第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料
上海初中科普英语竞赛
上海初中科普英语竞赛1.引言1.1 概述科普英语竞赛是一项旨在提高初中生科学素养和英语水平的活动。
通过参与科普英语竞赛，初中生能够接触到最新的科学知识，拓宽视野，培养对科学的兴趣和热爱。
此外，科普英语竞赛也倡导学生运用英语进行科学交流和表达的能力，提升他们的英语口语和写作水平。
科普英语竞赛的目的在于激发学生的创造力和想象力，并通过实践活动来培养学生的科学思维和解决问题的能力。
此外，科普英语竞赛也鼓励学生团队合作，培养他们的协作精神和领导能力。
上海初中科普英语竞赛自其创办以来已经取得了巨大的发展。
通过这项比赛，上海的中学生获得了更多展示自己才华的机会，并与其他学校的同学进行交流和学习。
这不仅提高了他们的学术水平，还促进了他们之间的友谊和合作。
总之，上海初中科普英语竞赛是一个重要且有意义的活动，它促进了学生的科学素养和英语能力的发展，并培养了学生的团队合作和创新精神。
希望通过这篇文章的介绍，能够让更多的人关注和支持这一活动，并为其未来的发展贡献自己的力量。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以包括以下内容：文章结构：本文将分为引言、正文和结论三个部分来介绍上海初中科普英语竞赛。
其中引言部分将概述本文内容、介绍文章结构以及明确文章的目的。
正文部分将探讨科普英语竞赛的意义和上海初中科普英语竞赛的历史与发展。
结论部分将总结对初中生的影响，并展望未来科普英语竞赛的发展。
引言部分：在引言部分，我们将对上海初中科普英语竞赛进行介绍，包括其目的和组织形式等。
首先，我们将概述本文的内容，明确文章的结构，并简要介绍每个部分的内容。
接着，我们将介绍文章的目的，即探讨上海初中科普英语竞赛的意义和其对初中生的影响。
通过对这一竞赛的深入了解，我们可以更好地了解科普英语竞赛在初中教育中的作用，促进学生的科学素养和英语能力的提升。
正文部分：在正文部分，我们将详细探讨上海初中科普英语竞赛的意义和其历史与发展。
首先，我们将介绍科普英语竞赛的意义，其中包括培养学生的科学素养，提高科学知识的应用能力，加深对科学的理解和兴趣等方面。
科普英语竞赛科普知识题(最终)
科普英语竞赛科普知识题1、Animals get energy for growth and repair fro m ＿＿＿A、lB、oodC、aterD、irAnswer:B2 A dog opens its mouth and lets its tongue hang out. A human’s body produces sweat. These are two ways that organisms may adjust to ＿＿＿A、cold temperaturesB、hot temperaturesC、a shortage of foodD、a shortage of drinking waterAnswer:BAnswer:B3 During which season of the year would a rabbit’s fur be thickestA、fallB、springC、summerD、winterAnswer:D4 Which animal is preparing for a seasonal change in the environmentA、a bat flying at nightB、a deer drinking waterC、an owl eating a mouseD、a squirrel storing nutsAnswer:D5 An example of a poor health habit isA、taking a bath or shower regularlyB、handwashing after using the bathroomC、playing on a soccer teamD、eating candy instead of lunchAnswer:D6 Which substance is usually found in nature as a liquid, solid, and gasA、waterB、rockC、metalD、glassAnswer:A7 Which example describes an organism taking in nutrientsA、a dog burying a boneB、a girl eating an appleC、an insect crawling on a leafD、a boy planting tomatoes in a gardenAnswer:B8 Which characteristic is inherited rather than learnedA、telling a storyB、saluting the flagC、having blue eyesD、riding a bicycleAnswer:C9 What is the main function of scales on a fishA、to protect the fishB、to attract predatorsC、to help the fish find foodD、to help the fish breatheAnswer:A10 Which behavior is an example of an animal adapting to a change in the environmentA、a squirrel climbing a treeB、a rabbit feeding its youngC、a frog eating an insectD、a bird migrating southAnswer:DAnswer:B B D D D A BC A D。
中学生科普英语竞赛(高中)初赛、复赛、决赛模拟试卷
中学生科普英语竞赛（高中）初赛模拟试卷Part I Science knowledge （15分）Directions: Complete each of the statements with the most appropriate choice given below and draw the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1.B2.C3. A4. B5.A6.D7.C8. B9. D 10. D 11.A12. B 13. B 14. A 15. BPart II Vocabulary and Structure（15分）Directions: Fill in each of the blanks with the most appropriate choice given below and draw the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1.D2.C3. A4.A5.B6.D7.B8.C9.D 10.A 11.C 12.A13.C 14.B 15.APart III Cloze Test （20分）Directions: Complete the text with the correct answers from the choices given below and draw the chosen letters on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 11.A2.C3.C4.B5.D6.C7.A8.D9.B 10.BPassage 211.A 12.D 13.D 14.D 15.A 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.CPart IV Reading Comprehension （50分）Section ADirections: There are three passages in this section. Read each passage carefully and answer the following questions with the only right choice given below each statement. Write the chosen letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 11. B2.C3.D4.B5.APassage 26.C7.D8.C9.A10.CPassage 311.C 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.DSection BDirections：Read the five paragraphs below. Choose the MOST proper heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write down the corresponding letters on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use any letter more than once.Passage 416.E 17.D 18.A 19.C 20.B.Passage 5Directions：Fill in each gap with the most appropriate one from the 6 choices given below the passage. For each gap from21-25, mark one letter (A-F) on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use any letter more than once.21. E 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C(文章中未划线)中学生科普英语竞赛（高中）复赛模拟试卷PART I（30分）Section A: Short Passages（10分）1. D2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. A8. C9. D 10. A听力材料Passage 1Elephants are the largest living land animals on Earth today. Three species of elephant are recognized: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant and the Indian or Asian elephant.Elephants live in a structured social order. The social lives of male and female elephants are very different. The females spend their entire lives in tightly knit family groups made up of mothers, daughters, sisters, and aunts. In elephant society, the females are in charge. The oldest and most experienced female leads the herd. It’s the leader’s job to protect the herd.A female will usually be ready to breed around the age of thirteen. After atwenty-two-month pregnancy, the mother gives birth to a single calf that weighs about 115 kg A female elephant will have a single baby every 4 or 5 years.Elephants spend up to 16 hours a day eating plants. They are primarily