normal interrogative sentence and negative sentences
《第二语言习得概论》课程教学大纲
《第二语言习得概论》课程教学大纲课程编码：30615001 学分： 2学分总学时：36学时说明【课程性质】《第二语言习得概论》是英语专业任意选修课。
【教学目的】帮助学习者在语言基础知识学习的基础上，掌握一些基本的教学理论，并使他们在学习的过程中形成自己的教学思路，为今后的教学实践或对其进一步的研究做准备。
【教学任务】通过对语言学习者学习语言过程的讨论，帮助学生将模糊的、无意识的实践性内容变成明确的、有意识的理论方法。
使他们在以后的教学中，能够批判性地接受现行的一些教学方法，并在实践过程中根据不同的受教育对象将其不断完善。
【教学内容】绪论；学习者语言的本质、中介语、中介语的社会层面；中介语的话语层面；中介语的心理语言学层面；中介语的语言学层面；二语习得中的个体差异；课堂教学和二语习得；结论【教学原则和方法】教学原则：理论和实践相结合，突出指导性和应用性。
教学方法：教师提出问题，并组织学生讨论，围绕具体问题进行讲解。
教师讲解与学生练习结合，学生每次课后书面回答具体问题。
【先修课程要求】“语言学概论”、“英语学习理论”课程的学习，有一定语言实践经验。
【教材与主要参考书】教材：Rod Ellis 《第二语言习得》上海外语教育出版社,2000年。
参考书：P. M. Lightbown and N. Spada 《语言学习机制》上海外语教育出版社, 20XX年。
Rod Ellis《第二语言习的研究》上海外语教育出版社, 1994年。
大纲内容第一部分Introduction: Describing and Explaining L2 Acquisition【教学目的和要求】教学目的：本章是全书的绪论，学习的目的是弄清第二语言习得的概念和目标。
教学要求：明确什么是学习者语言等相关概念，从而在整体上使学生对第二语言习得的基本理论有个概括性的了解。
【内容提要】Ⅰ.The definition of second language acquisitionⅡ.The goals of second language acquisitionⅢ.Two case studiesⅣ.Methodological issuesⅤ.Issues in the description of learner languageⅥ.Issues in the explanation of L2 acquisition【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点：the definition of second language acquisition教学难点：the goals of second language acquisition【复习参考题】1. In what respects is Wes a ‘good language learner’ and on what respects is he not one?2. What is your own definition of a ‘good language learner’?第二部分The Nature of Learner Language【教学目的和要求】教学目的：学生了解学习者语言的本质。
人教版人教版七年级下册英语知识点复习(完整版)
人教版人教版七年级下册英语知识点复习(完整版)Unit 1 Can you play the guitar?1.Can do is equivalent to be able to do when used with a modal verb and a verb in its base form.e the definite article "the" when XXX.e "join" when XXX。
n。
or group.4.Say is used to express the content of a message。
while speak is used to express the language in which the message is XXX。
and tell is used to XXX.5."Want" can be replaced with "would like" when making a request for someone to do something.6."Too" is used in affirmative sentences with a comma before it。
while "either" is used in negative sentences with a comma before it。
"Also" is used after the verb "be," and "as well" is used in spoken language without a comma before it.7."Be good at" is used to XXX or activity。
电子信息类专业英语基础
Context understanding
Analyze the context in which the term is used to better understand its meaning and usage
Semantic relationships
Identify semantic relationships between terms and concepts, such as synonyms, antonyms, and related terms
The process of varying a carrier wave's characteristics to encode information
Cellular network
A wireless communication network that covers a wide area using a network of base stations
Computer Science Vocabulary
03
Reading comprehension of electronic information related professional English
Methods for reading professional literature
A formal language used to create executable programs that control the behavior of a computer system
Data structure
Operating system
Programming language
Semantic differences
概念整合理论和双关修辞格
概念整合理论和双关修辞格概念整合理论和双关修辞格是两个非常重要的概念，在语言学领域中历史悠久，应用广泛。
本文将探讨这两个概念的定义、历史发展、应用以及最近的研究发现。
1.概念整合理论（Conceptual Integration Theory，简称CIT）的定义和历史发展概念整合理论，也称融合理论，是语言学家菲利普·约翰逊（Philip Johnson-Laird）和马克·特纳（Mark Turner）在1980年代初提出的，它是一种认知科学理论，主要用于解释人类处理语言和思维的方式。
该理论提出，人类处理语言和思维时会将来自不同领域、不同概念的元素融合在一起，形成新的概念。
例如，当我们说“时间就像一条河流”时，我们将时间和河流这两个领域中的元素整合在一起，形成一个新的概念：时间是河流。
这样的概念整合既能够解释语言现象，又能够解释人类的思维方式。
在CIT中，概念整合称为“融合”（blending），指的是将来自不同概念空间的元素合并在一起。
概念空间是指我们的认知系统中，为特定概念而建立的观念，它包括我们对概念的知识、经验、感知和情感。
融合是建立在概念映射（conceptual mapping）的基础上的。
概念映射是指将来自一个概念空间的元素映射到另一个概念空间，这个过程涉及到相似性、隐喻和类比等认知机制，能够生成新的概念和语言表现形式。
CIT的提出，极大地推动了语言的研究和认知科学的发展，揭示出语言是如何反映我们的思维世界和如何促进我们的认知发展的。
2.双关修辞格（Pun）的定义和历史发展双关修辞格，也称双关语或双关语言，是一种语言技巧，用于创造出一个句子或单词，在不同的语境下具有不同的解释。
它是由语音、语法、语义、上下文等因素综合作用而成的。
按照字面意思理解，可能会产生荒谬或滑稽的效果。
例如，当我们说“如果你喜欢足球，我可以对你来个倒钩”，我们应该理解为我们可以给他介绍一个足球鞋的品牌；但是如果我们不去理解这个语境，而按照字面意思理解，就会觉得这句话很奇怪。
七年级英语一般现在时课件(复习课)
设计填空练习，让学生根据上下文填 写正确的现在简单时态的动词形式， 有助于学生更好地理解时态的构成和 规则。
Translation exercises
总结词
培养语言转换能力
详细描述
提供中英文互译的练习，让学生在实 际翻译中运用现在简单时态，提高语 言转换的准确性和流畅性。
THANK YOU
表达客观事实或普遍真理
描述普遍认可的观点
The sun rises in the east. (太阳从东 方升起。)
All men are created equal. (人人生 而平等。)
描述科学事实
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. (水在100摄氏度沸腾。)
frequently
means that an action happens often.
