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美国文学题目(1)

1. ________is not a play written by Tennessee Williams.A. Cat on Hot Tin RoofB. The Glass MenagerieC. Death of a SalesmanD. A Streetcar Named Desire2. From ______ in the 1920s, Black(or African- American) literature started one upsurge after another.A. The Harlem RenaissanceB. The Beat MovementC. The Lost GenerationD. The worker’s movement3. Which of the following is not said about Ezra Pound?A. For he was politically, controversial and notorious for what he did in the wartime, his literary achievement and influence are somewhat reduced.B. His artistic talents are on full display in the history of the imagist movement.C. From his analysis of Chinese ideogram Pound learned to another his poetic language in concrete, perceptual reality and to organize images into large patterns through juxtaposition.D. His language is usually oblique yet marvelously compressed and his poetry is dense with personal literary and historical allusions.4. In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway_______.A. emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally and suggests that m an is doomed to be entrapped.B. Wrote the epitaph to a decade and to the whole generation in the 1930sC. Favored the idea of nature as an expression of either god’s design or his beneficence.D. Tells a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a French nurse5. Eugene O’neill is remembered for his tragic view of life, and most of his plays are about_____.A. The root, the truth of human desires and human frustrationsB. The moral nature of the modern mankindC. The relationship between man and nature as well as an and womanD. The inner contradiction of men before the red world6. Which of the following does not describe the strikingly successful artistic techniques in Catch-22？A. BurlesqueB. black humorC. anti-heroD.simple plot7. In his poems, Robert Frost combined traditional verse to forms with________.A. A simple spoken language the speech of New England farmersB. The pastoral language of the southern areaC. The difficult and highly ornamental languageD. Both A and B8. The literary characters of the America type in early 19th century are generally characterized by all the following Features except that they_______.A. Speak local dialectsB. are polite and elegant gentlemanC..are simple and crude farmersD. are noble savage (red and white) untainted by society9. The Raven was written in 1844 by_______.A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson10. The main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism and generally philosophically concerning______.A. The cold, rigid rationalism of UnitarianismB. The relationship between man and womenC. He development of Romanticism in AmericaD. Nature man and the universe11. ______ can be broadly defined as“the faithful representation of reality”or “verisimilitude”it includes the period of time from the civil war to the turn of the century.A. American Realism C.American SentimentalismB. American Transcendentalism D. American Romanticism12. Which of the following works is not be Ernest Hemingway?A. The Old Man and SeaB. A Farewell to ArmsC.Sound and FuryD. For whom to Bell Tolls13. Iceberg Theory is a writing principle proposed and closely followed by________.A. Jack LondonB. Sinclair LewisC. William FaulknerD. Ernest Hemingway14. Which of the following is said of the American Naturalism?A. They preferred to have their own region and people at the forefront of the storiesB. Their characteristic setting is an isolated townC. Their characters were conceived more or less complex combinations or inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forcesD. Humans should be united because they had to adapt themselves to changing environmental conditions15. As a great innovator in American literature, Walt Whitman wrote his poetry in an unconventional style which is now called_______, that is_________.A. Hymn, poetry with chanting refrains.B. Blank verse, poetry without rhymes at the end of the lines but with a fixed beat.C. Free verse, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.D. Ode, poetry in an irregular metric form and expressing noble feeling.16. By the end of he 19th century, the realists had rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and event, instead, sought to______.A. Describe the wide range of American experienceB. Present the subtleties of human personalityC. Show animal nature of human beingsD. Both A and B17. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser set himself to project the _____American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is no one character whose status is not determined economically.A. PuritansB. MaterialisticC. PsychologicalD. Religions18. _______was poet in American modern period who was deeply influence by Eastern culture.A. T.S.EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD. Walt Whitman19. Which of the following is not a typical feature of Henry James’s writing style?A. Exquisite and elaborateB. minute and detailed descriptionsB. lengthy psychological analyses D. American colloquialism20. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ______was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. rationalismC. DevolutionD. Evolution21. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statement is not right?A. It is a love story and a story of sinB. It is a highly symbolic story as the author is a master of symbolismC. It is mainly about the moral emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in generalD. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel22. American Colonial literature is longer than any other literary and sermons, which started when the first settlers kept diaries and sermons and developed till________.A. The mid of 18th centuryB. early 17th centuryB. the end of 17th century D. the end of 18th century23. Which of the following works concerns most concentrated the Calvinistic view of original sin?A. The WastelandB. The Scarlet LetterC. Leaves of GrassD. As I Lay Dying24. Whitman’s poem are characterized by all the following features except______.A. Strict poetic formB. a simple and conversationallanguageB. a free and natural rhythmic pattern D. an easy flow of feelings25.Which of the following is not written by Faulkner? A. The Sound and Fury B.A Rose for EmilyD. Tender is the night26._______ is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students’classic.A. Allen SalingerB.E.E. CummingsC.J.D. Salinger D. Henry James27.Which one of the following statement is NOT True of William Faulkner?A. He is master of stream of consciousness narrativeB. His writing is often complex and difficult to understandC. He represents a new group pf Southern writers28.As a spokesman of the“Roaring 20s’”. Scott Fitzgerald portrayed ______.A. the problems of the human heart in conflict with itselfB. the psychological journey of the modern man and his helplessness in the modern worldC. the primitive struggle of individuals in the context of irresistible natural forcesD. the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of fulfillment29.In the beginning paragraph of chapter 3. The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald describes a big party by saying that “men and girls came and went like moths”. The author most likely indicates that______.A. there was a crowd of party goersB. these people were light -heartedC. these were crazy and ignorant charactersD. such life does not have red meaning30.______ is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century “stream -of consciousness ”novels and the founder of psychological realism.A. Theodore DreiserB. William Faulkner D. His often depicts slum life in New York and ChicagoC. Light in AugustC. Henry JamesD. Mark Twain31.As the leader of the Harlem writers who created the Black Renaissance ______ as known as the“Poet Laureate of Harlem”.A. Ralph EllisonB. Langston HughesC. Richard WrightD. Alice Walker32.Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel ________ the one book from which“all modern American literature comes”.A. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventure of Tom SawyerC. The Gilded AgeD. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg33.Romantics put emphasis on the following Expect _______.A. common senseB. imaginationC. intuitionD. individualism34.In the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called ________.A. the English RenaissanceB. the American RenaissanceC. the Second RenaissanceD. the Salem Renaissance35.The main theme of The Art of Fiction written by ______ clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. Theodore DreiserD. Ernest Hemingway36.In the line“We slowly drove-He knew on haste/ And I had put away /My labor and my leisure too. /For his Civility -”, the word“civility”means______.A. abilityB. politenessC. kindnessD. pleasure37.Which one is not the characterized of modernism?A. Modernism in literature is characterized by experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects.B. Modernism is greatly influenced by the two world wars.C. The work of Mary and Freud had mounted an assault against orthodox religious faith that lasted into the twentieth century.D. Modernists believe that human nature is kind38.Which of the following plays by O’Neill can be read autobiographicall y?A. The Hairy ApeB. The Emperor TonesC. The Iceman ComethD. Long Day’s Tourney Into Night39.The Civil War had transformed America from _____ to _____.A.an agrarian community, a society of freedom and equalityB.an agrarian community, an industrialized and commercialized societyC.an industrialized and commercialized society, a highly -developed societyD. a poor and backward society, an industrialized and commercial society40.Robert Frost combined traditional verse from -sonnet, rhyming couplet, blank verse -with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of ______ farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.A. southernB. westernC. New EnglandD. New Hampshire41.The realistic period is referred to as“the Gilded Age”by______.42.Realism was a reaction against ______ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating flections and paved the way to Modernism.A. RationalismB. RomanticismC. NeoclassicismD. Enlightenment43.With Howells, James and Mark Twain active on the literary scene _______ became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism44.Anna Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poem made such a stir in England that she become known as the“_______”who appeared in America.45.Apart from The Autobiography, Franklin is perhaps best remembered in print for his _______.A. The Way to WealthB. The Sketch BookC. The Biography Christopher ColumbusD. Poor Richard’s Almanac46.Moby Dick is usually considered ______.A. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universeB. a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychologyC. a simple whaling tale or sea adventure47.The image of the famous“henpecked husband”is created by _______.D. both A and BTenth Muse Mark Twain A. B. Ninth Muse C. Best Muse D. First MuseA. B. Henry James C. Emily Dickinson D. Theodore DreiserA. Washington IrvingB. Fennimore CooperC. William Dean HowellsD.Mark Twain48.As a philosophical and literary moment, _______ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. ModernismB. RationalismC. SentimentalismD. Transcendentalism。

综合英语第三册Unit9课件

Practice answers
Answer to question 2
Correct answer: C
Explanation: The correct answer is C because the text mentions that the company has a strong commitment to customer service.
The important words and phrases are identified, and their meanings are explained. The context in which these words are used is also considered to understand their precise meaning and significance in the text.
Comprehensive English Volume 3 Unit9 Courseware
目录
• Introduction to the background of the text
• Analysis of Text Content • Analysis of language points in
such as justice, morality, and human nature.
02
Plot
The plot revolves around a series of mysterious murders in a
small town, with a famous detective trying to solve the case.
Author's name: John Smith

莎士比亚十四行诗第18首汉译

莎士比亚十四行诗第18首汉译1，朱湘译文我来比你作夏天，好不好？不，你比它更可爱，更温和：暮春的娇花有暴风侵扰，夏住在人间的时日不多：有时候天之目亮得太凌人，他的金容常被云霾掩蔽，有时因了意外，四季周行，今天的美明天已不再美丽：你的永存之夏却不黄萎，你的美丽亦将长寿万年，你不会死，死神无从夸嘴，因为你的名字入了诗篇：一天还有人活着，有眼睛，你的名字便将于此常新。

2，李霁野译文我来将你比作夏天吗?你比夏天更为可爱,更为温和:暴风摇落五月的柔嫩花芽,夏季的租赁期限要短得多:有的时候太阳照得太热,他的金色面孔常变阴暗;每种美有时都会凋零衰谢,由于机缘,或者由于自然变幻;但是你的永久夏季不会衰败,你的美也永远不会丧失;死亡不至夸口:你在他的阴影里徘徊, 当你在不朽的诗行中度日:——只要人还能呼吸，眼睛还能看望，这些诗行就会永存，使你万寿无疆。

3，梁宗岱译文我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。

但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。

只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。

4，梁实秋译文我可能把你和夏天相比拟？你比夏天更可爱更温和：狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地，夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过：有时太阳照得太热，常常又遮暗他的金色的脸；美的事物总不免要凋落，偶然的，或是随自然变化而流转。

但是你的永恒之夏不会褪色；你不会失去你的俊美的仪容；死神不能夸说你在他的阴影里面走着，如果你在这不朽的诗句里获得了永生；只要人们能呼吸，眼睛能看东西，此诗就会不朽，使你永久生存下去。

5，屠岸译文能不能让我把你比拟作夏日？你可是更加温和，更加可爱：狂风会吹落五月的好花儿，夏季的生命又未免结束得太快：有时候苍天的巨眼照得太灼热，他那金彩的脸色也会被遮暗；每一样美呀，总会离开美而凋落，被时机或者自然的代谢所摧残；但是你永久的夏天决不会凋枯，你永远不会失去你美的仪态；死神夸不着你在他影子里踯躅，你将在不朽的诗中与时间同在；只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。

