学术论文chapter2
大学英语学术写作参考答案人大版
focus of the study. A good question may be “How are glacial melting affecting penguins in the Arctic Circle?”.
出 Exercise 4
1. This question is inappropriate because it is too broad, without identifying the specific social network. A good question may be “How are online users experiencing or addressing privacy
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大 Chapter 3
Exercise 1
1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
民
人 Exercise 2
1. How does public support influence the bond issue for funding the construction of additional
大 school, and how are these commonalities used to aid the school doctors to prevent sports
injuries?”. 3. The topic is so broad in nature, that even a book would not be sufficient to answer the question.
英语学位论文写作PPTCHAPTER2
2.2 Basic writing
How to write a dissertation in English
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
writing. In addition this covers topics such as précis writing, which is concerned with abstracting the main points of an essay, a report or a book. Similar to précis writing is the writing of summaries, which is also concerned with the condensation of information. In a basic writing book or course, students are also presented with topics such as personal letters and notes, memos and reports, business letters, certificates, public notices, and curriculum vitae, which are needed in everyday life.
2.7 Exercises
Chapter 2
Basic Writing and Academic Writing
2.1 Introduction
How to write a dissertation in English
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
In this chapter we will distinguish between two types of writing that you may encounter in your studies at university or college. The first type is called basic writing or practical writing, and the other type is academic writing. These two types of writing belong to different genre types and reflect the level of difficulties. Basic writing is everyday writing and all of us do it, while academic writing is only required in an academic environment.
article chapter英文区别
文章标题：article和chapter在英文区别第一部分：article的定义和用法1.1 article在英文中指的是“文章”或“论文”，通常用于描述一篇长篇的文字作品，可以是新闻报导、学术论文、专题报道等。
1.2 article还可以指“冠词”，即英文中的不定冠词“a”和“an”。
它们用来指代泛指的名词，而不是特指的某个名词。
1.3 article还可以用来指代在法律条文中的特定规定或条款。
第二部分：chapter的定义和用法2.1 chapter在英文中指的是“章节”或“章回”，通常用于书籍、小说、论文等文学作品中，用来划分不同主题或话题。
2.2 chapter还可以用来指代某个组织或机构的分部，或者某个较大的组织的下属部门。
第三部分：article和chapter的区别3.1 在使用上的区别3.1.1 article更多地用于描述一篇文字作品，如报导、论文等，而chapter更多地用于书籍、小说等作品的分章。
3.1.2 article还可以用来指代冠词或法律条文中的规定，而chapter通常不具有这样的用法。
3.2 在含义上的区别3.2.1 article强调的是某一具体的、完整的文字作品，而chapter强调的是作品中的一个具体的章节或分部。
第四部分：article和chapter的通联4.1 在某些情况下，article和chapter可能同时出现在同一个作品中，比如一本书的前言或概述部分可能会包含多个article，每个chapter还包含多篇article。
结论：通过对article和chapter的定义、用法、区别和通联的分析，我们可以更好地理解这两个词在英文中的具体含义和用法。
在写作或翻译中，我们需要根据具体的语境和用途来准确地使用这两个词语，以避免出现歧义或误解。
我们也可以更好地理解英文文学作品中的结构和组织方式，从而更好地欣赏和理解这些作品。
article和chapter在英文中有着不同的含义和用法，而在一些情况下，它们可能会同时出现在同一个作品中，例如在书籍、小说或者学术论文中。
英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 2
Unit 2 Introduction
Overview
A good beginning is half done, so is a research paper. One is to arouse the readers’ interest, and the other is to offer adequate information to prepare readers for understanding the paper and evaluating the worth of the study. In terms of structure, a well-organized Introduction presents a funnel shape, or in other words, it begins with stating general research scope and then narrows down to the research focus. In order to write an effective Introduction, Swales & Feak (2012) proposes a widely used discourse pattern, known as the Create-a-Research-Space (or CARS) model.
Information Convention
❶With the rapid development of chemical industry, heavy metals in environment increase rapidly and go beyond the normal range, which has seriously polluted the soil. ❷ Such soil contamination leads to deterioration of environmental quality and does harm to human’s health. ❸ So, it is important to control soil pollution caused by heavy metals.
论文格式apa【可编辑】
论文的基本结构、引用文献和参考书目格式（APA格式）本补充格式是根据国际上普遍使用的APA学术论文格式归纳出来的指导性意见，主要供本科生撰写毕业论文参考，包括论文的基本结构、引用文献格式、参考文献格式等三部分。
要强调的是，正文中引用文献的格式要求是目前国际上主要使用的文内夹注。
一、论文的基本结构本科毕业论文一般包括以下几个部分：Introduction、（Literature Review）、(discussions)、Conclusion 等等。
当然，研究类型不同，中间部分章节内容也就不同。
北京第二外国语学院教务处对各章布局作如下规定，Introduction、Chapter 1、Chapter 2…Conclusion。
其中，Introduction和Conclusion前不加Chapter等字样。
下面对这些章节的大致内容略作介绍。
INTRODUCTION本章介绍本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文各章节的主要内容作简单介绍。
本章要求简炼，一般为1~2页。
如果论文没有单独一章作文献综述，那么简单的文献综述可以放在这部分。
文献综述的主要目的是向读者介绍针对要研究的问题前人已经做了哪些研究？得出了哪些重要结论？关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决？前人的研究存在哪些局限性？CHAPTER 1，CHAPTER 2…论文主体部分对论文所要探讨的研究问题进行展开陈述。
CONCLUSION本结论部分应包括以下几方面的内容：本研究的主要发现（Major findings）、本研究的启示（Implications）、本研究的局限性（Limitations）以及需要进一步研究的问题（Further research suggestions）等等。
二、引用文献的格式要求（一）论文中引用文献的基本格式这里我们分两种情况来介绍引文的基本格式：第一种情况是把文献作者作为句子的一部分（通常作主语），我们把它叫做“用法1”；第二情况是把作者的姓放在括弧里，我们把它叫做“用法2”。
学术英语写作English Academic Writing
Step 3: Development of Outline
Decide on organization of paper Arrange notes by subheadings Develop paper outline
Step 4: Writing
Study and follow outline for first draft Make adjustments as needed
apparatus, models of structures, etc. 2.5.2.3 Types of figures 1) Line charts 2) Bar charts 3) Pie charts
2.6 Cause and Effect
2.6.1 Cause-Effect Paragraph Development Pattern:
its relevant description. --- Provide each table with a number (eg:
Table1, Table2, etc.) and a title. --- The title should be clear, concise, complete
--- The author’s voice tends to be objective and neutral. unemotional
--- The style tends to be formal. academic periodicals, accurate information
--- Appropriate diction. colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided, technical terms, abbreviation
英语论文写作ChapterTwo