04
occasionally
means that an action happens from time to time, but not regularly.
The Usage of Time Adverbials
twice a week."
Third person singular form
Summary
The third person singular form of the verb is used when the subject is a singular noun that does not end in 's.
表示经常性行为
I go to the gym three times a week. (我每周去三 次健身房。)
描述日常习惯
语法术语
词word词素morpheme自由词素free morpheme粘附词素bound morpheme简单词simple word ，morpheme word（单词素词）词根root派生词derivative屈折词缀inflectional affix派生词缀derivational affix前缀prefix后缀suffix粘附词根bound root词素变体allomorph原始派生词primitive derivative复合词compound word compounding form新古典复合词neo-classical compound复合连词compound conjunction封闭词类closed class开放词类open class功能词function word实义词content word调核nucleus（语调核心，是一个调组中显示音调抑扬变化(降、升、降升ˇ或升降＾)的强重读音节。
与调组中其它音节相对而言,调核的音调最高,音幅最阔,动态变化最大,因而是语流中听觉效果最显著的音段。
一个调组可以没有调冠、调头或调尾,但不能没有调核。
分析性语言analytic language强调词emphasizer并列连词coordinator近似并列连词quasi-coordinator从属连词subordinator简单从属连词simple subordinator即单词从属连词one-word subordinator 复杂从属连词complex subordinator 关联从属连词correlative subordinator 边际从属连词marginal subordinator 关系词relative word副词性指代词coreference pro-form句子成分members of sentences主语subject实义主语notional subject真主语real subject谓语predicate宾语object双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive状语adverbial补足成分complementation （如宾语，补语，状语等）并列谓语compound predicate双重谓语double predicate操作词operator述谓成分predication动词verb主动词main verb及物动词transitive verb不及物动词intransitive verb连系动词linking verb助动词auxiliary verb基本助动词primary auxiliary 情态助动词modal auxiliary 半助动词semi- auxiliary情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb不规则动词irregular verb短语动词phrasal verb限定动词finite verb非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb感官动词verb of senses动态动词dynamic verb静态动词stative verb感叹词exclamation单宾语及物动词monotransitive verb双宾语及物动词ditransitive verb复杂宾语及物动词complex transitive verb实义动词notional verb单词动词single-word verb词组动词phrasal verb复合动词compound verb一致agreement ，concord主谓一致subject-predicate（verb）agreement（concord）语法一致grammatical agreement（concord）概念一致notional agreement（concord）就近原则principle of proximity名词noun专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun可数名词countable noun不可数名词uncountable noun抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concret moun物质名词material noun集体名词collective noun个体名词individual noun简单名词simple noun 复合名词compound noun派生名词derivative noun连词conjunction单位词partitive 又叫单位名词（unit noun）通性名词noun of common gender等级名词gradable noun词组phrase名词词组noun phrase动词词组verb phrase形容词词组adjective phrase副词词组adverb phrase介词词组prepositional phrase简单动词词组simple verb phrase复杂动词词组complex verb phrase限定动词词组finite verb phrase非限定动词词组non-finite verb phrase分句clause名词性分句nominal clause关系分句relative clause 即定语从句attributive clause 先行项antecedent分裂句cleft sentence分裂句中心成分focus element ，focal element存在句existential sentence并列结构coordinate construction并列成分coordinate element独立分句independent clause从属分句dependent/subordinate clause简单分句simple clause复杂分句complex clause限定分句finite clause非限定分句non-finite clause无动词分句verbless clause主句main clause从句subordinate clause分句成分clause element限定从属分句finite subordinate clause限制性关系分句restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句non- restrictive relative clause 双重关系分句double relative clause嵌入式关系分句embedded relative clause数number单数singular number复数plural number规则复数regular plural不规则复数irregular plural确定数量definite quantity非确定数量indefinite quantity格case普通格（通格）common case 所有格possessive case主格nominative case宾格objective case属格genitive case独立属格independent genitive 双重属格double genitive 句子sentence简单句simple sentence并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence陈述句declarative sentence ，又叫statement 疑问句interrogative sentence 又叫question 一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question感叹疑问句exclamatory question存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentence否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence ，又叫command 省略句elliptical sentence感叹句exclamatory sentence 又叫exclamation 是非问句yes-no queationWh- 问句wh-question附加问句question tag基本句型basic sentence patern完全句full sentence不完全句minor sentence主动句active sentence被动句passive sentence条件句conditional 含蓄条件句implied conditional 真实条件句real conditional非真实条件句unreal conditional 拖沓句trailing sentence排比结构parallel construction深层结构deep structure比较结构comparative construction 独立结构absolute construction从句clause从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句法关系syntactic relationship并列coordinate从属subordination修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification后置修饰post-modification限制restriction双重限制double-restriction非限制non-restriction限定词determiner物主限定词possessive determiner指示限定词demonstrative determiner关系限定词relative determiner疑问限定词interrogative determiner 不定限定词indefinite determiner中位限定词central determiner前位限定词predeterminer后位限定词postdeterminer冠词article定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral零冠词zero article 倍数词multiplicative numeral量词quantifier类指generic reference特指specific reference所指意义referential meaning代词照应pronoun reference确定特指definite specific reference照应特指anaphoric specific