2010美国空气质量标准National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
中美两国环境空气质量标准比较
万方数据
第１５卷第６期
李锦菊等中美两国环境空气质量标准比较２００３年１２月
护，如哮喘病患者、儿童、老年人等；二级标准以保护 自然生态及公众福利为主要对象，包括防止能见度 降低和防止对动物、庄稼、蔬菜及建筑物等的损害。
美国的一级标准ｌ＝ｊ中国的二级、三级标准所保 护的对象相当；美国的二级标准与中国的一级标准 所保护的刑象相当。 １．４污染物项目
第１５卷第６期
·标准化·
环境监测管理与技术２０Ｑ３年１２月
中美两国环境空气质量标准比较
李锦菊，沈亦钦 （上海市环境监测中心，上海２０００３０）
摘要：比较ｒ中美两圈环境空气质量标准的制定依据、功能区划分、标准级别、污染物项目、取值时间和污染物质量
浓度限值等内容。指出美国环境空气质量标准的修订频次高于我国；污染物控制项目较我圈少；标准级别的制定和污染物
高于中国同类标准，美国一级标准
８ ｈ均值（１０州拧）与中国二级标
准的ｌ ｈ均值（１０ ｒｎ∥矗）相同 美国一级、二级标准１ ｈ均值 （ｏ ２３５ ｍ∥一）高于中国同类标准
美国一级、二级标准的季平均值 （１ ５似／一）与中国同类标准相同
美国标准的质封浓 度限值较中国宽松 美国标准的质量浓 度限值较中国宽松
国一级标准臼均值（０ ３６５。∥一） 高于中国同类标准；美国二级标准
３ ｈ均值（１ ３耐ｏ）高于中国同类
标准ｌ ｈ均值（ｏ １５。嘴／一）
美嗣标准的质量浓 度限值较中国宽松； 中国标准的质量浓 度限值则更细致 具悍
按年平均、日平均取值时ｆＨＪ分别给 出３个级别的质量浓度限值
按年平均、日甲均取值时问分别给 ｍ ３个级别的质量浓度限值
《清洁空气法》于１９９７年在１９７１年、１９７３年、１９７８ 年、１９７９年、１９８０年、１９８７年、１９９０年等版本不断修 订的基础上重新编制的。 １．２功能区类别
空气指数标准范围
空气指数标准范围一、背景与意义空气质量指数（Air Quality Index，简称AQI）是评估空气质量好坏的指标，它直观地反映了空气中的各种污染物的含量，对指导公众的健康防护和环境保护具有重要意义。
随着工业化、城市化进程的加速，空气污染问题日益严重，因此制定合理的空气指数标准范围至关重要。
它不仅为公众提供必要的信息，以避免或减少户外活动，还为政府和环保部门提供决策依据，以制定和实施有效的污染控制措施。
二、全球主要国家和地区的空气指数标准范围世界各地由于地理、气候、工业结构等因素的影响，空气质量存在差异，因此各国的空气指数标准范围也有所不同。
以下是一些主要国家和地区空气指数标准范围的简要概述：1.美国：美国环保署（EPA）规定，空气质量指数在0-100之间为良好，低于50为优，51-100为良，101-150为不健康到敏感人群，151-200为不健康，201以上为危险。
2.欧洲：欧洲标准对空气质量的要求相对较高。
以PM2.5为例，欧洲的标准是日均值不超过25微克/立方米，年均值不超过20微克/立方米。
3.中国：中国的空气质量指数标准分为六级，一级为优（0-50），二级为良（51-100），三级为轻度污染（101-150），四级为中度污染（151-200），五级为重度污染（201-300），六级为严重污染（>300）。
三、空气指数标准范围的比较与差异各国的空气指数标准范围的差异主要体现在对污染物的种类、浓度限值和评价方法上。
例如，中国的空气质量指数主要关注PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2等污染物，而欧洲则更加注重NO2、O3等污染物的控制。
此外，不同国家和地区的标准制定还考虑到本地的气候、地理、人口密度等因素。
四、结论与展望总体而言，各国在制定空气指数标准范围时都遵循了健康优先的原则，并力求在本国特定的环境条件下实现最佳的空气质量。
然而，随着全球气候变化和污染问题的日益复杂化，各国也需要不断更新和完善其空气质量标准，以确保公众的健康和生态的平衡。
美国国家空气质量标准
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, parts per billion (ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).(1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year.(2) Final rule signed October 15, 2008.(3) The official level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard(4) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb (effective January 22, 2010).(5) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.(6) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.(7) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35µg/m3 (effective December 17, 2006).(8) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. (effective May 27, 2008)(9) (a) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm.(b) The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.(c) EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards (set in March 2008).(10) (a) EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard ("anti-backsliding").(b) The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1.(11) (a) Final rule signed June 2, 2010. To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 75 ppb.。
环境空气质量标准一览
环境空气质量标准一览近年来，环境污染问题日益引起人们的关注。
尤其是空气质量的下降，给人们的健康和生活环境带来了巨大的威胁。
为了保护公众的健康和改善空气质量，各国纷纷制定了环境空气质量标准。
本文将对几个主要国家和地区的环境空气质量标准进行一览介绍。
一、中国环境空气质量标准中国是世界上人口最多的国家之一，也是环境污染问题较为严重的国家之一。
为了解决空气污染问题，中国制定了一系列环境空气质量标准。
其中，最重要的是《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095-2012）。
该标准将空气质量分为六个等级，分别为一级至六级，一级为最好，六级为最差。
标准中规定了多种空气污染物的限值浓度，如二氧化硫、二氧化氮、颗粒物等。
此外，中国还制定了《机动车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法》（GB 18352.5-2013）等相关标准，以控制机动车尾气排放对空气质量的影响。
二、美国环境空气质量标准美国是全球环境保护的领先国家之一，其环境空气质量标准也十分严格。
美国环境保护署（EPA）制定了一系列环境空气质量标准，其中最重要的是《国家环境空气质量标准》（NAAQS）。
NAAQS将空气质量分为六个指标，包括臭氧、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、颗粒物和铅。
标准中规定了每个指标的限值浓度，以及相应的监测和评估方法。
此外，美国还制定了《清洁空气法案》（Clean Air Act），以加强对空气质量的管理和保护。
三、欧盟环境空气质量标准欧盟是一个由28个成员国组成的政治和经济联盟，其环境空气质量标准也由欧盟委员会制定。
欧盟环境空气质量标准将空气质量分为四个等级，分别为优良、良好、一般和差。
标准中规定了多种空气污染物的限值浓度，如二氧化硫、二氧化氮、颗粒物等。
此外，欧盟还制定了《大气质量框架指令》（Ambient Air Quality Directives），以协调成员国的环境保护措施。
四、日本环境空气质量标准日本是一个高度工业化的国家，其环境空气质量标准也非常重要。
美国大气污染物排放标准体系特征及借鉴意义
美国大气污染物排放标准体系特征及借鉴意义中国环境学会 2011年06月22日张旭，梅风乔* (环境科学与工程学院，北京大学，北京，100871) Email:*************.cn摘要：大气污染物排放标准是防治空气污染，限制污染物排放的关键措施。
美国的大气污染物排放标准体系以清洁空气法和联邦法规法典为依托，分为固定污染源和移动污染源两个子系，其中固定源标准体系中又以针对新建排放源的NSPS标准和针对有毒有害污染物的NESHAP标准为核心，对常规污染物的现有排放源通过州的实施计划进行控制落实。
整个标准体系技术导向明显，行业划分细致，注重公众健康，对于完善我国现行的大气污染物排放标准体系具有积极的借鉴意义。
关键词：大气污染物排放标准，体系特征，技术原则，行业，借鉴意义。
污染物排放标准是美国为达到环境质量标准所采取的技术强制措施[1]。
大气污染物排放标准主要内涵于清洁空气法(CAA，Clean Air Act)[2]和美国联邦法规法典(CFR，Code of Federal Regulation)[3]，属于法律的组成部分。
本文从排放标准所处的政策环境入手，凸显其整体的技术要素，并依固定污染源和移动污染源展开，分别探析其各自的特征，从而得出完善我国大气污染物排放标准体系的建议。
相关政策架构及技术体现[4]美国的清洁空气防治策略规定细致，层次分明。
基于保护人体健康的根本出发点，其以国家环境空气质量标准（NAAQS，National Ambient Air Quality Standard）为基础，结合州的实施计划（SIP，State Implementation Plan）、污染物排放标准、许可证制度等政策措施，对固定源和移动源分别进行控制，其中以排放标准对污染物浓度的减排作用尤为突出，有效地保证了整个大气环境质量。
如图1所示，美国的整个空气污染防治政策布局主要贯穿于横纵多条主线之间，充分体现出“技术导向”的根本特征：其一，从横向角度，图1的右侧主要是国家环境空气质量标准的体现。
国内外环境空气质量标准对比
二级：居住 区、商业交 通居民混合 区、文化区、 工业区和农
村地区，执 行二类标准
Ambient air quality standards
CO
SO2 NO2 O3
Pb
PM2.5
环境空气质量标准GB3095-2012
CO
SO2 NO2 O3
Pb
PM2.5
1、CO的浓度限值比较
欧盟 0.025
0.015 中国一级、美国次级
中国二级 0.035
（mg/m3）
国内外PM2.5年均浓度限值比较
国内一、二级标准 4.00
28.60 韩国
美国 40.00
（mg/m3）
国内外CO小时浓度限值比较
2、SO2的浓度限值比较
美国初级 0.075
中国一级、韩国 0.15
0.1 日本
0.5 中国二级
泰国 0.78
（mg/m3）
国内外SO2小时浓度限值比较
2、SO2的浓度限值比较
WHO 0.02
日本 0.105
5、Pb的浓度限值比较
美国季均 0.15
中国季均 1
0.5 中国、欧盟、韩国年均
（μg/m3）
国内外Pb年均和季均浓度限值比较
6、PM2.5的浓度限值比较
中国一级、美国 0.035
0.04 泰国
中国二级 0.075
（mg/m3）
国内外PM2.5日均浓度限值比较
6、PM2.5的浓度限值比较
美国初级 0.012
TSP
Ambient air quality standards
环境空气质量标准GB3095-2012
初级：初级 标准保护公 众健康，包 括“敏感” 人群: 如哮 喘病人，儿 童和老人
美国室内空气质量标准(英文版)
INTRODUCTIONThe average person sends approximately 90% of their time indoors. Studies haveindicated that indoor air is often dirtier and/or contains higher levels of contaminants than outdoor air. Because of this and increased awareness regarding poor indoor air quality (IAQ), it is not surprising that the number of reported employee complaints of discomfort and illness in non-industrial workplaces is increasing.WHEN DID POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY BECOME A PROBLEM?Beginning in the mid-1970s, IAQ complaints increased for two reasons. The main reason was the impact of the energy crisis. To reduce heating and cooling costs, buildings were made “airtight” with insulation and sealed windows. In addition, the amount of outside air introduced into buildings was reduced. The second reason is that more chemical-containing products,office supplies, equipment, and pesticides have been introduced into the office environment increasing employee exposure. Thesechanges created IAQ health problems known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) or Building-Related Illnesses (BRI).WHAT IS SICK BUILDINGSYNDROME?A workplace is characterized with SBS when a substantial number of building occupants experience health and comfort problems that can be related to working indoors. Additionally,Richard J. Codey Acting GovernorINDOOR AIR QUALITYPublic Employees Occupational Safety andHealth ProgramNovember, 2004the reported symptoms do not fit the pattern of any particular illness, are difficult to trace to any specific source, and relief from thesesymptoms occurs upon leaving the building.