第1

合集下载

第一单元完整版

第一单元完整版

Article with Chinese Guide and Exercises for Lecture One(完整版)What’s the Purpose of College: A Job or an Education?By Jeffrey J. SelingoFebruary 2, 2015The Washington Post1 As the price of college has skyrocketed and tens of thousands of recent graduates have found themselves on the unemployment line or stuck in jobs that don’t require a bachelor’s degree, higher education has come under attack for its failure to make students job-ready. Adding fuel to the debate is a series of what seem to be monthly surveys showing a wide gap between what employers want out of today’s college graduates and what schools are producing.2 It all begs the question: Is it solely a college’s responsibility to make students job-ready?3 College was once seen as a place where adolescents went to explore courses and majors before settling on a job and career, often well after graduating. In a recent piece in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Dan Berrett traced the history of when the purpose of college shifted from that 124 Since then, in both their attitudes and in their choice of majors, college students have increasingly seen a bachelor’s degree as a means to an end: a job. Freshmen now list getting a better job as the most important reason to go to college in an annual UCLA survey of first-year students. Previously, the top reason was learning about things that interest them.vocational areas such as education and communications or, more recently, sports management and computer-game design. The most popular undergraduate major is business.6 Students and their families, faced with big tuition bills, want to be sure to pick a major that leads to a job after graduation. Colleges worried about filling seats have accommodated them by rolling out3a bevy4of practical majors, some in fields that didn't even exist five years ago (think of a bachelor’s degree in Social Media, or perhaps even a master’s).1idyllic [ɪ'dɪlɪk] adj. 牧歌的; 田园诗的; 悠闲的2peg [peg] vt.钉住3rolling out延伸;涨开4bevy ['bevɪ] n. 一群8 Michael Roth —president of Wesleyan University, a prominent liberal-arts college in Connecticut — keeps a close eye on public opinion about this subject. He told me last week that he sometimes wonders how much of this disconnect between employers and higher education is a “manufactured moment.” In his view, employers always have been unhappy with newly minted5 college graduates. The difference now is that we just survey them more frequently.9 "The erosion of the middle class,” he said, “has put a lot more pressure on parents and students to make it big6in the world or the consequences are dire7.” When Roth graduated from college, his father, who didn’t go to college, wasn’t concerned if his son ended up driving a cab for a while to figure things out. Now coffee shop baristas8with a philosophy degree are subjects of mockery9.10 "The confid ence that the economy offers enough opportunities has eroded,” Roth said.12 But Roth is interested in making more fundamental changes to what happens in the classroom so that students better retain10what they learn on the spot, and most important, are able to translate that learning for potential employers. He wants more courses to be project-based, for example, so that students better learn to work in teams and apply their knowledge to real-world pr oblems as they’re learning.13 "It doesn’t matter what you take in college, it matters what you do,” Roth said. “You should be able to show your teachers, and then anyone else, how what you’ve made in a class, what you created, demonstrates your capacity to do other things and what you’re going to do next.”14 While he’s rethinking his own university, Roth said others are not without blame for the perceived disconnect between college and the workforce. Employers are less willing to take chances on graduat es without narrowly tailored majors. And while Roth’s father thought it was fine to drive a cab after college, parents these days — especially from more affluent families —have sometimes unreasonable expectations for what their children can do directly out of school.15 Roth told me the story of a Wesleyan graduate who recently landed a sales position and had the chance to offer jobs to his classmates. “They didn’t want a job like that, a sales job,” Roth said.5mint [mɪnt] vt.铸造,铸币6make it big 成功7dire ['daɪə] adj. 可怕的;悲惨的8barista [bə'rɪstə] n. 咖啡师;咖啡吧员9mockery ['mɒk(ə)rɪ] n. 嘲弄;笑柄10retain [rɪ'teɪn] vt.保持;雇;记住“That comes from a culture of entitlement11. They don’t believe they should work in the same way that students worked 30 years ago.”16 It seems everyone is nostalgic for an earlier era of higher education. But those were also the第一单元What is the Purpose of College? A Job or an Education?导读各位同学,大家好。

反腐倡廉历史上的20个第一

反腐倡廉历史上的20个第一

中国反腐历程重大事件1、第一个反腐败文件——《关于坚决清洗贪污腐化分子的通告》当渐江嘉兴南湖那艘红色小船刚刚起航,新生的中国共产党就高举起代表党的宗旨和性质的斧头镰刀,毫不犹豫地砸向党内的腐败现象。

1926年8月4日,刚刚成立5年的中国共产党中央委员会就发出了我党历史上第一个《关于坚决清洗贪污腐化分子的通告》。

这是年轻的中国共产党第一个反对贪污腐败的文献。

旗帜鲜明地表明我们党与腐败现象水火不容的政治立场。

通告明确指出:“在革命潮流仍然高涨的时候,许多投机腐败的坏分子,均会跑到革命的队伍中来……应该很坚决地清洗这些不良分子,才能坚固我们的营垒,才能树立党在群众中的威望。

”2、第一次设立党的监察机构和制度——中央监察委员会1927年4月,中国共产党第五次全国代表大会选举产生了党内维护和执行纪律的专门机关——中央监察委员会。

这是党的历史上第一次设立的纪律检查机构。

大会选举产生的中央监察委员会由10人组成,主席由王荷波担任。

同年6月,中央政治局通过的《中国共产党第三次修正章程决议案》中,专列了“监察委员会”一章。

该章规定:在全国代表大会、省代表大会上选举中央及省监察委员会。

中央及省监察委员必须参加中央及省监察委员会议,只有发言权而无表决权。

但中央及省监察委员会之决议,必须得中央或省监察委员之同意,方能生效执行。

这是党内第一次建立监察制度。

3、第一次大规模的反腐倡廉运动1931年11月,在江西瑞金建立了中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府。

毛泽东同志担任主席。

中央政府刚刚成立,就从1932年初到1934年秋,开展了第一次大规模的反腐倡廉运动。

通过建立控告局、发动群众开展广泛的检举活动、加强舆论监督、严查大案要案等一系列措施,重点反对贪污、反对浪费,反对官僚主义,为巩固和中央苏区的廉政建设发挥了重要作用。

毛泽东同志在大会上指出:“应该使政府一切工作人员明白,贪污和浪费是极大的犯罪。

”1932年12月16日中央财政委员会发布“统一会计制度”的第十二号训令,第一次提出建立巡视制度与检查工作制度。

第一次国内革命战争

第一次国内革命战争

国民政府成立后,陈炯明在英帝国主义和北洋军阀的支持下,乘革命军回师广州平定杨刘叛乱之机,从9月1日起又重占潮州、梅县等东江一带地区,并集重兵于惠州,企图与占据粤南的军阀邓本殷部合力夹攻广州。28日,国民政府决定举行第二次东征,任命蒋介石为东征军总指挥,周恩来为东征军总政治部主任。10月1日,东征军由广州出发,14日攻占惠州城,歼陈炯明军主力,11月下旬,再度收复东江一带地区,全歼陈炯明叛军。在此同时,国民政府以国民革命军一部举行南征。10月29日,南征军打退邓本殷部的北扰部队,至12月初克阳江、肇庆、廉江等地,翌年2月攻占海南岛。广东实现统一。广东的统一,促进了两广的统一。是年3月两广宣布合作,广西部队改编为国民革命军第7军。不久湖南唐生智部扩编为国民革命军第8军。这些都为北伐战争的进行准备了重要条件。
这时,在北方奉系军阀取代直系军阀,成为北洋军阀中占支配地位的势力,并与直系的段祺瑞相勾结,排斥冯玉祥的国民军。为对付倾向革命的国民军力量的发展,在英帝国主义的策划下,张作霖竟与宿敌直系吴佩孚携手,组成“反赤联合阵线”。1926年1月,直军、奉军分别由湖北、山东出兵向国民军进攻,不久占领河南、河北。3月12日,日本派军舰掩护奉军进攻大沽口。国民军当即予以还击。日本帝国主义竟纠合英法等八国,以20余艘军舰群集大沽口,以武力相恫吓。为抗议帝国主义对中国的威胁,在中共北方区委负责人李大钊等和国民党地方党部领导下,3月18日,各界群众在北京天安门举行反对帝国主义国民大会。会后,游行群众到国务院请愿遭到军警的枪击,当即死、伤240余人。此时,在奉直军阀的联合进攻下,国民军被迫于4月15日撤出北京,退往南口,后转向西北。这一形势,促进了人民群众的更大觉醒,迫切希望广东革命政府能早日北伐,推翻北洋军阀的反动统治。1926年2月,中国共产党中央委员会召开特别会议,向国民党提出出兵北伐、推翻北洋军阀的主张。然而3月下旬,蒋介石突然下令解除省港工人纠察队武装,提出共产党员不能担任国民党中央各部部长等错误议案。6月,国民党中央执行委员会临时全体会议通过迅速出师北伐案,任命蒋介石为北伐军总司令。在以加伦为首的苏联顾问帮助下,国民革命军制定了集中兵力,各个击破的战略方针:首先向湖南、湖北进军,长驱直进,迅速消灭吴佩孚部;同时和江西孙传芳谈判,并向湖南、江西边境和广东、福建边境分别派出部分兵力用以监视和防备,待两湖战场取得胜利后,集中兵力消灭孙传芳部;随后,再集中兵力消灭张作霖部,统一全中国。7月9日,国民革命军从广东出师北伐(参见北伐战争),在工农群众的支持下,7月12日占领长沙,8月19日攻占平江,22日占领岳州,随后进入湖北(参见汨罗江战役)。8月27日北伐军攻占汀泗桥(参见汀泗桥战役),并乘胜攻占咸宁。8月30日攻占胜贺桥击溃吴佩孚部主力(参见贺胜桥战役),9月下旬渡过长江占领汉口、汉阳,10月10日攻占武昌(参见武汉战役)。北伐军在两湖战场的胜利,使孙传芳一变其中立态度,8月底突然派重兵从江西向湖南及湖北的翼侧进攻,企图切断北伐军的后路。9月初,国民革命军向江西发动进攻,在广大工农群众支持下,经过三次南浔路会战(参见武汉战役),11月上旬相继攻克九江、南昌,基本歼灭孙传芳在江西的主力。驻留粤闽边境的北伐军一部,10月攻占永定。由于北伐军的胜利影响,在福建的孙传芳部纷纷倒戈,12月中旬不战而下福州。之后,北伐军继续向河南、浙江、安徽、江苏进军。1927年2月3日,不战而下安庆、芜湖,19日进占浙江杭州,3月24日占领江苏南京,一路势如破竹,革命势力迅速发展到长江、黄河流域。在北方,由于中国共产党的帮助支持,国民军改编为国民联军,冯玉祥就任联军总司令。国民联军于1926年9月18日在绥远省(今内蒙古自治区)五原举行誓师大会,迅速从绥远进入陕甘两省,并解围西安。随后于1927年5月前出潼关、紫荆关,与武汉国民政府北伐军对河南形成夹击之势,先后攻占上蔡、洛阳等地。6月1日两军会师于郑州。在北伐战争中,中国共产党发动工农群众,给北伐军以积极支援和配合。1927年春,刘少奇等领导汉口、九江工人驱逐英帝国主义者,收回两地的英租界。周恩来等领导上海工人举行第三次武装起义,占领了上海。湖南、湖北的农民运动也迅猛开展。1927年4月12日和7月15日,蒋介石、汪精卫先后在上海、武汉发动反革命政变,残酷屠杀共产党人和革命群众,致使国共两党合作进行的第一次国内革命战争的成果为国民党蒋介石集团所篡夺而告结束。