reference前照应特指cataphoric specific reference 语境特指（照应）situational reference 后照应anaphoric reference人称照应personal reference指示照应demonstrative reference比较照应comparative reference代词pronoun人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun反身代词reflexive pronoun相互代词reciprocal pronoun指示代词demonstrative pronoun疑问代词interrogative pronoun关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun名词性属格代词nominal genitive pronoun 在本书中仍叫物主代词限定性属格代词determinative genitive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 复合代词compound pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun性gender阳性masculine阴性feminine通性common中性neuter人称person第一人称first person第二人称second person第三人称third person形式form单数形式singular form复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form非限定动词non-finite verb form原形base form反身形式reflexive form缩略形式contracted form综合形式synthetic form分析形式analytic form第二种条件句句式：1,、基本形式basic form 2、变体形式variant form 3、替换形式alternative form用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring褒义commendatory 贬义derogatory幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic挖苦ironic强调性用法emphatic use非强调性用法unemphatic use假设意义hypothetical meaning非事实意义non-factual meaning推测性epistemic非推测性non-epistemic时态tense过去将来时past future tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 过去将来完成时past future perfect tense一般现在时present simple tense一般过去时past simple tense一般将来时future simple tense现在完成时past perfect tense过去完成时present perfect tense将来完成时future perfect tense现在进行时present continuous tense过去进行时past continuous tense将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense现在完成进行时present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense 历史性现在时historic present语法形式grammatical form时tense 现在时present tense过去时past tense体aspect进行体progressive aspect完成体perfective aspect态voice主动态active voice被动态passive voice不定式被动态passive infinitive 式mood陈述式indicative mood祈使式imperative mood虚拟式subjunctive moodBe-型虚拟式be-subjuctive Were-型虚拟式were-subjuctive不定式infinitive带to 不定式to-infinitive不带to 不定式bare infinitive-Ing分词-ing participle现在分词present participle动名词gerund-ed 分词-ed participle过去分词past participle悬垂分词dangling participle 又叫无依着分词（unattached participle）依着法则attachment rule形容词adjective 单词形容词one-word adjective复合形容词compound adjective中心形容词central adjective外围形容词peripheral adjective动态形容词dynamic adjective静态形容词stative adjective等级形容词gradable adjective非等级形容词non-gradable adjective 原级positive/absolute degree比较级comparative degree最高级superlative degree可等级的gradable副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner程度副词adverb of degree时间副词adverb of time地点副词adverb of place修饰性副词adjunct连接性副词conjunctive adverb 疑问副词Interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb简单副词simple adverb派生副词derivative频度副词adverb of frequency 解说副词explanatory adverb 复合副词compound adverb状语adverbial地点状语locative adverbial 时间状语temporal adverbial修饰性状语adjunct评注性状语disjunct连接性状语conjunct同时性same time先时性earlier time后时性later time介词preposition复合介词compound preposition 简单介词simple preposition复杂介词complex preposition双词介词two-word preposition三词介词three-word preposition 四词介词four-word preposition否定negation否定范围scope of negation全部否定full negation局部否定partial negation转移否定shift of negation双重否定double negation直接引语direct speech间接引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech 引述动词reporting verb修饰modification前置修饰语premodifier 后置修饰语postmodifier限制性修饰语restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语non- restrictive modifier 偏斜修饰语squinting modifier对比含义contrastive meaning分隔修饰discontinuous modification同位语appositive限制性同位语restrictive appositive非限制性同位语non- restrictive appositive替代substitution替代词substitute名词性替代nominal substitution动词性替代verbal substitution分句性替代clausal substitution名词替代词nominal substitute 动词替代词verbal substitute分句替代词clausal substitute省略ellipsis情境省略situational ellipsis语序order词序normal order自然语序natural order倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion部分倒装partial inversion后置postponement句尾焦点end focus 句尾重心end weight传递信息单位information unit旧信息old information已知信息given / known information 新信息new information ，the storm 信息焦点information focus前置fronting句子和语篇语篇text粘着性cohesion连贯性coherence统一性unity交际功能communicative function正确性correctness适合性appropriacy过渡词语transitional words / phrases逻辑纽带logical connectors语法纽带grammatical connectors词汇纽带lexical connectors语段sentence group段落paragraph单语段语篇Single-Sentence-Group Text 多语段语篇Multi- Sentence-Group Text 辅助句supporting sentence辅助语段supporting sentence group层进法climax意译paraphrase。
外研版七年级英语下册期末复习资料(全)
外研版七年级英语下册期末复习资料(全)本篇文章没有明显的格式错误，但是可以进行小幅度的改写，使其更加流畅和易读。
第一模块：短语归纳：1.失物招领箱2.小心…3.从现在开始4.匆忙5.成百上千6.寻找（过程）7.首先8.找到（结果）9.努力做某事（会成功）10.从…中挑选11.试图做某事（成功与否未知）12.此时此刻13.例如（用于列举）14.例如重点句型结构：1.这是谁的…？2.帮助某人做某事3.请小心保管…4.欢迎来到…5.拨…给某人打电话语法专项：物主代词：表示所属关系的代词（…属于谁的）单数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称复数名词性物主代词oursyoursTheirs形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsmineyourshishersitsouryourtheir形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的关系：形容词性物主代词：必须和名词在一起。
例如：My father。
your teacher。
名词性物主代词：相当于与之相对应的形容词性物主代词+名词。
例如：This shirt is mine。
