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句子与段落翻译：1.The ligated pasmid mixture is introduced into bacterial cells specially treated so that they takeup DNA in a process termed transformation. In most cases E.coli is the preferred host with the advantages that calcium treated cells are highly transformable, the molecular biology of this bacterium is well understood and a variety of plasmid and phage vectors are available.Moreover, E. coli transcribes and translates most Gram-positive and Gram-negative genes with the exception of some actinomycete genes.2.The insertion site within the vector is located within a tetracycline resistance gene.Transformants that are ampicillin resistant but tetracycline sensitive therefore represent cells containing a hybrid plasmid(insertion inactivation).3.From this example it become clear that，as in most downstream operations，the objective ofthe processing operation must be clearly stated．4.Several groups have studied acid accumulation by different strains, but the biochemicalmechanism has not yet been completely elucidated.5.Methods for oxygen analysis by paramagnetic procedures and carbon dioxide measurementby infrared analysis suffer from the disadvantage of calibration drift and slow response time.6.In the larger sizes of vessel, a continuous steam-sterilized section of the bearing prevents suchcontamination, with the additional benefit of lubrication by sterile condensate.7.The most recent(1984) selling price for the only commercial bacterial SCP product isapproximately $600 per tonne for animal feed application in Western European markets.8.Utilities costs including water, electricity and steam, labor costs, maintenance anddepreciation, taxes and insurance, working capital, interest, and desired profit must also be taken into account.9.The estimated 1976 costs of $70 million for 50,000-70,000 tonnes per year capacity would besubstantially greater today.10.The most recent(1984)selling price for the only commercial bacterial SCP product isapproximately $600 per tonne for animal feed application in Western European markets. The extent to which this product can compete with soybean meal or fish meal depends upon current delivered prices for these commodities in Western Europe.11.The annual production of monosodium L-glutamate, produced exclusively by fermentation,exceeds 400,000 tonnes.12.The establishment of L-glutamic acid fermentation provided a significant impetus to thedevelopment of microbial production of primary metabolites. Encouraged by the establishment of the L-glutamic acid fermentation, various research projects have been carried out in the attempt to isolate wild strains or derive genetic mutants producing various kinds of amino acids. As a result, almost all of the amino acids are now commercially produced by fermentation.13.In wort production, the temperature is held constant at about 65℃to allow enzymeconversion and wort extraction.14.In addition to various fermentation conditions, cell yield is also affected by the presence ofmetabolic by-products and other substances in the fermentation system.15.In this way, no CO2should be expended during active citrate production as CO2releasedduring oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acety-CoA should be utilized in the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.16.Y east grown specially as a foodstuff for humans, farm animals or domestic pets represent oneof the most promising applications of the growth of microbial biomass as food. In particular, during the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 world wars and their aftermath, the aerobic growth of yeast cells produced food protein more rapidly than conventional agriculture.17.The often quoted comparison that a 0.5 t bullock synthesizes less than 0.5 kg of protein every24 h, but 0.5 t of soy beans produces the equivalent of 40 kg protein every 24 h and 0.5 t ofyeast fenerates 50 t in that time, illustrates well the main advantage of microbial SCP.18.On the other hand, the necessary technology is more complex, difficulties have beenencountered with the high purine content of cells and indigestibility of cell walls and SCP is not as acceptable as animal protein in the diet.19.The use of microorganisms to produce chemicals and fuels dates back to the production ofethanol and acetic acid in prehistoric times.20.Vinegar, the aqueous solution of acetic acid, is produced in fermentation by oxidation of adilute ethanol solution.21.After emptying and rinsing from the previous batch,mash at 13-17 wt % sugar is pumped tothe fermenters. Once 20 % full, the inoculum is added to allow growth during the remainder of the filling cyclem, which can last 4-6 h.22.Wastes occur in all three states, i.e. solids, liquids and gases. They are derived from threeprimary sources: urban, agriculture, and industry. By weight and volume,solid wastes, i.e.urban refuse, crops and food processing wastes, and manures, are the most significant of all wastes.23.In general, solid wastes are either burnt for energy, thermally decomposed, anaerobicallydegested to create methane or other combustible gases, disposed off in landfill or biologically converted to a variety of products.24.Liquid wastes are the most troublesome, because they often involve non-retractable chemicals.Further, they are eventually returned to the environment through surface waters.25.An important common feature in the production of all these alcoholic beverages is the use ofyeast to convert sgars to ethanol.26.The production process was designed to handle potato-processing waste but suffered fromproblems of lack of substrate supply continuously.27.However, there still remains room for improvement.28.To satisfy the expected large market for feed-supplements, the present process must be furtherimproved.29.Enzymatic production of L-aspartic acid from fumaric acid and ammonia by the action ofaspartase can be classified as either batch or continuous processes.30.Following solid-liquid separation of the fermentation whole broth, each of the two fractionsmay be further processed or run to waste as appropriate.31.Many biotechnology products are soluble and are present either in the clarified extracellularculture fluid or in the intracellular loluble fraction. These products may be forther processed and purified using molecular separation techniques which exploit property defferences such as size, charge, solubility, volatility, biological affinity, etc.32.Gel filtration and affinity chromatography are useful laboratory methods which have not sofar been applied to large scale production.33.Proteins, enzymes, immunological reagents and blood products may all be obtained incommercial quantity, in a highly purified state, by affinity chromatography.34.The efficiency of this system is well illustrated by its application to the purification ofinterferon where a single pass down an anti-inerferon column resulted in a 5000 times purification of this protein from cell culture supernatants.35.The ion-exchange chromatography is a more predictable extraction and concentration methodthan absorption chromatography, provided the required product is capable of reacting with an appropriate ion-exchange resin.36.Batch culture may be considered as a closed system(except for aeration) containing a limitedamount of medium, in which the inoculated culture passes through a number of phases as illustrated by a typical batch growth curve.37.The transfer of oxygen to the cell during fermenter aeration involves oxygen transfer from airbubbles into solution, transfer of oxygen through the medium to the microbial cell and finally uptake of oxygen by the cell.38.Two major classes of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, exist in nature and both types are usedin industrial fermentation processes.39.Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a membrane, nuclear DNA isassociated with proteins and exists as a definite structures called chromosomes.40.The cells also contain other structures or organelles having specific physiological orbiochemical functions, such as mitochondria and enzymes associated with these organelles which, but, are found in the protoplasm and plasma membrane of prokatyotes.41.The finding that bacteria could be infected by viruses began in 1917 with the discovery ofbacterial viruses or bacteriophages.42.For a virus to multiply, it must first infect a cell. At the onset of infection, the virus introducesinto the cell its genetic material—RNA or DNA—accompanied in many instances by essential proteins. They replicate inside specific host cells by using the biosynthetic systems of the host under the direction of the viral genomes.43.Each nucleotide contains three different kinds of components: a five –carbon sugar (ribose ordeoxyribose), a nitrogen-containing base(either a single-ringed pyramiding or a double ringed purine), and a phosphate group.44.Glycerides are the most abundant lipids and the richest source of energy in the body. Aglyceride molecule has one, two, or three fatty acid tails attached to an alcohol backbone. In this case, the alcohol is glycerol.45.The terms monoglyceride, diglyceride, and triglyceride refer to whither one, two, or threegatty acids tails are attached to the glycerol.46.If you have 10 grams of water at 0 ℃, it would require 1000 calories to make the temperaturego up to 100 ℃.47.Previously, enzymes were prepared mainly from animal organs and plant seeds. However,these sources of enzyme have their limits both in quantity and quality. Microbes, on the contrary, can be cultured at large scale by simple methods. Also, this case, selective production of certain enzyme in large quantities is possible by adjusting the condition of culture. Further, microbes have marked adaptability, and mutant species can be induce artificially. Thanks to these advantageous properties, enzymes which cannot be produced from animals and plants can be obtained from microbes.48.Microbiologists are taught to purify mixed cultures upon isolation so that experiments areconducted with monocultures.49.DNA may also be synthesized synthetically if the nucleotide or amino acid sequence isknown.50.A cup of sugar left undisturbed for twenty years will change very little. But when you putsome of the sugar in your mouth, it undergoes chemical change very rapidly. Enzymes secreted by some of your cells account for the difference in the rate of change. Enzymes are proteins with enormous catalytic power, which means they greatly enhance the rate at which specific reactions approach equilibrium.51.When you eat too much sugar, enzymes in your liver cells act on the excess, converting it firstto glucose and then to glycogen or fat. When your body uses up glucose and needs more, enzymes break down glycogen to release its glucose subunits. In this case, a hormone called glucogen acts as a control over enzyme activety. It stimulates the key enzyme in the pathway by which glycogen is degraded, and it inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes glycogen formation.52.Over production of primary metabolites results from high differential flux rates on theupstream side leading to accumulation of the metabolite and reduce or negligible flux rates downstream which would cause metabolite degradation or utilization.53.In a given fermentation the flux of substrate through the complex network of catabolic andanabolic pathways will be influenced by a variety of mechanisms.54.Mention must be made of another unit for the measurement of volume, the litre, which is usedin measuring the liquids.55.Since the 1940s many other products of fermentation have been commercialized inc luding anumber of antibiotics and amino acids.56.In the 1960s, concern over the availability of proteins for cattle and human consumptioncoincide with a plentiful supply of relatively cheap oil and related products(raw materials for SCP production).57.Although biotechnology involves the potential use of all living forms, microorganisms haveplayed a major role in the development of this discipline and will continue to be used extensively for the foreseeable future.58.The basic structure of the penicillins is 6-aminopenicillanic acid(6-APA) made up of athiazolidine ring fused with a β–lactam ring.59.It would be difficult to overemphasize the importance of proteins in living systems. Forinstance, certain types of proteins form important parts of structural components in all cells and in spaces between cells. Furthermore, enzymes, antibodies, and the contracting elements in muscle cells are proteins.60.Carbon dioxide is like nitrogen in many ways, but if ti is mixed with limewater, it causes theclear liquid to become milky, while nitrogen does not. This is the test for carbon dioxide. 61.When carbon unites with oxygen, it forms a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas calledcarbon dioxide, which is heavier than air and will extinguish a flame.62.All matter is composed of basic substances called elements. An element cannot be brokendown into simpler units by chemical reactions; it contains only one kind of atom. An atom is the smallest characteristic unit of an element.63.The principal microorganisms involved are all chemoorganotrophys and derive their carbonand energy supply from the metabolism of organic compounds.64.Two major classes of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, exist in nature and both types are usedin industrial fermentation processes. The cellular properties of the two types are different. 65.Nucleotides are vital to the operation and the reproduction of cells. Each nucleotide containsthree different kinds of components: a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.66.While synthesis of catabolic enzymes is often controlled by induction and cataboliterepression, biosynthesis of anabolic enzymes may be regulated by feedback or end-product repression.67.Although amino acids all have amino and carboxyl groups, different amino acids have avariety of side chains, which in turn have different chemical properties.68.In the absence of addition of side-chain precursors to the fermentation medium,a mixture ofnatural penicillins is produced but only benzylpenicillin(Pen G) and phenoxymethylpenicillin(Pen V) are therapeutically important.69.The efficiency of this system is well illustrated by its application to the purification ofinterferon where a single pass down an anti-inferon column resuted in a 5000 times purification of this protein from cell culture supernatants.70.After emptying and rinsing the fermenters, medium at 13~17wt% sugar is pumped in andonce 20% full, the inoculum is added to allow growth duringj the remainder of the filling cycle, which can last 4~6h.71.V arious designs of agitator have been used in fermenters, but the commonest is a set of flatvertical paddles set in a horizontal disc, to create a circular movement of the medium.72.A formula contains the symbols of the kinds of atoms in each molecule and subscripts thatindicate the number of each kind of atom in the molecule.73.carbohydrates are usually defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances thathydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.74.In various traditional oriental foods the nutritional value of foodstuff is improved by microbial,usually fungal growth.75.The extent of starch hydrolysis required varies with fermentation process and depends onconsiderations as to whether or not the microbial strain to be used produces amylase an whether product syntheses is subject to catabolite repression.76.The basic structure of the penicillins is 6-aminopenicillanic acid(6-APA) made up of athiazoliding ring fused with a β-lactame ring. The 6-amino position carries a variety of acyl substituents.77.Enzymes are often used as nonrecoverable chemical reagents, in which case they are added tothe substrate, incubated at the required temperature and pH for a period and subsequently destroyed.78.Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus and other structures or organilles as well, havingspecific physiological or biochemical functions, such as mitochondria and enzymes associated with these organelles which, but, are found in the protoplasm and plasma membrane of prokaryotes.79.In infusion mashing, using well-modified malt, the grain is fed into a mash tun, containing afilter-plate bottom, partially filled with hot water.80.The tremendous diversity of products and separation in biotechnologyobscures an overall similarity between many of the processes which are used .This similarity is by no means complete, and has numerous exceptions. Still,the similarity provides a strategy for thinking, just as the periodic table emphasizes parallels between elements.生物技术所涉及的产品和分离方法种类繁多，导致这些工艺之间的共同点不是那么明显。