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF SICKBUILDING SYNDROME?Employee symptoms of SBS may include headaches; eye, nose, and throat irritation; dry or itchy skin; fatigue; dizziness; nausea; and loss of concentration.WHAT ARE BUILDING-RELATEDILLNESSES?A workplace is characterized with BRI when a relatively small number of employees experience health problems. Symptomsassociated with BRI are generally different from those associated with SBS and are often accompanied by physical signs that are identified by a physician and/or laboratoryfindings. Relief from the illness may not occur upon leaving the building. BRI are caused by microbial contamination and/or specificchemical exposures that can result in allergic and/or infectious responses. Microbialcontamiantion occurs when viruses, bacteria,or molds accumulate in areas such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) systems, water-damaged ceiling tiles and carpets, hot water heaters, andhumidifiers. Chemical exposures can be generated from specific sources within the workplace, such as formaldehyde emitted from newly installed carpets.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OFBUILDING-RELATED ILLNESSES?Employee symptoms of BRI may include eye, nose, throat, and upper respiratory irritation; skin irritation or rashes; chills; fever; cough; chest tightness; congestion; sneezing; runny nose; muscle aches; and pneumonia. Examples of BRI include asthma; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; multiple chemical sensitivity; and Legionnaires’ Disease.WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC CAUSESOF SBS AND BRI?The IAQ problems that cause SBS and/or BRI may include:Lack of fresh air;If insufficient fresh air is introduced intooccupied spaces, the air becomes stagnant and odors and contaminants accumulate.Lack of fresh air in occupied areas is thenumber one cause of SBS.Poorly maintained or operated ventilation systems;Mechanial ventilation systems must beproperly maintained and operated based on the original design or prescribed procedures.If these systems are neglected, their ability to provide adequate IAQ decreases. Oneproblem associated with poorly maintainedsystems is missing, overloaded, or inefficient filters. This can cause higher levels of dust, pollen, and cigarette smoke to enteroccupied spaces. Another problem isclogged condensate drain pans and drainlines in HVAC systems, which allow water to accumulate. The accumulation of water can lead to microbial contamination. Poorlymaintained ventilation systems cancontribute to both SBS and BRI.Disruption of air circulation throughout the occupied spaces;The quality of the air depends on the effectiveness of air distribution. If the air circulation is disrupted, blocked, or otherwise does not reach occupied areas, it can become stagnant. File cabinets, bookshelves, stored boxes, dropped ceiling tiles, added office walls, cubicles, and partitions can block or divert the supply of air to occupied spaces.Poorly regulated temperature and relative humidity levels;If the temperature and/or relative humidity levels are too high or too low, employees may experience discomfort, loss of concentration, eye and throat irritation, dry skin, sinus headaches, nosebleeds, and the inability to wear contact lenses. If relative humidity levels are too high, microbial contamination can build up and can cause BRI.Indoor and outdoor sources of contamination;Chemical emissions can contribute to BRI and SBS. Chemical contaminants in an office environment either originate from indoor sources or are introduced from outdoor sources. Common sources include emissions from office machinery or photocopiers; cigarette smoke; insulation; pesticides; wood products; synthetic plastics; newly installed carpets; glues and adhesives; new furnishings; cleaning fluids; paints; solvents; boiler emissions; vehicle exhaust; roof renovations; and contaminated air from exhaust stacks. Contaminants found in indoor environments can also include radon; ozone; formaldehyde; volatile organic compounds; ammonia; carbon monoxide; particulates; nitrogen and sulfure oxides; and asbestos.2WHAT IS CONSIDEREDACCEPTABLE IAQ?The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) defines acceptable IAQ as:“air in which there are no knowncontaminants at harmful concentrations asdetermined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not expressdissatisfaction.”WHAT CAN BE DONE IF THE AIRQUALITY IS UNACCEPTABLE?In order to understand and resolve IAQ problems and concerns, standard investigative procedures should be followed. Investigating IAQ complaints, however, can be very complicated due to employee concerns, unknown sources of contamination, and the complexities of buildings and their ventilation systems. The New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Program recommends the following general investigative procedures:•Conduct employee interviews to obtainpertinent information regarding whatsymptoms are being experienced, howmany employees are affected, when theyare affected, where they work, what theydo, etc. - this information may identifypossible IAQ problems;•Review building operations andmaintenance procedures to determinewhen and what type of chemicals are being used during cleaning, floor waxing andstripping, painting, gluing, pesticidespraying, roofing operations, and renovation and construction activities, etc. - alsodetermine when deliveries occur, whichmay generate vehicle exhaust, or iffurniture, drapery, or office equipment hasbeen recently installed;•Conduct a walk-through inspection toevaluate possible sources that maycontribute to IAQ complaints;•Inspect the HVAC system, window airconditioners, office dehumidifiers, etc., inorder to determine if the systems areworking properly and are in good condition;•Review the building blueprints of theductwork and ventilation system todetermine if the system is adequatelydesigned;•Conduct air sampling, if necessary, todetermine if specific contaminants arepresent or if adequate fresh air is beingsupplied.HOW CAN IAQ PROBLEMS BE CORRECTED AND/OR PREVENTED? ENSURE ADEQUATE FRESH AIR SUPPLYThis has been shown to be the single most effective method for correcting and preventing IAQ problems and complaints. To ensure that adequate fresh air is supplied to occupied spaces, the following is recommended:• A preventive maintenance schedule mustbe developed and followed in accordancewith the manufacturer’s recommendationsor with accepted practice to ensure that theventilation systems are properly checked,maintained, and documented.