典范英语6 第一到第十八本 英文原文

典范英语6 第一到第十八本 英文原文

典范英语6 全篇原文1 第一篇Walrus Joins In1What will Walrus do?Everyone at the North Pole was very excited. There was going to be a show and ANYONE could be in it.‘I will do skating,’ said Arctic Fox. ‘I’m good at that!’‘I’ll do tumbling,’ said Polar Bear. ‘No one tumbles quite like me!’‘I’ll do singing,’ said Seal. ‘Everyone says I have a very fine voice!’‘Then I’ll do diving,’ said Whale. ‘I won a prize for diving at school, you know!’They all looked at Walrus. ‘What will YOU do?’ they asked.But Walrus was not good at anything.He wasn’t good at skating, and he wasn’t good at tumbling.He was terrible at singing, and when he tried to dive, he always got water up his nose.He sat and chewed his whiskers sadly.‘Never mind,’ said Arctic Fox. ‘You can watch us.’Arctic Fox and Polar Bear and Seal and Whale practised hard for the big show.Walrus hid behind a snowdrift and watched, and chewed his whiskers.He wished he was good at something.2The big nightAt last, the big night arrived. Everyone sat down and waited for the show to begin. Walrus sat in the front row. He was very excited.Fox came onto the ice and bowed. Everyone cheered.Then Fox began to skate. Fox skated forwards and backwards and sideways. She skated in perfect circles and figures of eight. She was elegant and amazing!Walrus watched and he loved what he saw. Fox made it all look so easy.Walrus was sure that if he really tried he could skate just like Fox.He couldn’t stop himself. He just had to lea p onto the ice and join in with Fox. “I can skate,” he cried. “Look at me!”But Walrus couldn’t skate at all. He could only trip up and fall over.He bumped into Fox, and Fox went flat on her face. FLOMP!Fox was very upset. “Walrus has RUINED my act,” she wailed.Next, it was Polar Bear’s turn. He rolled out across the ice like a big, white snowball. Everyone clapped wildly.Then Polar Bear began to tumble. He did jumps and spins and somersaults, and stood on his head.Walrus watched and he loved what he saw. Polar Bear made it all looksuch fun. Walrus was sure that this time, if he really tried, he could tumble just like Polar Bear.All of a sudden, Walrus just couldn’t stop himself, and he leaped onto the ice.“I can tumble too,” he cried. “Look at me!”But Walrus couldn’t tumble at all. He could only trip up and fall over. He tripped up Polar Bear, who came down with a WALLOP!Of course, Polar Bear was pretty angry. “Walrus has RUINED my act,” he wailed.3From bad to worseIt was Seal’s turn next. She gave Walrus a don’t-you-dare stare, and then she started to sing:“O, how many heart rejoices when I see the Northern Lights.My ear is filled with voices sweetly singing in the night!”Walrus listened. What a beautiful song! Surely if he really tried, he could sing as beautifully as Seal? Oh, dear. Walrus just couldn’t stop himself again.“I know that song,” he cried. “I can sing it too!”He leaped up and started singing along with Seal.But Walrus couldn’t sing! He sounde d terrible. In fact, he sounded like a rusty old bucket.Seal stopped singing and burst into floods of tears.“Walrus has RUINED my song,” she wailed.Wale was last. He was pretty certain that Walrus could not ruin his act.Whale leaped high out of the water. Then he fell back with an enormous splash!Walrus watched. He wished that he could dive like that. His flippers began to twitch, and his whiskers bristled with excitement. He tried and tried his very best not to join in.But then he had a brilliant idea.“I’ll hold my nose when I dive,” he thought. “Then the water won’t go up it!”Walrus just couldn’t stop himself. He had to join in.“Everybody, look at me!” he cried, as he leaped into the water. “I can dive too!”But just at that moment, Whale was getting ready to spout a big jet of water.WHOOSH!Whale spouted Walrus high into the air!Everyone was watching Walrus now. They clapped and cheered as Walrus landed back in the sea with a SPLOSH!Whale was furious. “You are a meddling, incompetent BUFFOON!” he roared. “You have RUINED my act. Now GET OUT OF MY SIGHT!”Whale was pretty scary when he was angry. Walrus turned tail and fled. He hid behind a snowdrift, feeling sad and very sorry.4The show will go on!The show was over. Fox and Polar Bear and Seal and Whale stood in a line, blushing and wishing that Walrus had not ruined everything.But everyone was cheering like mad.“Well done, Polar Bear, well done, Seal! Well done, Fox and Whale!” they shouted. “But where’s the clown? Why isn’t he here? Where’s Walrus?”Behind is snowdrift, Walrus heard the cheers. Were they really cheering for him, too?Yes! They were!He shuffled up to Fox and Polar Bear and Seal And Whale.“I’m very sorry,” he said.“So you should be,” said Fox.“At least everyone thought you were part of the show,” said Polar Bear.“I suppose,” said Seal, “if Walrus was really part of our next show, it couldn’t be any worse.”Walrus was overjoyed. “Me?” he cried. “Truly? Can I be part of t he show? Can I join in next time?”“Yes,” said Whale. “It will bea lot safer that way. You can be the clown. As long as you do it properly.”Walrus practiced hard and became a very good clown indeed. Now he is so good that Fox, Polar Bear, Seal and Whale are glad he is taking part.Sometimes, when Walrus is clowning around, they really just can’t stop themselves. They have to join in too!2 第二篇Noisy Neighbours1Mr FlinchIn a grim, grey house in a grim, grey town lived an unhappy man.It was not his grey house that made Mr Flinch unhappy. It was not that he was poor, because he was not. Mr Flinch was a miser. He never gave away a penny. ( He never gave away a smile either. ) He was a mean and miserable man.Mr Flinch was miserable because of his neighbours.On one side of Mr Flinch’s grim, grey house stood a jolly red one. It belonged to Carl Clutch who mended cars.Carl loved cars –and motorbikes and vans and lorries. Every morning, Mr Flinch woke up to hear hammers banging, spanners clanging and engines revving. The whole street shook with the noise.On the other side, in a bright blue house, lived a music teacher called Poppy Plink. Each morning, Poppy sat down and played grand tunes on her grand piano. After breakfast, her students started to arrive.Violins screeched, drums thundered and bassoons bellowed. Mr Flinch shut his window, but the noise still came through the wall. Brum –brum,tootle – toot, bang! His whole house shook and shivered.He put his fingers in his ears.H e rapped on the wall … but his neighbours did not hear.They were far too happy. They were mending cars and making music, and they loved their work.Brum – brum, tootle – toot, bang!Mr Flinch rap rapped until he made holes in his wallpaper. It did no good.Mr Flinch locked himself in a cupboard. He wound old towels round his head.He wrote angry letters, but tore them all up. ‘ Stamps cost far too much money!’ he said.Even in bed, he wore a hat to keep out the noise.But the cars still revved and the music still jangled.Mr Flinch was the grey filling in a noise sandwich.‘This can’t go on,’ Flinch thought to himself. He even shouted it out loud:2Nasty TricksMr Flinch went next door to Carl’s house. Carl was mending cars. It was easy to sneak into his kitchen and put a dead rat in the fridge.‘That will get rid of him!’ said Flinch, and smiled a nasty smile. ‘Nobody wants to live in a house with rats!’At midnight, Mr Flinch climbed on to his roof and – carefully, carefully –cra wled across the tiles. He put his head down Poppy’s chimney and gave a long, loud, ‘Hooowooowoooo!’‘That will get ride of her,’ he said with a grim grin. ‘Nobody wants to live in a house with ghosts!’Then he climbed back into bed.Next morning, Mr Flinch woke to a HUGE noise. Cars and lorries were stopping outside. He looked out of his window.Carl was sitting outside in the rood, with a table, a kettle, a loaf of bread and a bottle of tomato sauce.Carl called to Mr Flinch, ‘Can’t use my kitche n today! Rays, urgh! My mum is cleaning up. She told me to eat my breakfast outside. That’s how I got this great idea! Take –away breakfast! Drivers can stop here and buy breakfast.’Just then, Poppy Plink came running out of her blue front door. ‘Oh, M r Flinch! Oh, Carl! Guess what happened last night!’‘I give up,’ said Mr Flinch, with a sumg smirk. ‘Do tell.’Poppy beamed with joy. ‘Last night, angles sang down my chimney! They did, I promise!’ She frowned. ‘But the music wasn’t very good! I think they want some new songs to sing! I’m sure they want me to write them, and I shall! Oh I shall!’She did.Poppy still had to teach music all day.But at night she wrote angle music. She made it nice and loud, with lots ofcymbals and trumpets.It was all too much for Mr Flinch.3Mr Flinch has a PlanMr Flinch went next door to Carl’s house.He showed Carl a fistful of money. ‘The day you move house, all this is yours!’ he said.‘Anything you say, chief,’ said Carl, wiping his dirty hands on a rag.‘As long as I can mend cars, I’ll be happy anywhere.’ Carl went on, ‘I’ll move out as soon as I can sell the house!’Next, Mr Flinch went to Poppy’s house and offered her a hatful of money. ‘The day you move house, all this is yours!’ he said.‘Of course! If that is what you want, dear heart! Cried Poppy.She had never seen so much money in her life. ‘As long as I have my music, I can be happy anywhere! I will move out just as soon as I can sell my little house!’Mr Flinch went home a happy man –well, as happy as a man like Mr Flinch can ever be.He felt in his empty pockets and gulped. ‘All that money gone! Ah, but soon those noisy neighbours will be gone, too!’In a few days, Mr Flinch’s neighbours had sold up their houses.Now, at last, he would have peace and quiet –nothing but the noise of mice scratching in the empty cellar.4 Moving DayMr Flinch watched as Poppy Plink moved out. Bo-jangle went the piano as she pushed and bumped it down the steps.‘Going already are you,you pest?’ he mutted. ‘I pity the person who has to live next door to you!’Seeing him, Poppy waved up at the window.‘Such luck, Mr Flinch!’ she called. ‘Fancy! A few days ago, I met someone who wants to move house too! We agreed to swap houses!’Just then, Carl came out of his front door carrying two heavy tool boxes. He saw Poppy struggling with a harp and went to help her. ‘All set, Poppy? he said.‘All set, Carl! Isn’t this fun!’ She replied.Then Carl moved into Poppy’s bright house and Poppy moved into Carl’s jolly red one.They helped each other to carry the big things, like tables and sofas.Then Carl had a house-warming party. He and Poppy sang, because they were so happy: ‘There’s no place like home!’Mr Flinch heard it right thro ugh the wall of his house … even inside his cupboard, even with a towel round his head.3 第三篇Princess Pip’s Holiday1 Ready to goEveryone in Princess Pip’s castle was very busy. The King was polishing his money, the Queen was choosing sun hats, and the maids were running around with piles of vests.“ Can I take Dobbin on holiday?”asked Princess Pip.“I’m afraid there won’t be room for a pony on the coach ,”said the Queen.“Oh, ”said the Princess Pip. “Can Amanda and Bert come,then?”“There ‘s no room for snakes,”said the King, “not even pet ones.”Princess Pip scowled . “This holiday is going to be BORING,” she said.They went on holiday in their best gold coach.“Wave to all the people, dear,” said the Queen.Princess Pip folded her arm s . “ I ‘m on holiday,” she said. “Are we nearly there yet?”“We won’t be there for a long time,” said the Queen firmly .It did take a long time to get to the seaside . The coach got very hot, and Princess Pip didn’t feel very well.“Here we are,at last!” said the King happily.“But it’s a castle!” said Princess Pip. “Just like home.It’s BORING.”2 Just like homeThere was a girl waiting by the castle door.“This is Daisy,”said the Queen. “She is going to look after you,Pip.”Daisy showed Princess Pip her room.“I don’t want a four-poster bed!” said Princess Pip. “That’s just like home.”“You can sleep on my straw mattress , then,” said Daisy. “ I’ll have the bed.”“Oh, all right.”said Princess Pip.That evening there was a banquet and it went on for hours.“More sprouts?”asked the King happily.This is BORING,”said the Princess Pip.“Nonsense(胡说),dear,”said the Queen. “It can’t be boring. We’re on holiday!”“ I WANT TO GO HOME!” said Princess Pip, the next day. She had been w alking round the castle walls all morning and she hadn’t found anything to do.“But we’re having a wonderful time,” said the Queen,from her sun chair.“Just look at the way my money shines in the sun,” said the King. “Wonderful!”“ But it’s BORING!” said Princess Pip.“Why don’t you go and talk to Daisy?” suggested the Queen.Princess Pip stomped off.“That does it,” she said to Daisy. “I WANT TO GO HOME!”3 The road home“If you stayed here a bit longer,you might start liking the seaside,” saidDaisy.But Princess Pip wasn’t listening. She was putting all her important things in her suitcase.“I think we’ll have to take some things out,”said Daisy.Daisy found them both backpacks, and they set out for home.Princess Pip and Daisy went across the drawbridge and along the road.It was very hot.“Let’s have a nice,cool snack,”said Daisy.So they got some fish sticks from a stall.“These aren’t bad,” admitted Princess Pip.“They taste best by the seaside,” said Daisy. “ I’ll sho w you where the fish come from, if you like.”They went down some stone steps to a place where the sea swished backwards and forwards and the ground looked as if it was made of gold.