= This is my shirt.第二模块：短语归纳：1.与某人相处融洽2.弹钢琴3.打乒乓球4.怎么样？5.担心…6.擅长做某事7.放风筝8.仅此而已9.乐于做某事重点句型结构：无本篇文章没有明显的格式错误，但是可以进行小幅度的改写，使其更加流畅和易读。
例如，在第一模块中，可以将短语归纳和重点句型结构分开，以便更好地区分它们。
同时，可以将语法专项部分的表格改为更易读的列表形式。
在第二模块中，可以简化短语归纳部分的表述，使其更加简洁明了。
一．短语归纳。
1.take a taxi乘出租车2.go shopping去购物3.have a party举办聚会4.visit a museum参观博物馆5.go to the cinema去电影院6.have a barbecue烧烤7.go to the beach去海滩8.go for a swim去游泳9.go hiking去徒步旅行10.go fishing去钓鱼11.go camping去露营12.have a ic去野餐二．重点句型结构。
社会语言学课程论文genderandlanguage
Language and GenderAbstract:The observations of gender-related linguistic differences and social differences between the genders can help people see how closely language and social variation are related. According to this thesis, avoiding gender stereotyping and gender prejudiced language use is waiting for people to correct.Key words: gender men and women society language differencesIntroductionLanguage and gender is an area of study within sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, and related fields that investigates varieties of speech associated with a particular gender, or social norms for such gendered language use. A variety of speech (or sociolect) associated with a particular gender is sometimes called a genderlect.The field of language and gender is one of the most dynamic in sociolinguistics. It is characterized by a lot of discussion about the pros and cons associated with different ways of conceptualizing the relationship between language and society.The study of gender and language in sociolinguistics and gender studies is often said to have begun with Robin Lakoff's 1975 book, Language and Woman's Place, as well as some earlier studies by Lakoff.ContentSex or genderIn the 1980s, it was not at all unusual for a sociolinguist to describe their interests as being ‘language and sex’. However, in the intervening years, the term sex has largely been replaced by the term gender.There are more principled reasons for gender replacing sex in sociolinguistics, and they reflect many changes in the way sociolinguists go about gathering and analyzing their data. The following is the typical basis for differences of sex and gender.The typical basis for differentiating sex and gender is that sex is a biological category and gender is a social and cultural category. In other words, sex is something you have , and it can be defined in terms of objective, scientific criteria .Gender, on the other hand , is a social property: something acquired or constructed through your relationships with others and through an individual’s adherence to certain cultural norms and proscriptions.Some gender features in language One of the gender features in language is exclusive and preferential. First of all, let us comprehend the concepts of the exclusive and preferential features.A preferential feature is one that is distributed across speakers or groups, but is used more frequently by some than by others. An exclusive feature is one associated solely with a particular user or group of users or solely in a particular context.Y ou can think of some aspects of kinship terminology as being sex-exclusive terms, so for instance the phrase my Auntie Kath tells the listener that the perso n you are referring to is female .On the other hand, the term ’cousin’ might refer to a male or female. Besides, in German Enkel is gender-neutral ,but the English equivalents are the gender-specific terms ‘grandson’ and ‘granddaughter’.Direct and indirect indexing is another gender feature in a language. A linguistic feature directly indexes something with social information is a conventional implicature (e.g. speaker gender is directly indexed by some forms of some adjectives in French) However ,most variables associated with,for example, male vs female speakers only indirectly index gender. Their distribution is sex-preferential not sex-exclusive. They are generally associated with several other social meaning ,e.g. casualness and vernacularity with masculinity.Language and gender(一) V oicePitch, timbre, length are main basic elements of sound, and the gender differences are reflected in these aspects. Voice pitch refers to the voice of the high and low, depending on the vocal cords’ vibration frequency. Under the normal circumstances, adult male’s vocal cords are long and wide .On the contrary, women's vocal cords are short and narrow. When women speak , their vocal cords vibrate very fast , so the tone of their voice is higher than men’s tone. Pitch in speech act is just the tone level and transformation, namely tones. According to the survey, women prefer to use Ultra-high tone and Ultra low tone, and their tone types used are much more abundant, comparing with men. While men generally use moderate tone of voice. This has to do with women’s rich emotion and easily express in words. In order to express emotion, women usually take advantage of their different tone of voice. While men tend to want to establish a serious image in front of