鉴赏《a civil action》是一部由史蒂文·泽里安导演的,由约翰·利特高、凯瑟琳·奎南、彼得·雅各布森主演的一部个人英雄主义的影片。
其中配角罗伯特·杜瓦尔获得第71届奥斯卡金像奖最佳男配角(提名)康拉德·赫尔获得第71届奥斯卡金像奖最佳摄影(提名)。
《a civil action》改编自真人真事,19世纪80年代,马萨诸塞州的EAST WOBURN在15年内有8个孩子死于血癌,居民们怀疑是因为当地两家工厂排放污水导致儿童患病。
于是,其中一名丧子的母亲便找到了民事诉讼律师Jan Schlichtmann作为控方代表律师,指控两家工业巨头。
起初,Jan Schlichtmann是因为看到胜诉后巨大的经济利益与宣传作用,才答应做控方的律师。
但是,在那样一个环保法还一穷二白的年代,漫长的民事诉讼程序使得Jan Schlichtmann从一个年轻有为的钻石王老五,变成了一个一无所有的穷光蛋。
控诉,驳回,上诉,直到解决,八年的时间,他失去了当年的合作伙伴,失去了所有家当,只为了打赢这个官司。
作为贯穿整部影片的主人公Jan Schlichtmann,他身上所体现出的在金钱名利与职业良知间的挣扎和抉择是我印象最深的部分。
最初Jan接下这个案子是因为看到了这背后可能为其带来的巨大的金钱和名声,但随着时间的进展,困难与阻力层层出现,使得现实与预期南辕北辙,Jan和他的公司也因此到了入不敷出甚至是一文不名的地步,这时候Jan的坚持就与金钱和名利毫无关联,他所坚持的是一种道德良知和职业准则,是对公平和正义的追求,是一种真正令人感动的人性。
我想Jan的转变是一种在现实压力下对职业价值的重新思考和认识,这种转变也成就了Jan作为一个律师所能体现出的真正的职业价值。
因此这篇文章我想着重探讨的就是在金钱最大化这种浪潮下律师真正的职业价值。
Civil rights act of 1964
Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)An ActTo enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Civil Rights Act of 1964".TITLE I--VOTING RIGHTSSEC. 101. Section 2004 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1971), as amended by section 131 of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (71 Stat. 637), and as further amended by section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1960 (74 Stat. 90), is further amended as follows:(a) Insert "1" after "(a)" in subsection (a) and add at the end of subsection (a) the following new paragraphs:"(2) No person acting under color of law shall--"(A) in determining whether any individual is qualified under State law or laws to vote in any Federal election, apply any standard, practice, or procedure different from the standards, practices, or procedures applied under such law or laws to other individuals within the same county, parish, or similar political subdivision who have been found by State officials to be qualified to vote;"(B) deny the right of any individual to vote in any Federal election because of an error or omission on any record or paper relating to any application, registration, or other act requisite to voting, if such error or omission is not material in determining whether such individual is qualified under State law to vote in such election; or"(C) employ any literacy test as a qualification for voting in any Federal election unless (i) such test is administered to each individual and is conducted wholly in writing, and (ii) a certified copy of the test and of the answers given by the individual is furnished to him within twenty-five days of the submission of his request made within the period of time during which records and papers are required to be retained and preserved pursuant to title III of the Civil Rights Act of 1960 (42 U.S.C. 1974--74e; 74 Stat. 88): Provided, however, That the Attorney General may enter into agreements with appropriate State or local authorities that preparation, conduct, and maintenance of such tests in accordance with the provisions of applicable State or local law, including such special provisions as are necessary in the preparation, conduct, and maintenance of such tests for persons who are blind or otherwise physically handicapped, meet the purposes of this subparagraph and constitute compliance therewith."(3) For purposes of this subsection--"(A) the term 'vote' shall have the same meaning as in subsection (e) of this section;"(B) the phrase 'literacy test' includes any test of the ability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter."(b) Insert immediately following the period at the end of the first sentence of subsection (c) the following new sentence: "If in any such proceeding literacy is a relevant fact there shall be a rebuttable presumption that any person who has not been adjudged an incompetent and who has completed the sixth grade in a public school in, or a private school accredited by, any State or territory, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico where instruction is carried on predominantly in the English language, possesses sufficient literacy, comprehension, and intelligence to vote in any Federal election."(c) Add the following subsection "(f)" and designate the present subsection "(f)" as subsection "(g)": "(f) When used in subsection (a) or (c) of this section, the words 'Federal election' shall mean any general, special, or primary election held solely or in part for the purpose of electing or selecting any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the Senate, or Member of the House of Representatives."(d) Add the following subsection "(h)":"(h) In any proceeding instituted by the United States in any district court of the United States under this section in which the Attorney General requests a finding of a pattern or practice of discrimination pursuant to subsection (e) of this section the Attorney General, at the time he files the complaint, or any defendant in the proceeding, within twenty days after service upon him of the complaint, may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the entire case. A copy of the request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of the copy of such request it shall be the duty of the chief justice of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court."In any proceeding brought under subsection (c) of this section to enforce subsection (b) of this section, or in the event neither the Attorney General nor any defendant files a request for a three-judge court in any proceeding authorized by this subsection, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or, in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case."It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited."TITLE II--INJUNCTIVE RELIEF AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONSEC. 201. (a) All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities,and privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.(b) Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this title if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action:(1) any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;(2) any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on thepremises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;(3) any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment; and(4) any establishment (A)(i) which is physically located within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, or (ii) within the premises of which is physically located any such covered establishment, and (B) which holds itself out as serving patrons of such covered establishment.