No Author Given

Learning a procedure that can solve hardbin-packing problems:a new GA-based approachto hyper-heuristicsNo Author GivenNo Institute GivenAbstract.The idea underlying hyper-heuristics is to discover somecombination of familiar,straightforward heuristics that performs verywell across a whole range of problems.To be worthwhile,such a combi-nation should outperform all of the constituent heuristics.In this paperwe describe a novel messy-GA-based approach that learns such a heuris-tic combination for solving one-dimensional bin-packing problems.Whenapplied to a large set of benchmark problems,the learned procedureﬁndsan optimal solution for nearly80%of them,and for the rest produces ananswer very close to optimal.When compared with its own constituentheuristics,it ranksﬁrst in98%of the problems.1IntroductionA frequent criticism of evolutionary algorithms(EAs)is that the solutions they ﬁnd can be fragile.Although the EA may solve a given problem very well,simply re-running the EA or changing the problem slightly may produce very diﬀerent and/or worse results.For this reason,users may prefer to stick with using familiar and simpler but less eﬀective heuristics.The idea of hyper-heuristics is to use a search process such as an EA,not to solve a given problem but to discover a combination of straightforward heuristics that can perform well on a whole range of problems.In this paper we consider one-dimensional bin-packing problems,described below.These are simple to understand but the class is NP-hard,and they are worth studying because they appear as a factor in many other kinds of opti-mization problem.A very simpliﬁed representation of the possible state of any problem is used,and a messy GA is used to associate a heuristic with various speciﬁc instances of this representation.The problem solution procedure is Given a state P of the problem,ﬁnd the nearest instance I and apply the associated heuristic H(I).This transforms the problem state,say to P′.Repeat this until the problem has been solved.The task of the GA is to choose the problem-state instances and to associate one of a small set of heuristics with each of them.Any given heuristic might be associated with several instances,or with none.An example of a hyper-heuristic approach applied to the one-dimensional bin-packing problem has been reported in[12]and[13],where an accuracy-based Learning Classiﬁer System(XCS)[14]was used to learn a set of rules thatassociated characteristics of the current state of a problem with eight diﬀerent algorithm heuristics.In this previous work a classiﬁer system was trained on a set of example problems and showed good generalisation to unseen problems. This represented a useful step towards the concept of using EAs to generate strong solution processes rather than merely using them toﬁnd good individual solutions.However,some questions arose from that work:could performance be improved further,and was a classiﬁer system necessary to the approach?XCS focuses rewards on single actions[12]or on short groups of actions[13]–what if rewards are given only by theﬁnal outcome?This paper answers these questions.It presents an alternative approach tested using a large set of benchmark one-dimensional bin-packing problems and a small set of eight heuristics.No single one of the heuristics used is capable ofﬁnding the optimal solution of more than a very few of the problems;however,the evolved rule-set was able to produce an optimal solution for nearly80%of them, and in the rest it produced a solution very close to optimal.When compared with the solutions given by its own constituent heuristics,it ranksﬁrst in98%. 2One-dimensional Bin-packingIn the one-dimensional bin packing problem,there is an unlimited supply of bins, each with capacity c>0.A set of n items is to be packed into the bins,the size of item i is s i>0,and:∀k:i∈bin(k)s i≤c(1)The task is to minimise the total number of bins used.Despite its simplicity, this is an NP-hard problem.If M is the minimal number of bins needed,thenclearly:M≥⌈(ni=1s i)/c⌉(2)and for any algorithm that does not start new bins unnecessarily,M≤bins used<2M because otherwise there would be two bins less than halfﬁlled.Many results are known about speciﬁc algorithms.For example,a commonly-used algorithm is Largest-Fit-Decreasing(LFD):items are taken in order of size, largestﬁrst,and put in theﬁrst bin where they willﬁt(a new bin is opened if necessary,and eﬀectively all bins stay open).It is known[9]that this uses no more than11M/9+4bins.A good survey of such results can be found in[3].A good introduction to bin-packing algorithms can be found in[11],which also introduced a widely-used heuristic algorithm,the Martello-Toth Reduction Procedure(MRTP).This simply tries to repeatedly reduce the problem to a simpler one byﬁnding a combination of1-3items that provably does better than anything else(not just any combination of1-3items)atﬁlling a bin,and if so packing them.This may halt with some items still unpacked;the remainder are packed using LFD.The reader may wonder whether it pays to try toﬁll each bin as much as possible,but[12]shows a simple counter-example.Various authors have applied EAs to bin-packing,notably Falkenauer’s grouping GA[5,7,6];see also[10]for a diﬀerent approach.Falkenauer also produced two of several sets of benchmark problems.In one of these,the so called triplet problems,every bin contains three items;they were generated by ﬁrst constructing a solution whichﬁlled every bin exactly,and then randomly shrinking items a little so that the total shrinkage was less than the bin capac-ity so that the number of bins needed is unaﬀected.[8]raised a question about whether these problems are genuinely hard or not.It is certainly possible to solve many of them very quickly by backtracking if you exploit the knowledge that there is an optimal solution in which every bin contains three items.3Bin-Packing Benchmark ProblemsProblems from several sources have been used in this investigation.One collec-tion,available from Beasley’s OR-Library[1],contains problems of two kinds that were generated and largely studied by Falkenauer[6].Theﬁrst kind,80 problems named uN_M,involve bins of capacity150.N items are generated with sizes chosen randomly from the interval20-100.For each N in the set (120,250,500,1000)there are twenty problems,thus M ranges from00to19. The second kind,80problems named tN_M,are the triplet problems mentioned earlier.The bins have capacity1000.The number of items N is one of60,120, 249,501(all divisible by three),and as before there are twenty problems per value of N.Item sizes range from250to499;the problem generation process was described earlier.A second collection of problems studied in this paper comes from the Opera-tional Research Library[2]at the Technische Universit¨a t Darmstadt:we use the ‘bpp1-1’and the very hard‘bpp1-3’sets in this paper.In the bpp1-1set prob-lems are named NxCyWz_a where x is1(50items),2(100items),3(200items) or4(500items);y is1(capacity100),2(capacity120)or3(capacity150);z is 1(sizes in1ldotds100),2(sizes in20...100)or4(sizes in30...100);and a is a letter in A...T indexing the twenty problems per parameter set.(Martello and Toth[11]also used a set with sizes drawn from50...100,but these are far too easy.)In the hard bpp1-3set there are just ten problems,each with200items and bin capacity100,000;item sizes are drawn from the range20,000...35,000.Finally,a group of random problems has also been created in an attempt to be as fair as possible.The above benchmark problems do not use small item sizes,because small items could be used as sand(so to speak)toﬁll up boxes.A procedure that works well on such benchmark problems might still perform badly on problems that include small items.We generate some problems in which the bins have capacity of100or500,and there are100,250or500items whose sizes are chosen at uniform random from1up to the bin capacity.In all,therefore, 1016benchmark problems are used.These were divided in two groups,a training set with763problems and a test set with253.4The set of heuristics usedFollowing[12],we used four basic heuristics:–LFD,described in Section2above.This was the best of the fourteen heuris-tics in over81%of the bpp1-1problems,but was never the winner in the bpp1-3problems.–Next-Fit-Decreasing(NFD):an item is placed in the current bin if possible, or else a new bin is opened and becomes the current bin and the item is put in there.This is usually very poor.–Djang and Finch’s algorithm(DJD)[4].This puts items into a bin,taking items largest-ﬁrst,until that bin is at least one third full.It then tries to ﬁnd one,or two,or three items that completelyﬁll the bin.If there is no such combination it tries again,but looking instead for a combination that ﬁlls the bin to within1of its capacity.If that fails,it tries toﬁnd such a combination thatﬁlls the bin to within2of its capacity;and so on.This of course gets excellent results on,for example,Falkenauer’s problems;it was the best performer on just over79%of those problems but was never the winner on the hard bpp1-3problems.–DJT(Djang and Finch,more tuples):a modiﬁed form of DJD considering combinations of up toﬁve items rather than three items.In the Falkenauer problems,DJT performs exactly like DJD,as could be expected because of the way Falkenauer problems are generated;in the bpp1-1problems it is a little better than DJD.As in[12],to four more heuristics,these algorithms were each coupled with a ‘ﬁller’process that tried toﬁnd any item at all to pack in any open bins rather than moving on to a new bin.This might,for example,make a diﬀerence in DJD if a bin could be betterﬁlled by using more than three items once the bin was one-third full.So,for example,the heuristic‘Filler+LFD’ﬁrst tries toﬁll any open bins as much as possible—this process terminates if theﬁlling action successfully inserts at least one item.If no insertion was possible,‘Filler+LFD’invokes LFD.This forces progress:at least one gets put in a bin.Without this, endless looping might be possible.Thus,in all eight heuristics have been used. For convenience they are numbered0..7.5Representing the problem stateThe problem state is deﬁned byﬁve real numbers.Theﬁrst four numbers give the ratio R of items remaining to be packed that fall into each of the four categories listed in table1.These intervals are,in a sense,natural choices since at most one huge item willﬁt in a bin,at most two large items willﬁt a bin,and so on. Theﬁfth number represents the fraction of the original number of items that remain to be packed;in a sense,it indicates the degree of progress through the problem.Table1.Item size ranges:c=bin capacityHuge:items with c/2<s iLarge:items with c/3<s i≤c/2Medium:items with c/4<s i≤c/3Small:items with s i≤c/4It is worth noting that this representation throws away a lot of detail.For each of the benchmark problems,we tested which individual heuristics were winners on that problem.It turned out that the task of associating the initial problem state with the winning heuristics was not a linearly separable one.6The Genetic Algorithm6.1RepresentationA chromosome is composed of blocks,and each block j contains six numbers h j,l j,m j,s j,i j,a j.Theﬁrstﬁve essentially represent an instance of the problem state.Here h j corresponds to the proportion of huge items that remain to be packed,and similarly l j,m j and s j refer to large medium and small items, and i j corresponds to the proportion of items remaining to be packed.The sixth number,a j,is an integer in the range0···7indicating which heuristic is associated with this instance.An example of a set of12rules obtained with the GA can be seen inﬁgure1.Fig.1.Example of aﬁnal set with12rules0.70-2.16-1.10 1.55 1.81-->1| 2.340.670.19 1.93 2.75-->1 0.12 1.37-0.54 1.120.58-->6|-1.93-2.64-1.89 2.17-1.46-->30.13 1.43-1.270.13-2.18-->2|-1.300.11 2.00-1.850.84-->41.87-0.91 1.30-1.34 1.93-->3|0.32 1.942.240.99-0.53-->02.60 1.30-0.54 1.120.58-->6|0.580.870.23-2.110.47-->1 0.25 2.09-1.50-1.46-2.56-->0| 1.210.11 2.000.090.84-->4For a given problem,theﬁrstﬁve numbers would all lie in the range0.0to 1.0;that is,the actual problem state is a point inside aﬁve-dimensional unit cube.The blocks in the chromosome represent a number of points,and at each step the solution process applies the heuristic associated with the point in the chromosome that is closest to the actual problem state.However,we permit the points deﬁned in the chromosome to lie outside the unit cube,by allowing the ﬁrstﬁve numbers in a block to be in the range−2···3.This means that if,say, the initial problem state is(0,0,0,1,1)(that is,all items are small),the nearest instance is not compelled to be an interior point of the unit cube.It is unclear at the outset how many blocks are needed.It would be possible to use aﬁxed-length chromosome by guessing an upper limit on the number ofblocks and,for each block,having a bit to say whether that block is to be used or not.However,we use a variable-length chromosome instead.6.2The operatorsWe wish to keep things simple,to avoid any accusation that success rises from excessive complexity of approach.So,two very simple crossovers and three mu-tations have been implemented.Theﬁrst crossover is a standard two point crossover modiﬁed to work with a variable length representation and to avoid changing the meaning of any num-bers.For anyﬁxed-length GA,two point crossover uses the same two cross points for both parents and thus maintains the length of the child chromosomes.But here,each parent may choose the interchange points independently,with the caveat that the exchange points should fall inside a block in the same position for both parents.This ensures that at the end of the exchange process,the blocks are complete.The operator is implemented by choosing for each parent,a block in which to start the exchange(potentially diﬀerent in each parent)and then an oﬀset inside the block(the same in both parents).The same is done for the end point of exchange.The blocks and the points are chosen using a uniform distribution.The genetic material between these block points is then exchanged in the children.The second crossover works at block level.It exchanges10%of blocks between parents,that is,each block of let us say,theﬁrst parent,has a90%chance of being passed to theﬁrst child and a10%of being passed to the second child and vice-versa.Thus this operator merely shuﬄes blocks.Each crossover has an equal probability of being chosen.The three mutations are:an add-block mutation,a remove-block mutation and a normal-mutation.Theﬁrst one generates a new block and adds it to the chromosome.Theﬁrstﬁve numbers of a block are selected from a normal distribution with mean0.5,and truncated to lie in−2···3;the sixth number(the heuristic,an integer in0···7)is chosen at uniform random.The remove-block mutation removes a random block from the chromosome.The normal-mutation changes a locus(at a rate of about one per four blocks)either adding a normally distributed random number in the case of the real values or,in the case of the heuristic,by choosing a value at uniform random.A child has a10%chance of being mutated.If it is to be mutated,then one type is chosen:add-block and remove-block each have a25%chance of occurring, and normal-mutation has a50%chance of occurring.These values were suggested by some early testing.6.3Theﬁtness functionThe fundamental ingredient inﬁtness is how well a chromosome solves a speciﬁed problem.But how is this to be measured?We did consider a ranking process, comparing the number of bins used with the best result so far for that problem.A chromosome’sﬁtness would then be a weighted average of the ranking itachieved(compared to any other chromosome’s result)on each of the problems it had seen so far;the weighting would be proportional to the number of time that any chromosome had tackled that problem.Being the best of only three attempts to solve a problem is not worth much.In the end we opted for a simpler,cheaper measure:how much better was the chromosome’s result on the speciﬁed problem than any single heuristic had been able to achieve(latter referred in the tables as best of four heuristics or BFH).The single-heuristic results could be prepared in advance of running the GA.We want a chromosome to be good at solving many problems.When a chro-mosome is created,it is applied to justﬁve randomly-chosen problems in order to obtain an initialﬁtness.Then,at each cycle of the algorithm,a new problem is given to each of the chromosomes to solve.This procedure is a trade-oﬀbetween accuracy and speed;newly-created chromosomes may have to tackle many prob-lems but they are at least built from chromosomes that had experienced many of those problems before.The longer a chromosome survives in a population the more accurate its ﬁtness becomes,which raises the question of how to rate a young chromosome (with therefore a poor estimate)against an older chromosome(with an improved estimate)if theﬁtness of the younger one is better?Several methods were tried to attempt to give higher credit to older and therefore more accurate chromosomes:–Fixed Weighted Sum:The age and the excess/rank are combined(after nor-malization)withﬁxed weights,age weight being rather low.–Variable Weight Sum:The weights change with the progress,age being more and more important but always using relatively low values.–Age Projection:The search keeps track of the average degradation with age and,when comparing a chromosome with an older chromosome theﬁtness is updated with the expected degradation given how good is the young for its age.–Improved Age Projection:The degradation is decomposed year by year and the updating is incremental for each year of diﬀerence.However,preliminary trials rather surprisingly indicated that age of chromosome was not an important factor;we discarded these attempts to make any special concessions to chromosome youngsters.6.4The genetic engineThe GA uses a steady-state paradigm.From a population two parents are chosen: one by tournament size2,the other randomly.From these two parents two children are created.The children are given a subset of four training problems to solve and obtain an initialﬁtness.The two children replace(if better)the two worst members of the population.Then the whole population solves a new training problem(randomly selected for each chromosome)andﬁtnesses are updated.The process is repeated aﬁxed number of times.7Experimental detailsThe GA described above was runﬁve times with diﬀerent seeds and the results averaged.The size of the population is40,the GA is run for500iterations.That gives24160problems solved,40problems(one each member of the population)plus2children times4(initialization)problems each generation plus40times4problems for initial initialization.That means that,on average, each training problem has been seen about31times.For training,all available bin-packing problems were divided into a training and a test set.In each case the training set contained75%of the problems;every fourth problem was placed in the test set.Since the problems come in groups of twenty for each set of parameters,the diﬀerent sorts of problem were well represented in both training and test sets.At the end of training,theﬁttest chromosome is used on every problem in the training set to assess how well it works.It is also applied to every problem in the test set.The initial chromosomes are composed of16randomly created blocks.It is of course possible to inject a chromosome that represents a single heuristic simply by specifying that heuristic in every block,and so test how your favourite heuristic fares compared to evolved hyper-heuristics.It can be argued that the imprecision regarding theﬁtness can kill these individual heuristics but they would haveﬁrst to be the worst of the population to be in a situation were they could be removed.Being the worst of a population,even with imprecise estimations of quality,hardly qualiﬁes as a potential winner.8ResultsTables2and3show accumulative percentages of problems solved with a partic-ular number of extra bins when compared with the results of,respectively,the best of the four heuristics(BFH)and the literature reported optimal value.HH-Methods stand for Hyper-heuristic methods,XCSs and XCSm for the results of the XCS in its single[12]and multi-step[13]versions.Finally,Trn and Tst stand for results obtained with the training and testing set of problems respectively.Accumulative percentages means that a cell is read as percentage of problems solved with x or less bins than the comparison reference(BFH or reported).Although the main focus and achievement of this work is to be able to improve results byﬁnding smart combinations of individual heuristics,it also seems inter-esting to see the performance versus known optimal results(even if the heuristics to be combined can not achieve them).Therefore table3is also presented.Not all problems used to train and test the GA(and the other methods)have re-ported optimal values and therefore table3uses a smaller number of problems, in particular the bpp1-1,bpp1-3and Falkenauer problems.Table2shows that there is little room for improvement over the best of the four heuristics(DJT being the best in about95%of the problems)but the HH-Methods have achieved better performance.GA achieves about98%of theTable2.Extra bins compared to best of four heuristics(BFH)HH Methods HeuristicsGA XCSs XCSm LFD NFD DJD DJT Bins Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst-40.4-30.30.8-2 1.3 1.20.30.50.30.9-1 4.2 5.5 2.7 2.2 2.3 3.6098.397.698.397.398.897.371.173.991.291.795.494.1110010010010010010083.882.60.197.397.699.799.6288.988.50.19898.4100100391.992.5 1.1299.698.8493.893.3 3.7410099.6595.896.17.2 5.91001097.496.825.324.52099.799.648.147.83010010061.160.5Table3.Extra bins compared versus optimal reportedHH Methods HeuristicsGA XCSs XCSm LFD NFD DJD DJT Bins Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst Trn Tst078.878.878.776.27976.761.564.47069.474.371.619695.494.994.69494.678.177.90.290.791.493.694.1298.799.497.697.897.698.282.5820.294.995.597.397.3310010098.898.798.898.788.688.70.30.99897.398.898.7499.499.199.499.191.691.9 2.8 3.699.498.799.499.1510099.510099.593.792.37.9 6.310099.510099.5699.599.595.295.512.211.399.599.5710010095.595.516.716.21001001095.595.527.5272097.897.850.2503010010061.561.7problems with0or less bins(getting a3%improvement).Even more,in about5% of cases it outperforms its own constituent heuristics by packing all items in less bins than the best single heuristic,with an interesting maximum improvement of4bins less in1%of the cases.XCS’s overall performance is much the same than the GA,however,the percentage of saved bins(negative bins)is smaller than the GA,just about2.5%.But to be fair,it is important to remember that XCS works on binary state representations with only2bits to encode the range [0...1].As table3shows,while DJT reaches optimality in73%of the cases,the HH methods achieve up to79%.It is important to note the excellent performance of the GA that,at worst,would use three extra bins(and just in1%of the cases) while the other methods have worst cases of seven extra bins.This shows the robustness that hyper-heuristics can achieve.In addition,the GA is able to generalise well.Results with training problems are very close to results using the new test cases.This means that particular details learned(a structure of some kind)during the adaptive phase can be reproduced with completely new data(unseen problems taken from the test sets).Table4shows the distribution of actions performed when all the problems are solved using the hyper-heuristic methods.The averaged column refers to the distributions taking all the diﬀerent sets of rules obtained using several seeds. The single best rule set column shows the distribution for just one set of rules, in particular the one that gives the best results.Table4.Distribution of actions performed when solving problemsAveraged Single best rule setAction Heur GA XCSs XCSm GA XCSs XCSm0LFD0.1 3.0914.2029.181NFD0.372DJD1517.4722.6624.4618.673DJT 3.725.3920.76 4.5845.054LFD+F 4.318.46 5.9497.0210.915NFD+F 1.76DJD+F33.418.4220.0792.9838.8725.377DJT+F41.916.8016.35 2.91Heuristic NFD has a very poor performance as tables2and3demonstrate (never reaching being the best of the four heuristic in any presented problem) and the HH methods learn that fact(very low proportion of actions of that heuristic).However,very interestingly,sometimes it is useful as it is executed, in up to2%of the actions,by rules obtained by the GA(although not in the best sets of rules)that is the winner of all bin packing methods.XCS learns to use DJs heuristics in about80%of the cases and LFD the other20%of the time,with an even distribution between using or not using the ﬁller.On the other hand,the GA learns to use DJs in about95%of the cases and clearly favours the use of theﬁller.The examples of particular sets of rules seems toﬁt more or less into these distributions of actions.It has to be stated that the resultant sets of rules were never composed of a single heuristic and that no chromosome with one block only survived in any of the tested populations.This also happened in the experiments done to tune the GA.This supports that Hyper-heuristics seems then to be the path to follow.9ConclusionsThis paper represents another step towards developing the concept of hyper-heuristics:using EAs toﬁnd powerful combinations of more familiar heuristics.From the experiments shown it is also interesting to note that:1.It was shown in[12,13]that XCS is able to create and develop feasiblehyper-heuristics that performed well on a large collection of benchmark data sets found in literature,and better than any individual heuristic.This work consolidates such conclusion from another approach,using a GA,and usinga diﬀerent reward schema.2.The system always performed better than the best of the algorithms involved,and in fact produced results that were either optimal(in the large majority of cases)or,at most,and in just1.5%of the cases,one extra bin.3.In about5%of the cases the hyper-heuristics are able toﬁnd a combinationof heuristics that improve the individual application of each of them.4.The worst case of the GA compared versus the reported optimal value usesthree extra bins(and just in1%of the problems)while the other methods have worst cases of seven extra bins.The current rules can be diﬃcult to interpret(seeﬁgure1).The distance between the antecedents and the problem state is a measure of how close are the concepts they represent.Long distances mean that the concepts are rather dissimilar.In the current implementation only being closer than any other rule is taken into account.No attempt to reduce as much as possible the average distance between the rules and the problem states is performed.Introducing a bias towards sets of rules with reduced distances would make rules much more interpretable.On the other hand,among the particular advantages of the use of the GA it is interesting to mention that:1.A particular set of rules can be tested for optimality by generating a chro-mosome containing them and injecting it into the population.This feature was used to show that individual heuristics were not optimal.2.Variable chromosome length and encoding the action allows for a heuristicto be used in as many diﬀerent contexts as necessary.3.The use of real encoding allows for better precision to deﬁne the contextswhere an action is preferred than if binary encoding of the problem state where used.4.Rewards are given byﬁnal results.This allows for learning long chain ofactions that locally can be seen as suboptimal but globally performs very well(like opening and underﬁlling some bins toﬁll them in latter stages).XCSs,for example,focuses in locally optimal actions(an action is rewarded regarding how well itﬁlled a bin).5.Fitness functions allows for other objectives to be taken into account(ascompact sets of rules,minimized distances between rules antecedents and states,etc.).。