others, so they generally use moderate tone of voice to highlight a sedate feeling. Duration is the length of the sound. There exist surveys showing that under the normal speed, the length of women sound is longer than men’s. The reason is that women are usually considering the feelings of others, when they communicate with others. Timbre is feeling characteristics of the voice, which is mainly determined by the method of pronunciation, pronunciation object and the shape of the resonator. Indeed, when everyone is in pronunciation, these aspects could not completely be the same with another people, so everyone's tone is different. However, according to different sexes, timbre may be divided into two categories: male voice is loud and sonorous or low and deep, but female voice is general speak loud and clear or morbidezza. Therefore, this is not only determined by the men's and women's pronunciation organs, but also has a relationship with the men’s and women’s different social status and psychological status.（二）V ocabularies∙Vocabulary is the most sensitive and active element in the language system, and it can most reflect the change of language. Compared with the aspects of gender voices, the differences of men’s and women’ words choices are more direct and obvious. Basically having the following differences:women use more modal particles, interjections and reduplicated words, some adverbs of degree and some deeply emotional adjectives and some words of cutting tone; Men are more use straightforward words and inelegant words and slang ; Men used more certain words, while women using fuzzy words. This is because women pay more attention to emotional expression, while men pay more attention to composed temperament. Women is good at usingreduplicated words to express that they are quite, gentle and cute. They often consider the reactions of others to their words, and don’t often impose their intentions to others, so they will use more euphemism. This also hasrelationship with women status that is submissive, oppressed and despised for a long time, so they always pay attention to your words and deeds and tries to improve their status by their own words and deeds. Deterministic words are words that represent certainty, recognition, firm. Fuzzy words are doubt,uncertain, hesitate words. Men’s and women’s different uses of these wordsrelate to the social and cultural background.（三）Sentence structures∙Women use more exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences, especially a rhetorical question, while men are more use of imperative and declarative sentence. This is because women's affection is more abundant, and exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences can help women express rich and exaggerated emotions, and help to set up the image of gentle andconsiderate, and is good for maintaining communicators’ faces. However, men has been being in a dominant position in the relationship for a long time,which makes men have decision-making power, so when they speak in asmooth, direct and firm way.（四）The use of questions in conversationsMen and women differ in their use of questions in conversations. For men, a question is usually a genuine request for information whereas with women it can often be a rhetorical means of engaging the other’s convers ational contribution or of acquiring attention from others conversationally involved, techniques associated with a collaborative approach to language use. Therefore women use questions more frequently. In writing, however, both genders use rhetorical questions as literary devices. For example, Mark Twain used them in "A War Prayer" to provoke the reader to question his actions and beliefs. Tag questions are frequently used to verify or confirm information, though in women’s language they may also be used to avoid making strong statements.（五）Topic choicesWe found that men and women interested in different topic in the communication between men and women. Men tend to talk about political, military, science and technology, sports and work, whereas women tend to talk about emotion, family, life, fashion, etc. This also relate to the different social expectation to men and women for a long time. For a long time, our society requires men to work out Men are required to be strong, brave, enterprising, struggling in the outside for family support. So, in order to meet the social demands, men tend to choose some more powerful topics to discuss. While women are required to stay at home to keep family and educate children, and they are demanded to be gentle, kind, thrifty, so women are more attention to these problems.All in all, language is a symbol of social convention, and it has the characteristics of variability. Language has a direct reflection of social life. In the language speech practice, we should pay attention to every language speaker, and ensure that womenand men enjoy equality of language speech.参考文献[1] Holmes, J. 1984.Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: Some evidence for hedges assupport structures. Te Reo,27, 47-62[2] Kramer, C 1974. Women’s Speech: Separate but Equal [J] Quarterly Journal of Speech.[3] Lakoff, R 1975. Language and Women's Place. New Y ork: Harper & Row[4]《社会语言学导论》[5]《从顺应论角度看语言性别差异》。