(c) The operations of an establishment affect commerce within the meaning of this title if (1) it is one of the establishments described in paragraph (1) of subsection (b); (2) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (2) of subsection (b), it serves or offers to serve interstate travelers or a substantial portion of the food which it serves, or gasoline or other products which it sells, has moved in commerce; (3) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (3) of subsection (b), it customarily presents films, performances, athletic teams, exhibitions, or other sources of entertainment which move in commerce; and (4) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (4) of subsection (b), it is physically located within the premises of, or there is physically located within its premises, an establishment the operations of which affect commerce within the meaning of this subsection. For purposes of this section, "commerce" means travel, trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, or communication among the several States, or between the District of Columbia and any State, or between any foreign country or any territory or possession and any State or the District of Columbia, or between points in the same State but through any other State or the District of Columbia or a foreign country.(d) Discrimination or segregation by an establishment is supported by State action within the meaning of this title if such discrimination or segregation (1) is carried on under color of any law, statute, ordinance, or regulation; or (2) is carried on under color of any custom or usage required or enforced by officials of the State or political subdivision thereof; or (3) is required by action of the State or political subdivision thereof.(e) The provisions of this title shall not apply to a private club or other establishment not in fact open to the public, except to the extent that the facilities of such establishment are made available to the customers or patrons of an establishment within the scope of subsection (b).SEC. 202. All persons shall be entitled to be free, at any establishment or place, from discrimination or segregation of any kind on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin, if such discrimination orsegregation is or purports to be required by any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, rule, or order of a State or any agency or political subdivision thereof.SEC. 203. No person shall (a) withhold, deny, or attempt to withhold or deny, or deprive or attempt to deprive, any person of any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202, or (b) intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person with the purpose of interfering with any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202, or (c) punish or attempt to punish any person for exercising or attempting to exercise any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202.SEC. 204. (a) Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice prohibited by section 203, a civil action for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order, may be instituted by the person aggrieved and, upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the Attorney General to intervene in such civil action if he certifies that the case is of general public importance. Upon application by the complainant and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such complainant and may authorize the commencement of the civil action without the payment of fees, costs, or security.(b) In any action commenced pursuant to this title, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs, and the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person.(c) In the case of an alleged act or practice prohibited by this title which occurs in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has a State or local law prohibiting such act or practice and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no civil action may be brought under subsection (a) before the expiration of thirty days after written notice of such alleged act or practice has been given to the appropriate State or local authority by registered mail or in person, provided that the court may stay proceedings in such civil action pending the termination of State or local enforcement proceedings.(d) In the case of an alleged act or practice prohibited by this title which occurs in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has no State or local law prohibiting such act or practice, a civil action may be brought under subsection (a): Provided, That the court may refer the matter to the Community Relations Service established by title X of this Act for as long as the court believes there is a reasonable possibility of obtaining voluntary compliance, but for not more than sixty days: Provided further, That upon expiration of such sixty-day period, the court may extend such period for an additional period, not to exceed a cumulative total of one hundred and twenty days, if it believes there then exists a reasonable possibility of securing voluntary compliance.SEC. 205. The Service is authorized to make a full investigation of any complaint referred to it by the court under section 204(d) and may hold such hearings with respect thereto as may be necessary. The Service shall conduct any hearings with respect to any such complaint in executive session, and shall not release any testimony given therein except by agreement of all parties involved in the complaint with the permission of the court, and the Service shall endeavor to bring about a voluntary settlement between the parties.SEC. 206. (a) Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by this title, and that the pattern or practice is of such a nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of the rights herein described, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States by filing with it a complaint (1) signed by him (or in his absence the Acting Attorney General), (2) setting forth facts pertaining to such pattern or practice, and (3) requesting such preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order or other order against the person or persons responsible for such pattern or practice, as he deems necessary to insure the full enjoyment of the rights herein described.