考研英语二历年真题阅读[研读诵读]版

2010-2012英语（二）真题阅读[研读]2010Text 1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that follo wed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though ma ny collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the pr oducts we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.2011Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outsi de director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as hel pful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms fo r larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federa l Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lak e Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the bui ldings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial cou ncils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.2012Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.Pretty in pink: adult women do not remembering so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive i n our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connec tion, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encod ed in their DNA, but according to Jo Paulette, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketi ng strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.In 2010. A federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)，a trade group，assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved，at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision，ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad，a company in Utah，said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine，the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents：a gene is a product of nature，so it may not be patented；gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it；and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case，arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”Despite the appeals court's decision，big questions remain unanswered. For example，it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy, companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’, explains hans sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.Text 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till V on Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they, certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.。

vocabulary of Book 3

1. Fuel scarcities and price increases ____ automobile designers to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.A) prompted B) persuadedC) imposed D) enlightened2. As he was the only person who has the key, Simon felt himself under ____.A) suspicion B) questionC) doubt D) wonder3. It was such a grand view that it ____ strong emotion in our sight-seers.A) roused B) roseC) arose D) aroused4. It was ____ of you not to play the piano while I was having a sleep.A) considerate B) carefulC) considering D) considerable5. Some of the old ____ about the space age are coming true.A) fantasies B) delusionsC) nightmares D) impressions6. A lot of old buildings in the town were ruined during the earthquake, but they werebeautifully____soon by the local people.A) recovered B) restoredC) resumed D) returned7. Reading ____ the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours.A) rectifies B) prolongsC) minimizes D) furnishes8. While the development of the suburbs has created problems, it has also provided ____ modern housing for millions of people.A) excessive B) immenseC) memorable D) substantial9. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ____her long effort.A) justify B) testifyC) rectify D) verify10. Hunger could be his only for killing a living thing.A) sensation B) causeC) purpose D) motive11. I will ____ my lawyer to write out the agreement.A) inform B) notifyC) announce D) report12. A benefit performance is a performance for which a charitable organization has bought out at a discounted price and ___ funds by selling tickets at a full price.A) furnishes B) raisesC) accumulates D) contributes13. Although these people knew that their boss was in a difficult situation, they were still ____ him.A) sticking to B) sticking withC) sticking on D) sticking by14. The secret agent concealed his real mission, so many local people were____ into thinking that he was a good person.A) betrayed B) drivenC) deceived D) convinced15. The coming of the railways in the 1830s ____ our society and economy.A) transferred B) transformedC) transmitted D) transported16. One day, you will have to ____ this foolish behavior.A) pay B) pay forC) pay back D) pay off17. The French pianist who had been praised very highly ____ to be a great disappointment.A) turned up B) turned outC) turned in D) turned down18. He has never done this type of work before; I am not sure how he will fit _____ with it.A) in B) onC) into D) up19. She cut her hair short and tried to ______ herself as a man.A) decorate B) disguiseC) fabricate D) fake20. Your advice would be ___ valuable to him, who is at present at his wits’ end.A) exceedingly B) excessivelyC) extensively D) exclusively21. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly ___ to another subject.A) committed B) switchedC) favored D) transmitted22. On hearing the bad news, she sprang up ______.A) for a start B) with a startC) at the start D) from the start23. Wouldn’t it be wise to _____ the possibility of rain before planning the garden party?A) check in B) check throughC) check out D) check on24. It was such a solemn occasion that not even a child ____ a sound.A) delivered B) utteredC) voiced D) spoke25. My father seemed to be in no ____ to look at my school report.A) emotion B) moodC) attitude D) feeling26. His face ____ with pain when badly hurt by the shopkeeper.A) contracted B) was twistedC) was twinkled D) twisted27. The naughty boy ____ in his sh oes when he saw the cane in his father’s hand.A) shivered B) trembledC) frightened D) feared28. The students couldn’t _____ what the teacher was trying to explain.A) grip B) seizeC) grasp D) snatch29. The older New England villages have changed relatively little ____ a gas station or two in recent decades.A) except for B) in addition toC) except D) besides30. Having come from a ____ society, Dick found it hard to adjust to a small town.A) abundant B) wealthyC) sufficient D) large31. The children performed a very ____ dance for their parents.A) precise B) smartC) graceful D) successive32. In the _____ paragraph some comments had been made of it.A) proceeding B) precedingC) progressing D) processing33. The dog’s collar was so ____ that it came off over his head.A) loose B) slightC) broad D) excessive34. We finally managed to ____ the committee’s approval of our plans.C) exert D) execute35. Thousands of people died of starvation during the ____ in that African country.A) objection B) povertyC) consumption D) famine36. Four people were seriously ____ in an accident on the motorway.A) damaged B) harmedC) injured D) wounded37. In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly ____.A) gaps B) lengthsC) distances D) intervals38. While admitting that this forecast was _____ exaggerated, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf.A) anyhow B) somewhereC) somewhat D) anyway39. The thief tried to open the locked door but _____.A) in no way B) in vainC) at a loss D) without effect40. He had a ____ look in his eyes. He must have been shocked.A) empty B) bareC) blank D) hollow41. Stone does not ____, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.A) crack B) decayC) destroy D) crush42. The swimming pool is so ____ that it’s safe for small children.A) stable B) smoothC) superficial D) shallow43. Being named the best athlete of the year was an important ____ in the baseball player’s life.A) segment B) ingredientC) contribution D) episode44. Only hotel guests have the ____ of using the private beach.A) occasion B) possibilityC) privilege D) habit45. Many people save money to ____ for their old age.A) supply B) offerC) provide D) yield46. Having decided to rent a flat, we ____ contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city.A) went up B) went downC) went out D) went about47. Doctors hope to _____ a human heart into the patient within the next few days.A) transfer B) transformC) transplant D) transport48. The medicine the doctor gave me ____ my headache.A) reduced B) improvedC) released D) relieved49. As I had earlier made up my mind to run for governor, I could not ____. I must go on with the fight.A) vary B) withdrawC) undergo D) discard50. The water was so ____ that we could see the fish inside clearly.A) transparent B) obviousC) apparent D) visible51. While studying he was financially dependent ____ his wife.C) on D) from52. He ____ the medicine quickly and then drank some orange juice.A) sucked B) swallowedC) licked D) digested53. Another big issue ____ the new republic is the problem of the education of its citizens.A) confining B) confirmingC) conflicting D) confronting54. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ____.A) arbitrary B) rationalC) mechanical D) unpredictable55. His parents no longer worry about him. He has a good job and can live ____ his own now.A) at B) byC) on D) with56. Mr. Henderson was determined to remain _____. He neither stood on his wife’s side nor on his mother’s side.A) natural B) neutralC) nervous D) native57. Do you believe these two ____ friends used to be bitter enemies?A) intimate B) emotionalC) intense D) supreme58. As he had worked in the army as an electrical engineer for many years, he had every ____ for the job.A) privilege B) obligationC) qualification D) commitment59. She was very ____; she cried even when her husband left for another city on business.A) sensitive B) indifferentC) reluctant D) emotional60. Young children soon ____ words they hear their elders use.A) put forward B) look forward toC) turn up D) pick up61. Since many insects have already become ____ to DDT, scientists have to look for some new insecticide.A) active B) resistantC) tough D) gradual62. It is a type of desert bush that can ____ extremes of temperature.A) adapt B) withdrawC) withstand D) shade63. If a man is easily taken in by emotional traps, he will not be able to make ____ judgments.A) sensitive B) sentimentalC) sensible D) sensational64. Whenever he writes to his parents, he ____ a cheque with his letter.A) encloses B) containsC) reserves D) invests65. You should save your work often as a ____ against computer failure.A) sanction B) precautionC) shield D) shelter66. It took millions of years for order to grow out of the ____ of the universe.A) adjustment B) changeC) chaos D) profile67. According to the weather ____, it’s going to be fine today.A) prediction B) indicationC) provision D) forecast68. Accidents are of frequent ____ on this motorway because the traffic is extremely heavy here.A) arrival B) proportionC) scale D) occurrence69. Her pulse was so weak that the doctor had difficulty ____ it.A) inspecting B) detectingC) touching D) contacting70. There is need to check the ____ of the report.A) frequency B) accuracyC) emergency D) efficiency71. The old man did not seem to attach any importance ____ the question.A) to B) withC) towards D) for72. As the plane was getting ready to take off, we all ____ our seat belts.A) tied B) lockedC) fastened D) closed73. Professor Collins was ____ of the latest developments in physics because he had been in hospital for several months.A) unconscious B) negativeC) robbed D) ignorant74. It has been revealed that some government leaders ____ their authority and position to get illegal profits for themselves.A) employ B) takeC) abuse D) overlook75. Fertilizer will ____ the growth of these tomato plants.A) accomplish B) accelerateC) accumulate D) account76. Years of ____ labor had hardened his muscles.A) survival B) mentalC) restless D) manual77. Very few plants will ____ without water.A) flourish B) fadeC) stem D) cultivate78. We rarely perceive more than a minute ____ of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass us by.A) fiction B) functionC) fraction D) fragment79. I guess the whole paper has to be rewritten; only the first few paragraphs may be ____.A) sustained B) containedC) maintained D) retained80. The police will give you a ticket if you ____ the speed limit.A) break B) rejectC) suspend D) exceed81. The wise man exercises ____ in his behavior and enjoyments.A) limitation B) interestC) restriction D) restraint82. When Jack was eighteen he ____ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.A) took to B) took forC) took up D) took on83. Which is the most expensive ____ training equipment, players’ personal equipment and uniforms?A) in place of B) in terms ofC) by means of D) by way of84. The survival of civilization, as we know, is ____ threat.A) within B) underC) towards D) upon85. George took ____ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in his garden.A) chance B) effectC) occasion D) advantage86. Gary has planned to take a tour around the Great Lakes in the coming summer vacation and _____ great pleasure from the visit.A) acquires B) anticipatesC) recalls D) reckons87. They are two dollars each but if you buy ten, you get a _____ of ten per cent.A) discount B) recessionC) depression D) discharge88. Money _____ as it goes from person to person.A) speaks B) scattersC) circulates D) distributes89. His hope _____ when he heard that there were some survivors in the shipwreck.A) highlighted B) soaredC) inspired D) flourished90. He _____ his rose bushes carefully with insecticide every evening.A) distributed B) dischargedC) spread D) sprayed91. His company went _____ after he failed in the business.A) decent B) negativeC) bankrupt D) acute92. She always makes notes in the _____ of a book.A) border B) blankC) margin D) edge93. A new spaceship was _____ at Cape Kennedy yesterday.A) motivated B) releasedC) transmitted D) launched94. Don’t _____ this news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A) relieve B) releaseC) relate D) retain95. The noise was caused by a dog _____ a cat through the garden.A) chasing B) followingC) catching D) fighting96. Although the two players are _____ in the tennis court, they are really good friends.A) partners B) enemiesC) rivals D) companions97. We can _____ the possibility of total loss from our calculations.A) exclude B) preventC) excuse D) discard98. I felt _____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.A) fatigued B) tiredC) exhausted D) bored99. The two friends said goodbye and then went their _____ ways.A) relevant B) relativeC) reluctant D) respective100. They _____ the flood after a heroic fight lasting five days and four nights.A) conquered B) combatedC) won D) withdrew101. Two men were _____ a large log over the rough ground with the help of a rope.A) pushing B) drawingC) dragging D) carrying102. They claimed that _____ 1,000 factories closed down during the economic crisis.A) sufficiently B) approximatelyC) considerably D) properly103. Everyone _____ around quietly to avoid waking the baby.A) cracked B) crashedC) crawled D) crept104. Lower taxes would _____ investment and help economic growth.A) harness B) highlightC) spur D) soar105. John always arrives on time. He’s so _____.A) rapid B) timelyC) punctual D) likely106. What’s the Chinese _____ for the English word “refer”?A) equality B) equalC) equivalent D) equation107. The soldier was _____ of running away when the enemy attacked.A) scolded B) chargedC) accused D) punished108. She _____ all criticism and calmly went on with the project.A) smashed up B) left offC) hung up D) shrugged off109. Success now seemed very remote and Bernard felt _____.A) pessimistic B) optimisticC) positive D) objective。