•The preventive maintenance scheduleshould include the inspection andmaintenance of ventilation equipment and/or system, making sure that:−outdoor air supply dampers are opened as designed and remain unobstructed;3−fan belts are operating properly, in good condition, and replaced when necessary;−equipment parts are lubricated;−motors are properly functioning and in good operating condition;−diffusers are open and unobstructed for adequate air mixing;−the system is properly balanced;−filters are properly installed and replaced at specified intervals;−components that are damaged orinoperable are replaced or repaired as appropriate; and −condensate pans are properly draining and in good condition.•To achieve acceptable IAQ, outdoor airshould be adequately distributed to all office areas at a minimum rate of 20 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person OR theconcentration of all known contaminants of concern be restricted to some specified acceptable levels as identified in ASHRAE’s “Ventiliation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard.•To determine if the ventilation system iseffectively providing adequate fresh air,carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels should be measured; ASHRAE sets the standard(ASHRAE 62-1989) of 1000 ppm of CO 2 as the maximum recommended level for acceptable IAQ; CO 2, a byproduct of human respiration, is an indicator of the lack of fresh outdoor air and is not considered harmful at this level.•If possible, gauges should be installed toprovide information on air volumes delivered by supply and return fans.Maintenance staff should be trained to read the gauges and respond appropriately.• A sufficient supply of outside air should beprovided to all occupied spaces. Aninsufficient supply can cause the building to be at negative pressure, allowing untreated air and/or contaminants to infiltrate from outside. This can be determined byobserving the direction of air movement at windows and doors. In order to prevent this problem, the air supply and exhaust system must be properly balanced.•If the office layout is changed (e.g., byerecting partitions or new walls), ensure that adequate air flow and distribution is maintained.•Ventilation system filters should have amoderate efficiency rating (60% or more),as measured by the ASHRAE atmospheric dust spot test, and be of an extended surface type. To determine if the filters have the appropriate efficiency rating,check with the manufacturer. Prefilters (e.g., roll type) should be used before air passes through higher efficiency filters.•Avoid overcrowding of employees, andmake sure that the proper amount of outdoor air is provided based on the number of occupants.ELIMINATE OR CONTROL ALL KNOWN AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS,BOTH CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL To Control Chemical Contamination:•Hazardous chemicals should be removed orsubstituted by less hazardous or non-hazardous chemicals, where possible.•Properly store all chemicals to minimizeexposure hazards.4•Use local exhaust ventilation to capture and remove contaminants generated by specific processes where appropriate. Ensure that local exhaust does not recirculate the contaminated air, but directly exhausts the contaminant outdoors. Check with the manufacturer of your office machines for guidance on ventilation requirements for their equipment.•Check to be sure that HVAC fresh air intakes or other building vents or openings are not located in close proximity to potential sources of contamination (e.g., places where motor vehicle emissions collect, downwind of exhausts, cooling towers). If necessary, raise stacks or relocate intakes or exhausts.•Isolate areas of renovation such as painting, carpet installation, etc., from occupied nonconstruction areas, through use of physical barriers and isolation of involved ventilation systems. If possible, perform this type of work in the evening or on weekends. Supplying the maximum amount of fresh air to these areas can assist in the dispersion of contaminant levels.•Use a licensed pesticide applicator for pesticide applications and follow their recommendations regarding appropriate ventilation controls.•Eliminate or reduce cigarette smoke. Smoking restrictions or designated smoking areas should be considered. The air from designated smoking areas must not be recirculated to non-smoking areas of the building.To Control Microbial Contamination:•Promptly detect and permanently repair all areas where water collection or leakage has occurred.•Maintain relative humidity at less than 60% in all occupied spaces and low air-velocity plenums. During the summer, cooling coils should be run at a low enough temperature to properly dehumidify conditioned air.•Check for, correct, and prevent further accumulation of stagnant water by maintaining proper drainage of drain pans under the cooling coils.•Due to dust or dirt accumulation ormoisture-related problems downstream ofheat exchange components (as in ductworkor plenum), additional filtration downstream may be necessary before air is introducedinto occupied areas.•Heat exchange components and drain pans should be accessible so maintenance personnel can easily inspect and clean them. Access panels or doors should be installed where needed.•Non-porous surfaces where moisture collection has promoted microbial growth(e.g., drain pans, cooling coils) should be properly cleaned and disinfected. Careshould be taken to ensure that these chemical cleaners are removed before ventilation systems are reactivated.