丁往道英语写作手册范本

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丁往道英语写作手册 Part One Manuscript Form

Part One Manuscript FormAs you are learning to write, you should have a clear idea of what is good manuscript form. You should do everything —writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and dividing words—according to generally accepted rules. Whenever you write something, work carefully, write neatly and clearly, and try to make as few mistakes as possible. Before handing in your essay or exercise, proofread it once or twice, because you may need to make some final corrections and changes. If you always work in this way, you are sure to make progress.I. ArrangementEither lined exercise books or regular office paper (size 19×27 centimeters) may be used. To make your handwriting easy to read and provide room for corrections, you had better write on every other line, and write on only one side of the paper if it is thin.Leave a margin on each side of the paper—about two centimeters at the top and a centimeter and a half at the left, the right and the bottom. In an exercise book the top and bottom margins are already there, so you need only to draw a vertical line to mark the left margin.You cannot make the right margin very straight, but you must not write to the edge of the paper. When there is not enough space left for a word, write it on the next line if it cannot be divided. In other words, there must be some blank space on the right side of the paper.Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives.My First Visit to the Palace MuseumThe People without a CountryRules to Abide ByDickens and David CopperfieldWhat Can the Artist Do in the World of Today?What Reform Means to ChinaThe Myth of a “Negro Literature”The English-Speaking People in QuebecNo period is used at the end of a title. Use a question mark if the title is direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect question. Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles; and underline (or italicize if you use a computer) names of books.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.For paging use Arabic numerals without parentheses or periods in the upper right-hand corner of all pages. The first page need not be marked.Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, aquestion mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning of a line.II. CapitalizationCapitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence, should begin with a capital letter.The first word of quoted speech (words put between quotation marks) is capitalized. If a quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put in two pairs of quotation marks, the second part does not begin with a capital letter unless the first word is a proper noun or an adjective derived from a proper noun:He said, “My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.”“My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “was interesting but tiring.”I asked, “ When do you usually go home?”She answered, “At weekends.”Common nouns that are parts of proper names are capitalized:Common Nouns Proper Namesa famous university Peking Universitya broad street Chang’an Streeta large lake Lake Eriethe president of the university President Brownmiddle, age the Middle Ageslabor, day Labor Daypeople, republic the People’s Republic of China Words derived from proper names are usually capitalized:Marxist Darwinism HegelianConfucian Latinize VietnamizeBut proper names or their derivatives may become common nouns, verbs or adjectives:mackintosh (after Charles Mackintosh, a Scottish chemist)chauvinistic (derived from Nicolas Chauvin, a devoted adherent of Napoleon)quixotic(after Don Quixote, hero of the novel of the same name)anglicize(from the Latin word Anglicus, meaning English)III. Word DivisionWhen you write near the edge of the paper, take a look at the space left. If it is not enough for the word you are going to write, you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. Never squeeze a word into the margin.The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables and never put the hyphen at the beginning of a line. Pay attention to thefollowing:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided.Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a•line, trick•y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat•ed, cab•in.Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi•na, Aus•tin.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea•cock, re•ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re•state•ment, u n•relent•ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug•gle, shat•ter.Dividing words is not always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionary.IV. PunctuationHow to use different punctuation marks will be discussed in detail in Part Ten. The following are a few basic rules which all students learning to write should remember:Use a period (full stop) at the end of a complete sentence, however short it is.Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction, or a semicolon.Make your commas different from your periods. A comma has a little tail (,); a period is a dot (.), not a tiny circle (。

丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》考研真题详解(命题作文)【圣才出品】

◆命题作文<社会热点类>题1 [四川师范大学2015研]In September 2014, the Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba’s flotation in the US has caused a stir in the work. Undoubtedly, Ma Yun becomes the center of attention in public again. What do you know about Ma Yun and what inspiration you’ve gained from his life ex perience and success? Write an essay of about 400 words on the topic. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.【参考范文】The Unstoppable Power of PersistenceIn last September, Alibaba, a counterpart to eBay or Amazon in China, floated on the stock market with a value of £140 billion approximately. With such a record-breaking IPO, Ma Yun, the founder of this prosperous company, has become the centre of public discussion again. From my perspective, it is his persistence in chasing his dreams that impresses me most.Throughout his life, Ma Yun himself admitted that he had experienced rejections for many times, including less good performance in entry exams for colleges in China, setbacks in finding a job and so on. However, being clearly aware of his strengths and weaknesses, he chose to sharpen his proficiency in English. Inspite of the limited resources and less ideal environment for learning English, he managed to practice his oral English as well as broaden his horizons by giving foreign tourists free guide every morning in his hometown Hangzhou. And this experience lasting for nine years proved to be conducive to both the improvement in his languages abilities and the formation of a brand new world view.While working as a translator for a US trading company, Ma Yun decided to start his own online business in China, aiming to build a large Internet market to connect consumers and companies from different regions or countries. And that is how Alibaba began. At the beginning, there were only fifteen employees in 1999. But by now, this Chinese e-commerce giant has, according to Ma Yun, directly or indirectly created 40 million jobs in China. And its founder plans to expand market abroad. Nevertheless, the transformation from a startup to a listed company with the largest initial public offering in history, did not proceed smoothly. If he had not manages to attracted investment in 2000, Alibaba could have failed like many other Internet companies did at that time. What’s more, rumors or doubts have never completely disappeared, whether it was at the early stage or at the prosperous period of Alibaba. As for Ma Yun, scarcely does he allow these noises to overwhelm his inner voices. It’s his persistence and commitment that make his dreams come true in the end.To sum up, just as the old saying goes, constant dropping wears the stone. As long as we pursuit our dreams like what Ma Yun does, nothing could stop us from realizing them, since persistence not only gives us the hope to hold on to ourdreams, but also enables us to fight against obstacles all along.【范文点评】题目要求围绕阿里巴巴在美国成功上市这一事件，谈谈作为中国互联网巨头传奇人物马云，他的经历给了你怎样的启发，撰写一篇约400词左右的文章。

北外教授丁往道告诉你英语写作最重要

北外教授丁往道告诉你英语写作最重要注重写的练习。

强调听和说，听说领先，是对的；经常阅读，大量阅读，也是必要的。

但对于排在“四会”末尾的“写”，千万不要认为它可有可无。

“写”在学英语的过程中有其特别重要和不可替代的作用。

只要是写一篇短文，就得思考内容和观点，组织材料，安排层次，斟酌词句，这是极好的锻炼。

而且写对语言的正确性和表达的准确性的要求比口语要高些，因为可以考虑和修改。

这对提高语言质量十分有益。

要关心中国文化。

中国人都应关心中国文化，主修英语或别的外语的朋友们更要注意对中国文化的学习和钻研，因为在外语上用很多时间，可能会忽略中国文化的学习，结果是对所学语言国家的情况和文化特点知道得多，而对中国的文化特点知道得反而少。

中国文化源远流长，有很多宝贵的成份，我们应该珍视这份遗产，努力予以发扬光大。

中考书面表达专题指导：说明文说明文是中考写作题中常见的形式。

主要目的在于对所写事物进行解释，回答"为什么"或"怎么样"。

在初中阶段说明文主要的是让学生将活动、人物或地点进行清楚的描述，考察学生的观察能力和将表格或所给提示词转化为完整文字信息的能力。

说明文具有直观，具体等特点；它要求语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明过程讲究条理性和层次性。

常见的说明文考题有以下两种形式：1. 通过图表式形式，将所要说明的人物或事物的信息特点表达出来，如介绍一个新的同学或朋友，介绍如何使用某一具体的器材等。

2. 以提纲式呈现写作材料，主要是根据汉语提示来完成写作。

怎样写出一篇合要求的说明文？一审。

要做到文章切题、要点齐全，审题至关重要。

同学们在下笔之前就要将所给的材料看清楚，看准材料所要表达的内容或情景，写出符合要求的文章，如果提示语较多，就要严格按照要求来写。

二定。

一定要点：根据所给材料要点，定出中心句。

要特别注意首尾句，注意适当发挥，避免逐字逐句翻译。

二定方法：常用的说明方法有举例法、过程分析法、分类法、因果分析法、比较法、细节法等。

英语写作基础教程(1)

第二章用词 (Using Proper Words)
第三章造句
(Making Correct and Effective Sentences)
第四章
段落 (Developing Paragraphs)
第六章完整的作文 (Composing Essays)
第七章应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)
Chapter one
Manuscript Form and Punctuation 1. why is it important to write in correct
manuscript? 2. What are the rules for titles?
Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
学习方法例举
根据自己的情况，选择不同的学习方式：方式一：如果你能够写出语法基本正确的句子和
段落，那么，你就可以直接开始学习第六章（完整的作文）或第七章（应用文写作）。将前面四章的学习内容作为自学内容，如：标点符号的运用、信件的格式等；
方式二：如果还没有自信能写出语法基本正确的句子和段落的同学，可以从第一章开始逐章学习。基础学习准备好后，对教学重点的内容也就容易把握了。
教学重点
1. 第六章“短文的写作” (Composing Essays) 2. 第七章“应用文的写作” (Writing for Practical Purposes)
巴基斯坦驻华大使鸿德致辞
非常感谢院长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到贵校访问感到荣幸。感谢贵校对我们的欢迎，特别感谢鸿德学院的热情接待，我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们，我们此行带来了大使馆统和巴基斯坦人民的良好祝愿。