向某人介绍一位诗人及代表作英语作文

向某人介绍一位诗人及代表作英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introducing a Poet and Their Famous WorksI would like to introduce you to the renowned poet William Wordsworth, one of the most important figures in English Romantic poetry. Born in 1770 in the Lake District of England, Wordsworth was known for his celebration of nature, love for the simplicity of rural life, and his exploration of the human spirit.One of Wordsworth's most famous works is "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," also known as "Daffodils." This poem captures the beauty and tranquility of nature as the speaker reflects on a field of daffodils dancing in the breeze. The vivid imagery and emotional depth of the poem have resonated with readers for centuries, making it a timeless classic in English literature.Wordsworth's poetry often explores themes of memory, imagination, and the passage of time. In his poem "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey," Wordsworth reflects on the power of nature to inspire and comfort the humansoul. The poem explores the connection between the natural world and the inner world of the individual, emphasizing the healing and transformative power of nature.Another notable work by Wordsworth is "The Prelude," an autobiographical epic that traces the poet's development as a writer and thinker. The poem explores Wordsworth's journey of self-discovery and his evolving relationship with the natural world. Through vivid descriptions of the landscapes and experiences that shaped him, Wordsworth captures the essence of his poetic vision and his belief in the spiritual significance of nature.Overall, William Wordsworth's poetry is a testament to the enduring power of nature, the beauty of the human spirit, and the importance of individual experience. His works continue to resonate with readers around the world, inspiring us to connect with the world around us and explore the depths of our own inner selves. I hope you enjoy exploring the works of this remarkable poet and discovering the wisdom and beauty they contain.篇2Introducing a Poet and Their Representative WorksIntroductionPoetry has the power to evoke emotions, paint vivid images, and capture the essence of humanity in just a few words. One renowned poet who has mastered this craft is Emily Dickinson. Born in 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily Dickinson is considered one of America's greatest poets. Her unique style, profound insights, and powerful imagery have solidified her place in literary history. In this essay, we will explore Emily Dickinson's life, poetic style, and examine some of her most famous works.Life of Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson led a reclusive life in her family home in Amherst, rarely venturing beyond its walls. Despite her seclusion, she maintained a rich inner life, filled with introspection, observation, and imagination. Dickinson's poems are characterized by their brevity, unconventional punctuation, and striking imagery. Her themes often revolve around nature, death, love, and the human experience.Representative Works1. "Because I could not stop for Death"One of Dickinson's most famous poems, "Because I could not stop for Death," explores the theme of mortality. In this poem, Death is personified as a kind gentleman who takes the speaker on a carriage ride through various stages of life. The journey is calm and peaceful, with Death eventually guiding the speaker to eternity. This poem encapsulates Dickinson's fascination with death and the afterlife, as well as her unique perspective on mortality.2. "Hope is the thing with feathers"In "Hope is the thing with feathers," Dickinson personifies hope as a bird that resides in the soul. This uplifting poem celebrates the resilience of the human spirit and the power of hope to sustain us in times of darkness. Through vivid imagery and metaphor, Dickinson conveys the enduring nature of hope and its ability to soar above life's challenges.3. "I heard a Fly buzz when I died""I heard a Fly buzz when I died" is a haunting poem that depicts the experience of death from the perspective of the speaker. As the speaker lies on their deathbed, surrounded by loved ones, a fly disrupts the solemn scene. This seemingly insignificant detail underscores the fragility of life and the inevitability of death. Dickinson's stark depiction of mortality andthe intrusion of the mundane into the sublime makes this poem a powerful meditation on the final moments of life.ConclusionEmily Dickinson's poetry continues to captivate readers with its depth, complexity, and beauty. Through her unique voice and visionary insight, she has left a lasting legacy in the world of literature. Her exploration of life, death, nature, and the human experience resonates with audiences across generations, making her a timeless and revered poet. Emily Dickinson's works have stood the test of time, inspiring reflection, contemplation, and a deeper understanding of the human condition.篇3Introduction to a Poet and Their Representative WorksIntroduction:Today, I would like to introduce you to one of the most renowned poets of our time, Maya Angelou. Maya Angelou was an American poet, memoirist, and civil rights activist who made a significant impact on literature and society with her powerful words and deeply moving works.Biography:Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. She faced numerous obstacles and challenges throughout her life, including racism, poverty, and trauma. Despite these hardships, Angelou rose above her circumstances and became a beacon of hope and inspiration for many.Angelou's works often focused on themes of identity, race, and personal growth. She was known for her vivid storytelling, lyrical language, and unwavering honesty. Angelou's writing was deeply personal, drawing from her own experiences and emotions to create impactful and thought-provoking pieces.Representative Works:One of Angelou's most famous works is her memoir "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings." This groundbreaking book tells the story of Angelou's childhood and adolescence, exploring themes of resilience, courage, and the power of storytelling. The title is inspired by a line from the poem "Sympathy" by Paul Laurence Dunbar, which Angelou used as a metaphor for the struggles and limitations faced by African Americans in a racist society.Another well-known work by Angelou is her poem "Still I Rise." This empowering poem celebrates the resilience and strength of African American women, who have faced centuries of discrimination and oppression. The poem's refrain, "I rise,"serves as a powerful declaration of self-affirmation and resistance against injustice. "Still I Rise" has become an anthem of empowerment for many marginalized communities around the world.In addition to her poetry and memoirs, Angelou also wrote essays, plays, and children's books. Her diverse body of work continues to resonate with readers of all ages and backgrounds, inspiring them to embrace their own identities, overcome adversity, and strive for a better world.Conclusion:Maya Angelou's powerful words and poignant insights have left a lasting impact on literature and society. Through her poetry, memoirs, and activism, she has touched the hearts of millions and challenged us to confront our own biases and injustices. Maya Angelou's legacy lives on in her words, which continue to inspire and empower readers to this day.。