寡头垄断与粘性价格英文版

• Informal collusion is an important reason why prices are sticky
• Another is the kinked demand curve
• If a firm increases price, others won’t go along, so demand is very elastic for price increases
寡头垄断与粘性价格英文版
Models of Oligopoly Behavior
• No single general model of oligopoly behavior exists.
Oligopoly
• An oligopoly is a market structure characterized by: – Few firms – Either standardized or differentiated products – Difficult entry
16-14
Comparing Contestable Market and Cartel Models
• The cartel model is appropriate for oligopolists that collude, set a monopoly price, and prevent market entry
16-16
Why Are Prices Sticky?
• When there is a kink in the demand curve, there has to be a gap in the marginal revenue curve.
• The kinked demand curve is not a theory of oligopoly but a theory of sticky prices.

高一阅读

阅读理解一The black Givenchy gown worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film "Breakfast at Tiffany's" sold at auction Tuesday for $807,000.赫本在电影《蒂凡尼的早餐》中所穿的那条纪梵希黑色长裙于本周二拍出了80.7万美元的天价。

The price, paid by a telephone bidder, was almost six times the highest pre-sale estimate.一名通过电话竞拍的买主以拍前最高估价近6倍的价格将其买下。

The iconic garment had been expected to fetch between $98,000 and $138,000 as part of a sale of film and television memorabilia at Christie's auction house in London.这件标志性的戏服是伦敦克里斯蒂拍卖行所拍的众多经典影视纪念品中的一件，其拍前估价在9.8万至13.8万美元之间。

Proceeds from the sale will go to the charity City of Joy Aid, which helps India's poor.此次拍卖的全部所得将捐给印度济贫慈善组织“欢乐之城”。

Hepburn wore the dress for one of her best-known roles, as eccentric Manhattan socialite Holly Golightly in the 1961 film adaptation of Truman Capote's novel.电影《蒂凡尼的早餐》是1961年根据杜鲁门·卡波特的小说改编的。

天价代言英语作文

天价代言英语作文In the realm of marketing, the concept of celebrity endorsements has become a pivotal strategy for brands to elevate their visibility and credibility. Companies often pay a hefty price for the privilege of having a famous face associated with their products or services. This essay will explore the implications of such high-priced endorsements on the English language, as well as the broader advertising landscape.Firstly, the use of English in celebrity endorsements is a testament to the language's global reach. English has become the lingua franca for international business and marketing, making it an essential tool for celebrities to connect with a diverse audience. The choice of words and the construction of sentences in these endorsements often reflect a sophisticated level of language use, which can influence English-speaking consumers and non-native speakers alike.Secondly, the financial aspect of celebrity endorsements cannot be overlooked. The "celebrity tax," as it were, is a significant investment for companies. This investment isoften justified by the potential return in terms of brand recognition and sales. However, it raises questions about the value of language in advertising. Is the celebrity's use of English more persuasive than a well-crafted message by a professional copywriter? The answer is not always clear, but the trend suggests that the star power often takes precedence.Moreover, the impact of celebrity endorsements on language is twofold. On one hand, it can elevate the status of English as a global language, as more people are exposed to the language through advertisements featuring their favorite stars. On the other hand, it can also lead to the commercialization of language, where the English used is tailored to appeal to the masses rather than to educate or inform.Lastly, the ethical considerations of celebrity endorsements are worth discussing. When a celebrity endorses a product, they lend their reputation to that brand. If the productfails to live up to its promises, it can damage thecelebrity's credibility and the public's trust in the English language used in such endorsements. Therefore, it is crucial for celebrities to choose their endorsements wisely and for companies to maintain transparency in their advertising campaigns.In conclusion, celebrity endorsements in advertising are a complex interplay of language, culture, and economics. While they can bring significant benefits to a brand, they also carry the responsibility of maintaining the integrity of the English language and the trust of the consumers. As the world becomes increasingly globalized, the role of English in advertising and the price of celebrity endorsements will continue to be a topic of interest and debate.。

研究生英语阅读C 第1、3、4、6、7、11

阅读C翻译Unit 1 科学和人文学科 (1)Unit3 广告时代 (4)Unit4 爵士乐传统 (6)Unit6人体研究 (9)Unit7工作、休闲和新阶级 (11)Unit11颜色、神话及符号的语言 (14)Unit 1 科学和人文学科Unit3 广告时代马歇尔·麦克卢汉迄今为止 , 大多数人一定看过这样一幅广告 : 一位克利夫顿·韦布模样的男士穿着一件白色衬衣 , 一只眼睛上蒙着黑眼罩。

在仅仅几星期的时间里 , 这幅广告就推销了一百万件 " 哈瑟维 " 牌衬衣。

然而很少有人试问过为什么会这样。

广告是一件抽象艺术 , 是不折不扣的象征主义。

据说普通人在艺术画廊里看到广告时会怒不可遏 , 但是它在市场上的确管用。

这一点绝非偶然。

无论在理论上还是在实践上 , 象征主义诗歌和绘画都神秘莫测 , 能够把相互没有逻辑关系的东西联系起来。

现代广告就是一种魔法 (5 秒钟之内甜蜜接吻 ), 它采用了象征主义艺术的各种手法。

它是天方夜谭般的世界 , 有阿拉丁的神灯和魔仆 , 从瓶子里钻出来为我们效劳。

在这个世界上 , 就像在欧玛尔·海亚姆的世界里一样 , 事物的令人悲伤的格局事实上永远是按照心灵的愿望铸造的。

广告创造的图文并茂五颜六色的人造环境的阵势如此强大 , 以至于人们都已习惯于生活在广告所宣传的未来世界里。

不满足于现实生活 , 他们就生活在未来的日子里 , 那时候有人替他们付冰箱的钱 , 那时候一套美容程序和心理分析将给他们的生活带来浪漫和成功。

广告创造了一个希望之乡。

像可口可乐或红吉士这些全国性品牌的商品各有办法建立一种图腾制度。

图腾社会是靠图腾植物或图腾动物维系在一起的。

单独一个人就不是袋鼠家族或部落的一个成员 , 他只是一只袋鼠 , 他和他的弟兄们一起参与袋鼠的集体生活 , 这是一种神秘的群体或参与。

广告能够调动起集体情感 , 为群体参与制定了全国性品牌。

西泠印社拍卖规则英文

西泠印社拍卖规则英文The auction rules of the Xiling Seal Society specify the procedures and guidelines that participants must follow during the auction process. These rules are designed to ensure fairness, transparency, and efficiency in the bidding and selling of items.1. Registration: In order to participate in the auction, all bidders must register with the Xiling Seal Society and obtain a bidding number. This registration process may require providing identification and contact information.2. Viewing of items: Prior to the auction, all items up for bidding will be available for viewing by potential buyers. This allows bidders to inspect the items and determine their value and condition.3. Bidding process: During the auction, bidders must raise their bidding paddles or indicate their bids clearly to the auctioneer. Bids will be accepted in predetermined increments, and the highest bid for each item will be acknowledged by the auctioneer.4. Buyer's premium: In addition to the final hammer price, buyers may be required to pay a buyer's premium. This is a percentage of the hammer price that is added to the final amount due by the winning bidder.5. Payment and collection: Winning bidders are expected to make payment for their items promptly after the auction. Accepted forms of payment and instructions for collection will be provided by the Xiling Seal Society.6. Authenticity and guarantees: The Xiling Seal Society guarantees the authenticity of all items up for auction. In the event that an item is found to be inauthentic, the buyer may be entitled to a refund.7. Dispute resolution: In the event of a dispute between bidders or between a bidder and the Xiling Seal Society, the auction rules provide a process for resolution. This may involve mediation, arbitration, or other methods of dispute resolution.8. Compliance with laws: All participants in the auction must comply with the relevant laws and regulations governing the sale and purchase of items. Any illegal or unethical behavior will not be tolerated.By following the auction rules of the Xiling Seal Society, participants can enjoy a fair and professional bidding experience. These rules are designed to protect the interests of both buyers and sellers and ensure the integrity of the auction process.。