英语论⽂写作ChapterTwo外国语学院教案班级：20090311-5教师：王进军课程：英语科研⽅法与论⽂写作2011-2012学年第2学期School of Foreign Languages 外国语学院Teaching Plan教案Chapter 2Chapter 2 Process of doing the research (I)(Chapter 5 of the textbook)● Teaching objectivesFocus onHow to research the topic. (Field research; Library research; Internet research; Six-step approach to research) Where and how to find reference materials?How to prepare a working bibliography?How to create an electronic bibliography?How to skim sources for major ideas?How to evaluate sources?How to make note cards for information?How many kinds of cards there are?How to take notes of the sources?How to do note-taking on computers?How to avoid plagiarism in your paper?● Teaching aidsPPT, Video, testing sheetsTeaching proceduresStep One: Three phases of research after you have decided the subject and topicUsing the library, preparing a working bibliography, and taking notesStep Two: Using the library and electronic sources What kinds of information sources can you find in the library? Books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, periodicals, compilations of statistical data…Library in you university, public libraries, province or city library, and the libraries in other universities or collegesElectronic sources include electronic databases (cd-rom—compact disk-read-only memory, cd, vcd, dvd; on-line databases), information networks (are known collectively as the Internet; the popular internet service known as world wide web provides hypertext links between and withinelectronic sites. Through the web, we can read and transfer material from library catalogs and millions of other useful sites, created by professional organizations, government agencies, commercial enterprise, educational entities, and individual scholars and researchers. Note: some materials from Internet are not up to standard and reliability, because they are written at random),Step Three: Working bibliographyWhat is a working bibliography? Take down information about those sources that you may use for your paper.It is a list of sources on your research topic.1.f ormat of a working bibliography bibliography card:record each source on a separate cardin the upper right hand corner of the card, you should give the name of the library or the place where you found the source, eg. College library.In the upper left hand corner of the card, you should put down the library call number of the source, in order that it can be easily found even if it will be re-shelved by the librarian. Below the name and the call number, record any information necessary for locating the work and for tracing the citation back to the index or bibliogurphy in which you found it. Usually author’s nameBook:Full titleEditionNumber of the volume and the total number of volumes City of publicationShortened form of the publisher’s nameYear of publicationEg. Budden, Julian. The Operas of Verdi. Rev. ed. 3 V ols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.Journal:Title of the journalPage of the articleNewspaper or magazine:Title of the periodicalDate of publicationInternet source:Title of the scholarly project, database, periodical, or professional or personal site Date of electronic publication or last update Date when you accessed the sourceNetwork address, or URL (uniform resource locator)A brief account of why it is likely to be useful for your research paperStep Four: Electronic working bibliography 1.c reate a file for preparing a working bibliography, you can arrange the sourcesin alphabetic order, then rearrange them in chronological order by date of publication, and still then put them in an order of relevance to your topic.2.h ow to read reference materials? (skim the sources to decide their usefulness. Skimming for major ideas is a skill. How to skim? Preface, the foreword, the introduction or the afterword. Skip though the subject in the index of a book. Read the first and last one or two sentences in a paragraph. Catch a glimpse of the opening or concluding paragraph of an article, essay or a book chapter. )Step Five: evaluating sources1.n ot all sources are equally useful and important. Take the following five points into consideration when you read your sources.2.o bjectivity (absence of bias or prejudice)3.a uthority (judge its authority by the reputation of its author, its publisher, or its website. The more famous they are, the more authoritative and creditable the source is. We ought to rely on printed materials published by reputable publishers like universitypresses, because they are more responsible for the quality and authority of the works they issue. The internet sources are less authentic. )4.a ccuracy5.c urrency6.a pplicabilityStep Six: Note cardsA research paper contains not only your own ideas and speculations but also a variety of material taken from different sources. Obtain your own ideas from evidence and information you have discovered on the subject through research. Make your readers aware not only of your conclusions, but also of the material and reasoning that lead you to them. Devise a system for recording the information. We can use either of the two systems: note cards or computer files.A quarter of an A4 paper sheet as a note card.Indicate the source of the note in the upper left-hand corner of the card.Put down a general heading for the information the note card contains in the upper right-hand corner of the card.Take notes below the source indication and the heading. Write down only one idea or quotation on each card. If a note is very long, use tow or more cards to contain it and fasten them together with a staple.1.quotation notecard[ copy it verbatim from a worksurround quotation marks around the word, the phrase, the clause, the sentence, the lines of a poem, the paragraph, the stanza of a poem, all of which you will quote from a work.transcribe the material exactly as it appers in the original, even error for error.remind you or your readers of the writer’s authority.not ruin its completeness and perfection.convenient for you to make a comment or put an interpretation.]2. Paraphrase note card[may not want to put it word by word exactly in your paper, then you can paraphrase