•Porous building materials contaminated with microbial growth, such as carpets and ceiling tiles, must be replaced or disinfected to effectively eliminate contamination. Note that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends that contaminated porous materials should be discarded.5RESOURCESAgencies and organizations that provide information on indoor air quality:New Jersey State Department of Health and Senior ServicesPEOSH Program, 7th FloorPO Box 360Trenton, NJ 08625-0360(609) 984-1863The PEOSH Program has an Indoor Air Quality Standard (N.J.A.C. 100-13) for public employees in New Jersey. The following publications, including a copy of the standard and additional information may be obtained from the above address or the PEOSH web site at www.nj/gov/health/eoh/peoshweb:*PEOSH “Indoor Air Quality Model Program”;*The American Industrial Hygiene Association’s Consultants’ List;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Mold in the Workplace, Prevention and Control”;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Renovation and Construction in Schools, Controlling Health and Safety Hazards”.U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyIndoor Air Quality Information ClearinghousePO Box 37133Washington, D.C. 20013-7133(800) 438-4318The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has various publications on indoor air quality in the home, at schools, and in offices. The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the USEPA IAQ Information Clearinghouse web site at /iaq/iaqxline.html.American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsKemper Woods Center1330 Kemper Meadow DriveCincinnati, OH 45240(513) 742-2020The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has a publication that addresses indoor bioaerosols issues, “Bioaerosols-Assessment and Control” Publication #3180. This publication can be obtained from the above address.American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has two publications that are especially useful:*ASHRAE 62-2001 “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard, and*ASHRAE 55-1992 “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy” Standard.The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the ASHRAE web site at / store.ORIG PRINTED 11/94, REV 7/96, REV 10/046PEOSH PROGRAM READER RESPONSE CARDINDOOR AIR QUALITYDear Reader:Please take a few minutes to help us evaluate this publication. Please check the following:Check the category that best describes your position: manageremployeeeducatorsafety professional occupational health professional other (specify)researcherhealth care worker____________________________________Check the category that best describes your workplace:academiamunicipal government labor organization state government municipal utilities authorityother (specify)county government____________________________________Describe how thoroughly you read this publication: cover-to-coversections of interest only (specify)________________________ other (specify)________________________How will you use this information (check all that apply): change the work environment provide information not usedchange a procedure copy and distribute other (specify)assist in researchin training__________________change training curriculum__________________Which section did you find most useful?Which section did you find the least useful and why?Other occupational health topics on which you would like to see the PEOSH Program develop an information bulletin:Other comments and suggestions:C u t h e r e , f o l d i n t h i r d s , t a p e .November 2004NO POSTAGENECESSARYIF MAILEDIN THEUNITED STATESBUSINESS R EPL Y M AILFIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 206TRENTON, NJPOSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEESTATE OF NEW JERSEYDEPT OF HEALTH & SENIOR SERVICESPEOSH PROGRAMPO BOX 360TRENTON, NEW JERSEY 08625-9985。
美国大气污染物排放标准概述
美国大气污染物排放标准概述1标准建立简史上世纪40年代后期，洛杉矶等大城市空气质量恶化，联邦政府相继出台针对空气污染物的联邦空气污染法、空气质量法，建立了初步的国家环境空气质量标准。
1970年以后，国家环境空气质量标准（National Ambient Air Quality Standards, NAAQS）和国家有毒空气污染物排放标准（National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, NESHAP）列入清洁空气法中。
此时联邦政府已经意识到，污染物控制应该与人体健康的安全浓度相适应。
此后20年，联邦环保署（EPA）一直在寻找更好的方法，确定污染物的安全阈值。
1989年，美国国会根据企业年度报告，提出了最初的189种有害大气污染物（HAPs）清单。
同时，EPA提出2000年为时间界限，确定所有HAPs的排放源，并提出排放源的技术控制标准。
1990年，EPA修订了清洁空气法（CAAA），着眼于工业源分类制定标准，修订案可确定HAPs及排放源。
2000年，EPA对所识别各类排放源均建立了标准，并允许源类别增删。
美国大气污染物排放标准大事记2标准体系美国的大气污染物排放标准是将常规大气污染物和有害大气污染物分别制定的。
常规污染物包括已制定国家空气质量标准的颗粒物、CO、O3、NOX、SO2和PM10等，以及尚未制定空气质量标准且基准文件尚未发布的污染物。
常规污染物排放标准适用为现源、制定污染物（现源）、新源3种情况。
新污染源国家实施标准（New Source Performance Standard,NSPS）由EPA制定针对新建或在建污染源排放的常规大气污染物，一旦某污染源按照NSPS管理即成为受控设施。
NSPS有两种形式，1）数值排放标准；2）设施、设备、运行、操作标准。
当污染源不通过一定的排放口进行排放，或该污染源由于经济、技术原因不适用数值排放标准时，采用操作标准。
NAAQS 国家环境空气标准
EPA has used this
authority to develop regional trading programs for large electric utilities
环保署利用这一权力制定了 针对大型电力公用事业的 地区交易计划
EPA review and approval 环保署 审查和批准
环保署 根据环境空气质量监测结果将全国各地 区划分为以下几类： (i)未达标…不符合标准，或造成其它地区不达 标的地区 (ii)达标…符合标准 (iii) 无法分级…没有充分的数据来确定地区的 适当状态
(iii) unclassifiable…insufficient data to determine appropriate status
Federal - State Partnership in Implementing Air Quality Standards under the U. S. Clean Air Act 联邦和州在根据美国《清洁空气法》实施空气质量 标准中的合作
Lessons Learned
Sara Schneeberg Assistant General Counsel U. S. EPA Office of General Counsel
NAAQS 国家环境空气标准
EPA sets national standards
for pollutants without considering cost
环保署 在不考虑成本的情况下
设定全国污染物防治标准
Primary standards must protect margin of safety
Regional Planning 区域规划
空气质量指数 标准
空气质量指数标准
空气质量指数（Air Quality Index, AQI）是用于测定空气污染程度的
指标，也是描述空气质量状况的一种方法。
AQI通常由六个污染物的
浓度计算得出，包括二氧化硫、氮氧化物、臭氧、PM2.5、PM10和
一氧化碳等。
AQI标准是根据不同国家或地区的污染物排放量、对人体健康的危害
程度和治理技术状况等因素而制定的。
在我国，AQI标准是由国家质
检总局、国家环保部印发实施的，具体分为六级，分别为：一级、二级、三级、四级、五级和六级。
其中，一级为最优，六级为最劣。
具体地说，我国AQI标准是针对PM2.5的日均浓度制定的。
一级标准是日均浓度小于或等于35微克/立方米，二级标准是小于或等于75微克/立方米，三级标准是小于或等于115微克/立方米，四级标准是小
于或等于150微克/立方米，五级标准是小于或等于250微克/立方米，六级为大于250微克/立方米。
值得注意的是，我国AQI标准主要针对PM2.5，但是其他污染物的浓度也会影响空气质量指数。
因此，当AQI较高时，应该注意减少户外
活动和开窗通风，以保护自身健康。
总的来说，AQI标准是衡量空气质量的重要因素。
在我国，AQI标准
作为治理污染的指导标准，对保护环境和人民健康起到了重要作用。
我们应该积极了解和遵守AQI标准，同时也应该关注污染治理的进展，为创建美好的环境贡献力量。
中外环境空气质量标准比较
环 境 科 学 研 究 Research of Environmental Sciences
Vol. 23 ， No. 3 Mar. ， 2010
中外环境空气质量标准比较
王宗爽 ，武 婷 ，车 飞 ，王 晟 ，周羽化 ，钱小平 ，武雪芳
100012
*
中国环境科学研究院环境标准研究所，北京
表1 Table 1
国家 地区 组织 WHO 美国 年份 1997 2005 2006 2008 1999 2000 欧盟 2002 2004 2008 日本 澳大利亚 加拿大 中国 1997 1999 2001 1998 2003 1998 2000
， 准则 》 以及美国 、 墨 西 哥、 加 拿 大、 欧 盟、 英 国、 澳大 利亚 、 中 国、 中 国 台 湾、 中 国 香 港、 日 本、 印 度、 印 尼、 尼泊尔 、 菲律宾 、 新加坡 、 斯里兰卡 、 泰国 、 越南 、 韩国 等国家 、 地区和组织的空气质量标准 . 采用 SPSS 软 件对各国家 、 地区和 组 织 的 空 气 质 量 标 准 中 的 污 染 物项目进行聚类分析 .