50个超难英语句子

50个超难英语句子1. It is needless to say that learning a new language can be challenging, especially when it comes to mastering English. In order to truly excel in this language, it is essential to tackle difficult sentences that may test our language skills. In this article, we will explore 50 incredibly tough English sentences that will expand your vocabulary and improve your comprehension abilities. Let's dive right in!2. Before we begin, it is important to mention that these sentences have been carefully selected to cover a range of grammatical structures, vocabulary usage, and idiomatic expressions. They are designed to push your linguistic boundaries and provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the English language.3. Sentence 1: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."- This sentence is often used as a typing exercise. It contains all the letters of the alphabet and is a great way to practice your keyboard skills.4. Sentence 2: "I before E, except after C."- This mnemonic rule helps with remembering the spelling of words that contain the letter combinations 'ie' and 'ei'.5. Sentence 3: "The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families."- This sentence showcases the complexity of English grammar, with multiple noun forms and modifiers.6. Sentence 4: "She had had a headache for three days when she went to the doctor."- This sentence demonstrates the past perfect tense and the use of 'had' as both a main verb and an auxiliary verb.7. Sentence 5: "Out of the frying pan and into the fire."- This idiomatic expression means moving from a bad situation to an even worse one.8. Sentence 6: "Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store."- This sentence highlights the importance of punctuation, as it can completely change the meaning of a sentence.9. Sentence 7: "I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream."- This sentence utilizes rhyme and repetition to create a playful and memorable phrase.10. Sentence 8: "The boy who sneezed loudly during the concert was asked to leave."- This sentence contains a relative clause, modifying the noun 'boy'.11. Sentence 9: "Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo."- This sentence is an example of a grammatically correct sentence that is difficult to understand. It uses three different meanings of the word'buffalo' to form a complex sentence.12. Sentence 10: "The cat sat on the mat."- This sentence is a classic example of a simple subject-verb-object sentence structure.13. Sentence 11: "He believed Caesar to be a great leader."- This sentence features an indirect statement, where the verb'believed' is followed by a clause.14. Sentence 12: "In the garden, Anna saw the most beautiful roses she had ever seen."- This sentence showcases the use of comparatives and superlatives to describe the roses.15. Sentence 13: "If practice makes perfect, and nobody's perfect, then why practice?"- This sentence presents a humorous paradoxical question that challenges conventional wisdom.16. Sentence 14: "Having debated the topic for hours, they came to no conclusion."- This sentence uses the present participle form of the verb 'debate' to show an ongoing action.17. Sentence 15: "Despite her fear of heights, she climbed to the top of the mountain."- This sentence demonstrates the use of the preposition 'despite' to show a contrast between the fear and the action taken.18. Sentence 16: "The movie was so boring that I fell asleep within the first ten minutes."- This sentence employs the adverb 'so' followed by an adjective to emphasize the level of boredom.19. Sentence 17: "If wishes were horses, beggars would ride."- This sentence is an example of a conditional sentence used to express an unreal or unlikely situation.20. Sentence 18: "The police are investigating the mysterious disappearance of the valuable artifact."- This sentence uses the verb 'investigate' to indicate an ongoing action by the police.21. Sentence 19: "You can't have your cake and eat it too."- This idiomatic expression implies that it is impossible to possess or enjoy two desirable things at the same time.22. Sentence 20: "Do you mind giving me a hand with these heavy boxes?"- This sentence employs the idiomatic expression 'give someone a hand' to ask for assistance.23. Sentence 21: "Money doesn't grow on trees, you know."- This idiomatically phrase is often used to remind someone that money is not easily obtained.24. Sentence 22: "The old man sat alone on his porch, reminiscing about the good old days."- This sentence utilizes the verb 'reminisce' to indicate a nostalgic reflection on past experiences.25. Sentence 23: "All's fair in love and war."- This idiom suggests that in certain situations, such as romantic relationships or conflicts, anything goes.26. Sentence 24: "The weather forecast predicts rain showers throughout the day."- This sentence demonstrates the use of the verb 'forecast' to indicate a prediction of future weather conditions.27. Sentence 25: "She aced the exam, much to her own surprise."- This sentence uses the colloquial expression 'ace the exam' to mean performing exceptionally well.28. Sentence 26: "The committee's decision was met with both praise and criticism."- This sentence showcases the possessive form of the noun 'committee' followed by a subjective genitive construction.29. Sentence 27: "Despite his busy schedule, he always finds time for his family."- This sentence employs the preposition 'despite' to show a contrast between the schedule and the action taken.30. Sentence 28: "The project's success greatly depended on effective communication."- This sentence features a possessive noun followed by a restrictive relative clause.31. Sentence 29: "Do you have any idea how many books I've read?"- This sentence utilizes the idomatic phrase 'have any idea' to express surprise or disbelief regarding the number of books read.32. Sentence 30: "He gave her a dozen roses on Valentine's Day."- This sentence uses the numeral 'dozen' to indicate a specific quantity of roses.33. Sentence 31: "The game was canceled due to inclement weather."- This sentence showcases the use of the adjective 'inclement' to describe unfavorable weather conditions.34. Sentence 32: "The concert was sold out within minutes of tickets going on sale."- This sentence features the phrasal verb 'sell out,' meaning that all available tickets were purchased.35. Sentence 33: "She diligently practiced the violin for hours every day."- This sentence employs the adverb 'diligently' to emphasize the consistent and dedicated nature of the violin practice.36. Sentence 34: "His persistent efforts eventually paid off, and he achieved his goal."- This sentence showcases the adjective 'persistent' to describe continuous and determined efforts.37. Sentence 35: "They gathered around the campfire, roasting marshmallows and telling ghost stories."- This sentence utilizes the present participle form of the verbs 'roast' and 'tell' to show simultaneous actions.38. Sentence 36: "Having climbed Mount Everest, she felt a sense of accomplishment like never before."- This sentence employs the present participle form of the verb 'climb' to show an action completed before another action.39. Sentence 37: "The baby giggled uncontrollably at the funny faces made by the clown."- This sentence features the adverb 'uncontrollably' to describe the intensity of the baby's laughter.40. Sentence 38: "With his tail between his legs, the dog retreated after being scolded."- This sentence utilizes the idiom 'with one's tail between one's legs' to depict a submissive and defeated demeanor.41. Sentence 39: "The speaker captivated the audience with her eloquent speech."- This sentence showcases the verb 'captivate' to describe the speaker's ability to hold the attention of the audience.42. Sentence 40: "She has a heart of gold and is always willing to lend a helping hand."- This sentence uses the idiom 'heart of gold' to emphasize someone's kind and generous nature.43. Sentence 41: "He stumbled upon the hidden treasure while exploring the ancient cave."- This sentence features the phrasal verb 'stumble upon' to describe an accidental discovery.44. Sentence 42: "Despite the setback, she remained determined to achieve her dreams."- This sentence utilizes the conjunction 'despite' to show a contrast between the setback and the protagonist's determination.45. Sentence 43: "The delicate flower wilted under the scorching sun."- This sentence utilizes the verb 'wilt' to describe the flower's response to excessive heat.46. Sentence 44: "The politician's corrupt actions led to his downfall."- This sentence features the possessive form of the noun 'politician' followed by a noun-noun compound.47. Sentence 45: "The child's innocent question caught the teacher off guard."- This sentence showcases the possessive form of the noun 'child' followed by an adjective-noun phrase.48. Sentence 46: "Despite his wealth, he led a modest and humble life."- This sentence employs the preposition 'despite' to show a contrast between wealth and lifestyle choices.49. Sentence 47: "She carefully placed the fragile vase on the shelf, out of harm's way."- This sentence features the possessive form of the noun 'harm' followed by a subjective genitive construction.50. Sentence 48: "The endless traffic jams made the daily commute unbearable."- This sentence utilizes the adjective 'endless' to describe the repetitive and monotonous nature of the traffic situation.51. Sentence 49: "His impeccable manners and impeccable appearance made him a sought-after companion."- This sentence showcases the adjective 'impeccable' to describe flawless manners and appearance.52. Sentence 50: "He knew that time was of the essence, so he acted swiftly and decisively."- This sentence employs the idiom 'time is of the essence' to emphasize the importance of acting quickly.53. Conclusion:- Congratulations! You have successfully encountered and explored 50 incredibly challenging English sentences. By engaging with these complex linguistic constructs, you have broadened your vocabulary, improved your comprehension skills, and gained a deeper understanding of the English language. Keep practicing and don't be afraid to tackle difficult sentences, as they will ultimately contribute to your mastery of this beautiful and versatile language.。