them. That is, to restate the originalmaterial in your own words. The meaning is as close as possible to the original, the wording and phrasing are as different as possible with the original, and the number of words is about as many as in the original version.]3.Summary notecard[a piece of writing shortened from a long source. You can cut down a book to a few pages; you cancondense a chapter into a page; you can shorten a page into a paragraph; you can make a paragraph as short as a sentence. Keep its major events but omit its minor ones; include anything in a summary that does not exist in the original writing. Use your own words to express the original ideas in your summary. Use the thid person to summarize any source. Summary is often used in writing a research paper, especially when you want to give a brief account of a story or a nove and when you want to make a comment on a piece of writing. ]4. Comment not card[your personal comments on the sources. ]4.Note in Chinese origin[make a note card either retaining its Chinese version or translating it into an English version.]Step Seven: Note-taking on a computer1.advantages for note-taking on a computer (copy easily, easy to arrange them, create a file for eachsource or each section of your paper, that is, easy to manage)2.how to do it?Step Eight: Avoiding plagiarismOnce you make use of a fact, an opinion, or a quotation from a source, you must exactly mention what you borrowed and where you borrowed it from.Plagiarism includes:1.you do not give appropriate acknowledgement when you repeat another’s wording or particularly aptphrase.2.you do not give appropriate acknowledgement when you paraphrase another’s argument.3.you do not give appropriate acknowledgement when you present another’s line of thinking.In order to avoid plagiarism you are required to:1.document your paraphrased or summarized information used in your paper with notation.2.document any idea derived from any known source with its author’s name.3.document quoted material with quotation marks or indentation.4.document any fact or datum borrowed from others with notation./doc/54f02d79561252d380eb6e28.html pile a bibliography at the end of your paper for any source that you have used.If you do not follow the rules mentioned above, you will commit plagiarism.Homework:1.According to your research topic, go to the library or log on the internet and find at least 10 sources foryour choice of the topic.2.Collect four sources at hand including sources of a book, of an article in a scholarly journal, of a periodical article, and an internet source. Then, prepare a working bibliography for each source.3.According to your research topic, make four kinds of note cards for it, respectively a quotation note card, a summary note card, a paraphrase note card and a comment note card.。
book chapter引用格式
Book Chapter引用格式引言在学术研究和写作中，我们经常需要引用书籍中的章节内容。
正确使用书籍章节引用格式不仅能够使我们的论文或文章更具可信度，还可以避免抄袭的问题。
本文将介绍常用的书籍章节引用格式，并给出相应的示例。
书籍章节引用格式书籍章节引用格式通常包括书籍作者、书籍标题、章节标题、章节页码等关键信息。
具体格式如下：作者姓, 作者名. (出版年). 章节标题. 在书籍编辑姓, 编辑名 (Eds.),书籍标题 (页码). 出版地: 出版社.下面是对上述格式的详细解释：1.作者姓, 作者名：引用书籍章节时，首先需要提及该章节的作者。
作者的姓氏应放在前面，名字放在后面，并用逗号隔开。
2.出版年：在作者之后，我们需要提及该章节所在书籍的出版年份。
出版年可以在书籍的版权页找到。
3.章节标题：接下来是该章节的标题。
章节标题应放在书籍标题之前，并用句点隔开。
4.在书籍编辑姓, 编辑名 (Eds.)：如果该书籍有编辑者，则需要在书籍标题之前提及编辑者的姓名。
编辑者的姓氏应放在前面，名字放在后面，并用逗号隔开。
同时，需要在姓名之后加上”(Eds.)“以表示编辑者的角色。
5.书籍标题：紧接着是书籍的标题。
书籍标题应放在页码之前，并用句点隔开。
6.页码：最后，我们需要提及该章节在书籍中的页码。
页码应放在出版地之前，并用括号括起来。
7.出版地: 出版社：最后是书籍的出版地和出版社。
出版地应放在出版社之前，并用冒号隔开。
示例下面是几个使用书籍章节引用格式的示例：1.引用一本书中的章节：Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species. In J. Smith (Ed.),The evolution of species (pp. 45-67). London: Penguin Books.2.引用一本书中的多个章节：Smith, J. (2000). Introduction. In A. Johnson (Ed.), The history of science (pp. 1-10). New York: Oxford University Press.Smith, J. (2000). Chapter 1: The scientific revolution. In A.Johnson (Ed.), The history of science (pp. 11-30). New York:Oxford University Press.3.引用一本书中的多个作者的章节：Johnson, A., & Smith, J. (2005). Chapter 2: The age ofenlightenment. In A. Johnson (Ed.), The history of science(pp. 31-45). New York: Oxford University Press.结论正确使用书籍章节引用格式是学术研究和写作中的重要一环。
学术论文写作unit2
part iii
• If there are too many publications before deciding on their topics, we should give it up because they can hardly add anything new. • find more materials.
Considering the Audience
Working Out a Preliminary Thesis Considering the Available Source M aterials
part i
who will read your paper? The instructors at colleges and universities ニルヴァーナ who assign the papers are primary and immediate readers. When a paper is aimed at publication, people in the field are the target readers. So when you narrow a topic, you should consider this problem.
TIPS:
• • • • •
1. Who are my readers? 2.What do my readers know about the subject? 3. How much do they know? 4. Could I add something new to what the readers know? 5. Why is the concept so important? Are there any new ideas in my paper? • 6. What can I discuss to enlighten the readers further about the topic? • 7. What is the practical or theoretical significance? 8. Is it feasible or possible to enlarge the reader's knowledge about the current subject?
东南大学学术论文写作-单元2Unit2
• Third person pronouns ➢Sounds more objective and convincing.
Tasks 1. Rewrite the following sentences to make them more academic by avoiding first and second person pronouns.
✓
a. English word learning
5. b. Needs analysis of English word learning in SEU graduates
✓
a. Faculty bilingualism
6. b. Is personal success of SEU faculty members correlated with
2) How do we improve reading in elementary schools?
It’s too large and not doable. This question ties clearly into the research area of elementary school success by researching reading in general, but it lacks any link to the research methods. The question could be improved by asking how different intervention programs help struggling students or how curricula at charter schools differ from public schools.
山东科技大学硕士学位论文Chap...