国家环境空气质量标准是国家环境空气质量管 理工作的出发点和 归 结 点 展
［ 2］ ［ 1］
保障人体健 康 、 维 护 生 态 环 境 安 全、 促进社会 管理， 经济发展等方面发 挥 了 积 极 作 用 . 2000 年 后， 中国 人民生活水平显著提高， 对环境 社会经济迅猛发展， 空气质量的要求也 显 著 提 高；然 而 中 国 环 境 空 气 污 染依然严 重
The internationபைடு நூலகம்l status of ambient air quality standards from 1997
美国最新的空气污染环保排放标准-火力发电厂-中美环保标准对比
美国发电厂污染物排放最新标准根据《洁净空气法案》（CAA）第111章和112章规定和要求，2011年12月16日，美国环保署签署了一项电厂减排有毒空气污染物的法令，包括燃煤燃油电厂锅炉有毒空气污染物排放国家标准（NESHAP）和新燃烧化石燃料电站、工商业设施锅炉性能标准（NSPS）。
2012年4月16日生效。
特别是，汞及空气污染物排放标准（MATS）规定现有和新建的燃煤、燃油锅炉都要实行减排；同时修订了新排放源性能标准。
英文缩写解释：NESHAP: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 有毒空气污染物国家排放标准NSPS：New Source Performance Standards 新排放源性能标准CAA: Clean Air Act 洁净空气行动MATS: Mercury and Air Toxics Standards：汞及空气污染物标准EGUs： Electric utility steam generating units 蒸汽发电设备MCAT：Maximum Achievable Control Technology 最大限度控制技术Federal Register：联邦纪事一、燃煤和燃油发电机组有毒空气污染物排放国家标准《发电厂汞及空气污染物排放标准》与原来提议的基本相同。
不一样的几点：（1）调整了排放限制，包括利用可吸入颗粒物而不是总的颗粒物替代金属污染物；（2）对煤的分类进行了修改；（3）为了统一，改进监测系统（4）可以用多台机组的平均值；这是第一个燃煤和燃油电厂减少汞及其他空气污染物的国家清洁空气行动标准。
根据新标准，自２０１６年起，发电厂必须采用目前广泛使用并得到认证的污染控制技术，大幅度削减可吸入颗粒物、汞、砷、镍、硒、酸性气体、氰化物等有毒物质的排放。
发电厂是美国汞、砷、氰化物的最大排放源，50％汞和77％酸性气体排放来自电厂。
NAAQS 国家环境空气标准..
初级标准必须实现公共健康 保护并拥有足够安全裕度
次级标准保护环境福祉
Secondary standards protect environmental welfare
NAAQS (continued) 国家环境空气标准（续）
EPA must review each
standard every 5 years and revise if appropriate
State Implementation 州级实施计划 (SIP)
Plans (SIP) States prepare plans to quickly attain the standards, and to maintain attainment EPA reviews and approves the SIPs 各州制定旨在快速达 标并保持达标状态的 计划 环保署 审查和批准 SIP
经验教训
萨拉 史尼伯格 法律总顾问助理 美国联邦环保署法律顾问办公室
Summary of Air Quality Planning
空气质量规划概要
National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS)
《国家环境空气质量标准》
(NAAQS)
EPA sets ambient standards to protect public heal和福祉的环境标 准
Area Designations
地区划分
EPA designates areas as attaining or not attaining the standards
环保署 将各个地区划分 为达标或未达标地区
附件一我国《环境空气质量标准》演变过程
【附件一】我国《环境空气质量标准》的演变过程我国《环境空气质量标准》首次发布于1982年，其主要内容是规定了环境空气功能区分类、标准分级、污染物项目、平均时间及浓度限值、监测方法、数据统计的有效性规定及实施与监督等。
此后分别于1996年、2012年进行了修改。
以下是其演变过程：一、我国于1982年制定和发布了首部《大气环境质量标准》，即GB3095-82，该标准中列入了总悬浮微粒(TSP)、飘尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、一氧化碳和光化学氧化剂(O3)等6种污染物的浓度标准。
二、环境空气质量标准GB3095-1996（1996年修订）主要内容：1、按环境空气质量功能区分为三类：一类区为自然保护区、风景名胜区和其它需要特殊保护的地区；二类区为城镇规划中确定的居民区、商业交通居民混合区、文化区、一般工业区和农村地区；三类区为特定工业区。
2、空气环境质量分为三级：一类区执行一级标准，二类区执行二级标准，三类区执行三级标准。
具体而言，一级标准为保护自然生态和人群健康，在长期接触情况下，不发生任何危害性影响的空气质量要求；二级标准为保护人群健康和城市、乡村的动植物，在长期和短期的接触情况下，不发生伤害的空气质量要求；三级标准为保护人群不发生急慢性中毒和城市一般动植物(敏感者除外)正常生长的空气质量要求。
3、主要监测的污染物及其浓度限值：三、《环境空气质量标准》（GB3095-1996）修改单（2000年）主要修改内容：1、取消氮氧化物（NOX）指标。
2、二氧化氮（NO2）的二级标准的年平均浓度限值由0.04mg/m3改为0.08mg/m3;日平均浓度限值由0.08mg/m3改为0.12mg/m3;小时平均浓度限值由0.12mg/m3改为0.24mg/m3。
4、臭氧（O3）的一级标准的小时平均浓度限值由0.12mg/m3改为0.16mg/m3;二级标准的小时平均浓度限值由0.16mg/m3改为0.20mg/m3。
空气质量指数（AirQualit...