丁往道英语写作手册

Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about 4 or 5 letters. 每段的开头应缩进，即留出4 到5个字母的空白。
Part1 Manuscript Form 文稿格式
1 Arrangement 安排 2 Capitalization 大写 3 Word Division 移行 4 Punctuation 标点 5 Handwriting 书法
What is a good manuscript form?
writing the title 写标题 leaving margins 纸边留空 indenting 段落开端缩进 capitalizing 大写 dividing words 词的移行
1 Arrangement 安排
About titles关于题目
P 35 Ⅱ. Type of Sentences 句子类型
(use)
1. Declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
1. declarative sentence 陈述句 She is my fiance.
P35 Ⅱ. Type of Sentences 句子类型
(structure)
2 .simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences 简单句、并列句、复合句或并列复合句
simple sentence 简单句
It has one subject and one predicate verb. To see is to believe.

丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(造句)【圣才出品】

第三章造句Ⅰ. 完整句和不完整句1. 完整句（1）完整句的语法结构必须完整，即一个完整句必修至少有一个主语和一个谓语动词；如果该谓语动词是及物动词，还得有一个宾语；若是个系动词，则必须有一个表语或补语：He came.She wrote a letter.Dr. Smith is a professor.（2）一个完整的句子以大写字母开始，以句号结束。

2. 不完整句有时为取得特殊效果可用到不完整的句子。

如：It is hard to hear a new voice, as hard as it is to listen to an unknown language...Why? Out of fear. The world fears a new experience more than it fears anything. Because a new experience displaces so many old experiences. And it is like trying to use muscles stiff for ages. It hurts horribly.—D. H. Lawrence He was, I think, very handsome. I gather this from photographs and from my own memories of him, dressed in his Sunday best and on his way to preach a sermon somewhere, when I was little. Handsome, proud, and ingrown, “like atoe-nail,” somebody said.—James Baldwin 在上面第一篇中有三个不完整的句子(“why?”“Out of fear.”以及“Because a new experience...”)，在第二篇中有一个(“Handsome，proud”)。

Lecture 2 manuscript form 《英语写作手册》丁往道编外研社

★ Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, etc.
★ Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, quotation marks, or parentheses.
Summary—Arrangement
11.capitalize v. ['kæpɪtəlaɪz]
12.capital n.
13. lower v.
14. lowercase n. [,ləʊə'keɪs]
标点符号并列连词
大写大写字母
小写小写字母
I. Arrangement
1.Margin 2.Indentation 3.Punctuation
II.Handwriting Principles of Handwriting
1. Write clearly, neatly and legibly. 2. Clearly distinguish between capitals
Excercise
Find out what is wrong in the manuscript form of the following paragraph.
For city dwellers, dragon lanterns can be seen only on grand ceremonies on TV. In my hometown, however , putting on a dragon latten show is a very popular per -formance. To celebrate the Spring Festival, many villages make preparations for the dragon lantern show( special food, religious sacrifice…).

the whole composition

I. Use Roman Numerals to identify the section of your paper. (e.g. Arguments for, Arguments against, background information, biographical information, Evaluation, etc)
2. Try to find a proper thesis or theme.
3. Look at the list of facts again, eliminate those unnecessary or unimportant ones.
4. Rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.
1.开门见山法：
Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. We’re all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life---the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological wellbeing that can make the difference between a full and an empty life

Lecture 7 level of words 《英语写作手册》丁往道编外研社

• 我祈求我们的天父减轻您的丧子之痛,使您只怀有对于已故亲人的美好回忆和庄严的自豪感,您有这种自豪感是理所当然的,因为您在自由的祭坛上献出了代价如此昂贵的牺牲。”
• 这是林肯总统给烈士母亲比克斯比夫人慰问信中的一句
话。比克斯比夫人的五个儿子都在南北战争中光荣牺牲。句中用了文体正式程度很高的词.
• Now compare these pairs of verbs: • Common
• 1. He checked up on his accountant. • 2.They put up with their neighbors. • 3.She caught on very quickly. • 4.She made up for it with an early night. • 5.He went down with a fever. The cost of living went up.
mon/ Neutral (good for all kinds of writing) —Most frequently used
• College papers • Mass publications • Business communications
—For educated persons
e.g.: It is very/damn great. 2. Using the Exact Word
—Meaning of words e.g.: major study / academic study 3. Using Figurative Language
—Figures of speech e.g.: My love is like a red, red rose.

丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(措辞)【圣才出品】

第二章措辞Ⅰ. 词的类型据语体风格，常用的词（规范英语词汇）可分为三类：正式的、一般的、非正式的。

1. 正式词汇（又称作学术性的词、文雅的词或“大”词）（1）适用文体正式文体，如学术性或理论性著作、政治和法律文件，以及正式的演讲或报告。

（2）特点多有三个以上的音节，多数源于希腊或拉丁文。

下面这段文章中包含一些体现正式文体的词汇：There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic nature of English is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech. The latter is recognized in America to be the proper subject for the investigation of linguists who, however, now show some incipient inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other noncasual utterances in a given language.—C. F. Voegelin 正式的或学术性的词汇有：recognition, characteristically, elevated, monolithic,investigation, incipient, inclination, noncasual, utterances等。

丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)考研真题详解【圣才出品】

丁往道《英语写作手册（中文版）考研真题详解◆应用文题1[英语一2006研]Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned,asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than100words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)【审题构思】本题要求写一封书信给希望工程，希望他们为写信人推荐一个孩子接受写信人的资助。

因此在内容上写作应该包含三大部分：一、自我介绍以及表明写信的目的。

二、写信人对资助对象条件的具体说明。

三、结束语。

文章用语应偏正式，行文清晰，简洁，要点突出。

此外，还要注意书信的格式：称呼，正文，和落款。

【参考范文】【行文点评】（1）开篇做出自我介绍，表明写信人的身份，以及家庭背景。

（2）so...that...结构，陈述写信缘由。

（3）用who和whose引导的定语从句说明希望资助的对象。

（4）适用would like to表述写信人的具体捐助方式。

（5）表示感谢及希望收信人尽快回信的愿望。

题2[英语一2007研]Directions:Write a letter to your university library,making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)【审题构思】本题要求考生写一封建议信给学校图书馆管理员，以帮助他们改善图书馆的服务质量。

丁往道英语写作手册 part3 第三题答案培训资料

英语写作手册part3 第三题答案Ш.Rewrite the following by putting the short sentences into complex sentences, or sentences with participial (分词) , prepositional, or other phrases:1. Xu comes from a working-class family and he enrolled in college last fall.2. The dean issued a bulletin that the library would remain open on weekends.3. Last night was a wild night that the thunder roaring, the windblowing a gale and the rain falling in torrent.4. The temperature must have fallen considerably during the nightthat there are icicles on the trees.5. He returned to his hometown where he had been away fortwelve years and he looked in vain for the familiar landmarks.6. We have made some progress, but we still have a long we to go.7. The sky was cloudless and the sun was shining brightly.8. There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane,about one third of whom were foreigners.9. As the girl’s mother was a famous pianist, she began to learn toplay the piano when she was a child.10. Napoleon was born in 1769 when Corsica had just been acquired by France.11. A stormy applause broke forth as soon as she appeared on the stage .12. The gypsies are really a nomadic people from India who wereonce thought to be Egyptians, migrated into Europe.13. Because of the new workers are young and inexperienced, theyare eager to learn from the veteran worker.14. It was a poor quarter where there were lot of small huts whichdoted a hillside with mud walls and straw roofs.15. Hearing that his father was ill, he was anxious to go home tosee him, so he went to the station early in the morning to buya ticket.。

北外丁往道英语写作手册课程教案

Give a lecture on this part.
1.3 Capitalization
1/ Basic rules
2/Special usage of capital letters and punctuation in quoted words and sentences
(different from Chinese, see page 9)
第三英语教研室2007年8月与课程有关的信息教师编号000417课程名称英语写作课程编号41053081英文课名englishwriting2总学时30讲授学时30实验学时0课程学分2课程性质必修必修学科专业限选公共任选授课方式常规常规双语多媒体授课对象本科研究生本科高职成人上课时间20072008学年第1学期周学时2星期二第12节8
line across it. How to add a word? Write it above, not below.
1.5 Punctuation
． period 句号
， comma 逗号： colon 冒号； semicolon 分号！ exclamation 惊叹号？ question mark 问号￣ hyphen 连字符 ' apostrophe 省略号；所有格符号 — dash 破折号 ‘ ’ single quotation marks 单引号 “ ” double quotation marks 双引号 ( ) parentheses 圆括号 [ ] square brackets 方括号 { } Braces ... ellipsis 省略号 ¨tandem colon 双点号 " ditto 同上 ‖ parallel 双线号／ virgule 斜线号＆ ampersand = and ～ swung dash 代字号 §section; division 分节号 → arrow 箭号；参见号＋ plus 加号；正号－ minus 减号；负号 ±plus or minus 正负号 ×is multiplied by 乘号 ÷is divided by 除号＝ is equal to 等于号 ≠ is not equal to 不等于号 ≡ is equivalent to 全等于号 ≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号 ≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号＜ is less than 小于号＞ is more than 大于号 ≮ is not less than 不小于号