分类号：HO密级：公开U D C：单位代码：10424学位论文O N METAPHOR T RANSLATION INFORTRESS BESIEGED：A CULTURALPERSPECTIVE文化视角下《围城》中隐喻的翻译研究孙霞申请学位级别：硕士学位专业名称：英语语言文学指导教师姓名：唐建敏职称：副教授山东科技大学二零一零年五月论文题目：文化视角下《围城》中隐喻的翻译研究作者姓名：孙霞入学时间：2008年9月专业名称：英语语言文学研究方向：外国语言学与应用语言学指导教师：唐建敏职称：副教授论文提交日期：2010年4月论文答辩日期：2010年6月授予学位日期：ON METAPHOR TRANSALTION IN FORTRESS BESIEGED:A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVEA thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree ofMASTER OF ARTSfromShandong University of Science and TechnologybySun XiaSupervisor:Associate Professor Tang JianminCollege of Foreign LanguagesApril20201010声明本人呈交给山东科技大学的这篇硕士学位论文，除了所列参考文献和世所公认的文献外，全部是本人在导师指导下的研究成果。
该论文资料尚没有呈交于其它任何学术机关作鉴定。
硕士生签名：日期：AFFIRMATIONI declare that this thesis,submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Arts in Shandong University of Science andTechnology,is wholly my own work unless referenced of acknowledge acknowledgement ment ment..The document has not been submitted for qualification at any other academic institute.Signature:Date:摘要英国修辞学家理查兹认为，日常会话中几乎每三句话就可能有一个隐喻；皮特·纽马克也认为英语中四分之三的语言是隐喻。
英语学术论文写作PPTunit2
Chapter 2
Narrowing Down the Research Topic
2.1 Considering the Audience 2.2 Working Out a Preliminary Thesis 2.3 Considering the Available Source Materials Questions
2.2 Working Out a Preliminary Thesis
2.2 Working Out a Preliminary Thesis
How to Write a Dissertation in English
Con 2.1 2.2 2.3 Q
A thesis statement declares the main point or controlling idea of an essay. It is a scholarly statement that needs to be proven or maintained against argument.
To avoid such fruitless labour, what the students should do is to check the relevant publications before deciding on their topics. If there are too many publications on a particular topic, they should give it up because they can hardly add anything new. Similarly, if there are few resources on the selected topic, it is sensible to consider changing it for they may have insufficient sources to back up their analysis and conclusions.
英语学术论文写作(第三版)--第2章--Research Proposal
shortcut
home Main Exercise
Chapter Two Part One: Research Proposal Writing
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home Main Exercise
1. Definition of Research Proposal
Research proposal is a brief (up to two pages or more) overview of your research paper, giving the reader sufficient information about the work you have done, about the way you did it and the value of this work.
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home Main Exercise
3. Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing
The following are the common mistakes in proposal writing.
●Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question. ● Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research. ● Failure to cite landmark studies. ● Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers. ● Failure to stay focused on the research question.
论文写作 Unit 2 Title Author Affiliation and Keywords
Unit 2. Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords（2hrs）The information about title & affiliation of an academic paper is often on the head page of a dissertation, but it may occupy different places of a periodical paper. The title is always at the very beginning of a periodical paper, with the author’s name and affiliation below the title, and a brief introduction to the author is always at the bottom of a front page of a periodical paper, or at the end of the paper.2.1. Titles2.1.1. General functionsA. Generalizing the TextA title should summarize the central idea of the paper concisely and correctly. By glancing atthe title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper.B. Attracting the ReaderIf a title is accurate, concise and distinct, it will attract readers a lot and stimulate readers to read the whole text. An interesting title may draw particular attention among professionals, for only when readers are interested in the title will they decide to read the whole paper.C. Facilitating the RetrievalA title usually provides leads for the international information retrieval organizations to choosethe appropriate keywords contained in it when they organize index and secondary documents. So, a title serves as an important index of information retrieval to meet the needs of extensive paper communication and information dissemination.2.1.2 Linguistic FeaturesA. Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and GerundsThe words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text. Nouns or noun phrases used in a title can be added with pre-modifiers or/and post-modifiers.Therefore, a title can normally be composed of nouns or noun phrases, adjectives, prepositions, articles and conjunctions, and occasionally, pronouns. If a verb should be used in a title, it should be changed into its infinite verbal forms, for instance, present participles, past participles or gerunds.For example, we may easily find such titles as:(1) Civilization's Source and Its Implication.(2) A Multi-perspective Account of Met linguistic Negation.(3) Research on the Motivations of Lexis and V ocabulary Learning Strategies.(4) Emotional Therapeutics: New Rectifying Approaches for Children's Behavior Problems.B. Using Incomplete SentencesA title is just a label of appellation（A name, title, or designation 名字，称号）of the paper,reflecting the main idea of the content, so even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence. A complete declarative sentence usually makesa title containing determining implication. Meanwhile, it appears lacking brevity and clarity.For example, the title Nitrendipine Is Effective on Severe Hypertension is not a standard one. It is a complete declarative sentence that contains the author's determining implication of the effect of the medicine Nitrendipine. So it should be revised into Effects of Nitrendipine on Severe Hypertension.2.1.3 Writing RequirementsA. ABC Principles for TitlesA is for accuracy,B is for brevity andC is for clarity, which is the so-called ABC principles.Accuracy means that a title can appropriately express and fit in the reality of the paper. Brevity asks the writer to summarize the necessary content with the most limited words. Clarity means a title should clearly reflect the distinguishing features of the paper.For example, Research and Development of Sound-transmitted Technology is not a title to express the specific content accurately. By analyzing the original writing material, we know it is a paper about sound-transmitted technology used in on-line monitoring for machine tools. So it should be corrected into On-line Monitoring for Cutting on Machine Tools by Using Sound-transmitted Technology.B. Being Brief and ConciseGenerally, a title is composed of no more than twenty words. If a title is too long, it will be difficult for readers to catch the meaning of the content and remember it. If the writer fails to state his idea clearly in a few words, he can use a subtitle. To be brief and concise, professional papers seldom use such decorative locutions（phrase or idiom 短语; 惯用语）as “on the ....”“regarding ....”“investigation on...”, .... “the method of...”, .... “some thoughts on...”, .... “a research of...,” and etc., which lead to redundancy. Of course, the title must be long enough to describe the content of the paper. Too short a title, sometimes, may bring about confusion.C. Being SpecificIn preparing the title of a paper, a general and abstract title should be avoided. For example, such a title as Computer Simulations of the Measurement will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific. It would be better to change the title into something like Computer Simulations of the Measurement of Quadratic Electro-optic Coefficients Associated with Rotations of the Principal Axes of the Optical Permittivity Tensor (Journal of Optics A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 2003,147), according to the content of the paper. The revised title can greatly highlight the emphasis and particularity of the work.D. Avoiding Question TitlesA question title means a complete sentence in the question form. Such titles are usually notused in an academic paper (especially in natural sciences), because they always include some redundant question words and marks, for example, “Is there...?”