interrogative sentence
interrogative sentenceDefinition:An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence which usually asks a question and use a question mark (?). They may ask for information or for confirmation or denial of a statement. They typically begin with a question word such as what, who, or how, or an auxiliary verb such as do/does, can or wouldExamples:Do you speak French?Will you go to the supermarket for me?How can I do that?Types:There are four types of interrogative sentences;1 Y es/No Interrogatives (General Question) 2 Alternative Interrogatives 3Wh- Interrogatives 4Tag QuestionsY es/No Interrogatives (General question)Definition Y es/No questions usually will be answered by yes or no.Examples Will you bring your book? Answer: Y es or No)Alternative InterrogativesDefinition Alternative interrogative offer two or more alternative responsesExamples Should I telephone you or send an email?Do you want bear, wine, or whiskey ?Wh- Interrogativesdefinition Wh- Interrogatives are introduced by a wh- word, and they elicit an open-ended response .Examples What happened?Where do you work?Tag QuestionsDefinition They are sometimes tagged onto the end of a declarative sentence.Examples David plays the piano, doesn't he?We've forgotten the milk, haven't we?。
25分的英语续写评分标准
---Introduction (1 Point)- Clarity of Purpose (0.5 Point): Does the introduction clearly state the purpose of the continuation? Is the reader immediately aware of the context and the direction the story is taking?- Relevance to Original Text (0.5 Point): Does the introduction effectively link back to the original text, ensuring a seamless transition from the original story to the continuation?Plot Development (7 Points)- Consistency (2 Points): Is the plot development consistent with the established setting and characters? Do new events or twists logically follow from the previous narrative?- Originality (2 Points): Does the continuation introduce new ideas or twists that add depth to the story? Is there a sense of originality in the plot progression?- Coherence (2 Points): Are the events in the continuation logically connected? Do they contribute to the overall narrative without introducing unnecessary confusion?- Pacing (1 Point): Does the continuation maintain an appropriate pace? Is there a balance between action, dialogue, and description that keeps the reader engaged?Character Development (6 Points)- Depth (2 Points): Do the characters in the continuation display new layers or complexities? Are their actions and reactions believable and consistent with their established personalities?- Interaction (2 Points): How do the characters interact with each other and with the environment? Do these interactions add to the story's depth and tension?- Dialogue (2 Points): Is the dialogue realistic and character-specific? Does it advance the plot or reveal something significant about the characters?- Arc (2 Points): Does the continuation contribute to the overall character arc, moving the characters towards their ultimate goals or changes?Language and Style (6 Points)- Vocabulary (2 Points): Does the continuation use a varied and appropriate vocabulary? Are there any instances of inappropriate or overly complex words?- Grammar and Syntax (2 Points): Is the grammar and syntax correct throughout the continuation? Are there any errors that distract from the reading experience?- Style (2 Points): Does the continuation have a consistent style? Does the author's voice come through clearly, and is there a sense of rhythm and flow?- Descriptive Language (2 Points): Is the continuation well-descriptive, using language to paint pictures in the reader's mind? Does the description enhance the narrative and setting?Conventions and Mechanics (4 Points)- Formatting (1 Point): Is the continuation properly formatted, with clear paragraphs and appropriate spacing?- Citations (1 Point): If there are any direct quotes or references to external sources, are they properly cited?- Punctuation (1 Point): Is the punctuation used correctly and consistently throughout the continuation?- Capitalization (1 Point): Is the capitalization used correctly, especially for proper nouns and the beginning of sentences?Conclusion (1 Point)- Resolution (0.5 Point): Does the continuation effectively resolve or advance the story's main conflict or questions?- Tension (0.5 Point): Does the continuation leave the reader with a sense of anticipation or curiosity about what will happen next?---Total Points: 25This scoring criteria is designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the continuation writing. Each category is weighted to reflect its importance in creating a compelling and well-crafted piece of writing. The total score will be determined by the sum of points awarded in each category, with the understanding that a high score indicates a continuation that is both engaging and well-executed.。