丁往道英语写作手册（中文版）

丁往道英语写作手册（中文版）英语写作手册（中文版）课后习题答案第一章谦堂练习1L Where I Lived, and Whal I Lived For2.Are Transgenic Cwps Safe?3.Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming Dynasty4. A Day to Remember5.Approaches to T eaching English as n Foreign Language6.Criticisms on the Ending of Mark 1 Vain*& At^vemur^s of Huckleberry Finn课犠练习2a-livehandy eor-rect-ftcss grabi't^0ebonus per-mjs-sion so-ria-blethought dic-Ca-tor-ship far-reaching操港竦习3Wc entered (he room. Jane looked around and asked,"Where is ihe cat?*'**Shc must have run away+H 1 aMwercd. u Shc doesn.*! stay al hamc."'*We must go and find her/1 J WK said-"LefsAt this moment the cat walked out frotn uoder the ch&u.第二章课钦练习IL这一段很明显用出自一奉关干语言科学的书.谏节的主要目的是进读者了解谦言墨人类特有的行为.2+这本书主要是面向普通大众*因为文中几平没有专业术语.3文中粒有使用俚语.不过有一些疋式Mifrt Sc GottnniAJiLcafe ^0 rudimcoiary t4谏圧的用词与内容相符，是普通说明性文字风恪。

the summary and book report

MARY AND BOOK REPORT
所需课时
4学时
主要教材或
参考资料
1丁往道《英语写作手册》外语教学与研究出版社
2蔡基刚《大学英语写作教程》高等教育出版社
教学目标
Aim for knowledge:l To know the rules of summary writing.
----to train their writing ability.
----tomake the teachers know how well a student can read a book.
2. The three parts in a book report:
rmationabout the author and the times
Aim for ability:To learn how to write a book report..
教学重点
Summary Writing
教学难点
The process of compression in summarywriting
教学方法
Explaining by examples; practice
1. omit the details
2. reduce the examples忍痛割爱
3. simplify the descriptions略去“绿叶“
4. eliminate all repetitions
5. change sentences into phrases
6. change specific words into general ones
Revised
I stayed alone in a remote cottage on a wet stormy day early spring last year. I was made uneasy and unhappy.

punctuation

k.to set off a parenthetical element
l.to introduce a final summarizing clause
m.in a dialogue
n.to introduce subheadings or authors after quotation
(3)The Slash:
e.in a dialogue
f.to introduce subheadings or authors after quotation
(10)The Slash:
a.to indicate alternatives
b.to separate lines in short quotations ofpoetrybeing quoted in the context
v.to indicate emphasis
III. Punctuation abuse:
Chinese sentences are paratactic (意合的), while the English ones are hypotactic (形合的). Then, the typical mistake like“run-on sentences”(comma splices) often happens
b.after a slogan that expresses a wish
(6)The Quotation marks:
a.to enclose direct speech
b.for titles of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, songs, etc.
c.to enclose words with a special meaning

丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(完整的作文)【圣才出品】

第五章完整的作文Ⅰ. 好作文的标准※作文要具有一致性，文中所有的事例、观点都应涉及并有助于表达文章的论题或中心思想。

※作文各段应有各自的中心思想，段落的安排顺序要合乎逻辑。

※作文各部分比例要协调：主干部分约占70%—80%，开篇和结尾须简洁。

※好作文内容要重要、有趣、新鲜，语言表达要清楚、准确、得体。

Ⅱ. 撰写作文的步骤1. 总体规划（1）写下有关实例想出并记下与写作题目相关的实例。

（2）确定作文题目作文的主题即其主要观点或中心思想，是列举实例后所得出的结论。

（3）重审列出的实例，撰写提纲主题确定后，重新审查实例清单，删去与主题无关或意义不大的细目，并把剩下的条目按逻辑顺序重新排列，写出提纲。

▲提纲类型①题目式提纲（topic outline）题目式提纲由名词及其修饰语组成，或由与名词作用相当的动名词短语、动词不定式短语组成。

题目式提纲简单明了，全文内容一目了然。

②句子式提纲（sentence outline）句子式提纲由完整的句子组成。

句子式提纲提供的是文章较详细的提要。

▲撰写提纲注意事项①不要列单一的分项。

如果提纲中有“Ⅰ”，则下面至少还有“Ⅱ”，如果有“A”，则必有“B”。

②不要混合使用两种提纲。

题目式提纲用的是(名词、动名词或动词不定式)短语，句子式提纲用的是句子。

在同一提纲中不要既用短语又用句子。

③同一等级的标题要用相同的结构表示。

大标题下的小标题不但应该同等重要，而且要与大标题有关联，并按逻辑顺序排列。

④主题(thesis)应该用完整的肯定陈述句。

不要用疑问句，也不要用短语或从句。

2. 打初稿※初稿不要写得太密，行与行之间要留出空以便将来修改润色。

※打初稿时如果发现原有的提纲完全不合意，要立即修改或重写提纲。

3. 修订初稿（1）内容：审查通篇文章①论文(作文)的题目是要符合作业的要求；②主题要清楚，论据(细节，例子，理由等)要充分；③删除与主题无关内容；④论述要合乎逻辑。