“When does...?” “Should the...?”“Is it...?” and so on. What is worse, such a title creates inconvenience for information retrieval. If your title really contains an interrogation, you may adopt the form of “the question words + infinitive,” for example, Essential Steps for Writing a Title Page: How to Prepare the Title, Authors/Affiliations and Keywords. The title When Should Nerve Gaps Be Grafted?, An Experimental Study on Rats should be changed into Optimal Time for Nerve Gaps Grafting: An Experimental Study on Rats.E. Being UnifiedThe parallel parts of a title should be grammatically symmetrical. That is to say, nouns should be matched with nouns, gerunds with gerunds, etc. In general, nouns and gerunds should not be mixed in a given title. For instance, the title Digital Laser Microinterferometer and Its Applying should be changed into Digital Laser Microinterferometer and Its Applications and the titleMeasuring of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-Shifting Image Digital Holography should be replaced by Measurement of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-Shifting Image Digital Holography (2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1267).F. Being StandardIn general, nonstandard abbreviations and symbols and/or any terms or phraseology intelligible only to the specialist should be avoided, because the use of them could be very unfavorable to efficient information retrieval.Prepositions used in titles should be correct. Prepositions are flexible. It should be noticed that they are usually used in some certain expressions. Preposition of should be paid more attention to because it is frequently used in some expressions. But readers will be bored if they find more than two of’s appearing in one title subsequently. If possible, prepositions on or for can replace of.Sometimes apostrophe can be used in a title. Additionally, with the development of language, it is common to use a noun to modify another noun.Recently, titles tend to be brief. So articles should be omitted when they are not necessary enough.2.1.4 Some Other Requirements for TitlesA. Words' Number LimitationGenerally, the number is limited within 10 words and shouldn't be over the limitation of 15 words. Certainly, the limitation is not absolute. If necessary, it can be exceeded. Here are only some referent figures. The general regulation is fixed: based on an accurate, brief and clear title, the fewer of the words we use, the better the title is.B. How to Name a TitleA title should give prominence to the central idea of the research paper. The most importantkey words, which show the main idea of a paper, are normally fixed first in a title. That will draw readers' attention.Recently, some authors like to crown a title with such words as:(1) Observation on, Comparison between, Improvement of, and etc. to show the aim of writingthe paper.(2) Nuclear Energy in China, AIDS in the United States, Patients with Breast Cancer,Depression in Elderly, and etc. to tell readers the object of the research.(3) Experimental Study of Laser Processing of Analysis of, and etc. to tell the research method.(4) Results of, Verification of, Follow-up of, and etc. to show the result of the research.(5) Realizing the Importance of, Is Regression Analysis Necessary for... ? and etc. to introducethe thesis.It ought to be noticed that we should not apply the above expressions mechanically. But we should use them according to the certain situation. In general, the ABC principles are applicable forever.C. Abbreviations in TitlesWith the development of science and technology, a great amount of technological terms come into being. All these terms consist of nouns. It is inconvenient to be written and printed or recounted orally. Thus, they are expressed by the abbreviations of the formation of nouns, and most of them are the acronym formed by the first letter of every noun. But we should severely use the abbreviations in titles--only those abbreviations, whose full terms are rather long and which are generally acknowledged in the scientific field and very familiar to readers, can be used, such as:(1) LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, 激光).(2) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, 脱氧核糖核酸).(3) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 爱滋病(4) CT (computerized tomography, 电子计算机断层扫描(5) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance, 核磁共振).(6) BCG (Bacilli Calmette-Guerin, 卡介苗).(7) SARS (severe acquired respiration syndrome,严重获得性呼吸道综合征，”非典”)Reader groups also restrict the using extent of abbreviations. Take the above abbreviations as examples, generally speaking, LASER, CT, AIDS and SARS are generally recognized and familiar in the whole scientific field and can be used in the titles in all sorts of learned journals; DNA, NMR, and BCG are normally known and familiar in the whole medical world and can be utilized in the titles in all medical journals. All in all, it is especially noticed that the use of abbreviations should be selected according to the various branches of learning and specialized subjects.D. Writing Patterns for TitlesWhether all the first letters of the principal words in a title should be capitalized or not, maydepend upon the specific requirements set forth by the journal to which your manuscript is to be submitted. In general, there are three patterns for writing a title.(1) All the letters are capitalized, for instance, INTEGRA TED MODEL FORPERFORMANCE ANAL YSIS OF MULTIPLE CLASS-OF-SERVICE INTERNET. But if pH, α,β,γ, and etc. are contained in a title, p,α,β,γ and etc. are not capitalized. For instance, α-RAY, γ-RAY, β-PARTICLE.(2) The first letter of every notional (adj. conveying an idea of a thing or an action; having fulllexical meaning 表意的，实义的) word in a title should be capitalized, such as, A Comparison of an OFDM System and a Single Carrier System Using Frequency Domain Equalization, Array Antenna Assisted Doppler Spread Compensator for OFDM, Capacity Optimization in MC- CDMA Systems, and etc.Notes:a. The first letters of articles like a, an and the, conjunctions like and, but, or and nor and theprepositions containing less than four letters like of, in, on, to, for, and etc. in a title are not capitalized. But the first letters of all the examples mentioned above should be capitalized when they are at the beginning or end of a title, or they are behind a colon or the first word of a subtitle.For instance, Scope of the Investigations: The First Phase, A New Broadband Uniform Accuracy DOA Estimator and The Research of Nuclear Structure Going On.b. The first letters of the prepositions containing four or more letters are capitalized. Forinstance, with, about, between, through, and etc. For example, The Relation Between the View of Scientific Development and the Strategy of Revitalizing China Through Talents.c. The infinitive mark to in a title should be written as To.* For instance, Compounds To BeTested.d. The first letter of the word ray should not be capitalized when it is used in X-ray in a title.e. The first letter of the name for a genus (生物学: 类，属) should be capitalized, whereas theone of the name for a species is not capitalized, such as, Novel Metabolites of Siphonaria pectinata Bacillus Subtil Pneumo-coccus Aureus.f. The first letters of the two words in a compound in a title should be capitalized if it is used asan entirety to modify the other words, for instance, Laser-Produced Protons and Their Application as a Particle Probe and Wide-Angel Achromatic Prism Beam Steering for Infrared CountermeasureApplications.g. The abbreviation for measure unit should not be capitalized. But the first letter of the fullform for it should be. Such as, Analysis of Milligram Amounts→...of 2mg.