“Look in these pools,” said Daisy.The fish were hard to catch.”You could take your stockings off,” said Daisy, “and use them for nets.”It was nice without shoes and stockings on. It was even nicer once Princess Pip had taken off her coat and crown.The fish looked very cross at being caught,so Princess Pip let them go.“It’s not too bad here,” said Princess Pip,at last. “ I want to stay here all the time.”“Let’s build a sandcastle, then,” said Daisy.“A sand HOUSE,” said Princess Pip.It was hard work, but they built a huge house, with a moat all around.Soon the sea came in and filled the moat.“That’s just right.”said Princess Pip. “Make it stop coming in now,Daisy.”But the sea kept on coming in............ and soon it had washed their house FLAT.“ We built our house too close to the sea,”s aid Daisy, sadly.“STUPID SEA!”shouted Princess Pip. “STUPID SEASIDE! I WANT TO GO HOME!”4 Riding the dragonPrincess Pip and Daisy put on their shoes and picked up their backpacks.“I’m tired,”said Princess Pip, very soon. “ I want to ride Dobbi n. Are we nearly home, yet?”“Why don’t you ride one of the horses on that merry-go-round?” suggested Daisy.“Oh, no,”said Princess Pip. “ I’m going to ride that dragon.”The dragon went very fast, and there was lots of exciting music--but then it all stopped. Everyone got off.“But....we’re still here!” said Princess Pip, crossly, as she got off ,too.“At least it wasn’t boring,” said Daisy.“I WANT TO GO HOME!” shouted Princess Pip.“At least it was fun,” said Daisy. “Everything is fun here because it’s a FUN-fair.”Princess Pip sniffed. “ What’s fun about it?” she asked.“I’ll show you,” said Daisy.They went down the roller coaster.Then they went UP and UP and ....DOWN again.“AARRRRGH!” yelled Princess Pip and Daisy.“Let’s go on it again,” said Princess Pip.“ Tomorrow, perhaps,” said Daisy, who had gone very pale.“BUT I WANT...” began Princess Pip.“Hello!” said a voice.It was the King. The Queen was with him.“Where’s Princess Pip?” the King asked Daisy.“Here !” said Princess Pip.The King and the Queen stared at her.“You can’t be Pip!” the Queen gasped. “You’re all dirty,and you have no stockings!”“But I am!” said Princess Pip, and put on her crown to prove it. “Look! It’s me, and I’ve found a place where the ground is made of gold!Come and see.”Daisy and Princess Pip showed them the beach.“ Good heavens!”said the King. “How wonderful! It’s just the color of money.”“What a perfect place for my sun chair,”said the Queen.The beach was a perfect place for picnics and games, and races, too. Everyone loved it.Then one day the King said: “ What a pity we have to go home tomorrow.”Princess Pip scowled, and she said...“I don’t want to go home”4 第四篇Oh, otto!Something importantThe children in Class Four were busy workingThen their teacher, Miss Underwood, said: ‘I have something very important to tell you.’She smiled and said: ‘A new boy is coming to our class. His name is Otto and he comes from far, far away. In fact, he comes from out er space…’( this is Otto’s first day at earth school. Here he is…)The door opened and a boy came in. he looked just like the other children-but he was a different colour. he was green.Miss Underwood told Otto to sit with Jo and Charlie and Josh. Then she looked at Jo and added, ‘I want you to take care of our new boy and give him ahand if he needs it.’‘please, Miss,’ said Otto. ‘I’m not NEW. I’m seven and a half. And I don’t already. Look!’‘Oh, Otto!’ Miss Underwood smiled. ‘just sit down and be a dear.’Otto sat down.Then he said, ‘I don’t think I can be a deer…but I can quack like a duck.’He flapped his arms, like wings, and went: ‘Quack! Quack! Quack!’Charlie joined in: ‘Quack! QUACK! QUACK!’Miss Underwood smiled at Otto. ‘No quacking n class!’ she said.Then she frowned at Charlie. ‘Charlie!’ she said. ‘you know better than that! Get on with your work.’‘It’s not fair!’ Charlie grumbled. ‘I get into trouble and that new boy doesn’t!’That’s when Charlie decided he didn’t like Otto. He didn’t lik e him one bit. Charlie is crossOtto made a lot of mistakes.Charlie leaned back on his chair. Otto tried to do the same thing. But he fell down……and so did all the paints.Now Charlie was green too-and he wasn’t happy about it.Charlie got crosser and crosser and crosser.At playtime, when Otto was in the playground, Charlie decided to scare him. ‘If you stand there, you’ll get eaten by a bear,’ said Charlie.‘A bear! Where?’ Otto screamed.Charlie goggled. ‘we keep the bear in the head’s office. All Ear th schools have a bear,’ he went on. ‘sometimes the bear gets out…and sometimes it’s hungry!’Otto looked very scared.Treasure HuntThat afternoon the class was having a Treasure Hunt. All the children were looking forward to it.Miss Underwood gave each pair of children the same clue.‘I want you to work in a pair with Otto,’ she said to Jo.‘Work in a pear?’ said Otto ‘How? It will have to be a big pear. Not too juicy. We could all get sticky.’Jo laughed. ‘Oh, Otto! You don’t understand anything! ’The Treasure Hunt began.Charlie worked with Josh. Jo worked with Otto.This was the clue that they had to follow:( start at the classroom door.Then walk along.Don’t go right.Then you won’t go wrong.)‘What does that mean?’ said Charlie.‘I don’t know,’ said Josh. ‘But when Miss Underwood hid the treasure last time, it was in the playground.’‘Let’s go there!’ Charlie said to Josh. ‘Quick! We’ll be first.’Otto jumped up to follow them-but Charlie had a plan. He stuck out his foot and tripped Otto up.‘Enjoy your trip!’ Charlie laughed, and ran off with Josh.Jo helped Otto up.All the other children ran out of the classroom and followed Charlie and Josh. They turned right, towards the playground.Jo sighed. ‘Now we’re going to be last.’‘We won’t be last,’ said Otto, ‘because they’re all going the wrong way. Look at the clue.’(Start at the classroom door.Then walk along.Don’t go right.Then you won’t go wrong.Otto pointed at the clue. ‘it means we start here-at the classroom door and we don’t turn RIGH T-because that would be wrong. We have to turn LEFT.’They set off in the other direction to the rest of the children.Charlie and Josh were looking for treasure in the playground and they were getting fed up.‘there’s nothing here,’ said Charlie. ‘Let’s look inside the school.’They went back into the school hall, past the head’s office and that’s when they saw it…‘there IS a bear!’ Charlie said. ‘there really is!’They ran screaming back to their classroom.‘Help! Help! We’ve seen a bear.’Oh, OttoJo and Otto had turned left and walked along the corridor.‘Look!’ said Otto.There was an arrow and it was pointing to a plant pot.Jo picked up the pot and found a map.There was another clue on the map.(clue number2Follow this map if you want to do well.Just look in the place where you find a spell.)Jo and Otto followed the map to the school library.Jo read out the clue again:Follow this map if you want to do well.Just look in the place where you find a spell.‘I understand!’ said Otto. ‘look-there’s a pile of spelling books. That’s where we’ll find a “spell!”’‘You’ve got it, Otto!’ said Jo.Behind the pile of spelling books, there was a box of golden coins. ‘Yum!’ said Jo. ‘It’s chocolate money!’Back in the classroom, Jo and Otto shared out the treasure chocolate.‘But what’s the matter with Josh and Charlie?’ asked Otto.Some of the other children laughed.‘Charlie and Josh thought they saw a bear!’‘A bear!’ said Otto. ‘Jo told me you were making up that story to scare me.’Charlie looked ashamed. ‘It wasn’t really a bear,’ he said. ‘It was the head’s big new coat hanging on the door…’‘But it LOOKED like a bear,’ said Josh.Charlie and Josh went bright red.‘Don’t worry,’ said Otto. ‘Everyone makes mistakes. Have a chocolate.’‘I’m sorry I made fun of you,’ said Charlie.Charlie looked so sad that Miss Underwood felt sorry for him.‘We’ll forgive you, Charlie,’ she said. ‘we all have bad days.’She smiled. ‘You and Josh seem to have lost your heads, today!’‘Oh!’ said Otto. ‘Shall I look for their heads, Miss? I’m good at finding things!’5 第五篇Captain Comet AND THE Purple Planet1 Spanner is boredIt was a quiet morning at Stardust Space Station.Captain Stella was checking the space shuttle.Captain Comet was watering the plants and Spanner the robot was bored.‘Can I sit at the control desk?’he asked.‘All right,’said Captain Comet,‘But don’t touch anything and don’t press that red button.’Spanner sat down at the desk and looked at all the buttons.There were buttons to open all the space station doors and buttons to turn on all the lights.There was even a button to flush all the toilets!There was also a big red button,labelled‘Gravity’.Spanner was not sure what ‘Gravity’was.‘I’ll press it very quickly,’said Spanner,‘to see what it does.’He pressed the red button.Captain Comet was watering the plants when he had a strange feeling.He was floating above the floor!The plant pots were all floating,too.He guessed what had happened.‘Spanner!he shouted ,‘I told you not to touch that red button!’Spanner saw that gravity was what made things stay on the floor.There was no gravity in space,so the space station made its own..Spanner pressed the red button to make the gravity come back on again-and all the pot plants fell to the floor.Comet fell to the floor beside them.‘SPANNER!’Comet groaned.2It must be a plantSpanner was cleaning up the mess for the rest of the morning.When he turned the cleaner off,everyone heard a beeping noise.The noise was coming from the space scanner.Everyone stopped what they were doing and came to look.‘The scanner has found something,’said Comet.He pointed to a flashing dot that was moving across the scanner screen.‘I wonder what it is ?’said Captain Stella.‘Is it an asteroid?’asked Spanner.‘An asteroid is a lump of rock that floats in space.’‘I know that!’said Captain Comet.‘Anyway ,it’s too big to be an asteroid,’‘Then it must be a planet,’Spanner said.‘Where has it come from?’asked Comet,’And why is it moving so fast?’‘You’d better go and have a look,’said Captain Stella.Comet and Spanner set off in the space shuttle to look for the new planet.Spanner was very excited.‘I’ve never found a new planet before,’he said .‘What shall we call it ?’‘Let’s find it first ,’said Comet.But Spanner wasn’t listening.‘I’m going to call it Planet Spanner,’he said.Spanner made a humming noise and a flag came out of a slot in his chest.‘What are you doing?’asked Comet.‘I’ve made a flag to put o n Planet Spanner.Then everyone will know that we were the first to find it,’Spanner explained.He showed Comet the flag.It was bright red with two spanners on it.Comet had to smile.‘Very nice,’he said.3On the Purple PlanetThe planet looked very strange.It was purple and covered in huge spikes.Comet landed the shuttle carefully on the planet.Then he got out to have a look around.Spanner stayed in the shuttle,making a flagpole for his flag.Spanner found a metal rod.He fastened the flag to one end of the rod and put the other end into a hole in his chest.There was a noise like an electric pencil sharpener.When he took the rod out again,it had a nice sharp point.Comet was looking at one of the giant purple spikes.It felt soft and warm.‘That’s very odd,’thought Comet.‘This spike feels like it’s alive.’Just then Spanner arrived with his new flagpole.‘I name this planet-Planet Spanner!’he said proudly.‘NO!STOP!’Comet yelled.But before Comet could stop him,Spanner hammered the sharp flagpole into the ground.There was a huge roar.‘What was that?’asked Spanner.‘Quick,back to the shuttle!’shouted Comet,as the ground began to shake.They strapped themselves into their seats and Comet blasted off.Spanner looked at t he screen.The planet’s surface was spinning around.Then the opening of a big,dark cave came into view.Around the outside of the opening were large,jagged rocks.‘Look!’said Spanner.‘They’re like giant teeth!’Comet stared at the screen.‘That’s because they ARE giant teeth!’he said ,as two huge,angry eyes came into view.‘It’s not a planet…’said Comet,’…It’s a SPACE MONSTER!’gasped Spanner.4Space Chase‘Why is it so angry with us ?’cried Spanner.‘You’ve just hammered a big sharp flagpole into its backside,’explained Captain Comet.The huge teeth snapped shut behind them.‘It wants to eat us!’wailed Spanner.’We’ve got to get away!’‘That’s what I’m trying to do !’said Comet.’But it’s too fast!’Comet fired the shuttle’s jets.Then he tried to make a sharp turn,as the monster zoomed towards them..‘What are we going to do ?’cried Spanner.Just then,Captain Stella’s face appeared on the screen.She had been watching them on the space scanner.Captain Comet tried to make another sharp turn.The space monster was getting closer and closer.‘Are you all right?’Captain Stella asked.’What’s going on?’‘WE’RE GOING TO BE EATEN!’wailed Spanner,’BY A PRICKLY PURPLE SPACE MONSTER THE SIZE OF A PLANET!’‘Apart from that,everything ‘s fine,’said Comet,making the shuttle dive to dodge the giant teeth.‘Can I help ?’asked Captain Stella.‘No,’said Comet,‘You’re too far away. Is there anyone closer?’Stella looked at the space map and shook her head.‘No,there are no space stations or planets-only asteroids,’she said.‘Asteroids!’Comet said.‘Tell me where they are .I’ve got an idea!’5Into the AsteroidsThe space shuttle zoomed towards the asteroids.Spanner and Comet had never been so close to the asteroids before.Some of the asteroids were as big as office blocks.‘What are you doing?’cried Spanner, as Comet flew through a narrow gap between two giant asteroids,‘If you hit one of them at this speed, we’ll be smashed to bits!’。