（2）组织结构：审查材料的组织安排①开篇段落要能引出文章的主要观点；②段落是有各自的中心思想，各段落的中心思想要与文章的主要观点有关联，段落之间的衔接自然，段落要按逐步推向高潮的递进顺序排列；③结尾段落要清楚地表明了文章试图说明的问题。

北外丁往道《英语写作手册》教案

延安大学西安创新学院外语系课程教案课程名称：英语写作主导教材：《英语写作教程》所属教研室：大学英语第二教研室课程讲授人：李蓉适用年级：英语专业14级授课时间：第2周—第18周2015—2016学年第一学期课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案延安大学西安创新学院外语系课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案1.1 Common features of good writing1. To express a clear point means to convey the writer's main idea or--in the case of descriptivewriting--the significance of the object, place or person described; in other words, an attentive reader should be able to grasp the writer's purpose.2. To be tightly structured, writing should contain logical or associative connections and transitions which clearly express the relationship of the ideas described.3. To be grammatically and syntactically correct, writing should adhere to the rules of Standard American English, including proper punctuation and spelling. If writers choose to use unconventional syntax, they should be able to justify their choices.1.2Cultural differences in writing1. Different ways of thinking2. Different ways of analysis3. Concrete thinking and abstract thinking4. Different valuesValues on space-timeValues on human behaviorsValues on social relationships1.3English writing VS. Chinese writing1.Chinese writers tend to be ―indirect‖, while Anglo-Americans are found to be more ―direct‖.2.English and Chinese writing differ in sentences and word variety.3.English is found to use more connectives than Chinese, both between clauses or sentences andbetween paragraphs.1.4Strategies in learning English writing1. From the beginning, you have to learn how to write an English essay.2. English writing tends to be more ―rigid‖ than Chinese writing.3. Remember that reading helps to learn how to write.4. Writing is also learned through writing.1.5 Homework1. Go over the following paragraphs, one in English and the other in Chinese, and decide which sentence in each paragraph express the author’s main idea. Write your answers on the space provided.2. What do you think translation form a preconceived Chinese version needs to be avoided when we are writing in English? Discuss with your partners and then list at least three reasons on the space provided.课程教案Part T wo Diction2.1Levels of words ----Three levels⑪Formal words: Also learned words, literary words or ―big‖ words, containing three or more than three syllables, seldom used in daily conversation, e.g. enough-sufficient; deal with-handle.⑫common words: Most of the words people use every day and appear in any types of writing, e.g. question, brother.⑬informal words: Mainly used in informal or colloquial words, short and seldom appear in formal writing, such as guy-man, puppy, daddy, slang.2.2 General and specific wordsComparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning than other words. P rofessionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc, all of which are more specific. But scientists may be called a general word then compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists.Specific words help to make the writing clear, vivid, exact, colorful and attractive; they can make the readers see, hear or feel what the writer wants to describe; they can provide more details and information, the writing will be effective and impressive. More examples:A good man----kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, brave, selfless, etc.Good food----delicious, tasty, nourishing, wholesome, fresh, rich, etc.House----mansion, villa, cottage, cabin, hut, shed(棚屋，小屋)，etc.Laugh----smile, grin, giggle, chuckle(嗤的一声笑，低声笑)，etc.2.3 Rules to choose words in writing an essay (or a formal writing)⑪Sentences tend to be longer and more complex. E.g. see text book P30⑫Limit your use of subjective pronouns, often using ―it‖ or passive voice. E.g. see P31⑬A void using informal or colloquial words. E.g. take in—deceive; go back—return; a lot—several/many/much/a large amount/number of; let—allow/permit; fellow—person; kind of—somewhat; like—as if/appear.⑭A void using general words, using more specific words. E.g. good, bad great, interesting, very, really, too, etc, are general. (informal) Mary is an interesting person.----Mary is humorous and intelligent.(formal)⑮A void contractions(缩写)and abbreviations(缩略词): don’t—do not; we’ll—we will; can’t—can not; TV—television；i.e.—that is; ad—advertisement.⑯Do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunctions, but a subordinating conjunction can serve the purpose.E.g. He is usually easy-going. But—however before his first cup of tea, he is a bear.2.4 Figures of speech1. Simile: a comparison between two distinctly different things and the compassion is indicated by the word ―as‖ or ―like‖.E.g. My love is lie a red rose.The old man’s hair is as white as snow.2. Metaphor: also a comparison of similarities between two different things, but the comparison is implied, not expressed by ―as‖ or ―like‖.E.g. My love is a red rose. He is the soul of the team.The life of poor people was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.3.Personification: to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.E.g. this time fate was smiling