高考英语阅读理解抓分精品训练(33)

高考英语阅读理解抓分精品训练（33）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

AThe dyed bun scandal (染色馒头丑闻) deals another blow to shoppers' confidence in buying food products, as well as the reputation of local sellers. Li Zhen reports on shoppers’ reactions in Shanghai.An investigation by the municipal government revealed that Shanghai Shenglu Food Company produced more than 3,000 steamed buns daily. These were then sold across the city, including large supermarkets such as Hualian, Lianhua and Dia.Fewer steamed buns were for sale at this Lianhua Supermarket. More than 32,000 buns were taken off store shelves when the scandal emerged.Mr. Wang, Sales Manager of Lianhua Supermarket, said, “We removed the dyed steamed buns produced by Shenglu as soon as we learned of the incident. We gave customers who had bought the steamed buns from our outlets refunds with their receipts. Despite the scandal, our sales volume has been fine so far.”However, most customers we met remained concerned about food safety. Steamed buns are a regular breakfast food for Ms. Gao. She used to buy them mostly from supermarkets because she felt it was in a clean and safe en viro nment.But now, she has second thoughts about buying the popular snack.Ms. Gao, Shanghai shopper, said, “I can’t believe th at even steamed buns from the supermarkets are no longer safe. The only places I trusted to shop at were major supermarkets and specialist shops. But now even there, product quality cannot be guaranteed. I really don't know where to buy my goods from in the future.Shoppers at supermarkets who still bought steamed buns said they had few options. “I feel like giving up supermarkets. But I really don’t know where to do my food shopping. I can't make these things myself.” said Ms. Tang, Shanghai shopper.1. The colored buns were sold in some large supermarkets EXCEPT ______.A. HualianB. LianhuaC. ShengluD. Dia2. What Ms. Gao and Ms. Tang said suggests that ______.A. they still trust major supermarkets when shoppingB. they will make food by themselvesC. they will never go to supermarketsD. they feel confused about where to buy safe fo od3. The underlined word in the last paragraph can be replaced by ______.A. choicesB. ideasC. hintsD. marks4. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Major supermarkets removed the dyed steamed buns.B. Dyed steamed buns brought great loss to major supermarkets.C. Famous supermarkets are involved in the bun scandal.D. Dyed bun scandal hurts consumers’ confidence.5. Where can you most probably read the passage?A. In a fashion magazine.B. In a newspaper.C. In a guideline book.D. In an official document.参考答案CDADBC7[2013·江苏卷] BWe've considered several ways of paying to cut in line：hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers(票贩子)，or purchasing line－cutting privileges directly from，say，an airline or an amusement park.Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue(waiting your turn)with the morals of the market(paying a price for faster service)．Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things，and each is appropriate to different activities.The morals of the queue，“First come, first served，” have an egalitarian(平等主义的)appeal.They tell us to ignore privilege，power，and deep pockets.The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops.But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions.If I put my house up for sale, I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along, simply because it's the first.Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities，properly governed by different standards.Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply.Think of the recorded message you hear，played over and over，as you wait on hold when calling your bank：“Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.”This is essential for the morals of the queue.It's as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness.But don't take the recorded message too seriously.Today, some people's calls are answered faster than others.Call center technology enables companies to “score” incoming calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places.You might call this telephonic queue jumping.Of course，markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things.Some goods we distribute by merit，others by need，still others by chance.However，the tendency of markets to replace queues，and other non－market ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore.It is striking that most of the paid queue－jumping schemes we've considered—at airports and amusement parks，in call centers，doctors' offices，and national parks—are recent developments, scarcely imaginable three decades ago.The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern，but these are not the only places that markets have entered.58．According to the author，which of the following seems governed by the principle “First come，first served”？A．Taking buses.B．Buying houses.C．Flying with an airline.D．Visiting amusement parks.59．The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates ________．A．the necessity of patience in queuingB．the advantage of modern technologyC．the uncertainty of allocation principleD．the fairness of telephonic services60．The passage is meant to ________．A．justify paying for faster servicesB．discuss the morals of allocating thingsC．analyze the reason for standing in lineD．criticize the behavior of queue jumping【要点综述】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述的是生活中购物买票等的插队问题。

无法拒绝的价格英语作文

无法拒绝的价格英语作文Title: The Irresistible Price: A Moral Dilemma。

In today's consumerist society, we often find ourselves faced with tempting offers and irresistible deals. These bargains can sometimes pose a moral dilemma, especially when they come with strings attached or potentially harmful consequences. In this essay, I will delve into the complexities of navigating such situations and the ethical considerations involved.First and foremost, it's crucial to recognize that the allure of a low price can cloud our judgment and lead us to overlook potential drawbacks. We are bombarded with advertisements and promotions promising significant savings and unbeatable discounts, which can create a sense of urgency and impulse to purchase without fully considering the implications.One common scenario is the temptation of "too good tobe true" offers, where the price seems unrealistically low compared to the market value. In such cases, consumers may be lured into making a purchase based solely on the perceived savings, ignoring red flags such as counterfeit products, inferior quality, or hidden fees.Furthermore, there are instances where the seemingly attractive price comes with ethical dilemmas attached. For example, purchasing products manufactured underexploitative labor conditions or from companies with questionable environmental practices raises concerns about supporting unethical business practices in exchange for a bargain.Another aspect to consider is the long-term consequences of prioritizing price over other factors such as product durability, reliability, and sustainability. Opting for the cheapest option upfront may result in higher costs down the line due to frequent repairs, replacements, or negative environmental impacts.Moreover, the pursuit of bargains can contribute to aculture of overconsumption and waste, where disposable goods are favored over durable alternatives simply because they are cheaper to acquire. This mindset not only strains finite resources but also perpetuates a cycle of production and consumption that is unsustainable in the long run.On a personal level, succumbing to the allure of an irresistible price can also have psychological ramifications. The thrill of getting a great deal may provide a temporary sense of gratification, but it can also reinforce impulsive behavior and a superficial understanding of value.In light of these considerations, it is evident that the decision to accept or reject an irresistible price is not merely a matter of financial calculation but also a moral choice with far-reaching implications. As consumers, we have a responsibility to weigh the potential consequences of our purchasing decisions and strive toalign our actions with ethical principles.In conclusion, while the allure of a low price may bedifficult to resist, it is essential to approach suchoffers with caution and critical thinking. By consideringthe broader ethical implications and long-term consequences, we can make more informed choices that align with ourvalues and contribute to a more sustainable and equitable future.。

文具大减价英语作文

文具大减价英语作文Recently, there has been a big sale on stationery items at a local store. The discounts are so attractive that many people are flocking to the store to take advantage of the sale. In this essay, I will discuss the reasons for the sale and its impact on the customers.Firstly, the stationery store may be trying to clearits inventory to make room for new stock. This is a common practice in the retail industry, where stores offer discounts on items that have been in stock for a long time. By doing so, the store can free up space to bring in new products that are more in demand.Secondly, the store may be trying to attract new customers or retain existing ones. By offering discounts on stationery items, the store can attract people who are looking for a good deal. Once these customers are in the store, they may be tempted to buy other items as well. On the other hand, existing customers may appreciate thediscounts and continue to shop at the store in the future.The sale has had a significant impact on the customers. Many people are taking advantage of the discounts to stock up on stationery items for personal or business use. Students, in particular, are benefiting from the sale as they need stationery items for their studies. The discounts are also helping people who are on a tight budget to save money on their purchases.However, there are some potential drawbacks to the sale as well. For one, the discounts may be too attractive, leading people to buy items they don't need. This canresult in wastage and clutter. Additionally, the sale may lead to overcrowding in the store, making it difficult for customers to navigate and find what they need.In conclusion, the stationery sale is a great opportunity for customers to save money on their purchases. The store may be trying to clear its inventory or attract new customers. While there are some potential drawbacks tothe sale, overall, it is a win-win situation for both the store and the customers.。