第一师团

第一师团
编辑本段历任师团长:
1 三好重臣(1888年5月14日----1890年6月7日) 2 山地元治(1890年6月7日----1896年10月14日) 3 奥 保巩(1896年10月14日----1897年10月27日) 4 川村景明(1897年10月27日----1901年4月2日) 5 贞爱亲王(1901年4月2日----1904年7月10日) 6 松村务本(1904年7月10日----1905年2月6日) 7 饭田俊助(1905年2月6日----1906年2月3日) 8 载仁亲王(1906年2月3日----1911年9月6日) 9 木越安纲(1911年9月6日----1912年12月26日) 10 一户兵卫(1912年12月26日----1915年2月15日) 11 仙波太郎(1915年2月15日----1916年8月18日) 12 本乡房太郎(1916年8月18日----1917年8月6日) 13 河合 操(1917年8月6日----1921年1月6日) 14 西川虎次郎(1921年1月6日----1922年8月15日) 15 白川义则(1922年8月15日----1922年10月20日) 16 石光真臣(1922年10月20日----1925年5月1日) 17 和田龟治(1925年5月1日----1928年8月10日) 18 熺英太郎(1928年8月10日----1929年7月1日) 19 真崎甚三郎(1929年7月1日----1931年8月1日) 20 林 仙之(1931年8月1日----1933年3月18日) 21 森 连(1933年3月18日----1934年8月1日) 22 柳川平助(1934年8月1日----1935年12月2日) 23 崛 丈夫(1935年12月2日----1936年3月23日) 24 河村恭辅(1936年3月23日----1938年7月15日) 25 冈部直三郎(1938年7月15日----1939年9月12日) 26 横山 勇(1939年9月12日----1941年10月15日) 27 中泽三夫(1941年10月15日----1944年3月1日) 28 服部晓太郎(1944年3月1日----1944年8月3日) 29 片冈 薰(1944年8月3日----1945年8月15日)

《论语》篇之学而第一 原文与翻译

《论语》篇之学而第一  原文与翻译

《论语》篇之学而第一1.原文:子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?”翻译:孔子说:“学了,然后按时复习,不也是很高兴的吗?有志同道合的人从远方来相会,不也是很快乐的吗?别人不了解自己,自己并不生气,不也是君子吗?”2.原文:有子曰:“其为人也孝弟,而好犯上者,鲜矣!不好犯上,而好作乱者,未之有也。