11．空⽓质量指数（Air Quality Index，简称AQI）是定量描述空⽓质量状况的指数，空⽓质量按照AQI⼤⼩分为六级，0～50为优；51～100为良；101～150为轻度污染；151～200为中度污染；201～300为重度污染；⼤于300为严重污染．⼀环保⼈⼠当地某年的AQI记录数据中，随机抽取10个，⽤茎叶图记录如图．根据该统计数据，估计此地该年AQI⼤于100的天数约为为146．（该年为365天）
分析根据该样本中AQI⼤于100的频数求出频率，由此估计该地全年AQI⼤于100的频率与频数．
解答解：该样本中AQI⼤于100的频数是4，频率为$\frac{2}{5}$，
由此估计该地全年AQI⼤于100的频率为$\frac{2}{5}$，
估计此地该年AQI⼤于100的天数约为365×$\frac{2}{5}$=146（天）．
故答案为：146．
点评本题主要考查了茎叶图以及频率、频数的计算问题，是基础题⽬．。
美国国家空气质量标准
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, parts per billion (ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).(1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year.(2) Final rule signed October 15, 2008.(3) The official level of the annual NOstandard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown2here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard(4) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb (effective January 22, 2010).(5) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.(6) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.(7) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35µg/m3 (effective December 17, 2006).(8) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. (effective May 27, 2008)(9) (a) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm.(b) The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.(c) EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards (set in March 2008).(10) (a) EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard ("anti-backsliding").(b) The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1.(11) (a) Final rule signed June 2, 2010. To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 75 ppb.。
美国室内空气质量标准(英文版)
INTRODUCTIONThe average person sends approximately 90% of their time indoors. Studies haveindicated that indoor air is often dirtier and/or contains higher levels of contaminants than outdoor air. Because of this and increased awareness regarding poor indoor air quality (IAQ), it is not surprising that the number of reported employee complaints of discomfort and illness in non-industrial workplaces is increasing.WHEN DID POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY BECOME A PROBLEM?Beginning in the mid-1970s, IAQ complaints increased for two reasons. The main reason was the impact of the energy crisis. To reduce heating and cooling costs, buildings were made “airtight” with insulation and sealed windows. In addition, the amount of outside air introduced into buildings was reduced. The second reason is that more chemical-containing products,office supplies, equipment, and pesticides have been introduced into the office environment increasing employee exposure. Thesechanges created IAQ health problems known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) or Building-Related Illnesses (BRI).WHAT IS SICK BUILDINGSYNDROME?A workplace is characterized with SBS when a substantial number of building occupants experience health and comfort problems that can be related to working indoors. Additionally,Richard J. Codey Acting GovernorINDOOR AIR QUALITYPublic Employees Occupational Safety andHealth ProgramNovember, 2004the reported symptoms do not fit the pattern of any particular illness, are difficult to trace to any specific source, and relief from thesesymptoms occurs upon leaving the building.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF SICKBUILDING SYNDROME?Employee symptoms of SBS may include headaches; eye, nose, and throat irritation; dry or itchy skin; fatigue; dizziness; nausea; and loss of concentration.WHAT ARE BUILDING-RELATEDILLNESSES?A workplace is characterized with BRI when a relatively small number of employees experience health problems. Symptomsassociated with BRI are generally different from those associated with SBS and are often accompanied by physical signs that are identified by a physician and/or laboratoryfindings. Relief from the illness may not occur upon leaving the building. BRI are caused by microbial contamination and/or specificchemical exposures that can result in allergic and/or infectious responses. Microbialcontamiantion occurs when viruses, bacteria,or molds accumulate in areas such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) systems, water-damaged ceiling tiles and carpets, hot water heaters, andhumidifiers. Chemical exposures can be generated from specific sources within the workplace, such as formaldehyde emitted from newly installed carpets.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OFBUILDING-RELATED ILLNESSES?Employee symptoms of BRI may include eye, nose, throat, and upper respiratory irritation; skin irritation or rashes; chills; fever; cough; chest tightness; congestion; sneezing; runny nose; muscle aches; and pneumonia. Examples of BRI include asthma; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; multiple chemical sensitivity; and Legionnaires’ Disease.WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC CAUSESOF SBS AND BRI?The IAQ problems that cause SBS and/or BRI may include:Lack of fresh air;If insufficient fresh air is introduced intooccupied spaces, the air becomes stagnant and odors and contaminants accumulate.Lack of fresh air in occupied areas is thenumber one cause of SBS.Poorly maintained or operated ventilation systems;Mechanial ventilation systems must beproperly maintained and operated based on the original design or prescribed procedures.If these systems are neglected, their ability to provide adequate IAQ decreases. Oneproblem associated with poorly maintainedsystems is missing, overloaded, or inefficient filters. This can cause higher levels of dust, pollen, and cigarette smoke to enteroccupied spaces. Another problem isclogged condensate drain pans and drainlines in HVAC systems, which allow water to accumulate. The accumulation of water can lead to microbial contamination. Poorlymaintained ventilation systems cancontribute to both SBS and BRI.Disruption of air circulation throughout the occupied spaces;The quality of the air depends on the effectiveness of air distribution. If the air circulation is disrupted, blocked, or otherwise does not reach occupied areas, it can become stagnant. File cabinets, bookshelves, stored boxes, dropped ceiling tiles, added office walls, cubicles, and partitions can block or divert the supply of air to occupied spaces.Poorly regulated temperature and relative humidity levels;If the temperature and/or relative humidity levels are too high or too low, employees may experience discomfort, loss of concentration, eye and throat irritation, dry skin, sinus headaches, nosebleeds, and the inability to wear contact lenses. If relative humidity levels are too high, microbial contamination can build up and can cause BRI.Indoor and outdoor sources of contamination;Chemical emissions can contribute to BRI and SBS. Chemical contaminants in an office environment either originate from indoor sources or are introduced from outdoor sources. Common sources include emissions from office machinery or photocopiers; cigarette smoke; insulation; pesticides; wood products; synthetic plastics; newly installed carpets; glues and adhesives; new furnishings; cleaning fluids; paints; solvents; boiler emissions; vehicle exhaust; roof renovations; and contaminated air from exhaust stacks. Contaminants found in indoor environments can also include radon; ozone; formaldehyde; volatile organic compounds; ammonia; carbon monoxide; particulates; nitrogen and sulfure oxides; and asbestos.2WHAT IS CONSIDEREDACCEPTABLE IAQ?The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) defines acceptable IAQ as:“air in which there are no knowncontaminants at harmful concentrations asdetermined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not expressdissatisfaction.”WHAT CAN BE DONE IF THE AIRQUALITY IS UNACCEPTABLE?In order to understand and resolve IAQ problems and concerns, standard investigative