看老友记学英语Friends,第10季第3集,罗斯的肤色

11.thigh
1.tostare atsth
9.tobrag
16.tocutsbout
2. PhD
17.toeven
14.cheesyline
5.tobabysit
4.tohold up (under torture)
15.slap
7.tomesssthup
13.booth
10.shrill
12.nozzle
___ to babysit
10.high-pitched and piercing; strident
___tohold up (under torture)
11.the part of the lower limb in humans between the hip and the knee
___ slap(‘slapping’)
___PhD
7.to perform poorly;produce errors or confusion:
___ to even
8. to extend happiness
___ cheesy line
9.to boast;to say or declare something in a proud way
Do you think Amanda is a good friend? Have you ever met a person like her?
What was the part of this chapter that you liked the-loathing
F·R·I·E·N·D·S
10x03 – The One with Ross’s Tan
___foosball

Cummings’ l(a Under the Perspective of Post-stru

US-China Foreign Language, September 2018, Vol. 16, No. 9, 465-469doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2018.09.003Cummings’ l(a Under the Perspective of Post-structuralismLIU JuanLeshan Normal University, Sichuan, ChinaStarting with traditional readings of one of E. E. Cummings’ representative poems l(a and then focusing on thepost-structural illustration of the poem, this essay gives a thorough analysis of Cummings’ experimentation withform and language. It exposes the significance of his innovative writing and proves Cummings’ important status inthe history of modernist poetry.Keywords: E. E. Cummings, post-structuralism, modern innovativeIntroductionWhen it comes to the modern poets of the 20th century, perhaps most people would like to divide them into two groups. Some poets present themselves thoughtful, serious, and eager to claim authority and accept responsibility. Others are determined to remain playful, provocative, in love with games and experiments, and defiant of convention in language as in life. E. E. Cummings’s experimentation with form and language places him among the most innovative of 20th century poets. He wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements. Even readers who seldom read poetry recognize the distinctive shape that a Cummings’ poem makes on the page.In this essay, the author will adopt post-structuralism to illustrate one of Cummings’ representative poems to expose his “new” facets of work and thus to expose the significance of his creative writing. This analysis shall start with critically accepted interpretations of the poem, taken from established critical positions regarding Cummings. It shall then move on to read Cummings in “new” ways, taking the post-structuralist theories of Jacques Derrida as a working basis. The expose of “new” areas in Cummings criticism and his relevance to today’s critical thinking will lead to a call for a re-evaluation of Cummings’ status in the history of modernist poetry.FormIn moving on to the discussion of the poem, we shall investigate claims that Cummings’ experimental work, like Mallarmé’s, provokes a crisis in language by showing the unstable and undecidable relations between meanings, between meaning and form, and between different grammatical categories. Derrida claimed that this crisis is as a result of the “logic of language and not an aberrant distortion of it”. Furthermore, that the crisis is both new —“we are still developing critical methods adequate to it”— and very old — as old as Plato and Aristotle (Derrida, Acts 111). The poem under discussion is l(a :LIU Juan, MA, associate professor, School of Foreign Languages, Leshan Normal University, Sichuan, China.All Rights Reserved.CUMMINGS’ L(A UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE OF POST-STRUCTURALISM466l(aleaffalls)oneliness (CP 673)This haiku-like poem has been described as the “most delicately beautiful literary construct that Cummings ever created” (Kennedy, 1980, p. 463). Consisting of just four words, which the poem splits into two distinct phrases—“loneliness” and “a leaf falls”—the poem has generated a wide range of critical analysis. It is with this established criticism that we shall begin. The connection between the two phrases seems at first weak. The falling of a leaf is a concrete act, while the word “loneliness” is an abstract concept. However, conventional criticism has made the link. Rushworth Kidder who described the poem as a “brief description of autumn” stated that “the single leaf falling is a metaphor for both physical and spiritual isolation” (1979, pp. 200-201). Barry Marks, in a highly detailed reading, asked the reader to hold the two phrases simultaneously together so that various possibilities emerge. Thus, “Loneliness is like a falling leaf” or “The feeling of loneliness is the feeling a man gets when he watches a single leaf falling”. Marks (1964) concluded that “It does not take much … to … think of autumn, the end of the growing season, the death of the year” (p. 23). Autumn (fall) and the autumn of a man’s life—death is a lonely business. Such speculation is interesting indeed, but to the critics, not the point of the poem—“it [the poem] asks us to look at the printed page” (Marks, 1964, p.23). The form of the poem does indeed foster an attitude of internalization, of drawing attention to itself as an artifact, a work of art. To begin with, the poem dribbles down the page, at once suggesting the descent of a falling leaf, while also visually resembling the figure “1”, or a vertical stroke on a page (Heusser, 1977, pp. 269-270). The reader’s progress is slowed down by the shattered syntax, and the reader’s eye is forced into a similar movement as that when watching a descending leaf, both finally coming to a rest on the “ground” (“iness”—the longest and last line). We see that the poem is organized into stanzas [end page 38] of alternating lines of 1-3-1-3-1, while the first four lines alternate vowels/consonants, both indicating, perhaps, the twisting motion of the leaf as it falls. The parentheses aid this twisting movement, showing first, descent one way, then another. The downward movement is enhanced by lines 5 (“ll”) and 8 (“l”), which can be seen as visuallyAll Rights Reserved.CUMMINGS’ L(A UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE OF POST-STRUCTURALISM 467enacting the journey. Without even reading the words and using fields of representation perhaps unusual inpoetry (the visual in this case), the reader is drawn toward one of the main themes of the poem—that of “one”.It is no surprise that this poem was the first poem in Cummings’ book 95 Poems and was numbered “I”, furtherimpressing the main theme upon the reader. Furthermore, in the original printing of 95 Poems (1958), l(aappeared opposite a blank page—thus at once suggesting the loneliness explicit in the poem—while all otherpoems except the last appeared in twos. The 23 characters (including the title) seemed lost, overwhelmed by thewhite space, and one’s eyes are automatically drawn to the fragile construction. Metaphorically, then the poemenacts the vastness of space and the smallness of man within that space. This has existential undertones andimplicitly suggests another theme of the poem—that of death (autumn).LanguageIn his 1974 essay “Mallarmé”, Jacques Derrida contended that Mallarmé’s writings have usually been associated with semantic richness—the possibilities that language can be used for multiple meanings,references, and allusions. Instead, Derrida [end page 39] reads it as decomposition of linguistic elements, andespecially of the word. Taking Mallarmé’s Or as an example, Derrida shows how Mallarmé plays on theFrench word “or”, showing it to be two letters, a syllable, and a word. In fact, Derrida suggests it is all three.Indeed, even as a word, “or” is not stable. It can be a noun (“gold”), an adjective (“golden”), and a conjunction(“now”). Also, being proficient in English, Mallarmé knew that “or” could also be a syllable, a word, or lettersin English. Concluding that this is not so much semantic richness as semantic indecision, Derrida contends thatthis arises from the unsettling placing of letters, sounds, and words—in other words from syntax (the locationof linguistic elements), not from semantics (meanings). In fact, it upsets and derails meaning. Thus, Derrida’sinterest is not the semantic richness but the dislocation of content by strategic syntaxing. This dislocationresults in a position where truth/meaning is undecidable, and Derrida can conclude that “No more word: theefficacy often comes from one syllable which scatters the word” (1992, p. 125).From the description of Derrida’s theory, we can see quite clearly how Cummings’ poem “fits” into this picture. Cummings decomposes the words to produce a series of results that stem clearly from syllables, orindeed from single letters. Moreover, Cummings extends the fields of representation used to interpret the poembeyond semantics. The poem takes in, as we have seen, the visual, numerical, and French language fields ofrepresentation. The poem then becomes a poem of “associative meaning”—that is, a poem which forces thereader to go outside the poem for meaning, despite being constantly forced back into the poem. Thus, in l(a, atension of sorts develops as the reader is pulled both inside and outside the poem. Let us illustrate this point. Tobegin with, both the visual and verbal elements of the poem fail to allow the reader direct access to the thing itself.This statement seems paradoxical since we have established that the visual/verbal elements support each otherto aid meaning. However, when “reading” a poem, the visual is undermined since the reader’s concentration ison individual letters/syllables, which the reader is attempting to build into larger structures—words.Furthermore, as Foucault pointed out,As soon as [the reader] begins to read, in fact, shape dissipates … the [poem] never speaks and represents at the same moment. The very thing that is both seen and read is hushed in the vision, hidden in the reading. (Foucault, 1973, p. 26)The constant motif of “one”, hidden in the visual, is lost when reading, yet simultaneously, the “leaf” and the concept “loneliness” are lost when the visual is favored. Thus, the visual/verbal support system breaks All Rights Reserved.CUMMINGS’ L(A UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE OF POST-STRUCTURALISM468 down quickly, and furthermore, the poem seems to announce its failure to represent the object-concept-theme visually/verbally by drawing attention to its own artificial self, i.e., the fragile structure swamped in white. As Derrida states, “in their literal sense painting and writing are totally incapable of any intuition of the thing itself, since they deal only in copies, and in copies of copies” (1991, p. 176). We have seen already, in our analysis of “in just”, how language fails to convey single, stable, universal truth/meaning [end page 40] since language can “mean” many things simultaneously. The visual suffers the same fate. According to Derrida, the artist has traditionally embodied the power of seeing and making visible (1993, pp. 48-52). However, to Derrida, drawing originates in blindness. The object or model, even if facing the artist, cannot be seen at the same moment as the mark of drawing is made. There is always a gap or delay. The mark relies on memory and when memory is invoked, the present object is ignored: The artist will be blind to it. Furthermore, drawing, like language, is impossible without the play of presence/absence, and this cannot be seen. Thus, the artistic power of seeing and making visible is inhabited by blindness it cannot recognize. Modes of representation, then fail to convey any truth or “transparent window” to the object; indeed, the artistic medium always intervenes between reader/observer and the thing itself. Thus, when imagining the leaf twisting, descending, or coming to rest, the reader will be blind to the letters/syllables on the page. Thus, the modes of representation used in the poem fail to convey truth/meaning to the reader.Now, to return to the inside/outside dichotomy: The reader is first pulled inside the poem since the visual elements of the poem fail to convey direct access to the thing itself. The reader goes inside the poem—the verbal/semantic—to find meaning. However, because of the decomposition of the words in the poem, the multiple puns, allusions, and meanings, the reader is forced into other systems of signification outside the poem. Thus, the reader looks outward toward fields of French and numerical representation. This oscillation betweeninside/outside is one of the many undecided issues within the poem. There are also the undecided issues ofabstract/concrete, female/male (“la” and “le”), the numerical/verbal, and the visual/verbal. Furthermore, as we have seen, there is a metaphysical dimension to the poem that links “a leaf falls” and the “autumn” years of a person’s life. However, this melancholic reading need not apply, for the state of “loneliness” is not necessarily a negative one (Kidder, 1979, p. 201). The poem seems to be dealing with issues far and beyond that of an interpretative meaning. Its undecided status points to this. Cummings is dealing with the problems of representation itself, and that is a major issue currently under debate. Cummings’ work then, seems particularly relevant to today’s thinking.ConclusionCummings’ work, in using different fields of representation, disrupts conventional thinking about representation. It is as if Cummings were exploring the limits, not just of language, but of the problems of representation in general.To conclude, Cummings’ poem supports Derrida’s radical conclusion that since all the words in this poem can be decomposed, there are no more words. It is undeniable that Cummings’ achievement deserves acclaim. He established the poem as a visual object (he can be seen, in fact, as a forerunner of concrete poetry); he revealed, by his x-ray probing, the faceted possibilities of the single word; and he promoted sheer playfulness with language. Despite a growing abundance of second-rate imitations, his poems continue to amuse, delight, and provoke.All Rights Reserved.CUMMINGS’ L(A UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE OF POST-STRUCTURALISM 469ReferencesBrooks, C., & Warren, R. P. (2004). Understanding Poetry. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Derrida, J. (1991). A Derrida reader: Between the blinds. (P. Kamuf Ed.). Hemel, Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Derrida, J. (1992). Acts of literature. (D. Attridge Ed.). London: Routledge.Derrida, J. (1993). Memoirs of the blind: The self-portrait and other ruins. (P. A. Brault and M. Naas, Trans.). London: University of Chicago Press.Foucault, M. (1973). Ceci n’est pas une pipe. Montpellier: Fata Morgana,.Heusser, M. (1997). I Am My Writing: The Poetry of E. E. Cummings. Tubingen: Stauffenburg Verlag.Kennedy, R. S. (1980). Dreams in the mirror: A biography of E. E. Cummings. New York: Liveright.Kidder, R. M. (1979). E. E. Cummings: An introduction to the poetry. New York: Columbia University Press.Marks, B. (1964). E. E. Cummings. New York: Twayne.Perrine, L. (1987). Sound and sense: An introduction to poetry. Chicago: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.Rosenthal, M. L. (1960). The modern poets: A critical introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.All Rights Reserved.。