君子务本,本立而道生。

孝弟也者,其为仁之本与!”翻译:有子说:“那种孝顺父母、敬爱兄长的人,却喜欢触犯上级,是很少见的;不喜欢触犯上级却喜欢造反的人,更是从来没有的。

有德行的人总是力求抓住这个根本。

根本建立了便产生了仁道。

孝敬父母、敬爱兄长,大概便是仁道的根本吧!”3.原文:子曰:“巧言令色,鲜矣仁。

”翻译:孔子说:“花言巧语、面貌伪善的人,仁慈是很少的。

”4.原文:曾子曰:“吾日三省吾身:为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而不信乎?传不习乎?”翻译:曾子说:“我每天多次自我反省:替别人谋划事情是否尽心尽力了呢,与朋友交往是否诚实相待了呢,老师传授的学业是否认真复习了呢?”5.原文:子曰:“道千乘之国,敬事而信,节用而爱人,使民以时。

”翻译:孔子说:“治理拥有一千辆兵车的国家,就要严肃认真地对待工作,言而有信,节约用度,关爱百姓,不在农忙时节役使百姓。

”6.原文:弟子入则孝,出则悌,谨而信,泛爱众,而亲仁。

行有余力,则以学文。

”翻译:孔子说:“年轻人,在家就要孝顺父母,出门在外就要尊敬兄长,行为谨慎,言语有信,博爱众人,亲近仁者。

这些都做到之后还有余力的话,就去学习文化。

”7.原文:子夏曰:“贤贤易色,事父母,能竭其力,事君,能致其身,与朋友交,言而有信;虽曰未学,吾必谓之学矣。

”翻译:子夏说:“看重实际的德行,轻视表面的姿态。

侍奉父母要竭尽全力,服务君主要奉献自身,与朋友交往要说话诚实守信。

这样的人,虽然说没有学习过,我也一定说他学习过了。

”8. 原文:子曰:“君子不重则不威;学则不固。

关于日本军力的六个“世界第一”.

关于日本军力的六个“世界第一”.

关于日本军力的六个“世界第一”【扫雷能力世界第一】倭国的水雷战部队主要由舰队水雷战部队和地方水雷战部队组成,均属于海上自卫队总部。

由第1、第2扫雷队群、第111扫雷航空和七支地方扫雷部队组成。

主要任务有两个,一是进行扫雷作战,以主要港湾、海峡为依托,阻止敌方舰艇的行动,二是实施布雷作战,阻止敌水面舰艇的入侵。

目前,倭国水雷作战部队拥有各型扫雷舰艇近20余艘。

如拥有世界最先进扫雷技术的“浦贺”级、“管岛”级、“八重山”级。

特别是2艘“浦贺”级扫雷支援舰分别于1997年和1998年服役,是目前日海上自卫队最大的、装备最先进的扫雷母舰,成为第1、第2扫雷队群的旗舰。

【常规潜艇水平世界第一】由于受政治因素影响,倭国目前还不能发展核潜艇,但其常规潜艇的研制水平和作战能力绝对称得上世界第一。

倭国潜艇发展真正的高峰期,还是在20世纪80年代以后。

从20世纪70年代初中期起,倭国为了对付苏联日渐增长的“威胁”,出于保卫其东南、西南两条海上交通运输线安全的目的,决定建造一级新型潜艇――“夕潮”级,该级潜艇被誉为倭国现役潜艇家族中的“第一剑客”,而且很快在世界各国潜艇中崭露头角,也成为倭国海上自卫队建造数量最多的一级潜艇。

从数量上看,日海上自卫队常年维持一支由16艘潜艇组成的潜艇部队,在世界排名第五,但质量上绝对称得上世界首屈一指。

且基本上按每年退役一艘旧艇,服役一艘新艇的方式进行新旧潜艇的更新换代。

【反潜战能力世界第一】近些年来,出于这种考虑,倭国政府在海上力量发展上作足了文章。

特别是倭国的海上航空反潜能力在经过数十年的发展后,到目前为止,不仅拥有了数理庞大,而且装备精良的反潜战武器,其反潜战部队也具备了世界一流水平的作战能力。

目前,倭国海上自卫队航空反潜力量主要由三部分组成,即岸基反潜巡逻机、直升机和舰载反潜直升机。

在其海上自卫队所拥有210架作战飞机和直升机中,绝大部分都是反潜机。

其中包括97架P―3C反潜巡逻机、61架HSS―2B、40架SH―60J反潜直升机。

中国电影史上100个第一

中国电影史上100个第一

中国电影史上100个第一1.中国第一次放映电影是在1896年8月11日,地点上海徐园“又一村”。

2.第一位放映电影的中国人是林祝三。

3.中国拍摄的第一部电影是【定军山】,1905年由北京丰泰照相馆摄制。

4.中国第一家正式电影院是由西班牙人A.雷玛斯1908年在上海建造的“虹口大戏院”。

5.中国第一个影片公司是1909年成立的亚细亚影片公司。

6中国第一部故事片是1913年,由亚细亚影片公司出品,郑正秋编导的【难夫难妻】。

7.中国第一部运往海外放映的影片是【庄子试妻】1913.8.中国第一位女电影演员是严珊珊,她在【庄子试妻】中是饰使女。

9.中国电影史上第一位导演是郑正秋。

10.中国第一部风光片是1919年商务印书馆活动影戏部摄制的【西湖风景】。

11.第一个由中国人投资建设的电影制片机构是1917年在上海设立的商务印书馆活动影戏部。

12.中国第一部长故事片是1920年由中国影戏研究社出品的【阎瑞生】。

13.中国第一部电影刊物是1920年在上海出版的【影戏杂志】,陆洁,顾肯夫主办。

14.中国第一个电影学校是1922年明星影片公司创办的“明星影戏学校”。

15.中国第一次运用特技摄影的影片是【清虚梦】。

16.中国第一次在艺术上较为成熟和完整的故事片是1923年明星影片公司出品的故事片【孤儿救祖记】。

17.中国第一本电影理论专著是【影戏学】。

18.中国第一部童话片是1925年民心公司出品的【飞行鞋】。

19.中国的一次公映美国有声电影【飞行将军】是1929年在夏令配克影戏院。

20.中国第一部正式发表的电影剧本是【申屠氏】,洪(王字旁加,深去三点水。

这字不认识。

),1925年创作。

21.中国电影史上第一位女电影编剧是濮舜卿,1925年创作【爱神的玩偶】。

22.中国电影史上第一位女电影导演是谢采真,1925年自导自演【孤雏悲声】。

23.中国第一部系列影片是1928年明星影片公司出品的【火烧红莲寺】18集。

24.中国第一部动画片是万氏兄弟于1926年制作的【大闹画室】。

第一第二心音的区别要点

第一第二心音的区别要点

第⼀第⼆⼼⾳的区别要点 听诊是检查⼼脏的重要⽅法,也是较难掌握的⽅法。

第⼀⼼⾳与第⼆⼼⾳的区别是什么呢?下⾯就跟着店铺⼀起来看看吧。

第⼀⼼⾳ 时间:出现在⼼室的等容收缩期,即⼼室收缩的开始,约在⼼电图QRS波群开始后0.02~0.045s。

组成成分:其中第⼀和第四成分为低频低振幅的振动,第⼆、三成分为较⾼频率和振幅的振动;后两成分为S1的主要成分也是其可听到的成分。

机制:瓣膜起源学说。

⼼室开始收缩时,⼆尖瓣的关闭产⽣S1的第⼆成分,三尖瓣的关闭产⽣S1的第三成分。

由于瓣膜突然关闭,瓣叶突然紧张产⽣振动⽽发出声⾳。

听诊特点:⾳调较低钝,强度较响,历时较长(持续约0.1s),与⼼尖搏动同时出现。

听诊部位:⼼尖部最响亮。

第⼀⼼⾳的特点 第⼀⼼⾳提⽰⼼室收缩的开始,约在⼼电图QRS波群开始后0.02~0.04s,⼼⾳图上可见第1⼼⾳由4种成分组成,其中第1和第4成分为低频低振幅的振动,第2、3成分为较⾼频率和振幅的振动,后两成分为第1⼼⾳的主要成分也是其可听到的成分。

第1⼼⾳的产⽣机制多认为是瓣膜起源学说,是由于瓣膜关闭,瓣叶突然紧张产⽣振动⽽发出声⾳。

在⼼室开始收缩时,⼆尖瓣的关闭产⽣S1的第2成分,⽽三尖瓣的关闭产⽣S1的第3成分。

其他如半⽉瓣的开放等因素也参与第1⼼⾳的形成。

通常上述成分不能被⼈⽿分辨,听诊仅为⼀个声⾳。

第1⼼⾳的听诊特点为⼼⾳较低钝,强度较响,历时较长(持续约0.1秒),与⼼尖搏动同时出现医学考试⽹搜集整理,在⼼尖部最响。

第⼆⼼⾳ 时间:⼼室的等容舒张期开始,标志⼼室舒张的开始,约在⼼电图T波的终末或稍后。

组成成分:第⼆⼼⾳也由四个成分组成;其中第⼆成分为较⾼频率和较⾼振幅的振动,是第⼆⼼⾳可听到的成分。

机制:S2第⼆成分的产⽣是⾎流在主动脉与肺动脉内突然减速和半⽉瓣突然关闭引起瓣膜振动所致。

S2第⼆成分:分为⼆个成分:主动脉瓣关闭在前,形成该⾳的主动脉瓣成分,肺动脉瓣关闭在后,形成该⾳的肺动脉瓣成分。

第一信号系统与第二信号系统辨析

第一信号系统与第二信号系统辨析

第一信号系统与第二信号系统辨析
巴甫洛夫认为大脑皮质最基本活动是信号活动(即条件反射),信号的数目是非常多的,但在本质上可将一切信号区分为两大类:一类是现实的具体信号,另一类是现实的抽象信号。

现实的具体信号主要是指现实中的声光电热等刺激,例如食物的形状,与食物结合过的灯光和铃声等等,都是现实具体信号,这一类信号,统称第一信号。

现实的抽象信号主要是语言等刺激,包括口头、书面、言语三个方面。

例如“食物”这个词,并不代表某一具体食物,而是一切具体食物(蔬菜、米、面、肉等)的概括。

这一类信号,统称为第二信号系统。

区别:
(1)抽象的语言信号是在具体信号的基础上建立起来的,是具体信号的信号;
(2)第一信号系统,这是动物和人类所共有的;第二信号系统,这是人类所特有的
(3)第二信号系统借助于语词使现实信号抽象化,借助于语词来表达思维活动,借助于语词而保持人与人之间的相互联系。