物品大甩卖的英语作文

物品大甩卖的英语作文Title: Mega Sale Event: Grab Your Bargains Now!In the bustling city center, excitement is palpable as shoppers flock to the much-anticipated mega sale event. The air is abuzz with anticipation, and for good reason – it's time for the ultimate shopping extravaganza! Whether you're a fashionista on the hunt for trendy outfits, a tech enthusiast seeking the latest gadgets, or a bargain hunter in search of unbeatable deals, this sale has something for everyone.One cannot overstate the sheer magnitude of the discounts available. From jaw-dropping price slashes to irresistible buy-one-get-one-free offers, the savings are simply irresistible. Fashion aficionados can indulge in a plethora of designer labels at a fraction of their original prices, while tech geeks can upgrade their gadgets without breaking the bank. Household essentials, cosmetics, accessories – you name it, and it's likely on sale.But what sets this sale apart isn't just the incredible discounts; it's the atmosphere of camaraderie andexcitement that permeates the entire venue. Shoppers fromall walks of life come together, united by their sharedlove for a good bargain. The aisles are alive with chatter as people swap tips, recommendations, and stories of their most remarkable finds. It's a celebration of consumerism, but also of community.For businesses, this event is not just about clearing out old stock – it's about forging connections with customers old and new. In the age of online shopping, the importance of face-to-face interaction cannot be overstated. The sale provides an opportunity for businesses to engage directly with their clientele, building loyalty and trust through personalized service and genuine human connection.Of course, organizing such a monumental event is no small feat. Months of meticulous planning and coordination go into ensuring that everything runs smoothly on the big day. From logistics and security to marketing andpromotions, every aspect must be carefully orchestrated to guarantee a seamless shopping experience for all involved.But when the doors finally open and the crowds surge in, all the hard work is more than worth it. The energy is electric as eager shoppers rush to snatch up the best deals before they're gone. It's a frenzy of excitement and anticipation, with each purchase feeling like a triumph in the battle against high prices.As the day draws to a close and the last-minute shoppers make their final purchases, there's a sense of satisfaction in the air. The mega sale event has been a resounding success, leaving both shoppers and businesses alike feeling fulfilled and invigorated. And while the discounts may be fleeting, the memories of thisextraordinary shopping experience will endure for years to come. So to all those who joined in the fun – thank youfor making this event truly unforgettable!。

无法拒绝的价格英语作文

无法拒绝的价格英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!I couldn't resist the price they offered. It was too good to pass up. I mean, who can say no to a deal like that? It was like they were practically giving it away. I had to have it, even though I didn't really need it. But hey, who can resist a bargain?I walked into the store with no intention of buying anything. I was just browsing, you know, killing time. But then I saw it. The sign that said "50% off everything." I couldn't believe my eyes. I had to pinch myself to makesure I wasn't dreaming. And just like that, I was hooked.I picked up the item, held it in my hands, and felt the rush of excitement. It was like a drug, coursing through my veins. I knew I had to have it, even though I didn't need it. It was the kind of thing that would just sit on a shelf and collect dust. But who cares? It was a steal.I tried to resist. I really did. I put it back on theshelf and walked away. But the temptation was too strong. I found myself going back to it, picking it up again, and convincing myself that I deserved it. After all, I work hard, don't I? I deserve a little treat every now and then.I approached the cashier, my heart pounding in my chest.I knew I was about to make a mistake, but I couldn't help myself. The price was too good to resist. I handed over my credit card, and just like that, it was mine. I walked outof the store with a mix of excitement and guilt. I couldn't believe what I had just done.As I got home and unwrapped my purchase, the guilt started to fade away. I looked at it, and a sense of satisfaction washed over me. It may not have been a necessary purchase, but it brought me joy. And sometimes, that's all that matters. So, even though I couldn't resist the price, I have no regrets.。

命运之礼早已标好了价格作文

命运之礼早已标好了价格作文英文回答：In the labyrinthine tapestry of life, every twist and turn is said to be predetermined, a destiny woven with an unknown hand. Yet, beneath the veil of inevitability, whispers a hidden truth: that the price of our choices,like the stars in the night sky, are already set. For inthe realm of destiny, there is no such thing as a free gift.The threads of destiny intertwine with our own desires, shaping our path with intricate designs. Each decision we make, every step we take, is not merely a choice but a transaction. We pay with our time, our energy, and even our very being. The path to greatness often demands thesacrifice of comfort and security, while the allure of pleasure may lead us down treacherous roads.In the tapestry of our lives, the price of love is measured in vulnerability and heartache. The pursuit ofknowledge requires the sacrifice of time and relentless dedication. The path to wealth demands the unwavering commitment of hard work and calculated risks. And in the pursuit of our dreams, we may find that the greatest obstacles are not external forces but the doubts and fears within ourselves.The weight of our choices is not always immediately apparent. It may take years, even decades, before we fully grasp the consequences of our actions. Yet, like the tide that relentlessly erodes the shoreline, the price of our decisions accumulates over time, leaving an irrevocablemark on our souls.Some may argue that the notion of a predetermineddestiny negates the power of free will. How can we be truly responsible for our choices if our path is already set? Yet, within the framework of destiny, there lies a profound freedom: the freedom to embrace our choices and the consequences that come with them.By acknowledging that there is a price to pay for everydecision, we gain a deeper understanding of our own responsibility. We can no longer blame fate for our misfortunes or credit luck for our successes. Instead, we recognize that our destiny is ultimately shaped by the choices we make, both great and small.In the grand scheme of things, the price of destiny may seem overwhelming. The weight of our choices may threaten to crush our spirits. But it is in the embrace of this burden that we find true liberation. For when we accept the responsibility for our actions, we become the architects of our own lives.The price of destiny is not a burden but an invitation. It is an invitation to live a life of intention, purpose, and authenticity. By embracing the consequences of our choices, we unlock the true potential of our humanity and create a legacy that will echo throughout time.中文回答：命运，宛若一张错综复杂的挂毯，每一处转折和纹饰都预先标好了价格。

文具店减价英语作文初一

文具店减价英语作文初一As the new school term approaches, the local stationery store has launched a promotional campaign to attract students and their parents. This year, the store has decided to offer a significant discount on a wide range of stationery items, making it an excellent time for first-year middle school students to stock up on their school supplies.The store's windows are adorned with colorful posters announcing the sale, which has caught the attention of many passersby. Inside, the shelves are neatly organized with an array of pens, pencils, erasers, rulers, and notebooks, all tagged with their discounted prices. The store is bustling with activity as students excitedly browse through the items, comparing prices and discussing their needs.One of the most popular items on sale is a set of high-quality gel pens, which are now available at half theoriginal price. These pens are a favorite among students for their smooth writing and vibrant ink colors. Additionally, the store is offering a buy-two-get-one-free deal on a selection of notebooks, encouraging students to get more for their money.The staff at the stationery store are friendly and helpful, often providing advice on which items are most suitable for different subjects. They are well-versed in the requirements of the local curriculum and can recommend the best stationeryfor note-taking, drawing, and homework.The store's manager, Mrs. Lee, has also introduced a loyalty card system for regular customers. With every purchase made during the sale period, students can earn points that can be redeemed for future discounts or free items. This initiative is aimed at building a long-term relationship with the students and ensuring they return to the store for their stationery needs.The discount period at the stationery store is a win-win situation for both the store and the students. It not only helps the store to clear out older stock to make way for new items but also provides students with the opportunity to purchase essential stationery at affordable prices. As the first-year middle school students prepare for their academic journey, the store's sale is a timely and welcome event that helps them start the term on a positive note.。

物品拍卖英文作文

物品拍卖英文作文Item for Auction。

Lot 123: Antique Chinese Vase。

This exquisite antique Chinese vase is a true masterpiece of craftsmanship. The delicate hand-painted designs and intricate details make it a stunning addition to any collection. Don't miss your chance to own this rare and beautiful piece of history.Lot 456: Vintage Rolex Watch。

For all the watch enthusiasts out there, this vintage Rolex is a must-have. With its timeless design and impeccable quality, it's a statement piece that will never go out of style. Bid now and make it yours.Lot 789: Original Picasso Painting。