procedures should be followed. Investigating IAQ complaints, however, can be very complicated due to employee concerns, unknown sources of contamination, and the complexities of buildings and their ventilation systems. The New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Program recommends the following general investigative procedures:•Conduct employee interviews to obtainpertinent information regarding whatsymptoms are being experienced, howmany employees are affected, when theyare affected, where they work, what theydo, etc. - this information may identifypossible IAQ problems;•Review building operations andmaintenance procedures to determinewhen and what type of chemicals are being used during cleaning, floor waxing andstripping, painting, gluing, pesticidespraying, roofing operations, and renovation and construction activities, etc. - alsodetermine when deliveries occur, whichmay generate vehicle exhaust, or iffurniture, drapery, or office equipment hasbeen recently installed;•Conduct a walk-through inspection toevaluate possible sources that maycontribute to IAQ complaints;•Inspect the HVAC system, window airconditioners, office dehumidifiers, etc., inorder to determine if the systems areworking properly and are in good condition;•Review the building blueprints of theductwork and ventilation system todetermine if the system is adequatelydesigned;•Conduct air sampling, if necessary, todetermine if specific contaminants arepresent or if adequate fresh air is beingsupplied.HOW CAN IAQ PROBLEMS BE CORRECTED AND/OR PREVENTED? ENSURE ADEQUATE FRESH AIR SUPPLYThis has been shown to be the single most effective method for correcting and preventing IAQ problems and complaints. To ensure that adequate fresh air is supplied to occupied spaces, the following is recommended:• A preventive maintenance schedule mustbe developed and followed in accordancewith the manufacturer’s recommendationsor with accepted practice to ensure that theventilation systems are properly checked,maintained, and documented.•The preventive maintenance scheduleshould include the inspection andmaintenance of ventilation equipment and/or system, making sure that:−outdoor air supply dampers are opened as designed and remain unobstructed;3−fan belts are operating properly, in good condition, and replaced when necessary;−equipment parts are lubricated;−motors are properly functioning and in good operating condition;−diffusers are open and unobstructed for adequate air mixing;−the system is properly balanced;−filters are properly installed and replaced at specified intervals;−components that are damaged orinoperable are replaced or repaired as appropriate; and −condensate pans are properly draining and in good condition.•To achieve acceptable IAQ, outdoor airshould be adequately distributed to all office areas at a minimum rate of 20 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person OR theconcentration of all known contaminants of concern be restricted to some specified acceptable levels as identified in ASHRAE’s “Ventiliation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard.•To determine if the ventilation system iseffectively providing adequate fresh air,carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels should be measured; ASHRAE sets the standard(ASHRAE 62-1989) of 1000 ppm of CO 2 as the maximum recommended level for acceptable IAQ; CO 2, a byproduct of human respiration, is an indicator of the lack of fresh outdoor air and is not considered harmful at this level.•If possible, gauges should be installed toprovide information on air volumes delivered by supply and return fans.Maintenance staff should be trained to read the gauges and respond appropriately.• A sufficient supply of outside air should beprovided to all occupied spaces. Aninsufficient supply can cause the building to be at negative pressure, allowing untreated air and/or contaminants to infiltrate from outside. This can be determined byobserving the direction of air movement at windows and doors. In order to prevent this problem, the air supply and exhaust system must be properly balanced.•If the office layout is changed (e.g., byerecting partitions or new walls), ensure that adequate air flow and distribution is maintained.•Ventilation system filters should have amoderate efficiency rating (60% or more),as measured by the ASHRAE atmospheric dust spot test, and be of an extended surface type. To determine if the filters have the appropriate efficiency rating,check with the manufacturer. Prefilters (e.g., roll type) should be used before air passes through higher efficiency filters.•Avoid overcrowding of employees, andmake sure that the proper amount of outdoor air is provided based on the number of occupants.ELIMINATE OR CONTROL ALL KNOWN AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS,BOTH CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL To Control Chemical Contamination:•Hazardous chemicals should be removed orsubstituted by less hazardous or non-hazardous chemicals, where possible.•Properly store all chemicals to minimizeexposure hazards.4•Use local exhaust ventilation to capture and remove contaminants generated by specific processes where appropriate. Ensure that local exhaust does not recirculate the contaminated air, but directly exhausts the contaminant outdoors. Check with the manufacturer of your office machines for guidance on ventilation requirements for their equipment.•Check to be sure that HVAC fresh air intakes or other building vents or openings are not located in close proximity to potential sources of contamination (e.g., places where motor vehicle emissions collect, downwind of exhausts, cooling towers). If necessary, raise stacks or relocate intakes or exhausts.•Isolate areas of renovation such as painting, carpet installation, etc., from occupied nonconstruction areas, through use of physical barriers and isolation of involved ventilation systems. If possible, perform this type of work in the evening or on weekends. Supplying the maximum amount of fresh air to these areas can assist in the dispersion of contaminant levels.•Use a licensed pesticide applicator for pesticide applications and follow their recommendations regarding appropriate ventilation controls.•Eliminate or reduce cigarette smoke. Smoking restrictions or designated smoking areas should be considered. The air from designated smoking areas must not be recirculated to non-smoking areas of the building.To Control Microbial Contamination:•Promptly detect and permanently repair all areas where water collection or leakage has occurred.•Maintain relative humidity at less than 60% in all occupied spaces and low air-velocity plenums. During the summer, cooling coils should be run at a low enough temperature to properly dehumidify conditioned air.•Check for, correct, and prevent further accumulation of stagnant water by maintaining proper drainage of drain pans under the cooling coils.•Due to dust or dirt accumulation ormoisture-related problems downstream ofheat exchange components (as in ductworkor plenum), additional filtration downstream may be necessary before air is introducedinto occupied areas.•Heat exchange components and drain pans should be accessible so maintenance personnel can easily inspect and clean them. Access panels or doors should be installed where needed.•Non-porous surfaces where moisture collection has promoted microbial growth(e.g., drain pans, cooling coils) should be properly cleaned and disinfected. Careshould be taken to ensure that these chemical cleaners are removed before ventilation systems are reactivated.