辨析:
1.家里的宠物听到主人声音,跑到主人面前。

2.风声鹤唳
3.闻风丧胆
第1题,由于第一信号系统是人和动物共有的,第二信号系统是人类所特有的,而“宠物听到主人的声音”属于声音的刺激,是具体的信号。

所以第1题是第一信号系统。

第2题,“风声鹤唳”是指听到风声和鹤叫声,都疑心是追兵。

这里引起士兵紧张的也是具体的声音的刺激。

所以第2题是第一信号系统。

第3题,“闻风丧胆”是指听到一点风声,就把胆吓破了。

这里所说的“风声”并不是真实的风,而是由人传递出来的信息,属于语言刺激。

所以第3题是第二信号系统。

中国电影史上的第一

中国电影史上的第一

中国电影史上的第一孕育时期(1896--1904)中国最早放映的电影。

1896年8月11日法国商人在上海徐园“又一村”茶楼内放映的“西洋影戏”。

中国最早的电影评论.1897年9月5日,上海出版的《游戏报》第74号上刊登《观美国影戏记》一文,详细记载8月间雍松在奇园放映影片的内容和作者的观后感,这是迄今所见到的中国最早的电影评论。

这篇影戏评介,虽然评论少,多是一些放映情况和影片内容的记录,但为我国电影评论开创了先声,不失为宝贵的历史资料。

第一部反映中国风光的影片。

1904年西班牙人雷玛斯拍摄的由13部中国风光片组成的纪录片。

第一位上电影的中国演员:1905年在《定军山》中出演主角的著名京剧老生谭鑫培。

中国摄制的第一部影片。

1905年秋由北京丰泰照相馆与京剧名角谭鑫培合作拍摄的京剧片断《定军山》,为戏曲记录片。

它标志着中国电影的正式诞生。

中国第一座电影院。

1907年第一座电影院平安电影公司在北京长安街建成,由外商经营中国第一个电影制片公司。

1909年美国人布拉斯基久慕上海这块生财富地,不远万里来到上海香港路创办亚细亚影戏公司。

这便是中国土地上的第一家影片摄制公司。

带有买办性质。

中国第一位女演员。

香港短故事片《庄子试妻》中,导演黎民伟的妻子严姗姗在片中扮演了庄周妻子的使女,虽然还不是主角,但这已足以使严姗姗获得中国电影史上第一位女演员的殊荣。

第一次使用特技摄影。

1911年,商务影戏部拍打根据蒲松龄小说《崂山道士》改编的《清虚梦》。

中国首家正式电影院。

1908年12月22日,西班牙商人安·雷玛斯在上海海宁路、乍浦路口租借一处溜冰场,用铁皮搭建一座可容纳250名观众的电影院——虹口活动影戏园,首映《龙巢》。

第一个专门摄影棚:1913年,商务影戏部建立。

中国第一部短故事片。

1913年由郑正秋、张石川导演的故事片《难夫难妻》(又名,〈洞房花烛〉),此片是由亚细亚影戏公司开张后的第一部作品。

首开家庭伦理剧之先河。

第一周期元素

第一周期元素

第一周期元素:1 氢(qīng) 2氦(hài)第二周期元素:3 锂(lǐ) 4铍(pí) 5 硼(péng) 6 碳(tàn) 7 氮(dàn) 8 氧(yǎng) 9氟(fú) 10 氖(nǎi)第三周期元素:11 钠(nà) 12 镁(měi) 13铝(lǚ) 14硅(guī) 15磷(lín) 16硫(liú) 17 氯(lǜ) 18氩(yà)第四周期元素:19 钾(jiǎ) 20 钙(gài) 21 钪(kàng) 22 钛(tài) 23 钒(fán) 24 铬(gè) 25 锰(měng) 26铁(tiě) 27钴(gǔ)28 镍(niè) 29 铜(tóng) 30 锌(xīn) 31镓(jiā) 32锗(zhě) 33砷(shēn) 34硒(xī) 35溴(xiù) 36 氪(kè)第五周期元素:37 铷(rú) 38 锶(sī) 39钇(yǐ) 40锆(gào) 41 铌(ní) 42 钼(mù) 43 锝(dé) 44 钌(liǎo) 45铑(lǎo) 46钯(bǎ) 47 银(yín) 48 镉(gé) 49 铟(yīn) 50锡(xī) 51锑(tī) 52碲(dì) 53 碘(diǎn) 54氙(xiān)第六周期元素:55 铯(sè) 56 钡(bèi) 57 镧(lán) 58 铈(shì) 59 镨(pǔ) 60钕(nǚ) 61钷(pǒ) 62钐(shān) 63铕(yǒu) 64钆(gá) 65 铽(tè) 66 镝(dī) 67钬(huǒ) 68铒(ěr) 69铥(diū) 70镱(yì) 71 镥(lǔ) 72铪(hā) 73钽(tǎn) 74钨(wū) 75铼(lái) 76 锇(é) 77 铱(yī) 78铂(bó) 79 金(jīn) 80汞(gǒng) 81铊(tā) 82铅(qiān) 83铋(bì) 84 钋(pō) 85 砹(ài) 86 氡(dōng)第七周期元素:87 钫(fāng) 88镭(léi) 89 锕(ā) 90钍(tǔ) 91镤(pú) 92 铀(yóu) 93 镎(ná) 94 钚(bù) 95 镅(méi) 96 锔(jú) 97 锫(péi) 98 锎(kāi) 99锿(āi) 100镄(fèi) 101 钔(mén) 102 锘(nuò) 103 铹(láo) 104 鈩(lú) 105 (dù) 106 (xǐ) 107 (bō) 108 (hēi) 109 䥑(mài) 110 鐽(dá) 111 錀(lún) 112 鎶(gē)氢qīng氦hài 锂lǐ铍pí硼péng, 碳tàn 氮dàn 氧yǎng氟fú氖nǎi;钠nà镁měi铝lǚ硅guī磷lín, 硫liú氯lǜ氩yà钾jiǎ 钙gài ;钪kàng钛tài钒fán铬gè锰měng,铁tiě 钴gǔ 镍niè铜tóng 锌xīn ;镓jiā 锗zhě 砷shēn硒xī 溴xiù, 氪kè铷rú锶sī 钇yǐ 锆gào;铌ní钼mù锝dé钌liǎo铑lǎo,钯pá银yín 镉gé铟yīn锡xī ;锑tī 碲dì碘diǎn氙xiān铯sè, 钡bèi 镧lán 铪hā 钽tǎn钨wū ;铼lái 锇é铱yī 铂bó金jīn,汞gǒng铊tā 铅qiān铋bì钋pō;砹ài 氡dōng钫fāng镭léi 锕ā,镧lán 铈shì镨pǔ 钕nǚ 钷pǒ 钐shān铕yǒu;钆gá铽tè镝dí钬huǒ , 铒ěr铥diū 镱yì镥lǔ锕ā 钍tǔ镤pú铀yóu 镎ná钚bù镅méi,锔jū 锫péi 锎kāi锿āi ,镄fèi 钔mén 锘nuò铹láo记忆力是人们积累知识、增长智慧的基本条件。

第一讲教案

第一讲教案

第六课教案电梯里的1分27秒一、课型初级汉语综合课二、使用教材《发展汉语》中级下册第六课三、教学对象蒙古国留学生四、教学内容1.36个生词,其中包括8个名词,8个形容词,12个动词,4个副词,1个量词,1个成语,2个词组。

2.语法:⑴“······,尤其是······”⑵幸亏⑶“没有比······更/再······的(N)了”⑷“宁可/宁愿A,也不B”⑸“V来V去”⑹“如果······,就······”⑺“不仅······,还······”⑻“越来越V∕adj”3.课文:电梯里的1分27秒五、教学目标1.通过教学,使学生掌握课文中出现的词语、语言点及成段的表达,培养学生成段表达的能力。

2.通过教学,使学生掌握课文成熟规范的篇章布局,培养学生复述课文的能力和写作能力。

六、教学重点和难点1.词汇:令、尤其、微微、仅仅、宁可2.语法:“······,尤其是······”、“没有比······更∕再······的(N)了”、“宁可∕宁愿A,也不B”3.复述课文训练七、教学方法1.课堂教学按照“生词---语言点---课文---练习”的顺序,循序渐进。

热力学第一定律

热力学第一定律

第1章热力学第一定律1.1 重要概念1.状态函数与过程量这是两类完全不同的物理量。

状态函数是系统的性质,如温度(T),压力(p),体积(V),内能(U),焓(H)和定压热容(C V)等,而过程量是指功(W)和热(Q),它们是过程的属性。

状态函数与过程量主要区别如下:(1)状态函数决定于系统的状态,而过程量取决于过程。

所以状态函数用来描述系统状态,而过程量用于描述过程。

(2)当系统中发生变化时,状态函数的变化只取决于系统的初末状态,而与变化的具体方式(过程)无关。

因而在计算状态函数变化时,若给定过程不能或不易求得,可通过设计途径进行计算,与此相反,过程量则不可以设计途径进行计算,因为对于不同途径,它们的值可能不同。

过程量,即功和热是在系统和环境之间的两种能量传递方式,在系统内部不能讨论功和热。

可见在计算W和Q时,首先要明确系统是什么,其次要搞清过程的特点。

(3)若y代表某个状态函数,任意一个过程的状态函数变为∆Y,功和热为W和Q。

假设该过程在相反方向进行时上述各量分别为∆Y逆、W逆和Q逆,则必有∆ Y=一∆Y逆一般W ≠一W逆Q≠一Q逆2.等温过程环境温度恒定不变的情况下,系统初态和末态温度相同且等于环境温度的过程,即T l=T2=T环=常数所谓等温过程,是指上式中三个等号同时成立的过程。