语言学符合论
语言学符合论语言学符合论（linguistic determinism）是一种语言哲学理论，也被称为“语言相对主义”（linguistic relativity）。
其核心观点是，人类语言对于人的思维方式及行为方式具有决定作用。
一般而言，语言学符合论有弱版和强版之分。
弱版语言学符合论（weak linguistic determinism）认为语言对人的感知和思考方式有一定程度的影响，而强版语言学符合论（strong linguistic determinism）则认为语言完全决定人的思考方式和文化观念。
弱版语言学符合论的代表人物是美国语言学家爱德华·萨波尔（Edward Sapir），并由他的学生本杰明·沃尔夫（Benjamin Whorf）进一步发展。
他们认为，语言的词汇、语法和结构都会影响人的思维方式，使得不同语言间的人们对世界的认知方式不同。
比如，英语中“time”（时间）和“money”（金钱）是两个独立的概念，而在汉语中，时间和金钱根据语境的不同也有不同的词来表达，这样就会影响英语和汉语使用者对时间与金钱关系的理解方式。
而强版语言学符合论则认为，语言不仅影响我们的思维方式，还左右着我们的文化观念、生活方式，甚至人格特征。
例如，西班牙语中有两个词分别表示形容男性和女性的蓝色，分别为“azul”和“azulclaro”，这种语言表达的性别差异会影响西班牙语国家的社会性别观念，使得人们对于同一事物的认识可能因语言环境的不同而差异较大。
尽管语言学符合论的观点受到了很多学者的争议，但是它仍具有重要的现实意义。
在跨文化交际中，了解不同语言背景下的思维方式和文化观念，有助于我们更好地理解他人，避免文化误解和交际障碍。
在国际化发展的今天，掌握多国语言和文化也成为了人才竞争的必要素质。
总之，语言相对主义这一理论可以帮助我们更好地理解人类面对“同一世界”的多样性，它告诉我们应该尊重其他文化和语言，从中学习，相互设身处地地理解和照顾彼此。
interrogative sentence例句
interrogative sentence例句Interrogative sentences, also known as questions, are a type of sentence that is used to ask about information or clarify something that is not understood. In this article, we will explore various examples of interrogative sentences and provide insight into their structure and usage.Step 1: Definition of Interrogative SentencesInterrogative sentences are one of the four types of sentences in the English language, along with declarative, imperative, and exclamatory. Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions and are denoted by a question mark at the end of the sentence. They are commonly used in conversations, interviews, and surveys to elicit information from the person being asked the question.Step 2: Structure of Interrogative SentencesInterrogative sentences typically follow a specific structure, with the subject usually coming before the verb. The structure is as follows:Question Word / Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object + ?For example:- What time is it?- Are you going to the store?- How was your weekend?- Did you like the movie?The interrogative words used at the beginning of the sentence can be used to ask specific questions. For example: - Who is coming to the party?- When are you going on vacation?- Where is the restaurant located?- Why did you quit your job?Step 3: Types of Interrogative SentencesThere are different types of interrogative sentences depending on the purpose of the question being asked. Some common types include:1. Yes/No Questions - These questions are designed to elicit a simple yes or no response. Examples include:- Do you like pizza?- Will you come to the party?- Are you watching TV?2. Question Word Questions - These questions are designed to elicit specific information using question words such as who, what, when, where, why, and how. Examples include:- What did you eat for breakfast?- When is your birthday?- Where did you go on vacation?- Why did you choose that college?- How did you learn to speak Spanish?3. Choice Questions - These questions are designed to offer a choice between two or more options. Examples include: - Do you want coffee or tea?- Would you like to go to the beach or the mountains?- Should we watch a movie or play a game?Step 4: Examples of Interrogative SentencesHere are some examples of interrogative sentences:1. Are you going to the meeting today?2. What time does the movie start?3. How do you like your coffee?4. Where did you buy that shirt?5. Who is your favorite musician?6. When is your anniversary?7. Why did you choose that restaurant?8. Would you like to go for a walk?Step 5: ConclusionInterrogative sentences are essential to effective communication in both casual and professional settings. By understanding their structure and purpose, you can use interrogative sentences to elicit information and clarify misunderstandings. The examples provided in this article can help you become more proficient in using interrogative sentences in your writing and conversation.。
neutralization语言学名词解释
中文名称：中和英文名称：neutralization一、定义在语言学中，中和（neutralization）是指在某些语音或语法变化中，由于语音系统的限制或语法规则的要求，导致原本存在的对立关系在某些特定环境下失去了区别性，即中和掉了。
这种现象在语音学和形态学中都有所体现。
二、语音学中的中和1.语音中的中和在语音学中，中和是指在某些特定语音环境下，原本存在的音位对立被中和掉，导致这些对立没有了区别性。
这种现象在不同语言中都有体现。
在普通话中，“z”和“c”在鼻韵母前后的发音会中和为音位“n”，如“珍珠”中的“z”在发音时会变为“n”，而“蚕丝”中的“c”在发音时也会变为“n”，这就是中和的现象。
2.音变中的中和在某些语言的语音规则中，原本带有语义区别的发音在特定语音环境下中和为相同的发音，这种现象被称为音变中的中和。
在汉语方言中，声调的变化就是一种音变中的中和现象。
在某些地方的方言中，“平声”和“去声”在特定情况下会发生中和现象，导致它们的发音变得相同。
三、形态学中的中和在形态学中，中和是指在某些语法环境下，原本存在的语法范畴或词形变化的对立在意义上失去了区别性。
这种现象在词类、时态、数、格等方面都有所体现。
以英语中动词的过去分词形式为例，原本存在的词形对立在某些情况下会失去区别，而演变成相同的形式。
“go”动词的过去分词是“went”，而“send”动词的过去分词是“sent”。
但在被动语态下，它们的过去分词形式都变成了“been”，即失去了原本的对立关系，发生了中和。
四、语言变化中的中和在语言的发展变化过程中，中和是一种常见的语音现象。
随着语言的演变，一些原本存在的音位对立或词形对立会由于语音规律、语法规则或其他因素而失去区别，在一定程度上简化了语音结构和形态结构，使语言更加便于使用和理解。