to him. Dust came silently.4. Metonymy(借喻): using the name of one thing to refer to another thing which is closely related.E.g. When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.His purse would not allow him to buy that car.5.Irony(反语): the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, to achieve a special effect.E.g. Y ou come so early, I have waited for more than an hour!6. Overstatement and understatement(含蓄表达、保守说法、低调)：to exaggerate and play down respectivelyE.g. She is dying to know what job has been given her.It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.7. Alliteration(头韵): the appearance of the same initial sound in two or more words.E.g. He is as proud as a peacock.We are fighting for our health and home.2.5 Homework1.In each sentence, choose the more precise of the two in italics;2.Identify the sentences as formal, less formal and informal; the figure of speech used in each of the following sentences.4. Preview Chapter Three.课程教案Part Three Sentences3.1Error-free sentences1.subject-verb agreementRule: the subject and verb of each clause must agree in number. If you have a singular subject, you need a singular verb; if you have plural subject, you need a plural verb.E.g. The family are watching TV together.An average family today is a great deal smaller than it used to be.Either you nor I am responsible for the mistake.There is a sofa and two chairs in the room.One-third of the people/water were over 50/was polluted.2.Word orderRule: the subject precedes the verb which is followed by other elements, such as object, complements, and adverbials: basic pattern of an English sentence: subject+verb+objectE.g. I like reading novels.When two or more than two complements or adverbials, the following guidance should be followed:⑪ Two when-adverbials—P60 1⑫ Two time-adverbials of different types –P60 2⑬ Place-adverbials of several types—P60 3⑭A process-adverbial, a time-adverbial and a place-adverbial used together—P60 43.Shift in tenseRule: the tense of your verb tells when events are taking place—whether in the past, the present or future. When staring writing an essay, establish a ―base tense‖, and shift away form it only of good reasons.E.g. Exercises see P 654. Shift in personRule: establish a steady, reliable point of view and keep the point of view consistent in all the sentences, which can make the writing clear and help the readers know whom you are talking to.E.g. See P66 example⑪ First person singular⑫ First person plural⑬ Second person singular or plural⑭ Third person singular and pluralExercise: Write a paragraph to describe precisely how the following things are done.①How to make jiao-zi.②How o bowwow a book form the library.5. Balance and parallelismRule: using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase or clause level, adding power to your writing.E.g. Two examples see P683.2 T ypes of sentences (or variety in sentences)1. According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.E.g. Making sentences by the students2. According to their structure, sentences are simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.⑴S imple sentence: containing only one subject part(主语部分) and one predicate part.E.g. See P 83⑵Compound sentence: being made up of two or more simple sentences. These simple sentences are related in meaning, and are usually linked by one of the connectives (for, and, but, or, so, nor, and yet) or by a semicolon (;).E.g. Examples see P 84⑶complex sentences: definition see P84E.g. Examples see P84⑷compound- complex(并列复杂句): being made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more subordinate clauses.E.g. Examples: see P843. According to their length, sentences are short sentences and long sentences⑴short sentence: with fewer than 15 words;⑵long sentence: with longer than 20 words.Rule: short sentences are powerful, working well at the beginning of a paragraph to get attention or at the end to summarize; long sentences are used in the body of a paragraph to express detailed information or complex ideas. Remember too many are bad for your writing, no matter short or long sentences.E.g. See example on P109⑶Ways to expand simple sentences①Tightening: cutting extra words, not contributing to your message.E.g. See P111②coordination: combining two or more independent main clauses into a compound sentence by using the connectives BOYFANS(but, or, yet , for ,and, nor ,so)E.g. See P113③subordination: combining two or more independent main clauses into a complex sentence or a compound-complex sentence by using the connectives BE WISE AT W AR(because, even though, when/where/why/who, if, since, even if; although, though, while, as, whereas)E.g. Tom was absent half of the classes last semester. His mother was seriously ill. He passed the final examination with high scores.4. From the rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose sentences（松散句）, periodic sentences(重尾句/调尾句) and balanced sentences.⑴Loose sentences: sentences that have the main point at the beginning are called as loose sentences, and the elements following the main point/clause are closers(can be words, phrases or clauses). This kind of sentences is clear and easy.E.g.Y ou will do better in the exam if you work hard nest term.I have to go to the library to read a new magazine today.