(b) In any such proceeding the Attorney General may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the case. Such request by the Attorney General shall be accompanied by a certificate that, in his opinion, the case is of general public importance. A copy of the certificate and request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of the copy of such request it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court.In the event the Attorney General fails to file such a request in any such proceeding, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.SEC. 207. (a) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this title and shall exercise the same without regard to whether the aggrieved party shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law.(b) The remedies provided in this title shall be the exclusive means of enforcing the rights based on this title, but nothing in this title shall preclude any individual or any State or local agency from asserting any right based on any other Federal or State law not inconsistent with this title, including any statute or ordinance requiring nondiscrimination in public establishments or accommodations, or from pursuing any remedy, civil or criminal, which may be available for the vindication or enforcement of such right.TITLE III--DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIESSEC. 301. (a) Whenever the Attorney General receives a complaint in writing signed by an individual to the effect that he is being deprived of or threatened with the loss of his right to the equal protection of the laws, on account of his race, color, religion, or national origin, by being denied equal utilization of anypublic facility which is owned, operated, or managed by or on behalf of any State or subdivision thereof, other than a public school or public college as defined in section 401 of title IV hereof, and the Attorney General believes the complaint is meritorious and certifies that the signer or signers of such complaint are unable, in his judgment, to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings for relief and that the institution of an action will materially further the orderly progress of desegregation in public facilities, the Attorney General is authorized to institute for or in the name of the United States a civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States against such parties and for such relief as may be appropriate, and such court shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section. The Attorney General may implead as defendants such additional parties as are or become necessary to the grant of effective relief hereunder.(b) The Attorney General may deem a person or persons unable to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings within the meaning of subsection(a) of this section when such person or persons are unable, either directly or through other interested persons or organizations, to bear the expense of the litigation or to obtain effective legal representation; or whenever he is satisfied that the institution of such litigation would jeopardize the personal safety, employment, or economic standing of such person or persons, their families, or their property.SEC. 302. In any action or proceeding under this title the United States shall be liable for costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, the same as a private person.SEC. 303. Nothing in this title shall affect adversely the right of any person to sue for or obtain relief in any court against discrimination in any facility covered by this title.SEC. 304. A complaint as used in this title is a writing or document within the meaning of section 1001, title 18, United States Code.TITLE IV--DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC EDUCATIONDEFINITIONSSEC. 401. As used in this title--(a) "Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Education.(b) "Desegregation" means the assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race, color, religion, or national origin, but "desegregation" shall not mean the assignment of students to public schools in order to overcome racial imbalance.(c) "Public school" means any elementary or secondary educational institution, and "public college" means any institution of higher education or any technical or vocational school above the secondary school level, provided that such public school or public college is operated by a State, subdivision of a State, or governmental agency within a State, or operated wholly or predominantly from or through the use of governmental funds or property, or funds or property derived from a governmental source.(d) "School board" means any agency or agencies which administer a system of one or more public schools and any other agency which is responsible for the assignment of students to or within such system.SURVEY AND REPORT OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESSEC. 402. The Commissioner shall conduct a survey and make a report to the President and the Congress, within two years of the enactment of this title, concerning the lack of availability of equal educational opportunities for individuals by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin in public educational institutions at all levels in the United States, its territories and possessions, and the District of Columbia.TECHNICAL ASSISTANCESEC. 403. The Commissioner is authorized, upon the application of any school board, State, municipality, school district, or other governmental unit legally responsible for operating a public school or schools, to render technical assistance to such applicant in the preparation, adoption, and implementation of plans for the desegregation of public schools. Such technical assistance may, among other activities, include making available to such agencies information regarding effective methods of coping with special educational problems occasioned by desegregation, and making available to such agencies personnel of the Office of Education or other persons specially equipped to advise and assist them in coping with such problems.TRAINING INSTITUTESSEC. 