桃子英语作文

Peaches are a delightful fruit that many people enjoy during the summer months. They are known for their sweet taste and juicy texture,making them a popular choice for snacks and desserts.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay about peaches in English:1.Introduction to Peaches:Begin your essay by introducing peaches as a fruit.Mention their scientific name,which is Prunus persica,and their origin,which is believed to be ancient Persia.2.Cultivation and History:Discuss the history of peach cultivation,which dates back thousands of years.Mention how peaches were introduced to Europe through trade routes and eventually made their way to the Americas.3.Varieties of Peaches:There are many varieties of peaches,ranging from the sweet and juicy freestone peaches to the clingstone peaches that have a flesh that clings to the pit. Describe the differences in taste,texture,and appearance among these varieties.4.Nutritional Value:Highlight the nutritional benefits of peaches.They are a good source of vitamins A and C,potassium,and fiber.Explain how these nutrients contribute to a healthy diet.5.Health Benefits:Discuss the health benefits associated with peaches.They are known to have antioxidant properties and can help improve digestion,support immune function, and may even have antiinflammatory effects.6.Culinary Uses:Explore the various ways peaches are used in cooking.Mention their use in desserts like peach pie,peach cobbler,and peach ice cream,as well as in savory dishes,such as salads and grilled peach recipes.7.Preservation Methods:Describe how peaches can be preserved to enjoy them yearround.Canning,freezing,and drying are common methods of preserving peaches.8.Growing Peach Trees:For those interested in gardening,provide information on how to grow peach trees.Discuss the ideal climate,soil conditions,and care required for a healthy peach tree.9.Environmental Impact:Consider the environmental impact of peach farming,including water usage and the potential for pesticide use.Discuss sustainable farming practices that can minimize these impacts.10.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the importance of peaches,both asa delicious fruit and for their nutritional and health benefits.Encourage readers to incorporate peaches into their diets and perhaps even to grow their own peach trees.Remember to use descriptive language to engage your readers and make your essay about peaches enjoyable and informative.。

考研英语试题整理归纳

考研英语试题整理归纳考研的英语难度很高,考研英语考试形式为笔试，考试时间为180分钟，满分为100分。

下面是小编为大家整理的关于考研英语试题整理，希望对您有所帮助!考研英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read thc following text.Choose the bcsl word(s) for each numbcred blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg WaSincreased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , ，a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]conVoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerre[B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with[D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]Asusual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued考研英语阅读真题He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called "The Hawk in the Rain" when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes’s ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices-symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink.It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes’s book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poems called "Birthday Letters".In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife’s death, which he calls his "big and unmanageable event". He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship didthe burden begin to lighten.The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes’s early poetry. Some books of letters serve as a personalised historical chronicle. Poets’ letters are seldom like that, and Hughes’s are no exception. His are about a life of literary engagement: almost all of them include some musin g on the state or the nature of writing, both Hughes’s own or other people’s. The trajectory of Hughes’s literary career had him moving from obscurity to fame, and then, in the eyes of many, to life-long notoriety. These letters are filled with his wrestling with the consequences of being the part-private, part-public creature that he became, desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy.Hughes is an absorbing and intricate commentator upon his own poetry, even when he is standing back from it and good-humouredly condemning himself for "its fantasticalia, its pretticisms and its infinite verballifications". He also believed, from first to last, that poetry had a special place in the education of children. "What kids need", he wrote in a 1988 letter to the secretary of state for education in the Conservative government, "is a headfull [sic] of songs that are not songs but blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language." When that happens, children have "the guardian angel installed behind the tongue". Lucky readers, big or small.1.The poetry of Hughes’s forerunners is characteristic of ______[A] its natural, crude flavor.[B] its distorted depiction of people’s daily life.[C] its penetrating sight.[D] its fantastical enthusiasm.2.The word "vilified" most probably means _____[A] tortured[B] harassed[C] scolded[D] tormented3.According to the third paragraph, Hughes’s collection of letters are _____[A] personal recollection of his life.[B] personalised historical chronicle of his literary engagement.[C] reflections of his struggle with his devotion and the reality.[D] his meditation on the literary world.4. From the letters, we may find the cause of Hughes’s internal struggle is _____[A] his devotion to the literary world.[B] that he is a part-private, part-public creature.[C] that he is constrained by the fear of his privacy being invaded.[D] his fame and notoriety.5. By "lucky readers" in the last sentence, the author means_____[A] children who read poetry.[B] children who have a headfull of songs.[C] children who own blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language.[D] children who have the guardian angel installed behind the tongue考研英语真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, _1_ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2_ a likely spouse on his own andthen ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man'sparents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in theselection. 4, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5aspouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, _ 7 _ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and _ 8 _ prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily in with the wife’s parents an d may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each sprouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to2.[A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on3.[A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone4.[A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example5.[A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless6.[A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through7.[A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so8.[A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create9.[A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10.[A]passing [B]lighting[C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever17.[A]changed[B]brought [C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears20.[A]so [B]while [C]once [D]in thatText 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runaways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death-as some have done. It tells the fashionindustry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced,would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better wouldbe to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A]New runways would be constructed.[B]Physical beauty would be redefined.[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.[D]The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on” (Line2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A]heightening the value of.[B]indicating the state of.[C]losing faith in.[D]doing harm to.23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A]New standards are being set in Denmark.[B]The French measures have already failed.[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions.[B]caring too much about models’ character.[C]showing little concern for health factors.[D]setting a high age threshold for models.25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A]A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B]A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France[C]Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse th is sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing“off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents StirlingAckroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is eventruer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the N etherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside____[A]didn’tstart till the Shakespearean age.[B]has brought much benefit to the NHS.[C]is fully backed by the royal family.[D]is not well reflected in politics.27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being____[A]gradually destroyed.[B]effectively reinforced.[C]largely overshadowed.[D]properly protected.28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B]The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.[C]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.[D]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. The author holds that George Osborne’s preference____[A]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of____[A]the size of population in Britain.[B]the political life in today’s Britain.[C]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.[D]the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Fiedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies –at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms is America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR , according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm ,This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality.Second, customersmay be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes is helps. And third, through a more diffu se “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensiveCSR programmes tendedto getmore lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seen to influenced by a company’s record in CSR. "We estima te that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials," says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least have demonstrated that whencompanies get into trouble with the law, evidence of goodcharacter can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] tolerance[B] skepticism[C] uncertainty[D]approval32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company[Al winning trust from consumers.[B] guarding it against malpractices.[C] protecting it from being defamed.[D] raising the quality of its products.33.Theexpression "more lenient" (Line 2, Para. 4)is closestin meaning to[Al more effective.[B] less controversial.[C] less severe.[D] more lasting.34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record[Al has an impact on their decision.[B] comes across as reliable evidence.[C]increases the chance of being penalized.[D] constitutes part of the investigation.35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph ?[Al Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B]Thenecessaryamount of companies'spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies' financial capacityforithasbeenoverestimated.[D] Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times cases to publish stories on newsprint .Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future “the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print .The infrastructure required to make a physical newspapers -printing presses .delivery truck -isn’t just expensive ;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competition don’t have the same set financial constraints . Readers are migrating away from print away,And although print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lowe ,but rushing to eliminate its print editor would be a mistake ,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting of the print business, only if they go about doing it the right away “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them “he said, “but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway". Peretti gives example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as a blunder." he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the times? "l wouldn't pick year to end print."he said. “I would raise and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal costumer would still gel the product they favor. the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helpingsustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," peretti said. "Then increase it at rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year —more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market.Change and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due[A]the high cost of operation.[B]the pressure form its investors.[C]the complaints form its readers[D]the increasing online ad asles.37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should[A]seek new sources of readership.[B]end the print edition for goog.[C]aim for efficitent management.[D]make strategic adiustments.38.It can inferred form Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”[A]helps restore the glory of former times.[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.[C]will have the cost of printing reduced.[D]expands the popularity of the paper39.Peretti believes that,in a changing world,[A]legacy businesses are becoming outdated[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B]Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand[C]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Reading the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A—G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41—45)，There are two extraSubheadings,Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Create a new image of yourself[B]Have confidence in yourself[C]Decide if the time is right[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Mark it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal orinformal theworkenvironment,the way you present yourself has an impact.This isespecially truein first impressions.According to researchfrom PrincetonUniversity, people assessyour competence,Trustworthiness, and likeability injust a tenth of a second, solelybased ontheway you look.The different between today’sworkplace and the “dress for success”era is that the range of optionsis so muchbroader. Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.In some settings, red sneakers or dress T—shirts can conveystatus;inother not somuch. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social—media services like LinkedIn.Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than adecade or two lennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can beconfusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in anupgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals?Here are some tips:41.As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularlyhelpfulduring transitions—when looking for a new job , stepping into a new or morepublic role ,or changing work env ironments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask forhonest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals .Look for cuesabout how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someonemoving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look ore “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audience? How do the people you respect and look up to prevent themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse of friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time discussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to opinions. Buy all your clothes once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.。

StudyGuidefor“TheMomentbeforetheGunWentOff”

Name_______________________________________________ Period_______ Apartheid (meaning separateness in Afrikaans cognate to English apart and -hood) was a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government of South Africa between 1948 and 1990. Apartheid had its roots in the history of colonisation and settlement of southern Africa, with the development of practices and policies of separation along racial lines and domination by European settlers and their descendents. The Apartheid system was formalized in 1948 into a system of institutionalised racism and white domination. Apartheid was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1993, culminating in elections in 1994, the first in South Africa with universal suffrage. The vestiges of apartheid still shape South African politics and society.Apartheid legislation classified inhabitants and visitors into racial groups (black, white, coloured, and Indian or Asian). South African blacks were stripped of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of ten tribally based and nominally self-governing bantustans (tribal homelands), four of which became nominally independent states. The homelands occupied relatively small and economically unproductive areas of the country. Many black South Africans, however, never resided in their identified "homelands". The homeland system disenfranchised black people residing in "white South Africa" by restricting their voting rights to their own identified black homeland. The government segregated education, medical care, and other public services; black people ended up with services greatly inferior to those of whites, and, to a lesser extent, to those of Indians and coloureds. The black education system was designed to prepare blacks for lives as a labouring class. There was a deliberate policy in "white South Africa" of making services for black people inferior to those of whites, to try to "encourage" black people to move into the black homelands.The system of apartheid sparked significant internal resistance. The government responded to a series of popular uprisings and protests with police brutality, which in turn increased local support for the armed resistance struggle. In response to popular and political resistance, the apartheid government resorted to detentions without trial, torture, censorship, and the banning of political opposition. Despite suffering extreme repression and exile, these organisations maintained popular support for the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa and forged connections with the international anti-apartheid movement during this period.White South Africa became increasingly militarised, embarking on the so-called border war with the covert support of the USA, fighting Cuban and MPLA forces based in Angola, and later sending the South African Defence Force into townships. The anti-apartheid organisations had strong links with other liberation struggles in Africa, and often saw their armed resistance to apartheid as part of the socialist struggle against capitalism.From /wiki/ApartheidThe Immorality Act (1950-1985) was one of the first Apartheid laws in South Africa. It attempted to forbid all sexual relations between whites and non-whites. In 1949, interracial marriages had been banned by the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act.On the grounds of the Immorality Act, the police tracked down racially mixed couples suspected of being in relationships. Homes were invaded, and mixed couples caught in bed were arrested. Most couples found guilty were sent to jail. Blacks were often given harsher sentences than whites.In 1985, the Immorality Act and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act were both repealed under Pieter Botha.From /wiki/Immorality_Amendment_Act1.What do we know about Van der Vyver and Lucas? Discuss family, politics,property, community and his place in it, and his personality.2. Analyze this quote from the narrator. How does this quote reflect the relationships between black and whites during apartheid? Does the narrator really believe Lucas and Van der Vyver were friends? Or is he trying to convince himself or the outside world of this?“Those city and overseas people don’t know it’s true: farmers usually haveone particular black boy they like to take along with them in the lands; youcould call it a kind of friend, yes, friends are not only your own white people,like yourself, you take into your house, pray with in church and work with onthe Party committee” (334).3. The narrator refers to several groups in this story. How does the narrator describe each group and their response or interpretation to the killing?4. Match each quote to the correct group listed above.5. Focus on the narrator.a)Based on your observations above, describe the narrator.b)Which group does the narrator identify with?c)Is the narrator sympathetic to Van der Vyver? How do you know?d)Make a judgment about this narrator. (Remember when we talked about fact,inference, and judgment?) Step outside the text and make a judgment about thenarrator from the perspective of a person living in the United States in the 21stcentury.6. Are the narrator’s views the same as the author’s? How do you know?7. Analyze the following quotation. What does it show about Van der Vyver? What does it show about the captain? What does it show about how whites expect other whites to respond to the death of a black farm worker during apartheid?Beetge will not tell anyone that after the brandy Van der Vyver wept. Hesobbed, snot running down onto his hands, like a dirty kid. The Captainwas ashamed for him, and walked out to give him a chance to recoverhimself. (335)8. Analyze the following quotations:She does not look up; she does not look at Van der Vyver, whose gunwent off in the truck, she stares at the grave. Nothing will make her lookup; there need be no fear that she will look up; at him. His wife, Alida, isbeside him. (338)The de ad man’s mother and he stare at the grave in communication likethat between the black man outside and the white man inside the cab themoment before the gun went off. (338)9. In the following quotation, analyze the use of the word “callously”: “T he young black man callously shot through the negligence of the white man was not the farmer’s boy; he was his son” (339).10. Analyze the title!。