•Porous building materials contaminated with microbial growth, such as carpets and ceiling tiles, must be replaced or disinfected to effectively eliminate contamination. Note that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends that contaminated porous materials should be discarded.5RESOURCESAgencies and organizations that provide information on indoor air quality:New Jersey State Department of Health and Senior ServicesPEOSH Program, 7th FloorPO Box 360Trenton, NJ 08625-0360(609) 984-1863The PEOSH Program has an Indoor Air Quality Standard (N.J.A.C. 100-13) for public employees in New Jersey. The following publications, including a copy of the standard and additional information may be obtained from the above address or the PEOSH web site at www.nj/gov/health/eoh/peoshweb:*PEOSH “Indoor Air Quality Model Program”;*The American Industrial Hygiene Association’s Consultants’ List;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Mold in the Workplace, Prevention and Control”;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Renovation and Construction in Schools, Controlling Health and Safety Hazards”.U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyIndoor Air Quality Information ClearinghousePO Box 37133Washington, D.C. 20013-7133(800) 438-4318The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has various publications on indoor air quality in the home, at schools, and in offices. The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the USEPA IAQ Information Clearinghouse web site at /iaq/iaqxline.html.American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsKemper Woods Center1330 Kemper Meadow DriveCincinnati, OH 45240(513) 742-2020The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has a publication that addresses indoor bioaerosols issues, “Bioaerosols-Assessment and Control” Publication #3180. This publication can be obtained from the above address.American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has two publications that are especially useful:*ASHRAE 62-2001 “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard, and*ASHRAE 55-1992 “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy” Standard.The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the ASHRAE web site at / store.ORIG PRINTED 11/94, REV 7/96, REV 10/046PEOSH PROGRAM READER RESPONSE CARDINDOOR AIR QUALITYDear Reader:Please take a few minutes to help us evaluate this publication. Please check the following:Check the category that best describes your position: manageremployeeeducatorsafety professional occupational health professional other (specify)researcherhealth care worker____________________________________Check the category that best describes your workplace:academiamunicipal government labor organization state government municipal utilities authorityother (specify)county government____________________________________Describe how thoroughly you read this publication: cover-to-coversections of interest only (specify)________________________ other (specify)________________________How will you use this information (check all that apply): change the work environment provide information not usedchange a procedure copy and distribute other (specify)assist in researchin training__________________change training curriculum__________________Which section did you find most useful?Which section did you find the least useful and why?Other occupational health topics on which you would like to see the PEOSH Program develop an information bulletin:Other comments and suggestions:C u t h e r e , f o l d i n t h i r d s , t a p e .November 2004NO POSTAGENECESSARYIF MAILEDIN THEUNITED STATESBUSINESS R EPL Y M AILFIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 206TRENTON, NJPOSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEESTATE OF NEW JERSEYDEPT OF HEALTH & SENIOR SERVICESPEOSH PROGRAMPO BOX 360TRENTON, NEW JERSEY 08625-9985。
美国环境空气质量标准制修订历程
美国环境空气质量标准制修订历程王占山;车飞;任春;徐舒;王晟;李琴;王宗爽;武雪芳【摘要】研究了美国国家环境空气质量标准的要素构成及浓度限值演变过程,结果表明,美国国家环境空气质量标准按照保护对象分为两级,由污染物、平均时间、浓度限值和达标统计要求构成；该标准自1971年首次制定以来共修订11次,最初污染物为二氧化硫(SO2)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、光化学氧化剂(以O3计)、碳氢化合物(HC)、二氧化氮(NO2)和一氧化碳(CO)6种,期间废除了TSP和HC,增加了颗粒物PM10、PM2.5和Pb,当前为7种污染物；PM2.5年和24h平均浓度限值分别收紧20％和46％,O38h和Pb三个月平均浓度限值分别收紧6％和90％；达标统计要求由最初的超标次数,调整为浓度百分位数和年高值.【期刊名称】《环境工程技术学报》【年(卷),期】2013(003)003【总页数】7页(P240-246)【关键词】美国;环境空气;质量标准;基准空气污染物;历程【作者】王占山;车飞;任春;徐舒;王晟;李琴;王宗爽;武雪芳【作者单位】中国环境科学研究院,北京100012;中国环境科学研究院,北京100012;中国环境科学研究院,北京100012;中国环境科学研究院,北京100012;中国环境科学研究院,北京100012;中国环境科学研究院,北京100012;中国环境科学研究院,北京100012;中国环境科学研究院,北京100012【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X-651环境空气质量标准是环境空气质量管理的核心目标和重要的管理手段，在国家环境保护标准体系中具有举足轻重的地位[1]。
因此，很多国家和地区如美国、欧盟、中国、加拿大、澳大利亚、日本、韩国、印度、中国台湾、中国香港等均已经制定了自己的环境空气质量标准[2-11]，世界卫生组织(WHO)更是发布了基于全球的空气质量导则(Air Quality Guideline, AQG)[12]。
空气质量指数上限
空气质量指数上限1. 介绍空气质量指数（Air Quality Index，简称AQI）是衡量空气质量的一种标准化指数。
它通过监测和评估空气中的污染物浓度，将其转化为一个易于理解的数值，以便向公众传达空气质量状况。
空气质量指数通常包括多个污染物，如颗粒物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳和臭氧等。
空气质量指数上限是指在某一时间段内，空气质量指数所能达到的最高值。
当空气质量指数达到或超过上限时，表示空气质量非常差，对人体健康和环境都存在严重威胁。
2. 空气质量指数的计算方法空气质量指数的计算方法通常采用美国环境保护署（EPA）的标准。
计算过程包括以下几个步骤：1.监测空气中的污染物浓度。
监测站点通常会使用专业设备监测多种污染物的浓度，例如颗粒物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳和臭氧等。
2.将监测到的污染物浓度与相应的国家或地区空气质量标准进行比较。
每种污染物都有自己的标准限值，超过限值的浓度会被计算在空气质量指数中。
3.对监测到的污染物浓度进行标准化处理。
标准化的目的是将不同污染物的浓度转化为一个统一的指数，以便进行比较和评估。
4.计算空气质量指数。
根据标准化后的污染物浓度，按照一定的权重计算得到空气质量指数。
不同污染物的权重与其对人体健康和环境的影响程度相关。
3. 空气质量指数的分类与标准根据空气质量指数的数值范围，通常将空气质量分为几个等级，以便向公众传达空气质量状况。
具体的分类标准可能因国家或地区而异，以下是一种常见的分类标准：•0-50：空气质量优，对健康无影响；•51-100：空气质量良好，对少数敏感人群可能有较轻微影响；•101-150：轻度污染，对敏感人群有较明显影响，一般人群影响较小；•151-200：中度污染，对敏感人群有较明显影响，一般人群可能出现不适症状；•201-300：重度污染，对敏感人群有较严重影响，一般人群出现不适症状；•301及以上：严重污染，对敏感人群和一般人群都有严重影响，可能导致健康问题。
空气质量指数AQI
空气质量指数（Air Quality Index，简称AQI）2011年12月，位于北京的美国驻华大使馆监测到高达522ug/m3的PM2.5瞬时浓度，对应的空气质量指数已经超过上限值。
这也是继2010年11月21日后，美使馆监测到的PM2.5瞬时浓度的第二次“爆表”。
空气质量指数（Air Quality Index，简称AQI）定义为定量描述空气质量状况的无量纲指数，针对单项污染物的还规定了空气质量分指数（Individual Air Quality Index，简称IAQI）。
[1]利用空气质量指数可以直观地评价大气环境质量状况并指导空气污染的控制和管理。
为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境保护法》、《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》等法律，规范环境空气质量指数日报和实时报工作，制定《环境空气质量指数（AQI）技术规定（试行）》（HJ 633—2012 ）。
【2012-2-29发布，2016-01-01实施】本标准依据《环境空气质量标准》，规定了环境空气质量指数日报和实时报工作的要求和程序。
本标准中的污染物浓度均为质量浓度。
本标准与《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095—2012）同步实施。
本标准规定了环境空气质量指数的分级方案、计算方法和环境空气质量级别与类别，以及空气质量指数日报和实时报的相发布内容、发布格式和其他相关要求。
本次标准重要更新之一为新增污染项目指标：颗粒物(粒径小于等于2.5μm)，即通常所称的PM2.5，其中关于发布内容的规定摘录一部分如下：第一，空气质量监测点位日报和实时报的发布内容包括评价时段、监测点位置、各污染物的浓度及空气质量分指数、空气质量指数、首要污染物及空气质量级别，报告时说明监测指标和缺项指标。
日报和实时报由地级以上（含地级）环境保护行政主管部门或其授权的环境监测站发布。
第二，日报时间周期为24小时，时段为当日零点前24小时。
日报的指标包括二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、颗粒物(粒径小于等于10μm)、颗粒物(粒径小于等于2.5μm)、一氧化碳(CO)的24小时平均，以及臭氧(O3)的日最大1小时平均、臭氧(O3)的日最大8小时滑动平均，共计7个指标。
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National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.
The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, parts per billion (ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
(2) Final rule signed October 15, 2008.
(3) The official level of the annual NO
standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb,
2
which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard
(4) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb (effective January 22, 2010).
(5) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.
(6) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.
(7) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35 µg/m3 (effective December 17, 2006).
(8) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. (effective May 27, 2008)
(9) (a) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm.
(b) The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.
(c) EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards (set in March 2008).
(10) (a) EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard ("anti-backsliding").
(b) The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1.
(11) (a) Final rule signed June 2, 2010. To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 75 ppb.。