404. The Commissioner is authorized to arrange, through grants or contracts, with institutions of higher education for the operation of short-term or regular session institutes for special training designed to improve the ability of teachers, supervisors, counselors, and other elementary or secondary school personnel to deal effectively with special educational problems occasioned by desegregation. Individuals who attend such an institute on a full-time basis may be paid stipends for the period of their attendance at such institute in amounts specified by the Commissioner in regulations, including allowances for travel to attend such institute.GRANTSSEC. 405. (a) The Commissioner is authorized, upon application of a school board, to make grants to such board to pay, in whole or in part, the cost of--(1) giving to teachers and other school personnel inservice training in dealing with problems incident to desegregation, and(2) employing specialists to advise in problems incident to desegregation.(b) In determining whether to make a grant, and in fixing the amount thereof and the terms and conditions on which it will be made, the Commissioner shall take into consideration the amount available for grants under this section and the other applications which are pending before him; the financial condition of the applicant and the other resources available to it; the nature, extent, and gravity of its problems incident to desegregation; and such other factors as he finds relevant.PAYMENTSSEC. 406. Payments pursuant to a grant or contract under this title may be made (after necessary adjustments on account of previously made overpayments or underpayments) in advance or by way of reimbursement, and in such installments, as the Commissioner may determine.SUITS BY THE ATTORNEY GENERALSEC. 407. (a) Whenever the Attorney General receives a complaint in writing--(1) signed by a parent or group of parents to the effect that his or their minor children, as members of a class of persons similarly situated, are being deprived by a school board of the equal protection of the laws, or(2) signed by an individual, or his parent, to the effect that he has been denied admission to or not permitted to continue in attendance at a public college by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin, and the Attorney General believes the complaint is meritorious and certifies that the signer or signers of such complaint are unable, in his judgment, to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings for relief and that the institution of an action will materially further the orderly achievement of desegregation in public education, the Attorney General is authorized, after giving notice of such complaint to the appropriate school board or college authority and after certifying that he is satisfied that such board or authority has had a reasonable time to adjust the conditions alleged in such complaint, to institute for or in the name of the United States a civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States against such parties and for such relief as may be appropriate, and such court shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, provided that nothing herein shall empower any official or court of the United States to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards. The Attorney General may implead as defendants such additional parties as are or become necessary to the grant of effective relief hereunder.(b) The Attorney General may deem a person or persons unable to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings within the meaning of subsection(a) of this section when such person or persons are unable, either directly or through other interested persons or organizations, to bear the expense of the litigation or to obtain effective legal representation; or whenever he is satisfied that the institution of such litigation would jeopardize the personal safety, employment, or economic standing of such person or persons, their families, or their property.(c) The term "parent" as used in this section includes any person standing in loco parentis. A "complaint" as used in this section is a writing or document within the meaning of section 1001, title 18, United States Code.SEC. 408. In any action or proceeding under this title the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person.SEC. 409. Nothing in this title shall affect adversely the right of any person to sue for or obtain relief in any court against discrimination in public education.SEC. 410. Nothing in this title shall prohibit classification and assignment for reasons other than race, color, religion, or national origin.TITLE V--COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTSSEC. 501. Section 102 of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975a; 71Stat. 634) is amended to read as follows:"RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE COMMISSION HEARINGS"SEC. 102. (a) At least thirty days prior to the commencement of any hearing, the Commission shall cause to be published in the Federal Register notice of the date on which such hearing is to commence,。
Civil War南北战争的英文介绍
South:
3
feared that a strong central government might interfere with slavery.
Political reasons
5.The election of 4.North identified Lincoln as the the "Slave Power" president in as a direct threat November 1860 was to republican values. the final trigger for secession.
2014-10-22
North won! 6,4, 1865,the South surrendered. It was the end of the war.
Result
1.The South was defeated, the war dramatically changed the balance of power, the South lost its substantial influence.
rejected that argument for it opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers' idea of "perpetual union".
Political reasons North :
needed a central government to build an infrastructure(公共建 设) of roads and railways to protect its complex trading and financial interests and control the national currency.