(NEW)北京航空航天大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解

9. If you _____ something, such as food or drink, you reduce its quality or make it weaker, for example by adding water to it.
A. adulterate B. moor C. vaccinate D. sue 【答案】A 【解析】句意：如果你往食物或饮品之类的东西里掺假，例如往里面兑水，就会降低它们的质量。adulterate掺杂。moor停泊；固定。 vaccinate注射疫苗。sue控告；起诉。
10. The orphanage is just one of her _____ causes. A. phonetic B. philanthropic C. prevalent D. lunatic 【答案】B 【解析】句意：这座孤儿院只是她的慈善事业之一。philanthropic仁慈的；慈善的。phonetic语音的。prevalent盛行的，流行的。lunatic精神
2010年北京航空航天大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
Part Ⅰ. Vocabulary (30 points) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. 1. The _____ is used by astrologers to help calculate the influence of the planets on people’s lives. A. zephyr B. zodiac C. zyme D. zest 【答案】B 【解析】句意：天文学家通过占星术中的黄道十二宫来计算星球对人类生活的影响。zodiac黄道十二宫（用于占星术）。zephyr和风，微风。zyme酶。zest热情；热心。

美国文学试卷+答题纸+答案

2012-2013学年第二学期《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A 卷）专业：英语年级：2010级考试方式：闭卷学分：2 考试时间：110分钟I ．Multiple Choices (每小题 1分，共20分)Directions: Select from the four choices of each item the one thatbest answers the question.1. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more_____________. A . rational B . humorous C. optimisticD . pessimistic2. Which of the following is not written by Ernest Hemingway, one of the best-known American authors of the 20th century? A. The Sun Also Rises B. The Old Man and the Sea C. Mosses from the Old ManseD. Hills Like White Elephant3. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues Except the __________ in the American history. A. individual feeling B. survival of the fittest C. strong imaginationD. return to nature4. Almost all Faulkner ’s heroes turned out to be tragic because__________. A. all enjoyed living in the declining American South.B. none of them was conditioned by the civilization and Social institutions.C. most of them were prisoners of the past.D. none were successful in their attempt to explain the inexplicable.5. As an autobiograp hical play, O’Neill’s ________ (1955) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama._.A. The Iceman ComethB. Long Day’s Journey into NightC. Beyond the HorizonD. Bound East for Cardiff6. Which of the following statements is right about Robert Frost’s poetry?A. He combined traditional verse forms with the difficult and highly ornamental language.B. He combined traditional verse forms with the pastoral language of the Southern area.C. He combined traditional verse forms with a simple spoken language, the speech of New England farmers.D. He combined traditional verse forms with the experimental.7. Edgar Allen Poe was characterized by his __________.A. psycho-analysisB. novels set in the WestC. free verseD. political pamphlets8. Which of the following is depicted as the mythical county in William Faulkner’s novels?A. CambridgeB. OxfordC. MississippiD. Yoknapatawpha9. ____________ was the first great American writer to write for pleasure rather than utility. He is considered to be founder of American literature by some critics.A. James Fenimore CooperB. Washington IrvingC. Ezra PoundD. Mark Twain10. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______________.A. lyrical and well-structuredB. conversational and crudeC. simple and rather crudeD. free-flowing11. The Grapes of Wrath by Steinbeck reveals the miserable lives of __________ .A. factory workersB. sailorsC. landless farm laborersD. veterans12. Among the American realistic writers, _________ focused his attention on the rising middle class and the way they lived.A. Herman MelvilleB. Henry JamesC. Mark TwainD. William Dean Howells13. Which of the following is a representative novel of naturalism by an American writer? 2A. Innocents AbroadB. McTeagueC. Daisy MillerD. The Grapes of Wrath14. The first symbol of self-made American man is _________.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Washington IrvingC. George WashingtonD. Mark Twain15. The Imagist writers followed three principles. They respectively are direct treatment, economy of expression and ________.A. local colorB. ironyC. clear rhythmD. blank verse16. Robert Frost is famous for his lyric poems. Which of the following lyric poems wasnot written by Robert Frost?A. “The Raven”B. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”C. “After Apple-picking”D. “The Road Not Taken”17. “The lost generation”refers to the writers who relocated to Paris in the post WWⅠyears to reject to values of American materialism. All the following but ________are involved in this group.A. F. S. FitzgeraldB. Ernest HemingwayC. Theodore DreiserD. John Dos Passos18. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them _________.A. AnglicansB. CatholicsC. NormansD. Puritans19. Which one of the following statements is applicable to the understanding of Transcendentalism?A. It is strongly influenced by social Darwinism.B. Belief in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.C. Man has no free-will.D. It holds that determinism governs everything.20. In __________, Captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale which shearedoff his leg on a previous voyage, and his crazy chasing of it eventually brings death to allon board the whaler except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.《美国文学》A卷第3页共18页4A. TypeeB. White JacketC. Moby DickD. Billy BuddII ．Explain the Following Literary Terms Briefly (每小题7分，共14分)Directions : Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.21. Local Colorism 22. Stream of ConsciousnessIII ．Identification of Fragments (每小题7分，共21分)Directions : Please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly comment on itin English. Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.23. “‘That ’s right.’ He said; ‘I ’m no good now. I was all right. I had money. I ’m going to quit this,’ and, with death in his heart, he started down toward the Bowery. People had turned on the gas before and died; why shouldn ’t he? He remembered a lodging house where there were little, close rooms, with gas-jet in them, almost pre-arranged, he thought, for what he wanted to do, which rented for fifteen cents. Then he remembered that he had no fifteen cents.”24. “All day Buck brooded by the pool or roamed restlessly above the camp. Death, as a cessation of movement, as a passing out and away from the lives of the living, he knew, and he knew John Thornton was dead. It left a great void in him, somewhat akin to hunger, but a void which ached and ached, and which food could not fill.25. “Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why that would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue.IV . Short Essay Questions (每小题10分，共 30 分)Directions : Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.《美国文学》A 卷第5页共18页26. The relationship between man and nature is a recurrent theme, perhaps one of the most important themes, in American literature. Write a short essay on it by contrasting tow or three American literary works, or two or three American literary movements, to tell what you know about their different views of nature. 27. Please make a comment on Eugene O ’Neil.28. Please briefly comment on Theodore Dreiser ’s novel Sister Carrie.V ．Appreciating a Literary Work (计 15 分)Directions:In this part, you are required to write a commentary paper in no less than 100 words. Please write it on the AnswerSheet .A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceErnest HemingwayIt was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the day time the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. The two waiters inside the cafe knew that the old man was a little drunk, and while he was a good client they knew that if he became too drunk he would leave without paying, so they kept watch on him."Last week he tried to commit suicide," one waiter said. "Why?""He was in despair." "What about?" "Nothing.""How do you know it was nothing?" "He has plenty of money."They sat together at a table that was close against the wall near the door of the cafe and looked at the terrace where the tables were all empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind. A girl and a soldier went by in the street. The street light shone on the brass number on his collar. The girl wore no head covering and hurried beside him."The guard will pick him up," one waiter said. "What does it matter if he gets what he's after?""He had better get off the street now. The guard will get him. They went by five minutes ago."The old man sitting in the shadow rapped on his saucer with his glass. The youngerwaiter went over to him."What do you want?"The old man looked at him. "Another brandy," he said."You'll be drunk," the waiter said. The old man looked at him. The waiter went away."He'll stay all night," he said to his colleague. "I'm sleepy now. I never get into bed before three o'clock. He should have killed himself last week."The waiter took the brandy bottle and another saucer from the counter inside the cafe and marched out to the old man's table. He put down the saucer and poured the glass full of brandy."You should have killed yourself last week," he said to the deaf man. The old man motioned with his finger. "A little more," he said. The waiter poured on into the glass so that the brandy slopped over and ran down the stem into the top saucer of the pile. "Thank you," the old man said. The waiter took the bottle back inside the cafe. He sat down at the table with his colleague again."He's drunk now," he said."He's drunk every night.""What did he want to kill himself for?""How should I know.""How did he do it?""He hung himself with a rope.""Who cut him down?""His niece.""Why did they do it?""Fear for his soul.""How much money has he got?" "He's got plenty.""He must be eighty years old.""Anyway I should say he was eighty.""I wish he would go home. I never get to bed before three o'clock. What kind of hour is that to go to bed?""He stays up because he likes it.""He's lonely. I'm not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me.""He had a wife once too.""A wife would be no good to him now.""You can't tell. He might be better with a wife.""His niece looks after him. You said she cut him down.""I know." "I wouldn't want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing.""Not always. This old man is clean. He drinks without spilling. Even now, drunk. Look at him.""I don't want to look at him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard for those 6《美国文学》A 卷第7页共18页who must work."The old man looked from his glass across the square, then over at the waiters."Another brandy," he said, pointing to his glass. The waiter who was in a hurry came over."Finished," he said, speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners. "No more tonight. Close now.""Another," said the old man."No. Finished." The waiter wiped the edge of the table with a towel and shook his head.The old man stood up, slowly counted the saucers, took a leather coin purse from his pocket and paid for the drinks, leaving half a peseta(西班牙货币单位) tip. The waiter watched him go down the street, a very old man walking unsteadily but with dignity."Why didn't you let him stay and drink?" the unhurried waiter asked. They were putting up the shutters. "It is not half-past two.""I want to go home to bed." "What is an hour?""More to me than to him." "An hour is the same.""You talk like an old man yourself. He can buy a bottle and drink at home." "It's not the same.""No, it is not," agreed the waiter with a wife. He did not wish to be unjust. He was only in a hurry."And you? You have no fear of going home before your usual hour?" "Are you trying to insult me?""No, hombre （老兄）, only to make a joke.""No," the waiter who was in a hurry said, rising from pulling down the metal shutters. "I have confidence. I am all confidence.""You have youth, confidence, and a job," the older waiter said. "You have everything.""And what do you lack?" "Everything but work.""You have everything I have.""No. I have never had confidence and I am not young." "Come on. Stop talking nonsense and lock up.""I am of those who like to stay late at the cafe," the older waiter said."With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night.""I want to go home and into bed.""We are of two different kinds," the older waiter said. He was now dressed to go home. "It is not only a question of youth and confidence although those things are very beautiful. Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be some one who needs the cafe.""Hombre, there are bodegas open all night long.""You do not understand. This is a clean and pleasant cafe. It is well lighted. The light is very good and also, now, there are shadows of the leaves.""Good night," said the younger waiter."Good night," the other said. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself, It was the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not a fear or dread, It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was a nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada （没有，虚无）y（所以）pues（既然，那么）nada y nada y pues nada. Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. （这是一段模仿祷告词，其中的名词和动词都被虚无所取代，表明一切事物和行为都是虚无。

翻译中善变词汇

开的(2)
开明的，无偏见的(6) 尚未决定的，悬而 (~ up)开始，开设，打开，敞开(6) 未决的(1) 开办(4)
operation!
（军事）行动，活动（in ~）操作，运 (0) 转，经营(2)
手术(1)
运算(0) 次序，顺序(2) order in order to 为了 (23) package 包装，包裹(0)
维修，保养(0)
settle
(~ down)安放；安顿等）；结束（纠纷、确立（政体、制度 (0) 争端等）；对…达等），使稳固(1) 成协议(4)
shape shot
(in ~)形状，外形(0) 状况，状态(1) 注射(1) 尝试(1)
决定……的进程（或发展方向）(3)
smart social
漂亮的，潇洒的，时聪明的，伶俐的，髦的(0) 社会的(8) 声音，声响(1) 巧妙的(1) 群体的，群居的(1) 健全的，完好的，健康的(0) 备用的，多余的，空闲的(1)
智能化的(2)
sound 听起来(1) spare spell state! 州(9) story 饶恕，不伤害(0) 拼写(1) (in ~) 状态，情况(2)
(~ over) 论及，涉及(0) 把……分等，给…… 评定等级(0) 价格，费(2)
rank
地位，社会阶层(2) 排，行列(0) （at ~）速度，进度（at ~）比率，率 (0) (2) 给……定级，把……列为(0)
rate 对……估价，评估(0)
reason
原因，理由(28) （~ to）提到，论及 (0) 映象，倒影(0)
(~ to)受……支配的， sb. to sth) 使 (~ 取决于……的(2) subscribe 认捐；捐助，赞助(0) (~ to) 服从(1) 订阅（报刊等）；订购（书籍等）(1)