(3)The first letter of the only first word is capitalized while the others are not. For instance,Pair production via crossed laser, Dual-frequency sounder for UMTS frequency-division duplex channels, and etc.Note:a. Proper nouns should be capitalized whether they are at the beginning or not, for instance, Health care in the United States.b. The first letter of a noun to show directions of a country or an area is capitalized, but the adjective for the noun is not, such as, Northeast→ northeastern and Midwest→ midwestern.c. The first letter of the word earth used to denote a planet in the universe is capitalized.The last point should be noticed: Nowadays, some important international retrieval organizations have their own different requirements for titles. For instance, EI has the following requirements for titles:a. Try to avoid using articles (the, a and an) at the very beginning of a title;b. The first letter of the first word in a title is capitalized while the others are not except the first letters of proper nouns, every letter in abbreviations, the first letter of Germany nouns and the first letter of any word after the punctuation period in a title;c. The main title and the subtitle must be separated by period but not colon, semicolon or dash.d. Try to avoid using abbreviations in a title. If they have to be used, the full forms of them should be given in brackets;e. Try to avoid using some particular characters such as numbers and Greek letters in a title or use them less.Commonly used phrases and structures in titles:An analysis of…An assessment of…A comparison of …A description of…An evaluation on…An explanation of…An outline of…An overview of…Study of…A tentative study of…Experiments of…Experimental study of…Effect of…on…A preliminary report of…Observation on…Comparison between …and..Improvement of…Experimental research of…LASER processing of…Clinical analysis of…Results of…Verification of…Follow-up of…2.2. Author and Affiliation2.2.1. AuthorsWho should be an author? This question concerns ethic issue of academic authorship of published study. Conceptually, an “author”is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to the published study. In practice, there is no problem to provide one name of a single author, but providing the name of two authors often requires resolution in terms of who comes first. The problem gets more difficult as the number of authors increases.Given that, in the real world, academic authorship is a primary basis on which many academics are evaluated for employment, promotion, and tenure; such academic and financial implications of authorship have often resulted in the inappropriate inclusion of “honorary” authors or the exclusion of junior authors. Consequently, incorrect application of authorship rules occasionally leads tocharges of academic misconduct and sanctions for the violator.There are many guidelines for assigning authorship that can help writers keep away from academic misconduct but the criteria for authorship vary between institutions and disciplines. The American Psychological Association (APA)gives clear criteria for authorship of publication in social science. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICNJE) and the Journal of American Medical Association(JAMA) regularly update the criteria for authorship and contributorship in medical science. The criteria for authorship developed by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) are widely accepted in the disciplines of natural science.2.2.1.1 Authorship in the Social SciencesTo social science publications, neither the Modern Languages Association (MLA 美国现代语言协会) nor the Chicago Manual of Style defines requirements for authorship, but the APA （美国心理学会American Psychological Association）Publication Manual (APA, 2010) gives clear advice on allocating credit for authorship. It states that “Authorship” is not limited to the writing of manuscripts, but must include those who have made substantial contributions to a study, such as, formulating the problem or hypothesis, structuring the experimental design, organizing and conducting the statistical analysis, interpreting the results, or writing a major portion of the paper.Specifically, in a journal article, the name of authors should be listed according to the following rules:~ The sequence of names of the authors to an article must reflect the relative scientific or professional contribution of the authors, irrespective of their academic status.~ The general rule is that the name of the principal contributor should come first, with subsequent names in order of decreasing contribution.~ Mere possession of an institutional position on its own, such as Head of the Research team, does not justify authorship.~ A student should be listed as a principal author on any multi-authored article that is substantially based on the student’s dissertation or thesis.While the APA guidelines list many other forms of contributions to a study that do not constitute authorship, it does state that combinations of these and other tasks may justify authorship.Like medicine, the APA considers institutional position, such as Department Chair, insufficient for attributing authorship.2. 2. 1.2. Authorship in Medical ScienceIn medical science, a total of 876 journals follow The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journal (The Uniform Requirements). The Uniform Requirement was initiated by a group of editors of general medical journals in 1978 and was adopted by ICMJE in 1979. Since then, the ICMJE has gradually broadened its concerns to include ethical principles related to publication in biomedical journals. In May 2001, in the revised sections related to potential conflict of interest, the committee clearly defined the criteria for authorship. In the latest version (April 2010), the criteria for “authorship and contributorship’ are listed under the issue of “Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of Research”.The ICJME has recommended following criteria for authorship:1) Authorship credit should be based on (1)substantial contributions to conception and design,acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; (2)drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (3)final approval of the version to be published.Authors should meet conditions (1), (2) and (3).2) When a large, multicenter group has conducted the work, the group should identify theindividuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript. These individuals should fully meet the criteria for authorship/contributorship defined above, and editors will ask these individuals to complete journal-specific author and conflict-of-interest disclosure forms. When submit- ting a manuscript authored by a group, the corresponding author should clearly indicate the preferred citation and identify all individual authors as well as the group name. Journals generally list other members of the group in the Acknowledgments. The NLM indexes the group name and the names of individuals the group has identified as being directly responsible for the manuscript; it also lists the names of collaborators if they are listed in Acknowledgments.3) Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alonedoes not constitute authorship.4) All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualifyshould be listed.5) Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibilityfor appropriate portions of the content. All contributors who do not meet the above criteria for authorship should be listed in an acknowledgments section. Examples of those who might be acknowledged include a person who provided purely technical help, writing assistance, or a department chairperson who provided only general support.2. 2. 