美国内战中英文介绍
1.Civil WarThe American Civil War (1861–1865), often referred to simply as The Civil War in the United States, was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states supported the federal government ("the Union"). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republicans strongly advocated nationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion as avowals of treason. After a Republican victory, but before the new administration took office on March 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared their secession and joined to form the Confederate States of America. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and the incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion. The other eight slave states rejected calls for secession at this point. No country in the world recognized the Confederacy.Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. Both sides raised armies as the Union seized control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861–62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign. In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening.[2] Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.[3]In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lee's northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. Due to his western successes, Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the North's advantage in manpower. Grant restructured the union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of the army that were to support his push into Virginia. He fought several battles of attritionagainst Lee through the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of Lee's army. Meanwhile, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40.[4] Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.美国南北战争(1861-1865),通常被称为在美国南北战争,是一场内战,战斗在美利坚合众国。
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专属管辖的范围一般是按照案件和地区的不同所进行分类的,对于专属的管辖的权利,专属管辖也有一定的分类,大体是为国内专属管辖与涉外专属管辖。
属于专属管辖的范围有哪些
专属管辖,是指法律强制规定某类案件只能由特定法院管辖,其它法院无权管辖,也不允许当事人协议变更管辖。
专属管辖有分为国内专属管辖与涉外专属管辖。
国内专属管辖的范围如下:
⒈因不动产纠纷提起的诉讼,由不动产所在地法院管辖。
⒉因港口作业发生纠纷提起诉讼,由港口作业地法院管辖。
⒊因继承遗产提起的诉讼,由被继承人死亡时住所地或主要遗产所在地(由价值大小来认定)管辖。
涉外专属管辖的范围如下:
根据我国《民事诉讼法》第244条规定,属于我国人民法院专属管辖的涉外民事案件有:
1.在我国履行的中外合资经营企业合同纠纷;
2.在我国履行的中外合作经营企业合同纠纷;
3.在我国履行的中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同纠纷。
此外,根据国际私法的理论和实践,下列情形发生的案件,也应当专属人民法院管辖:其一,因不动产纠纷提起的诉讼,由不动产所在地人民法院管辖;其二,因港口作业中发生纠纷提起的诉讼,由港口所在地人民法院管辖。
而因继承遗产纠纷提起的诉讼,情形比较复杂,一般不作为专属管辖对待。
仲裁排斥诉讼中的专属管辖:
民诉意见305条、依照民事诉讼法第三十四条和第二百四十四条规定,属于法院专属管辖的案件,当事人不得用书面协议选择其他国家法院管辖。
但协议选择仲裁裁决的除外
最高人民法院关于调整高级人民法院和中级人民法院管辖第一审民商事案件标准的通知
法发[二○一五]七号
各省、自治区、直辖市高级人民法院,解放军军事法院,新疆维吾尔自治区高级人民法院生产建设兵团分院:
为适应经济社会发展和民事诉讼需要,准确适用修改后的民事诉讼法关于级别管辖的相关规定,合理定位四级法院民商事审判职能,现就调整高级人民法院和中级人民法院管辖第一审民商事案件标准问题,通知如下:
一、当事人住所地均在受理法院所处省级行政辖区的第一审民商事案件
北京、上海、江苏、浙江、广东高级人民法院,管辖诉讼标的额5亿元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额1亿元以上一审民商事案件。
天津、河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、安徽、福建、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广西、海南、四川、重庆高级人民法院,管辖诉讼标的额3亿元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额3000万元以上一审民商事案件。
吉林、黑龙江、江西、云南、陕西、新疆高级人民法院和新疆生产建设兵团分院,管辖诉讼标的额2亿元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额1000万元以上一审民商事案件。
贵州、西藏、甘肃、青海、宁夏高级人民法院,管辖诉讼标的额1亿元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额500万元以上一审民商事案件。
二、当事人一方住所地不在受理法院所处省级行政辖区的第一审民商事案件
北京、上海、江苏、浙江、广东高级人民法院,管辖诉讼标的额3亿元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额5000万元以上一审民商事案件。
天津、河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、安徽、福建、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广西、海南、四川、重庆高级人民法院,管辖诉讼标的额1亿元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额2000万元以上一审民商事案件。
吉林、黑龙江、江西、云南、陕西、新疆高级人民法院和新疆生产建设兵团分院,管辖诉讼标的额5000万元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额1000万元以上一审民商事案件。
贵州、西藏、甘肃、青海、宁夏高级人民法院,管辖诉讼标的额2000万元以上一审民商事案件,所辖中级人民法院管辖诉讼标的额500万元以上一审民商事案件。
三、解放军军事法院管辖诉讼标的额1亿元以上一审民商事案件,大单位军事法院管辖诉讼标的额2000万元以上一审民商事案件。
四、婚姻、继承、家庭、物业服务、人身损害赔偿、名誉权、交通事故、劳动争议等案件,以及群体性纠纷案件,一般由基层人民法院管辖。
五、对重大疑难、新类型和在适用法律上有普遍意义的案件,可以依照民事诉讼法第三十八条的规定,由上级人民法院自行决定由其审理,或者根据下
级人民法院报请决定由其审理。
六、本通知调整的级别管辖标准不涉及知识产权案件、海事海商案件和涉外涉港澳台民商事案件。
七、本通知规定的第一审民商事案件标准,包含本数。
本通知自2015年5月1日起实施,执行过程中遇到的问题,请及时报告我院。
二〇一五年四月三十日。