介绍赠汪伦英语作文

介绍赠汪伦英语作文Introducing Zeng WanlunZeng Wanlun, a renowned Chinese scholar and poet, lived during the Tang Dynasty, a golden era of Chinese literature and culture. Born in 812 CE, Zeng Wanlun's life and works have left an indelible mark on the literary landscape of ancient China, inspiring generations of writers and thinkers.Hailing from a family of prominent scholars, Zeng Wanlun was exposed to the rich literary traditions of China from a young age. He excelled in his studies, mastering the classical texts and developing a keen appreciation for the art of poetry. As he grew older, Zeng Wanlun became a respected figure in the imperial court, serving as a high-ranking official and earning the admiration of his peers.However, it was Zeng Wanlun's poetic talents that truly set him apart. His verses, characterized by their elegance, depth, and emotional resonance, have been celebrated for centuries. Zeng Wanlun's poems often explored themes of nature, love, and the human condition, reflecting his deep understanding of the world around him and the complexities of the human experience.One of Zeng Wanlun's most renowned works is his "Ode to the Crows." This poem, which has become a cherished classic in Chinese literature, is a poignant meditation on the fleeting nature of life and the bittersweet cycle of birth and death. Through vivid imagery and evocative language, Zeng Wanlun captures the essence of the crow, a symbol of both resilience and mortality, and uses it to explore the universal human experiences of joy, sorrow, and the search for meaning.Another celebrated work by Zeng Wanlun is his "Lament for the South." This elegiac poem, written during a time of political upheaval and social unrest, reflects the poet's deep concern for the fate of his country and his people. With a masterful command of language and a profound understanding of the human condition, Zeng Wanlun crafts a work of exceptional beauty and emotional depth, offering a poignant commentary on the fragility of power and the enduring resilience of the human spirit.Zeng Wanlun's influence on Chinese literature and culture cannot be overstated. His poems have been studied and admired by scholars and readers alike, and his legacy continues to inspire new generations of writers and thinkers. Through his timeless works, Zeng Wanlun has left an indelible mark on the literary landscape of China, and his name remains synonymous with the highestachievements of Chinese poetry.In addition to his poetic accomplishments, Zeng Wanlun was also a respected scholar and philosopher. He made significant contributions to the study of Confucianism, exploring the nuances of this ancient philosophical tradition and its relevance to the social and political realities of his time. Zeng Wanlun's insights and interpretations of Confucian teachings have been widely studied and continue to influence contemporary understandings of this influential philosophy.Zeng Wanlun's life and works have also had a profound impact on the cultural and artistic traditions of China. His poems have been the inspiration for countless works of art, from paintings and calligraphy to music and theater. The elegance and depth of his verse have also inspired the creation of numerous scholarly commentaries and critical analyses, further cementing his status as one of the most important figures in Chinese literary history.In conclusion, Zeng Wanlun is a towering figure in the annals of Chinese literature and culture. Through his exceptional poetic talents, his profound philosophical insights, and his enduring influence on the artistic and intellectual life of his era, Zeng Wanlun has left an indelible mark on the cultural heritage of China. His legacy continues to inspire and captivate readers and scholars alike, and his nameremains synonymous with the highest achievements of the human spirit.。

给交换生介绍中国唐诗英语作文高二

给交换生介绍中国唐诗英语作文高二Introduction to Tang Poetry in ChinaChina, as a country with rich cultural heritage, has a long history of poetry dating back thousands of years. Among the various forms of Chinese poetry, Tang poetry is considered as one of the most important and influential literary creations in Chinese history. For exchange students interested in exploring the beauty and depth of Chinese culture, learning about Tang poetry can provide valuable insights into the artistic and intellectual achievements of ancient China.Tang poetry refers to the poetry written and composed during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) in China. This golden age of Chinese poetry produced a great number of remarkable poets who created enduring masterpieces that continue to inspire readers and scholars to this day. The Tang poets were known for their profound insights into human nature, their vivid descriptions of nature and emotions, and their exquisite craftsmanship in using the Chinese language.One of the most famous Tang poets is Li Bai, also known as Li Po, who is regarded as a literary genius and a romantic figure in Chinese literature. His poems are characterized by theirspontaneity, elegance, and profound philosophical ideas. Another renowned Tang poet is Du Fu, who is often praised for his moral integrity, social consciousness, and powerful expressions of personal emotions. Both Li Bai and Du Fu are considered as the two greatest poets of the Tang Dynasty, and their works have had a lasting impact on the development of Chinese poetry.Tang poetry covers a wide range of themes, including love, friendship, nature, politics, and the human condition. Many of the poems are composed in the form of quatrains, which consist of four lines with a fixed number of characters in each line. The language of Tang poetry is highly stylized and rich in imagery, metaphors, and allusions, making it a fascinating field of study for those interested in delving into the nuances of Chinese literary traditions.For exchange students who are eager to learn more about Tang poetry, there are various resources and materials available to help deepen their understanding of this ancient art form. Reading translations of Tang poems in English can be a good starting point for exploring the beauty and sophistication of Chinese poetry. Additionally, studying the historical background and cultural context of Tang poetry can provide valuable insightsinto the social, political, and intellectual climate of the Tang Dynasty.In conclusion, Tang poetry is a treasure trove of artistic and intellectual achievements in Chinese culture, and it offers exchange students a unique opportunity to appreciate the beauty and complexity of Chinese literature. By immersing themselves in the world of Tang poetry, students can gain a deeper understanding of Chinese history, philosophy, and aesthetics, and cultivate a greater appreciation for the rich cultural heritage of China. Let the enchanting words of Tang poets guide you on a poetic journey through the landscapes of ancient China and discover the timeless beauty of Tang poetry.。

interpréter pour traduire 英文版本

interpréter pour traduire 英文版本Interpreting to TranslateLanguage is the foundation of human communication, allowing us to express our thoughts, ideas, and emotions. However, the diversity of languages across the world presents a challenge when individuals from different linguistic backgrounds need to interact or share information. This is where the art of interpretation and translation comes into play, enabling effective cross-cultural exchange and understanding.Interpretation and translation are closely related yet distinct processes. Interpretation involves the real-time conversion of spoken or signed language from one language to another, while translation focuses on the written transfer of content from one language to another. Both disciplines require a deep understanding of the source and target languages, as well as the ability to convey the intended meaning accurately and effectively.The role of the interpreter is to facilitate communication between individuals or groups who do not share a common language. Interpreters must possess a keen ability to listen, comprehend, andreformulate the message in the target language, often working under time constraints and in high-pressure situations. This requires not only linguistic proficiency but also cultural awareness and the ability to navigate complex social dynamics.Interpreters play a vital role in a wide range of settings, from legal and medical contexts to international conferences and diplomatic negotiations. In the legal field, for example, interpreters ensure that individuals who do not speak the language of the court can fully participate in legal proceedings and understand their rights. In healthcare settings, interpreters bridge the gap between patients and healthcare providers, enabling accurate diagnosis, treatment, and informed consent.Similarly, the role of the translator is to transfer written text from one language to another, preserving the original meaning and tone. Translators must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural nuances that shape the way language is used and understood. They must also possess strong writing skills, attention to detail, and the ability to adapt the content to the target audience.The demand for high-quality translation services has grown exponentially in the era of globalization, as businesses, organizations, and individuals seek to communicate effectively across linguisticboundaries. From website content and marketing materials to legal documents and technical manuals, the need for accurate and culturally appropriate translation has become increasingly critical.Interpreters and translators face numerous challenges in their work, including the need to navigate complex terminology, idioms, and cultural references, as well as the pressure to deliver accurate and timely results. They must also be adept at working with a variety of clients, adapting their communication style and approach to meet the specific needs of each situation.Despite these challenges, the field of interpretation and translation offers numerous rewards and opportunities for personal and professional growth. Interpreters and translators play a vital role in fostering cross-cultural understanding, breaking down language barriers, and facilitating the exchange of knowledge and ideas. They are the linguistic ambassadors who enable individuals and organizations to connect, collaborate, and thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.Moreover, the demand for skilled interpreters and translators is expected to continue growing, driven by factors such as globalization, advancements in technology, and the increasing diversity of communities and workplaces. As a result, the field offers promising career prospects for individuals with the necessarylinguistic skills, cultural awareness, and dedication to their craft.In conclusion, the art of interpretation and translation is a vital component of modern communication, enabling individuals and organizations to bridge linguistic divides and foster greater understanding and collaboration. Whether working in the courtroom, the hospital, or the international boardroom, interpreters and translators play a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of ideas, information, and cultural perspectives. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of these linguistic professionals will only continue to grow, making it a rewarding and dynamic field for those who possess the necessary skills and passion.。

英语介绍诗人王维的作文

英语介绍诗人王维的作文Introduction to Poet Wang WeiWang Wei, a renowned poet of the Tang Dynasty, is renowned for his profound influence in Chinese literature. His poems, often described as serene and profound, reflect a deep understanding of nature and a strong sense of philosophical reflection.Born into a literary family, Wang Wei's early life was shaped by the art and culture surrounding him. His poems are known for their meticulous attention to detail, using images of nature to evoke strong emotional responses. His works often explore themes of loneliness, nature, and the transient nature of life, offering insights into the human condition.His poems are often described as "poetry of the mountains and rivers," reflecting his love and respect for nature. His unique style and profound understanding of life have made him a beloved figure in Chinese literary history.Wang Wei's legacy is not just in his poems but also in the influence he had on subsequent generations of poets. His works continue to inspire and captivate readers, making him a timeless figure in Chinese literature.翻译：诗人王维介绍王维，唐朝著名诗人，以在中国文学中的深远影响而著称。

#指南P411翻译中嬗变词汇

SumerNETEM 考研英语强化班 201806翻译正确译文1.【正译】1> 根据新学派地科学家地观点,一种被忽视了地力量.2> ┅┅科学地发展与其说是因为天才伟人地真知灼见,不如说是因为改进了地技术和工具这类更普通地东西.3> 新学派地一位领导人坚持说：“简而言之,我们所称它地科学革命,主要是指一系列器具地改进、发明和使用,这一切就使科学发展地范围无所不至.2.【正译】0> 随着这种情况地出现,他们原有地信心,即信息可随时获得,并是信得过、靠得住地信心也就随之丧失.3.【正译】1> ……要找到与他们自己问题有关地那部分信息,其任务……2> 除了越来越多地信息外,还有技术地突飞猛进,这些技术使我们能够储存更多地信息…….4.【正译】1> 人物,也即小说中地人物必须…….2> 当我们读到一篇故事地人物时,我们会感到这些人身上具有一些多半会把他们带到某种不可避免地命运,或某种不可避免地结局地东西.5.【正译】0> ……抱怨说现在地教育制度向社会培养地毕业生根本没有就业意识.6.【正译】0> 如果其他人像我一样,一生中只是不断地深入地思考数学真理…….7.【正译】1> … 在相当程度上可以用拥有汽车能给人以独立感和自由感来加以解释.2> ……一应交通工具随时可用.8.【正译】1> 但是当好心人为找工作地残疾人对他们地未来地老板说：“他们不需要任何特别照顾”时,同样是荒谬地.2> 你就像要求所有人干地那样,要求他们干,…….3> 假民主地另一种形式…9.【正译】1> 设想一下,使一个目前尚未拥有核弹,但技术相当先进地社会意识到拥有核弹地可能性,并向它提供足够地详细情况使核弹得以制成,这将会对这个社会产生什么样地影响.2> 二、三十页地想法和情报竟能把当今世界搞得天翻地覆,甚至把它毁灭,这是个奇怪地想法,但我相信这是个正确地想法.3> ……因为我被禁锢在当今这个世界里…….4> 我们地思想无法超越我们头脑所制约地特定模式,或者说得更确切一些,我们地思想只能极少地超出特定地思维模式…….10.【正译】1> 他懂得为了那点不足以糊口地报酬,终日困守在消耗精力地机器旁边,为令人心力交瘁地劳动所束缚,又是意味着什么.2> … 文献<文学作品）.3> 摄取男女主人公…….11.【正译】1> 而对它们如何进行解释或分类,…….2> ……解决问题时能很快地抓住思想实质,能区别本质…….3> ……当初也不是为这些目地设计地.12.【正译】1> ……在对我们地对象进行比较时…….2> ……我们所关心地是我们能否从他地测验分数中得出结论：他在我们认为需要一般智力地各项所干地事情中比他同龄地孩子干得好还是差.3> ┅┅但是只有在两个条件下才有可能：一是这个孩子……,二是他也没有…….。