1.3 Authorship in the Natural SciencesThe natural sciences have no universal standard for authorship, but some major multi-disciplinary journals and institutions have established guidelines for work that they publish.The journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)~defines the authorship in its editorial policy. It states that “Authorship should be limited to those who have contributed substan-tially to the work” and “The corresponding author must have obtained permission from all authors for the submission of each version of the paper and for any change in authorship.” Furthermore, “Authors must indicate their specific co ntributions to the published work” as a foot-note. Such introduction of credit states exactly what each person did in the study and probably makes the ranking of authors less important (Gustavii, 2008).Nature journals do not require all authors of a research paper to sign the letter of submission, nor do they impose an order on the list of authors. Submission to a Nature journal is taken by the journal to mean that all the listed authors have agreed all of the contents. The corre- sponding (submitting) author is responsible for having ensured that this agreement has been reached, and for managing all communication between the journal and all co-authors, before and after publication.Any changes to the author list after submission, such as a change in the order of the authors, or the deletion or addition of authors, needs to be approved by a letter signed by every author.The above guidelines for authorship give clear criteria to distinguish authors and contributors to a study. Irrespective of the nature of their contributions -- intellectual (creative) or practical (doing the experi-ments) -- all members of the research team are usually acknowledged in the author byline and the contributors are listed in the acknowledge section.2.2.1.4. AffiliationJust below the author’s name lies affiliation, which makes it convenient for the readers to communicate with the author. Affiliation includes the author’s working place , address and postalcode. Samples are given below.Sample 1:(source:姚吉刚.从语言模糊性看英语委婉语的语用功能.黄山学院学报，2008：131-133)Analysis of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemism from the Perspective of LanguageVaguenessYao Jigang(Department of Foreign Studies, Anhui Institute of Architecture and Industry, Hefei230601,China)If there are more than one author affiliated with different working units for an academic paper, the authors and their respective affiliations should be made clear, as the flowing sample shows.Sample 2:(source: Patrick R. Thomas , Jacinta B. Mckay. Cognitive Styles and Instructional Design in University Learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 2010(20): 197-202)Cognitive Styles and Instructional Design in University LearningPatrick R. Thomas1 , Jacinta B. Mckay2(1.School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia2.School of Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia)The above two samples are of periodical papers, whose Title and Author/ Affiliation part is slightly different from that of the thesis or dissertation, which includes the information about:●the author’ s supervisor●the degree to be acquired●submission university●submission dateThe following sample is from a postgraduate student’s dissertation .Sample 3:(研究生学位论文)A Study of Translation of Mao Zedong’s Poetry from the Perspective of Translation EthicsBy Geng TiantianUnder the Supervision ofProfessor XXXSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Master of ArtsSchool of Foreign LanguagesJiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, ChinaJune, 20122. 3. KeywordsKeywords are the identification for science and technology research papers to be retrieved as documents. They are the natural language vocabulary to show the thematic concept of the documents. Keywords, the same with abstract, are a part of a research paper, but not the part of the main body of the paper.2.2.1 General FunctionsA. Easiness of RetrievalAs the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phrases representing the theme or subject matter of the paper, and frequently used in a paper. Readers can find out the theme of the paper by looking at the keywords.B. Easiness of HighlightingThe function of keywords is to facilitate the information retrieval and accentuate the gist of the paper. It is easy for the information retrieval clerks to make up the index and secondary document.2.2.2 Linguistic FeaturesA. NominalizationKeywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs. For example, “investigation” i s used instead of “investigate”; “fabricate” should be replaced by “fabrication”; and “educate” ought to be replaced by “education.”B. Limited NumberThe number of the keywords for a paper should be limited. Four to six keywords are theaverage. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.C. Designated Choice(1) The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/or the abstract, where the keyterms of words and phrases are usually contained.(2) But some free terms can be chosen in the following cases.a. Some other key terms which are obviously ignored in the keyword bank;b. Some new concepts that stand for new subject, new theory, new technology, new material,and etc.;c. The name for area, person, document, product, and etc. which are not contained in the wordbank and the important data.d. Some concepts being collocated together may lead to polysemy. So the concepts can adoptfree terms.2.2.3 Writing RequirementsA. Using Required TermsThe terms of “keywords” should be consistent wi th the requirements of the journal to which you submit your paper. The section “keywords” is also variously called “keywords index,”“keywords and phrases,” “indexing terms,” and etc.B. Placing in Right LocationThough keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract.C. Spacing the KeywordsKeywords are not necessarily all capitalized, except the first letter of keywords as a heading.Use comma (,) or semicolon (;) to separate the words. Larger partition or space can also be used instead of punctuation.D. Adopting Standard Abbreviations, etc.Standard abbreviations are preferred in the section of keywords. All abbreviated words should be in conformity with the ISO norms. Since the keywords are often used as index to retrieve the paper, they must be intelligible, at least, to professionals in the field.。
英文学术论文写作
关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议（2013年4月补充）一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章：Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容：本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍（An overview of the thesis，不超过半页）。
本章要求简炼，开门见山，一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述，其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究（existing studies），重点介绍以下内容：（1）关于这个问题（指论文要研究的问题）前人已经做了哪些研究？采用了哪些研究方法？得出了哪些研究结论？（2）关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决？前人的研究存在哪些局限性？关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题？文献综述不是简单地“抄书”，也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景，也有利于作者进一步理清思路，为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点：1．本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述，但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近（如近2、3年）的研究进展情况。
2．尽量使用第一手资料，而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料，指论文作者没有看到原始文献，而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述，而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
学术英语写作第二单元作文
学术英语写作第二单元作文题目，The Importance of Critical Thinking in Academic Writing。