有人认为等温过程是系统温度始终不变的过程,这是一种误解。

诚然,在某一过程中如果系统温度始终不变,则过程必是等温过程,因为该过程服从上式。

但这并非等温过程的全部,只不过是等温过程的一种特殊情况。

3.等压过程外压(即环境压力)恒定不变的情况下,系统初态和末态的压力相同且等于外压的过程,即p1=p2=p外=常数所谓等压过程,是指式中三个等号同时成立的过程。

有人把等压过程说成是系统压力始终不变的过程,这是一种不全面的理解,因为这只是等压过程的一种特殊情况。

在热力学中会遇到p1=p2的过程,称为初末态压力相等的过程,还会遇到p外=常数的过程,称为恒外压过程,但它们都不是等压过程。

中国史上的第一

中国史上的第一

中国史上的第一1、我国第一部诗歌总集——《诗经》2、我国第一部编年体史诗——《左传》3、我国第一部国别体史书——《国语》4、我国第一部纪传体通史——《史记》5、我国第一部断代体史书——《汉书》6、我国第一部编年体史书——《春秋》7、我国第一部语录体散文作品——《论语》8、我国第一部词典——《尔雅》9、我国第一部字典——《说文解字》10、我国第一部大百科全书——《永乐大典》11、我国第一首长篇抒情诗——《离骚》12、我国第一首长篇叙事诗——《孔雀东南飞》(357句,1785字)13、我国第一部军事著作——《孙子兵法》14、我国第一部记录谋臣策士门客言行的专集——《战国策》15、我国第一部专记一个人言行的历史散文——《晏子春秋》16、我国第一部神话集——《山海经》17、我国第一部文言志人小说集——《世说新语》18、我国第一部文言志怪小说集——《搜神记》19、我国第一部日记体游记——明代徐宏祖的《徐霞客游记》20、我国第一部著名的戏曲作品——关汉卿的《窦娥冤》21、我国第一部浪漫主义神话小说——吴承恩《西游记》22、我国第一部长篇讽刺小说——吴敬梓的《儒林外史》23、我国第一部个人创作的文言短篇小说集——蒲松龄的《聊斋志异》24、我国第一部文选——《昭明文选》25、我国第一部文学批评专著——曹丕的《典论·论文》26、我国第一部文学理论和评论专著——刘勰的《文心雕龙》27、我国第一部诗歌理论和评论专著——南北朝人钟嵘的《诗品》28、我国第一部水文地理专著——《水经注》29、我国第一部科普作品,以笔记体写成的综合性学术著作——北宋沈括的《梦溪笔谈》30、我国第一部介绍进化论的译作——严复译的赫胥黎的《天演论》31、我国第一部写农民起义的小说——元末明初施耐庵的《水浒传》32、我国新文学史上影响最大、成就突出的一部新诗集——郭沫若的《女神》33、我国第一首以信天游的形式写成的民歌体叙事长诗——李季的《王贵与李香香》34、我国第一部杂文集——鲁迅的《坟》35、我国第一部散文诗集——鲁迅的《野草》36、我国第一部中篇小说——鲁迅的《阿Q正传》37、我国第一篇白话短篇小说——鲁迅的《狂人日记》38、我国第一部白话短篇小说集——鲁迅的《呐喊》》39、我国第一篇报告文学作品——夏衍的《包身工》40、我国第一位史学家、文学家——司马迁41、我国第一位伟大的爱国主义诗人——屈原42、我国第一位田园诗人——陶渊明43、我国最早的边塞诗人——高适和岑参44、我国第一位女诗人——蔡琰、蔡文姬45、我国第一位著名女词人——李清照46、我国第一个新文学社团——文学研究会。

第一调查网

第一调查网

第一调查网第一调查网简介 (2)奖励与起付金额 (2)注册流程 (3)网络调查友情提示 (3)推广方法 (4)热点问题 (4)第一调查网收款图 (7)第一调查网简介第一调查网是由上海库思信息技术有限公司运营,是中国最活跃的在线民意调查社区。

您只需注册第一调查网会员,即可获得商业调查邀请,成功完成一份商业调查问卷可得5-50元现金!累积现金可用于兑换奖品或申请提现,更有30元购物券免费赠送哦!第一调查网作为中国最活跃的网络民意调查网,能为所有会员参与调查、表达观点,提供便利。

第一调查网又是消费者与企业之间快速有效的沟通渠道,致力于为个人提供趣味性的、有报酬的网络调查项目。

会员参加品牌点评、话题PK、体验赚钱等多种活动,还能赚取积分兑换奖品。

第一调查网是目前很好的调查网赚项目之一,任务比较多,支付急时,单介也比较高,最佳单干调查站;本项目由上海库思信息技术有限公司运营。

专为企业用户定制调查服务的网站。

调查很多,参与容易,单干也能快速做到支付,而且支持5层推荐奖励,让用心推广和参与调查者获得更多收益。

奖励与起付金额通过手机验证:奖励1元现金填写消费属性问卷:奖励2元现金完成一份商业调查:奖励5-50元不等的现金发布、参加自助调查,发表点评:奖励银币累积银币可兑换数码相机、地毯、台灯等实用奖品更多奖励刺激,等你来亲自体验第一调查网目前支持商业调查奖励即时发放了起付金额: 50 ¥支付方式:支付宝注册流程1、进入第一调查网注册地址(/user/Register.aspx?account=yang282912)2、到达会员注册页面后,依次认真填写个人资料信息;3、到邮箱点击激活链接,激活账号信息;4、完成注册。

网络调查友情提示1、经常登录调查网站查看有没有新的问卷2、经常登录注册调查网站时所使用的邮箱,看看有没有新的邮件邀请您去参加调查。

你就不会错过参与问卷调查的机会啦。

推广方法用推广链接直接推广进行MSN好友邀请进行邮件邀请推荐朋友获得奖励。

热力学第一定律

热力学第一定律

第1章热力学第一定律1.1 重要概念1.状态函数与过程量这是两类完全不同的物理量。

状态函数是系统的性质,如温度(T),压力(p),体积(V),内能(U),焓(H)和定压热容(C V)等,而过程量是指功(W)和热(Q),它们是过程的属性。

状态函数与过程量主要区别如下:(1)状态函数决定于系统的状态,而过程量取决于过程。

所以状态函数用来描述系统状态,而过程量用于描述过程。

(2)当系统中发生变化时,状态函数的变化只取决于系统的初末状态,而与变化的具体方式(过程)无关。

因而在计算状态函数变化时,若给定过程不能或不易求得,可通过设计途径进行计算,与此相反,过程量则不可以设计途径进行计算,因为对于不同途径,它们的值可能不同。

过程量,即功和热是在系统和环境之间的两种能量传递方式,在系统内部不能讨论功和热。

可见在计算W和Q时,首先要明确系统是什么,其次要搞清过程的特点。

(3)若y代表某个状态函数,任意一个过程的状态函数变为∆Y,功和热为W和Q。

假设该过程在相反方向进行时上述各量分别为∆Y逆、W逆和Q逆,则必有∆ Y=一∆Y逆一般W ≠一W逆Q≠一Q逆2.等温过程环境温度恒定不变的情况下,系统初态和末态温度相同且等于环境温度的过程,即T l=T2=T环=常数所谓等温过程,是指上式中三个等号同时成立的过程。

有人认为等温过程是系统温度始终不变的过程,这是一种误解。

诚然,在某一过程中如果系统温度始终不变,则过程必是等温过程,因为该过程服从上式。

但这并非等温过程的全部,只不过是等温过程的一种特殊情况。

3.等压过程外压(即环境压力)恒定不变的情况下,系统初态和末态的压力相同且等于外压的过程,即p1=p2=p外=常数所谓等压过程,是指式中三个等号同时成立的过程。

有人把等压过程说成是系统压力始终不变的过程,这是一种不全面的理解,因为这只是等压过程的一种特殊情况。

在热力学中会遇到p1=p2的过程,称为初末态压力相等的过程,还会遇到p外=常数的过程,称为恒外压过程,但它们都不是等压过程。

第一次的经历作文15篇

第一次的经历作文15篇

第⼀次的经历作⽂15篇 在我们平凡的⽇常⾥,⼤家都有写作⽂的经历,对作⽂很是熟悉吧,作⽂根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙⽂、说明⽂、应⽤⽂、议论⽂。

那么⼀般作⽂是怎么写的呢?下⾯是⼩编为⼤家收集的第⼀次的经历作⽂,欢迎阅读,希望⼤家能够喜欢。

第⼀次的经历作⽂1 为中华之崛起⽽读书”是我们伟⼤的周恩来眼⾥的书;觉可以⼀天不睡,饭可以⼀天不吃,但书不可以⼀天不读”是我们伟⼤的⽑主席眼中的书;读书破万卷,下笔如有神”是我们杜甫诗⼈眼中的书。

今天看⼀下我眼中的书吧。

今天妈妈给了我50元钱,让我去买⾃⼰想看的书,我飞快的跑出了家门,到了阅友书店。

⼀进去看见了⾥⾯的⼈很多:有的同学正在津津有味的看着书;有的同学正在和我⼀样找⾃⼰喜欢看的书;有的同学正在付款离开。

我找了好久都没有找到《查理九世》,我特别想去问⼀下售货员,但是我胆⼦⼩,我犹豫了很久,⼀想到马上就能看到期待已久的书了,我终于⿎起勇⽓⼩声的问了⼀下售货员:阿姨,《查理九世》这本书在哪⾥?”阿姨微笑着说:上⾯有个牌⼦,这本书属于探险⼩说。

”我按照阿姨说的很快就找到了《查理九世》。

我迅速跑到了收银台把钱给了售货员,拿着书迫不及待的往家跑,把书翻开,开始认真的看了起来,果真如⾝临其境⼀般。

通过这次买书,我更加喜欢看书了。

第⼀次的经历作⽂2 早上起来⽐较早的,也就是我了。

起来洗漱完毕后,感觉有点饿了。

妈妈还没有起床。

于是,我突发奇想,为⽗母做⼀顿早餐吧!想了半天,不知道要做什么,打开冰箱⼀卡,有现成的馅饼,拿出来化⼀化。

化了半个⼩时,我是在等不及了,就把锅端了出来,把油拿出来,把塌馅饼的铲⼦也放在锅⾥,没看,就把油到⾥⾯去了,把油烧开以后,我就把馅饼放到锅⾥,谁知道啊!只听“砰砰”两声,油贱得到处都是,吓得我马上戴上⼿套,把锅关了以后,尝了尝馅饼,⼀咬,外⾯倒是热了,⾥⾯还是凉的。

诶~~悲哀啊!转眼⼀看,锅底糊了。

妈妈起来以后,我跟妈妈说了事情的经过,妈妈笑了笑,说:“你哪国的时候,看没看⾥⾯有没有谁呀?”“没有”我要摇头说。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