choices1

choices1Choose one or more than one suitable answers to each statement.A1. _____ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.a. Thomas Wyattb. William Shakespearec. Phillip Sidneyd. Thomas Campion2. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English Drama. It was_______ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Logec. Edmund Spenserd. Thomas More3. Great popularity was won by John Lyly’s prose romance_______ which gave rise to theterm “euphuism”, designating an effected style of court speech.a. Arcadiab. Venus and Adonis.c. Eupheusd. LucreceB4. At the beginning the 16th century the outstanding humanist_____ wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Morec. Phillip Sidneyd. Edmund SpencerB5. English absolute monarchy was once again adopted in the reign of ________after the Queen Elizabeth.a. Edward VIb. James Ic. Charles I Queen AnnB6. Renaissance Period was an age of ____ .a. prose and novelb. poetry and dramac. essays and journalsd. ballads and songsA,C7. Choose the “University Wits ” from the following writers.a. John Lylyb. Robert Greenec. Christopher Marlowed. Shakespeare23. The Merry Wives of Windsor is a ______.a. comedyb. tragedyc. historical playd. morality playD24. The title of “Poet’s poet” is given to the writer of the following work __ _____.a. Death Be Not Proudb. Venus and Adonisc. Romeo and Julietd. The Faerie QueenA25. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespearian plays of_______.a. comedyb. sequence of sonnetsc. tragedyd. historical playC26. Chaucer was the first important poet of a royal court to write in______ after the Norman conquest.a. Frenchb. Latinc. Englishd. CeltA27. “He was not of an age, but for all the time”. “He” here refers to _____.a. Shakespeareb. Chaucerc. John Miltond. Ben JonsonD28. The most important prose writer of Elizabethan Age was _______, who was also the founder of the English materialistic philosophy.a. Thomas Moreb. Spenserc. John Donned. Francis Bacon29. The culmination of all Renaissance translation is ________.a. King James Bibleb. New Instrumentc. Of Studyd. The Reason of Church GovernmentA30. Blank verse was first used by ______ as the principle instrument of English drama.a. the Earl of Surryb. Christopher Marlowec. Samuel Johnsond. ShakespeareC31. The Medieval Drama includes all the following except _________.a. miracle playsb. morality playsc. tragediesd. interludesB32.Sir Gawain and the Green Night is usually considered the summit in__________ in romance.a. Matters of Britainb. Matters of Francec. Matters of Italyd. Matters of GreeceD33. “To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whethe r ‘tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of trouble,And by opposing end them...” are the famous lines in Hamlet which expresses the Hamlet’s ______ character.a.. resoluteb. resolute and hesitantc. stubbornd. indecisive and hesitanta34. I n the poem, “Beowulf” “repairs in haste” means _______.a. escapeb. comec. god. stayd35. Protestants refers to all the religious sects except ________.a. Church of Englandb. Puritanismc. Calvinismd. Catholicismb 36. Though Beowulf was introduced by Angles, the events and _____ are Scandinavian.a. beliefb. charactersc. idead. Goda37. In 1066, ___ led the Norman army to invade and defeat England.a. William the conquerorb. Julius Caesarc. Alfred the Greatd. Claudiusd38. In the 14th century, the most important writer is ______.a. Langlandb.Wyclifc. Gowerd. Chaucerc39. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the ______.a. epicb. mystery playc. romanced. sonneta40. The story of “_______” is written in the culmination of the Arthurian romances.a. Sir Gawain and the Green Knightb. Beowulfc. Piers the Plowmand. The Canterbury Talesc41. William Langland’s “________” is written in the form of a dream vision.a. Kubla Khanb. Piers the Plowmanc. The Dream of John Bulld. Morte d’ Arthur42. Of many contemporaries and successors of Shakespeare, the most important and wellknown was ______who became the Poet Laureate in 1616.a. John Drydenb. Samuel Johnsonc. Ben Jonsond. Robert Southyd43. Shylock is a character in the play _______.a. Tamburlain written by Marloweb. Othello written by Shakespearec. The Jew of Malta written by Marlowed. The Merchant of Venice by Shakespearec44. Of Truth was written by a British essayist_______.a. William Shakespeareb. George Bernad Shawc. Francis Bacond. John Donnea45. “Gold? Yellow, glittering, precious gold! Thus much of this will make black white, fool fair, wrong right, base noble, o ld young, coward valiant…”These lines are taken from ________ by Shakespeare.a. Volponeb. As you like itc. The School for Scandald. Timon of Athensc46. The general spirit of Shakespeare’s first period c omedies is _______.a. youthfulness with melancholyb. pessimism with youthfulnessc. optimism with youthfulnessd. optimism with melancholyd47. _____ is one of Shakes peare’s famous four tragedies.a. Romeo and Julietb. Julius Caesarc. Anthony and Claopatrad. Othello48. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespeare’s plays of ______in which Shakespearehighly praises the wits and wisdom of the heroine______ .a. Sophiab. Portiac. Ophiliad. Oliviad49. ______ of the following plays takes its subject matter from Chinese history.a. Henry VIb. Everyone in His Humorc. The Riva lsd. Tamburlainc50. Piers the Plowman is a realistic picture of _____ England, which indignantly satirized the ____ prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular world.a. Renaissance/ corruptionb. medieval /realityc. medieval /corruptiond. Renaissance/ realityc51. One of the following writers is not known as a sonnet poet is _______.a. Wyattb. Shakespearec. Greened. Spencer52. Thomas More was killed because of ______.a. his disagreement with the princeb. his treason of Englandc. his plot against King Henry VIIId. his disagreement with the king’s divorce and the r eligious beliefd53. More is known as a writer, statesman and _______.a. humanistb. merchantc. socialistd. soldierb54. All the following writers created the sonnet sequence except______.a. Shakespeareb. Thomas Morec. Spenser c. Sidneyb55. Apology for Poetry is a_______.a. sonnetb. literary criticismc. noveld. playd56. Of the following, the one that employs the form of romance is _______.a. Euphuesb. Amorettic. Of Studiesd. Venus and Adonisa57. The “Mighty line” in Marlowe’s play means________.a. blank verseb. sonnetc. coupletd. free verseb58. The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama is ______.a. Surryb. Marlowec. Shakespeared. Ben Jonson59. The recurrent theme of Marlowe’s plays is the prai se of ______.a. capitalismb. churchc. feudalismd. individualismc60. All the heroes of Marlowe’s plays end with ______.a. happinessb. triumphc. tragedyd. insultb61. The literary genre which best represents the literary achievement in Renaissance is _____.a. novelb. dramac. poetryd. romancec62. Thomas More’s masterpiece Utopia was written in _______.a. Frenchb. Englishc. Latind. Greekc63. Astrophel and Stalla was written by the author who also wrote _____.a. Amorettib. As You like Itc. Apology for Poetryd. Dr. Faustusb64. The themes of Faerie Queene can be expressed as followings except______.a. nationalismb. Catholicismc. Puritanismd. humanismd65. Spenser’s poetry is famous for music and ______.a. metaphorsb. similec. imagesd. euphemismc66. Dr. Faustus sells his soul to the devil because________.a. he is forced by Mephitophilisb. he wants to gain more moneyc. he wants to live an extravagant lifed. he hopes to know more about the worlda67. Shakespeare worked as a playwright, an actor and a ______.a. poetb. criticc. novelistd. essayist68. Iago is a character in the play_______.a. Hamletb. Macbethc. King Leard. Othello69. In his history plays Shakespeare describes all the following except_______.a. the horrors of the warb. the duty of an efficient rulerc. the rising peasantsd. the importance of legitimate succession to the thronesc70. The filial ingratitude is the theme of _______.a. The Tempestb. Anthony and Cleopatrac. King Leard. Othelloa71. Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished, educated and ______.a. hesitantb. foolishc. pessimismd. greedyb72. In Shakespeare’s sonnet sequ ence he highly praises human beings, the value of humans themselves, and the ______. Here God seems not to have any importance in human beings’ life, and not have any controlling power over human beings’ fates.a. friendshipb. valuec. indignityd. fraternityb73. “Humor “ according to Jonson means_______.a. funb. punc. thoughtd. temperamentc74. Chaucer’s main contribution to the English literatu re lies in the followings except _______.a. introducing the rhymed stanzas from French poetryb. establishing English as the literary languagec. writing the first English blank versed. making the London dialect the foundation for the modern speechd75. Most of the ballads were written down in the _______.a. 15th centuryb. 16th centuryc. 17th centuryd. 18th century76. The common theme of the ballads can be summed up as followings except______.a. class struggleb. lovers against their feudal familiesc. border warsd. religious serviced77. The story of Utopia was assumed to tell by _____.a. the authorb. an actorc. a courtierd. a sailorb78. The soldier, the poet, the critic, the courtier, all the titles can be applied to one of the following writers.a. Spenserb. Marlowec. Sidneyd. Ben Jonsond79. Spenser is famous for his _______.a. musical rhythmb. colorful imagesc. symbolsd. all of the above80. Test of courage, faith and loyalty is the theme of a _____.a. romanceb. novelc. playd. ballad81. La Morte’d Arthur describes the war, the tournament, illicit love and the quest for ______.a. Christb. Holly Grailc. Bibled. King Arthur82. All the following figures appear in the work La Morte’d Arthur, except_______.a. King Arthurb. Gueneverec. Lancelotd. Tamburlain83. The General Prologue is not only to present ______but also tries to reveal the author’s intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materials to unite the diversity of the tales by allotting them to a diversity of tellers engaged in a common endeavor, to set the tone for the story-telling.a. a vivid collection of character sketchesb. a vivid picture of the society thenc. a vivid film of medieval societyd. a vivid statues of the heroes in the Talesd84. The significance of The Canterbury Tales lies in that the author gives a true-to-life picture of the society of Chaucer’s day. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms men and opposes the dogma of ______preached by the Church. As a forerunner of humanism, Chaucer also praises man’s energy, intellec t, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time. They attack the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, the______ of the church and so on.a. life in future /corruptionb. agnosticism / corruptionc. deism / corruptiond. asceticism/ corruptionb85. Spenser not only wrote in Spenserian sonnet, he also invented Spensrian stanza, a nine-line stanza used by him in Faerie Queene, the rhyme scheme of which is ________.a. abab ababab. ababbcbccc. abcb cdcdcd. aabb ccddd86. The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus is based on a _____.a. German legendb. Greek legendc. Roman Legendd. Celtic Legendb87. The hero of Dr. Fustus is a young ______.a. scholarb. doctorc. philosopherd. magiciand88. The significance of Marlowe’s plays lies in the playwright’s presenting of, i n various ways, the spirit of ________.a. feudal lordsb. the rising bourgeoisiec. the intellectualsd. common peoplea89. The hero of the play T amburlaine is a shepherd who finally became a _____and the brilliant keynote in his character is ambition for _______.a. king /powerb. sultan/powerc. shepherd /powerd. khan /powera90. The hero in Jew of Malta is a very ____ person, and all his purpose in life is to gain ______.a. greedy / wealthb. greedy /powerc. greedy/ knowledged. greedy/ ambition。

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• Inspection can be performed
Visible Vs Fluorescent PT
using visible (or red dye) or fluorescent penetrant materials. • Visible Pt is performed under white light while fluorescent PT must be performed using an ultraviolet light in a darkened area. All are all in the level 1 sensitivity range. • Fluorescent PT is more sensitive than visible PT because the eye is more sensitive to a bright indication on a dark background. Sensitivity ranges from 1 to 4.
course spray of water. They are the easiest to employ and most cost effective when inspecting large areas.
• Post-Emulsifiable penetrants are water-
washable only after they have reacted with an emulsifier solution. A post-emulsifiable sபைடு நூலகம்stem is used when washing the penetrant out of the defect is a concern. The emulsifier is given time to reacts with the penetrant on the surface but not the penetrant trapped in the flaw.
Developer
Form
Dry Powder Wet, Water Soluble Wet, Water Suspendable Wet, Non-Aqueous
Penetrant Materials
Penetrants are formulated to possess a number of important characteristics. To perform well, a penetrant must:
PENETRANT TESTING
Introduction
• • •
This module is intended to provide an introduction to the NDT method of penetrant testing. Penetrant Testing, or PT, is a nondestructive testing method that builds on the principle of Visual Inspection. PT increases the “seeability” of small discontinuities that the human eye might not be able to detect alone.
Almost any material that has a relatively smooth, nonporous surface on which discontinuities or defects are suspected.
What Can NOT be Inspected Via PT?
− − − − Level 4 - Ultra-High Sensitivity Level 3 - High Sensitivity Level 2 - Medium Sensitivity Level 1 - Low Sensitivity
•
As the sensitivity level increases, so does the number of nonrelevent indications. Therefore, a penetrant needs to be selected that will find the defects of interest but not produce too many nonrelevent indications.
• Components with rough
surfaces, such as sand castings, that trap and hold penetrant. • Porous ceramics • Wood and other fibrous materials. • Plastic parts that absorb or react with the penetrant materials. • Components with coatings that prevent penetrants from entering defects.
How Does PT Work?
• In penetrant testing, a liquid with high surface
wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of a component under test. • The penetrant “penetrates” into surface breaking discontinuities via capillary action and other mechanisms. • Excess penetrant is removed from the surface and a developer is applied to pull trapped penetrant back the surface. • With good inspection technique, visual indications of any discontinuities present become apparent.
− Spread easily over the surface being inspected. − Be drawn into surface breaking defects by capillary action or other mechanisms. − Remain in the defect but remove easily from the surface of the part. − Remain fluid through the drying and developing steps so it can be drawn back to the surface. − Be highly visible or fluoresce brightly to produce easy to see indications. − Not be harmful to the inspector or to the material being tested.
– Rolled products-- cracks, seams, laminations. – Castings--cold shuts, hot tears, porosity, blow holes, shrinkage. – Forgings– cracks, laps, external bursts. – Welds– cracks, porosity, undercut, overlap, lack of fusion, lack of penetration.
Defect indications become less distinguishable as the background “noise” level increases.
What Types of Discontinuities Can Be Detected Via PT?
All defects that are open to the surface.
wiping with a cloth dampened with solvent. They are supplied in aerosol cans for portability and are primarily used for spot checks.
• Water Washable penetrants are removed with a
Choices of Penetrant Materials
Penetrant
Type
I Fluorescent II Visible
Method
A Water Washable B Postemulsifiable - Lipophilic C Solvent Removable D Postemulsifiable - Hydrophilic
Outline
• General Introduction • Penetrant Materials and Considerations • Basic Steps in Penetrant Testing • Common Equipment • Advantages and Limitations • Summary • Glossary of Terms
Basic Process of PT
1) Clean & Dry Component 2) Apply Penetrant 4) Apply Developer
5) Visual Inspection 3) Remove Excess