Critical thinking plays a crucial role in academic writing, serving as the cornerstone of scholarly inquiry and discourse. In this essay, we will explore the significance of critical thinking in academic writing and its impact on the quality and integrity of scholarly work.First and foremost, critical thinking enables writers to analyze information rigorously and evaluate its credibility and validity. In academic writing, it is essential to question assumptions, scrutinize evidence, and assess arguments critically. By engaging in critical thinking, writers can distinguish between reliable sources and dubious ones, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of their research findings.Moreover, critical thinking fosters intellectualcuriosity and creativity in academic writing. Instead of passively accepting established ideas, critical thinkers actively seek to challenge conventional wisdom and explore alternative perspectives. This spirit of inquiry encourages writers to generate innovative insights and contribute original contributions to their field of study.Furthermore, critical thinking promotes clarity and coherence in academic writing. Through careful analysis and logical reasoning, writers can structure their arguments effectively and communicate their ideas persuasively. By identifying and addressing potential weaknesses in their reasoning, writers can refine their arguments and enhance the coherence of their writing.Additionally, critical thinking cultivates intellectual humility and openness to feedback in academic writing. Recognizing the limitations of their knowledge and expertise, writers are receptive to constructive criticism and willing to revise their work accordingly. This humility enables writers to engage in meaningful dialogue with their peers and refine their ideas collaboratively.Furthermore, critical thinking encourages ethical integrity and academic honesty in academic writing. By critically evaluating the ethical implications of their research methods and findings, writers can uphold the highest standards of integrity and accountability. This commitment to ethical conduct ensures that academic writing contributes positively to the advancement of knowledge and the betterment of society.In conclusion, critical thinking is indispensable to academic writing, serving as the bedrock of scholarly inquiry and discourse. By fostering rigorous analysis, intellectual curiosity, clarity of expression, and ethical integrity, critical thinking empowers writers to produce high-quality, impactful scholarship that advances the frontiers of knowledge and enriches the academic community.。
学术论文书写(二)
The Abstract-A Summary of the Entire ReportAn abstract must be a complete , concise distillation of the full report , and , as such , should always be written last.It should include a brief (one sentence) introduction to the subject ,a statement of the problem , highlights of the results ( quantitative , if possible),and major conclusions . It must stand alone without citing figures or tables . A concise ,clear approach is essential ,since most Abstracts are less than 250 words.The introduction-Why Did You Do What You Did ?An Introduction generally identifies the subject of the report , provides the necessary background information including appropriate literature review，and , in general , provides the reader with a clear rationale for the work described . The Introduction does not contain results, and generally does not contain equations .Analysis-What Does Theory Have to Say ?An analysis section describes a proposed theory or a descriptive model .It does not contain results,nor should extreme mathematical details beprovided .Sufficient detail (mathematical or otherwise) should be provided for the reader to clearly understand the assumptions associated with a theory or model .Experimental Procedure-What Did You Measure and How ?The experimental Procedure section is intended to describe how experimental results were obtained .As a rule of thumb ,provide sufficient details to allow the experiment to be conducted by someone else If a list of equipment is included in the report , there should be a table in the body of the report,or should be placed in an appendix.Results and Discussion-So What Did You Find ?Results of your work must be presented ,as well as discussed ,in this section of the report .Data must be interpreted to be useful to most readers.When presenting your results remember that even though you are usually writing to an experienced technical audience , what may be clear to you may not beobvious to the reader.Assuming too much knowledge can be a big mistake , so explain your results even if it seems unnecessary .If you can't figure themout ,say so ,"The mechanism is unclear and we are continuing to examine this phenomenon ."Often the most important vehicles for the clear presentation of results are figures and tables. Each of the figures and tables should be numbered and have a descriptive title .Conclusions-What Do I Now Know ?The Conclusion section is where you should concisely restate your answer to the question :"What do I know now？"It is not a place to offer new facts , nor should it contain another rendition of experimental results or rationale Conclusions should be clearly and concise statements of the important findings of a particular study ；most conclusions require some quantitative aspect to be useful .appendixes are the final elements in formal reports that contain supplemental information or information that is too detailed and technical to fit well into the body of the report or that some readers need and others do not.the recent trend in formal reports has been to place highly technical or statistical information in appendixes for those readers who are interested in such material.。
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Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• research paper and an ordinary essay is that in writing a research paper you have to acknowledge your debt to the people who originally provided you with facts or ideas you are using now for your purpose.
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• 3. Clarification of Misconceptions • (1) Consider research paper as an academic game • (2) Take a rather passive attitude toward it. • (3) Lack of unity and coherence • (4) Believe any published views which they
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• 1. The common characteristics between an ordinary essay and a research paper • (1) A research paper shares many common characteristics with an ordinary essay. • (2) They are all united around a central point. They also begin with an introduction and ends with a conclusion.
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• come across in their reading. This will lead them into a self-contradictory state of mind about their chosen stand. • 4.Types of the Research Paper • (1) The analytical paper • An analytical paper refers to one which
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
山东滨州学院外语系
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
1. The common characteristics between an ordinary essay and a research paper 2. The differences between an ordinary essay and a research paper 3. Clarification of Misconceptions 4. Types of the Research Paper
山东滨州学院外语系
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• supporting evidences for your point of view. • (3) More important than that, it helps you find an appropriate position you should assume in the discussion of your chosen topic. • (4) Another major difference between a
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• deals with a complex issue by examining its component parts in order to have a better understanding of it, or reach a general conclusion about it. • (2) The Interpretive paper • An interpretive paper serves an explanatory purpose. It works in a manner of explanatory reporting. It can be used to present
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• applications of an idea or theory, methods and findings of an investigation, and the like. • The significance of an interpretive paper is not only in the reporting itself, but also in the conclusion based on the author’s interpretations.
Chapter 2 The Research Paper
• 2. The differences between an ordinary essay and a research paper • (1) In writing a research paper, you make your point by way of consulting available sources related to the topic you have chosen to discuss. • (ch on a certain topic is not simply to collect