§1.1 会计的起源及其职能
一、会计的概念 会计是以货币为主要计量单位,以凭证为依据, 会计是以货币为主要计量单位,以凭证为依据, 借助于专门的技术方法, 借助于专门的技术方法,对一定主体的经济活动 进行全面、综合、连续、 进行全面、综合、连续、系统的核算与监督,并向 有关方面提供会计信息的一种经济管理活动
核算(反映)和监督(控制) 核算(反映)和监督(控制)是会计的基本职能
四、 会计的职能
(一) 会计的核算职能 一 核算职能是会计的首要职能, 核算职能是会计的首要职能,是指以货币 为主要计量单位,采用一定的会计方法, 为主要计量单位,采用一定的会计方法,对企 业的经济活动进行全面、综合、连续、 业的经济活动进行全面、综合、连续、系统地 反映,为各类报表使用者提供信息的功能。其 反映,为各类报表使用者提供信息的功能。 特点: 特点: 1.以货币为主要计量单位,从价值量方面反映 .以货币为主要计量单位, 各单位的经济活动情况; 各单位的经济活动情况; 2.核算已发生的事实,具有可验证性; .核算已发生的事实,具有可验证性; 3.会计的反映具有综合、连续、系统和完整全 .会计的反映具有综合、连续、 面等特性。 面等特性。
资金投入 股东 或者 业主 投入 资本 负债
制造业资金与资金运动 资金使用(资金循环与周转 资金循环与周转) 资金使用 资金循环与周转 供应 货币 资金 储备 资金
(材料 材料) 材料
资金退出 销售 结算 资金 纳税 分红
生产 生产 资金
(在产品 在产品) 在产品
成品 资金
(产品 产品) 产品
固定 资金
年末12月 日 年末 月31日
一、会计核算的基本前提 (四)货币计量 货币计量是指会计主体在会计核算过程中采用货币作 为计量单位,记录、反映会计主体的经营情况。 为计量单位,记录、反映会计主体的经营情况。
四、 会计的职能
(二) 会计的监督职能 二 会计监督就是监督经济活动按照有关的法规和计划进 行。 其特点: 其特点: 1.会计监督伴随着会计核算同时进行,因此具有完 .会计监督伴随着会计核算同时进行, 整性和连续性; 整性和连续性; 2.会计监督主要是以货币量度,以财务活动为主, .会计监督主要是以货币量度,以财务活动为主, 具有综合性; 具有综合性; 3.以国家的财经法规和财经纪律为准绳,具有强制 .以国家的财经法规和财经纪律为准绳, 性和严肃性; 性和严肃性; 4.会计监督是三位一体的全方位监督 . 单位内部、社会、国家三方监督。 即:单位内部、社会、国家三方监督。
固定资产折旧的核算 无形资产摊销的核算 按照合约条件清偿债 务
一、会计核算的基本前提 (三)会计分期 会计分期是指将会计主体持续不断的经营活动分割为 一定的期间。 一定的期间。 企业应当划分会计期间, 企业应当划分会计期间,分期 结算账目和编制财务会计报告 年初1月 日 年初 月1日
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 第1季度
“龙门账”的基本公式:把全部账目划分为进、缴、存、该四大类。“进”指全 龙门账”的基本公式:把全部账目划分为进、 龙门账 该四大类。 部收入, 指全部支出, 指资产并包括债权, 部收入,“缴”指全部支出,“存”指资产并包括债权,“该”指负债并包括业 主投资,四者的关系是:该十进=存十缴 或进一缴=存一该 也就是说, 存十缴, 存一该。 主投资,四者的关系是:该十进 存十缴,或进一缴 存一该。也就是说,结帐 大于“ 大于“ 即为赢利。 时“进”大于“缴”或“存”大于“该”即为赢利。 “四脚账”是一种比较成熟的复式记账方法,其特点是:注重经济业务的收方 四脚账”是一种比较成熟的复式记账方法,其特点是: 四脚账 即来方)和付方(即去方)的账务处理, (即来方)和付方(即去方)的账务处理,不论现金收付事项或非现金收付事项 转账事项)都在账簿上记录两笔,即记入“来账” 又记入“去账” (转账事项)都在账簿上记录两笔,即记入“来账”,又记入“去账”,而且来 账和去账所记金额必须相等,否则说明账务处理有误。 账和去账所记金额必须相等,否则说明账务处理有误。这种账法的基本原理已与 西式复式记账法相同。清末,随着西式会计的引入,中式会计趋于衰落。 西式复式记账法相同。清末,随着西式会计的引入,中式会计趋于衰落。
会计的对象、 §1.2 会计的对象、任务和作用 一、会计对象 (一) 会计对象,是指会计所核算和监督的 一 会计对象, 内容,即会计的客体。 内容,即会计的客体。在社会主义市场经济条 件下, 件下,会计的对象是社会再生产过程中以货币 表现的经济活动,即单位的资金及其资金运动。 表现的经济活动,即单位的资金及其资金运动。 由于会计主体不同,其具体的内容也不同。 由于会计主体不同,其具体的内容也不同。
(期初结存 (本期收入 (本期支出 期末结存 期初结存) 本期收入 本期支出 期末结存) 期初结存 本期收入) 本期支出)(期末结存
二、会计的起源 明清两代,商业、手工业有了较大规模的发展, 明清两代,商业、手工业有了较大规模的发展, 产生了资本主义的萌芽,出现了“龙门账” 产生了资本主义的萌芽,出现了“龙门账”和 四脚账” 已是复式记账的雏形。 “四脚账”,已是复式记账的雏形。
成 本 费 用
收 入
债权人 投入 债权人 权益 负债
投资者 投入 所有者 权益
资金流出企业


负债 +
所有者 权益
会计的对象、 §1.2 会计的对象、任务和作用 二、会计的任务P11 会计的任务 1. 提供有用的信息 2. 监督、检查经济活动 3. 参与决策 会计的作用P11 三、会计的作用 1.加强经济管理,提高经济效益 2.加强经济核算,促进增产节约 3.保证国家财经纪律、财经制度的贯彻 4.保护财产物资的安全完整
(二) 统计核算 二 统计核算是指通过对事物的 数量进行计量来研究监督大量 的或个别典型经济现象的一种 方法。 方法。
三、会计核算和其他核算的关系
(三) 会计核算、业务核算、 统计核算三者的关系
会计核算 互利 统计核算
是两者的基础 并提供数据
业务核算
四、 会计的职能
会计的职能是指会计工作在经济管理中所固有的功 是会计本质的体现。 能,是会计本质的体现。 随着生产的发展、 随着生产的发展、经济关系的复杂化和管理理论的 提高,会计的职能也不断细分和充实。 提高,会计的职能也不断细分和充实。总的来说目前会 计的职能有:核算、监督、预测、决策、控制、 计的职能有:核算、监督、预测、决策、控制、分析等 职能。 职能。 我国《会计法》第五条中规定“会计机构、 我国《会计法》第五条中规定“会计机构、会计人 员依照本法规定进行会计核算,实行会计监督。” 员依照本法规定进行会计核算,实行会计监督。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
如第二天无猎物,却消耗 只则标志如下: 如今天猎物结余5只,于是标志如下 如第二天无猎物 只 于是标志如下: 只则标志如下 如今天猎物结余,却消耗2只则标志如下
二、会计的起源 会计一职,在我国出现在西周, 会计一职,在我国出现在西周,掌管王朝财政 经济收支,后发展到民间,主要是单式记账法。 经济收支,后发展到民间,主要是单式记账法。 •唐朝,出现了“四柱清算”,当时位于世界 唐朝, 唐朝 出现了“四柱清算” 会计发展的前列。 会计发展的前列。
法律主体 会计主体 = 会计主体 法律主体 法律主体 会计主体 会计主体 < 法律主体
企业合并
法律主体
会计主体
法律主体
一、会计核算的基本前提 (二)持续经营 持续经营是指会计主体的生产经营活动将无限期地延 续下去,在可以预见的未来,会计主体不会因进行清算、 续下去,在可以预见的未来,会计主体不会因进行清算、 解散、倒闭而不复存在。 解散、倒闭而不复存在。 企业会计确认、 企业会计确认、计量和报告应当以持续经营为前提
会 计 学
主讲:李相波 财会学院 caikuaixueyuan@ 密码:20100312
第一章 概
内容提要

会计随着社会生产的发展和加强管理的要求而产生, 并随着社会经济发展而不断完善。他是以货币为主要计量 单位,对经济活动进行全面、综合、连续、系统核算与监 督经济管理活动。他与企业中其他类型的核算工具既有联 系又有区别。会计的对象是资金及资金运动,会计对资金 运动过程进行核算和监督时有其特定的程序,人们将其称 之为会计循环。会计的基本理论结构包括会计目标、会计 核算的基本前提、会计核算的一般原则、会计要素和会计 等式等内容。本章对上述有关会计基本理论问题进行了简 要的论述。
二、会计的起源
•近代会计:可以从 近代会计:可以从1494年意大利传教士 近代会计 年意大利传教士
卢卡·巴其阿勒的著作《算术、几何、 卢卡 巴其阿勒的著作《算术、几何、比及比 巴其阿勒的著作 例概要》的出版开始, 世纪40年代末 例概要》的出版开始,至20世纪 年代末。 世纪 年代末。 期间的重要事项有: 期间的重要事项有: 1853年,英国苏格兰的注册会计师成立的第 1720年英国政府委托会计师审查英国南海公 年 年英国政府委托会计师审查英国南海公 19世纪末 的问世; 世界经济的发展中心由 世纪末20世纪初 世纪末 世纪初, 概要》 世纪初, 《概要》的问世; 一个会计师协会—爱丁堡会计师公会 一个会计师协会 爱丁堡会计师公会,标志着 司及与该公司有关商会的账目,标志英国注册 司及与该公司有关商会的账目, 英国转移到了美国,会计的发展中心也转移到 英国转移到了美国爱丁堡会计师公会, , 会计师职业的开端; 会计师职业的开端; 会计师从此成为一门专门的职业, ,标志着传 会计师从此成为一门专门的职业,服务于股份 了美国。出现了“公认会计原则” 了美国。出现了“公认会计原则” 有限公司这种资本主义形式, 。 有限公司这种资本主义形式,为经济和财务活 统会计已发展成为了财务会计。 统会计已发展成为了财务会计 动进行公正,扩大的会计的服务对象和内容。 动进行公正,扩大的会计的服务对象和内容。
相关文档
最新文档