但中和也可能会导致语言中的信息丢失和词义模糊，因此需要结合具体语境和语言学规律来理解和分析。
五、总结中和是语音学和形态学中的重要现象，它反映了语言在特定语音环境和语法环境下的演变和变化。
DeclarativeandInterrogativeSentences
Directions Read the answers in the interview with Opal from Because of Winn-Dixie. Then write the questions you think she might be answering.
5. a bear once visited the library
6. it walked through the open door
7. what did the librarian do
8. would you have run away
Directions Change each sentence to the kind named in ( ). Write the new sentence. 9. The dog looks like a bear. (interrogative)
Declarative Sentence Florida was once a wild place.
Interrogative Sentence Have you ever seen a bear?
Directions Read each sentence and add the correct end punctuation. Then write whether each sentence is declarative or interrogative.
Home Activity Your child learned how to use declarative and interrogative sentences in writing. Have your child ask a member of the family three questions and write down the questions and answers in interview form.
[GRE阅读高校判断选项对错技巧名师指点]
![[GRE阅读高校判断选项对错技巧名师指点]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/989c754f777f5acfa1c7aa00b52acfc789eb9fdd.png)
[GRE阅读高校判断选项对错技巧名师指点]1.词性变换。
动词和名词之间的转换，以及形容词之间的转换。
2.主体客体之间的转换。
主语可能会转换成宾语，出现在被动形式中。
3.反向取非描述。
4.近义变换。
近义词和同义词的转换。
1.含混不清。
例如：原文说的是欧洲百分之三十的针叶林受到了虫害，选项说的却是欧洲有一些树和草都死了，这就是含混不清。
原文中并没有提到草，也没有提到虫害的状态。
2.以偏概全。
例如：原文说的是欧洲30%的针叶林受到了虫害，选项中是欧洲所有的树都死了。
30%和所有之间出现了夸张和极端化。
3.颠倒黑白。
例如：原文说的是欧洲30%的针叶林受到虫害，选项里出现的是欧洲30%的针叶林没有受到虫害，是原文的取非。
4.无中生有。
无中生有指的是原文没有对于某一个性状或某一个现状进行描述，而选项中却出现了这个答案。
例如：原文说的是欧洲30%的针叶林受到了虫害，而选项里却出现了亚洲30%的针叶林也受到了虫害。
5.缺失前提条件。
例如：原文中出现了亚洲的槐树比欧洲的槐树生长得更快，但在选项中却成了亚洲的槐树生长的很快，选项里直接出现的亚洲槐树长得很快是一个没有参照值的绝对的描述，叫做由相对概念变绝对化或绝对概念加前提条件变相对化，是不正确的。
1、读原文2、读原文的同时对重点、考点做标记做标记是指在读文章的时候用简单的符号记录所读重点内容，这应该和读文章同步进行，标记可以轻轻做在试卷边缘，也可以另外写在草稿纸上。
所标记的主要目的是为了读完选项之后能快速、准确的定位，这个步骤要求读者熟悉常考考点，对应做标记的内容烂熟于胸，这样才能不费时间的给自己下一步的定位作准标记。
3、读题干、选项4、定位定位指的是确定练习题针对原文中什么位置的内容发问，通常通过题干和选项的特征词来找，判断了原文所述的位置之后，就可以找原文和答案之间的对应关系了，绝大多数题目都可以通过找题干和选项的特征词准确的定位到原文某处。
5、(排除干扰选项后)按文字对应原则选答案GRE考试的备选答案都是五个，通常很少有练习题能让读者非常直接的判断出正确答案，总有1-2个迷惑性比较大的选项，所以，考生不妨先竖读各选相，排除一些明显错误的选项，然后再对剩下的进行细致的比较，通过原文和选项之间的文字对应关系，进行选择。
interrogative sentence
interrogative sentenceDefinition:An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence which usually asks a question and use a question mark (?). They may ask for information or for confirmation or denial of a statement. They typically begin with a question word such as what, who, or how, or an auxiliary verb such as do/does, can or wouldExamples:Do you speak French?Will you go to the supermarket for me?How can I do that?Types:There are four types of interrogative sentences;1 Y es/No Interrogatives (General Question) 2 Alternative Interrogatives 3Wh- Interrogatives 4Tag QuestionsY es/No Interrogatives (General question)Definition Y es/No questions usually will be answered by yes or no.Examples Will you bring your book? Answer: Y es or No)Alternative InterrogativesDefinition Alternative interrogative offer two or more alternative responsesExamples Should I telephone you or send an email?Do you want bear, wine, or whiskey ?Wh- Interrogativesdefinition Wh- Interrogatives are introduced by a wh- word, and they elicit an open-ended response .Examples What happened?Where do you work?Tag QuestionsDefinition They are sometimes tagged onto the end of a declarative sentence.Examples David plays the piano, doesn't he?We've forgotten the milk, haven't we?。
英语专业语言学毕业论文
浅析汉英句子结构及其思维方式分享到:更新日期:2012-05-07 | 点击:73次 | 一键收藏本论文摘要:为了排除对外汉语教学中和跨文化交际中不同文化思维的干扰,本文从句子结构的角度对汉英之间的思维方式进行了粗浅的讨论,汉语注重整体思维下的意合形式,英语则注重个体思维下的形合形式。
通过比较研究学生母语和目的语之间思维方式的差异及在语言中的运用,试图扫除外语教学中能预测的障碍,以便引导外语学习者自觉排除思维方式干扰,更好的学习和运用外语。
关键词:汉英句子思维差异句子结构语言是人类交际的工具,思维是人脑对客观事物的反映和认识客观现实的心理活动。
语言的形成和发展与思维有着密不可分的关系,正如萨皮尔所说:“语言,作为一种结构来看,它的内面是思维的形式。
”当人类用语言表达时,很大程度上是在揭示思维的内容和形式。
由于世界各民族在源流风俗文化的不同,语言在运载概念的同时,存在着个性的问题,即各民族所特有的决定语言的思维模式。
而这又作为一个客观事实突出的表现在人类语言的表达方式上,从而也就形成了学习者学习过程中的障碍,在外语教学中,在汉英翻译和跨文化交际中,汉英句子结构的差异常常成为不小的学习障碍,究其原因,思维方式制约句子结构。
因此探索汉英句子结构的差异规律,并寻求有效的答案至关重要。
任何人学外语最自然,最容易做的事就是把自己母语的习惯套在外语上,母语和外语不同的地方往往就被套错,这就是由于制约着句子的思维方式不同。
汉语式英语和英语式汉语恐怕就是这样出现的,所以思维方式差异的干扰也是外语教学和跨文化交际中障碍的重要原因。
在外语教学中,除语言对比研究以外,还有必要进行汉外思维方式的对比研究。
本文拟归纳一些常见汉英句子和外语学习者的一些常见错误,试图探索汉英思维方式的差异在语言句子结构中的反映。
1.汉英句子的基本结构都是主语谓语宾语但是两种语言的句子结构形式差异也是明显的。
这种差异最基本的表现为汉语句子中意合,英语句子重形合。
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Be动词军 情态动词军 实义动词军 助动词军
关ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้点:
找准四类动词: 命名四类军队: Be 军(必死之军): am is are was were 情军(感情用事）(can may must should) 助军(do does did) 实军（其余动词） 注意：这只是根据初二学生的水平进行总结， 剩余的情态动词或者be动词根据不懂水平 的学生要及时添加
四大军队大作战！
be情军，真勇敢，疑问句中往前赶。 否定not来躲难，藏在身后不用管。 实义军，很害怕，疑问句中原地踏。 助军句首去挨打，实义还原报答它。 小not，实义烦，不去身后去身前， 助军队，心很软，挡住not防导弹， 实义军，很感激，还原自我表友谊。
Be 军(必死之军): am is are was were 所以敢向前冲 情军(can may must should) 变一般疑问句: Be （必死）军和情军 （感情用事）虽然数量少,但是很勇敢 不怕死, 都提前. 否定句 not来逃难躲在 他们（因为他们很勇敢）身后，所以直 接在后面加not.
实军变疑问句:数量众多,但都怕死,不敢向前冲，要找助军来 帮忙.实军原地不动，助军冲到前面变成疑问句,第三人称用 does,谐音都死,腐蚀性很强,因此出现does,动词要还原.
变否定句：not来避难，实军胆小，not不能躲到它后面，要 在他前面替它挨子弹，但是还要保护not，还是请助军来帮忙， 第三人称用does,谐音都死,腐蚀性很强,因此出现does,动词 要还原.