Calling all art lovers! This original Picasso paintingis a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to own a piece of art history. The bold colors and unique style make it astandout piece that will elevate any art collection.Lot 101: Rare Coin Collection。

考研英语阅读例题basketcases购物篮里有乾坤

Basket cases 购物篮里有乾坤[2010.10.14] The Economist“WE WON’T let up,” insisted Bob McDonald, the boss of Procter & Gamble (P&G), at the annual shareholder meeting of the world’s biggest consumer-goods firm on October 12th.He promised that P&G was still on track to have 5 billion customers by 2015. But it is a struggle for the maker of Pampers nappies and Fairy washing-up liquid. “Many of the economies in which we operate are still recovering fro m recession,” Mr McDonald admits.P&G and its archrival Unilever, another global consumer-goods firm, had a grim time last year: profits plummeted. This year has been only slightly better. Economies are still ailing, and the cost of raw materials is climbing.But there is something else happening, too. Basic consumer goods were long assumed to be more or less recession-proof. Shoppers may not be able to afford Dior dresses or Cartier watches, went the argument, but they still need loo paper and detergent. Yet people are finding ways to save money even on daily necessities.They are shopping less and with more purpose. Some people deliberately pick up a basket rather than collect a trolley in supermarkets, to prevent themselves from buying too much. Some buy smaller packets, which are cheaper, or huge ones, which are better value. Many make do without air fresheners, hair conditioner and other fripperies once deem ed essential. Many scour the internet for special deals. According to PwC, a consultancy, 93% of shoppers say they have changed their behaviour as a result of the economic downturn.Many have traded down from name-brand to store-brand products. Alarmingly for, say, Kellogg’s or Heinz, lots have discovered that Tesco’s cornflakes and Wal-Mart’s bak ed beans taste no worse. A survey of 2,500 American household s by Consumer Edge Research found that supermarkets’ own labels have become increasingly popular, especially for staples such as milk, peanut butter, bottled water and cooking oil. Trading down is most common among households with an income of more than $100,000 a year. (Poorer people bought fewer posh brands in the first place.) Store-brand goods are especially popular in Spain, the Netherlands and GermanyConsumers are also trading down from one name-brand to another: for example, from Lindt chocolates to Cadbury’s. Some 18% of packaged-goods buyers switch ed from a premium brand to a cheaper one during the recession, according to McKinsey, another consultancy.Most said they found that the pric ier brand “was not worth the money”.Terrified consumer-goods firms have cut costs and slashed prices. P&G launched a less expensive “basic” version of its Tide brand of washing powder, but then withdrew it because it was too popular. Many firms are push ing “three for the price of two” deals and the like. Some see opportunities amid the gloom. As people eat out less, Kraft Foods, an American firm, sells more macaroni and cheese and other ready-made meals. As hedonists cut back on spas and beauty salons, P&G sells more beauty products to be applied at home.Companies with a strong presence in emerging economies have the rosiest prospects. Shoppers in China and Brazil are trading up to foreign brands, making up for some of the new frugalityin the West. Mr McDonald tries to sound cheery. In 173 years, P&G has survived many recessions. No doubt, but what if this one teaches consumers that supermarket brands are just as good and, when the economy recovers, they spend their extra cash on holidays or college fees instead?1 By “We won’t let up”, Bob McDonald means that .A they will let consumers downB they will never give upC they will make much effortsD they will never worsen the recession2 In recession, basic consumer goods were thought to be .A less affectedB not affectedC more affectedD not mentioned3 From paragraph four to six, we can conclude that .A daily necessities are still prosperous in the recessionB people have changed their shopping habits for the recessionC trading down is the most common money-saving way in American householdD less famous brands are preferred and will finally survive from the recession4 The case of Kraft Foods demonstrates that .A terrified consumer-goods firms have cut costs sand slashed pricesB many forms are pushing “three for the price of two” deals and the likeC some companies have found the profitable chances in the recessionD companies with a strong presence in emerging economies have bright prospects5 According to the passage, the author believes that .A P&G should research the changed shopping habits and alter its marketing strategiesB P&G has not been better off this year because of the great recessionC P&G has to make much more efforts to survive the recession and reach its goalD Mr. McDonald tries to sound cheery and hide the gloomy truth考研词汇annual[ˈænjuəl］a.每年的，年度的；n.年刊，年鉴［真题例句］ Canada s premiers (the leaders of provincial government), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual (a.) meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.［2005年新题型］［例句精译］加拿大的省政府官员们在六月末年会上对政府当局怨声载道，在此之余,他们应该花一点时间来做一些实事，尽量减少健康福利的支出。

大甩卖英语作文

大甩卖英语作文As the sun rose on a bright Saturday morning, the town was abuzz with anticipation for the annual community garage sale. The event, known for its vast array of items and incredible bargains, was a much-awaited occasion for bargain hunters and collectors alike.I arrived early, eager to secure the best finds before the crowd descended. The first stall I came across was a treasure trove of vintage books, their musty scent wafting through the air. The elderly seller, with a twinkle in her eye, offered me a "pick any three for a dollar" deal. It was a booklover's dream, and I couldn't resist the temptation.Further down the line, a stall overflowing with antique furniture caught my attention. A beautifully carved wooden chest caught my eye, and to my surprise, it was priced at a fraction of its worth. The seller, a jovial man with a knack for storytelling, told me it was a family heirloom that had seen better days. I felt a connection to the piece and decided to give it a new home.The garage sale was not just about the bargains, but also about the community coming together. Neighbors chatted over the shared excitement of a good deal, and laughter echoed through the streets. Children ran around with their new toys, their faces beaming with joy.As the day wore on, the crowd thinned, and the once bustling stalls began to pack up. I left with more than just a few items; I had also collected stories and experiences that made the day memorable. The garage sale was a testament to the joy of discovering hidden gems and the simple pleasure of a community coming together over a shared love for a good deal.。

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• Aggregate demand is a function of: • β= exogenous expenditure, a positive function of the real exchange rate (s-p+p*) • Positive function of domestic real income Y • Negative function of domestic nominal interest rate r
• • • • • Foreign price level corresponds to PPP t1: M1 increases to M2 LR: ΔM=ΔP=ΔS SR: Prices remain at P1 Excess money supply: Lower interest rate domestically than in the rest of the world
Goods market
• Demand for goods= supply for goods • Inflation: gap between aggregate supply and aggregate demand • p˚= domestic price inflation • π= speed of adjustment of prices • d= log of aggregate demand
The Dornbusch Sticky- Price monetarist model
• PPP does not always hold (as the flexible price monetarist model assumes) • Rudiger Dornbusch (1976) • Sticky Price model: goods and labour markets adapt slowly in response to shocks such as changes in money supply. • PPP holds only on the long run, however foreign exchange markets adapt quickly: • Exchange rates appreciate and depreciate in response to shocks • Consequence: price movements don’t match PPP
• Along GG: P˚=0 because goods market is in equilibrium • Including a solution for r from the first equation:
• 2 effects on S: • a)ΔM: corresponds to long- run change in S • b)Δr: as r drops, capital flows out and S depreciates in the short run (IS-LM) • Consequence: Overshooting: • exchange rate depreciates more than
• Dornbusch model assumptions: • UIP holds continuously : perfect arbitrage of expected returns in the capital markets • Goods and labour prices (wages) adapt slowly: wages are revised periodically and firms adjust prices slowly. • Belief that long- run exchange rates will be determined by PPP • Economy is initially in equilibrium r1which equals
Figure 7.2 The dynamics of the Dornbusch overshooting model
The model
• Assumption: Small country • r*= world interest rate • LR:
• Expected rate of depreciation of a currency is given by θ= speed of adjustment parameter and • Ŝ-S= gap between current exchange rate S and its long- run equilibrium value Ŝ • S>Ŝ: S will be expected to appreciate and vice versa
• ΔM=ΔP=ΔS
• in demand for domestic goods • Output is fixed: Prices rise: increased demand for money • Interest rate drops: • Increase in demand for goods: exchange rate appreciates • Over time: price level rises fromP1 to P and exchange rate appreciates from S2 to Ŝ
world interest rate
• No expected appreciation or depreciation of the currency
• M1= Domestic money stock • P1= Domestic price level • S1= exchange rate

The_Dornbusch_Sticky-_Price_monetarist_model (1)

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考研英语阅读例题basketcases购物篮里有乾坤

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