⑵Periodic sentences: having the main point at the end of the sentences, and the elements before the main point/clause are openers(can be words, phrases or clauses).E.g. If you go to visit your grandma, do not forget to bring her this basket of apples.Following his advice, I passed the test.More examples see P141⑬Balanced sentences: in balanced sentences, words, phrases or clauses balance each other because of their likeness in structure, meaning or length. This kind of sentences emphasizes the correspondences or contrasts between the elements.E.g. See P 142Notes:1. Choose the content and examples with √ to teach in class;2. Choose some of the exercises to finish as there are many of them in books.课程教案Part Four Paragraphs4.1Effective paragraph1.UnityIf all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. Thecentral theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence.2.CoherenceThe sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural, so readers can easily follow the writer’s thought and understand what he is talking about.3. TransitionsProper transitions can make the paragraph smooth and clear. (give students extra handouts) e.g. (three topic sentences to illustrate the above three points, ask students to write a paragraph based on one of them and choose one paragraph of students to explain in class)1. Once people were very afraid of ghosts.2. It is generally believed that being honest is not only beneficial to ourselves but also to others and the whole society.3. The students’ use of computers has grown rapidly in recent years.4.2 Ways of developing paragraphs4.2.1 Planning a paragraph1. Think of the topic or main idea or theme: a topic sentence is a sentence that indicates in a general way that idea the paragraph is going to deal with.（《写作教程》P136）;2. Express it in a complete sentence (topic sentences);3. Think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea;4. Arrange them in logical orderE.g. example see <英语写作教程>P158 √4.2.2 Development by exampleSome topics need to be supported by examples which can make our writing clear and persuasive. Examples can be a fact, a historical example, a statistic, an event, or a behavior. It may come from our general knowledge, from reading or from person experience.Transitions: such as, take…for example, a leading example is, more transitions see handout.E.g. example see P 160 √Exercise: theme/central idea1. this term several useful and interesting courses have been offered.2. a classmate who is hard working3. TV has negative effects on children4.2.3 Development by comparison and contrastComparison and contrast are formal ways to organize our thoughts. Comparison explains seminaries and contrast explains differences, both of which can help us evaluate subjects to understand their advantages and disadvantages, or strengths and weaknesses.There two basic types of organizing a comparison and contrast paragragh: the point-by point method and the block method. 解释见P165及P166 表格Transitions: likewise, in opposition to, differ from, more see handoutsE.g. example see P166 high school life and college lifeExercise:1. I prefer South Korean love stories on TV to the Chinese ones (or vice versa)2. Riding a bicycle is preferable to driving a car.3. Raising plants involves nearly as much care and knowledge as raising children.4.2.4 Development by cause-and-effectCause-and-effect paragraphs investigate why things are as they are, or why things happened, or the effects of an event or a situation. Generally, in a paragraph, it is better to deal with either causes or effects. Rather, it is a problem of the focus of your paragraph(虽然cause和effect同时出现，但必须有所侧重, 如earthquake 侧重描述后果,而环境污染侧重原因披露). Transitions:seeing that, thanks to, for that reason, more see handoutsE.g. see two examples on P167-168Exercise:1. the improvement of transportation in…2. college students doing part-time jobs3. The rate of teenage nearsightness is much higher in china than inmost other countries.4.2.5 Development by classificationA classification paragraph explains a subject by dividing into separated types or groups, i.e. categories. Y ou may break down your topic into different categories, but you should identify the basis for the classification, that is, to remember to group items into categories according to some consistent principle.Transitions: divide into, primary, secondary, more see handout.E.g. see example on P 164Exercise:1.the movies you have seen2.your clothes3.High school teachers tend to sort their students in to the following categories: pleasant highachievers, unpleasant high achievers, the average, pleasant underachievers, and unpleasant underachievers.4.3Homework1.In the following paragraphs, identify the topic sentence, emit the irrelevant sentences andpoint the transitions. (handbook P113)2. Write different types paragraphs on the basis of the materials provided in class.课程教案Chapter Five Passage writing----CET 4 5.1出题方式1. 提纲式文字命题2. 提纲式图表命题3. 情景式命题5.2高分作文1. 主题突出，内容切题、统一、充实2.表达清楚，文字连贯3. 句式多变，逻辑严密4.语言规范、准确，格式、标点规范5.字数130-1506.检查拼写、语法是否正确，句子是否完整5.3 写作类型一. 现象解释型：要求考生从试题的提示性文字或图表入手，描述其所反映出的现象，对该现象进行解释说明，分析其原因并加以评论。