browsers, feeding on the leaves, bark and fruits of trees and shrubs. A baby elephant starts to eat plants during the second year. All members of the herd watch over the baby. Since the baby is too weak to travel during the first days, the herd will stay with it until it can keep up.Young elephants are playful and love to wrestle and tumble in the mud. They learn by exploring and imitating members of their herd.Questions:1. Who are in charge in elephant society?2. What’s the role of the oldest and the most experienced females?3. Which numbers of the herd look over the baby?4. How many babies does a mother elephant give every 4 or 5 years?5. At what age can a baby elephant start to eat plants?Passage 2Bats have a reputation for being scary, but they actually do a lot of good--especially for farmers. They love to eat insects, the way you probably love cookies or ice cream. One insect that bats will swallow quickly in large quantities is the corn-eating insect, which costs American corn and cotton growers about $2 billion a year to control and in crop losses.A team of researchers in Texas have been studying one kind of bat, called the Mexican free-tailed bat, that has a big appetite. According to them, a million of these bats can eat nearly 10 tons of insects in just one night.In early June, billions of corn-eating insects emerge along the border of Texas and Mexico. Some of them feed on cotton after feasting on southern corn, while others travel northward to swallow their way through mid-western corn, cotton, and other field crops.Cotton and corn farmers are controlling the harmful insects mostly by spraying their crops with insect-killing chemicals. But the researchers are looking for cheaper and more environmentally friendly ways to control the damaging insects. They think that bats could help farmers reduce the numbers of the insects chewing on their corn crop and their profits.In studies to confirm the bats' appetite for the damaging insects, Dr. McCracken and Dr. Westbrook attached radio-microphones to hydrogen-filled balloons. While the balloons were drifting 2,500 feet above the ground, the microphones picked up the high-frequency sounds of bats searching for and feeding on those insects. Now, if more farmers built bat houses instead of bird houses, there might be a big reduction in corn and cotton eating insects!Questions:6. Why does the author say bats do a lot of good ?7. Which of the following about corn-eating insects is true?8. By what means are American cotton and corn farmers controlling the damaging insects?9. Why did the two scientists attach radio microphone to the balloons?10. What is the main idea of the passage?Section B: Compound Dictation (10分，B9-B10题目中，单词拼错每2个扣0.5分，扣完为止，不倒扣分)B1(0.5分): dailyB2(0.5分): occurB3(0.5分): averageB4(0.5分): rollB5(0.5分): musclesB6(0.5分): predominatingB7(0.5分): consciousnessB8(2分): You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long.B9（2分）: your brain activity level will increase again slightlyB10（2.5分）: This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep.附听力原文：Sleep is part of a person's daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they occur in cycles. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes. This is called stage 1sleep. For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. The lower your stage of sleep, the slower your brain waves will be. Then about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep.You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long. Instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep. It is during REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep - only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.Section C: Translation Through Listening （共10分，错别字酌情扣分）参考译文：C1 Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. 对黑洞最好的描述是它像一种吸尘器，把宇宙中所有的东西尽收囊中。
科普英语竞赛试题
科普英语竞赛试题一、阅读理解（共20分）A. 阅读下面的短文，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。
短文：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of artificial intelligence (AI). AI is the science of making computers perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.1. What is AI?A. A type of computer virusB. A science that involves human intelligenceC. A computer program that can perform tasks normally done by humansD. A language translation tool2. Why is there a growing interest in AI?A. Because it can be used to create computer virusesB. Because it can perform tasks that require human intelligenceC. Because it can be used to translate languages onlyD. Because it can make decisions for humansB. 阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。
Space exploration has always fascinated scientists and the general public alike. The recent discovery of water on Mars has sparked new discussions about the possibility of life beyond Earth. Scientists are now focusing on the search for extraterrestrial life, which could change our understandingof biology and the universe.Question: What has the discovery of water on Mars led to?A. Increased interest in space explorationB. New theories about the universeC. A change in our understanding of biologyD. All of the above二、词汇运用（共15分）根据短文内容，用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
初中英语竞赛教辅
初中英语竞赛教辅一、竞赛概述英语竞赛是一项旨在提高中学生英语能力的活动。
通过参与竞赛，学生可以进一步巩固课堂所学知识，拓展阅读能力，培养听说读写的综合能力。
本教辅旨在为学生提供备考资料和指导，帮助他们在竞赛中取得更好的成绩。
二、备考建议1. 注重基础知识学生在备考过程中应注重对基础知识的掌握。
例如，熟悉词汇量扩展、语法规则和常用表达方式等。
通过背诵单词、阅读英语文章、模仿经典句子等方式，可以提高语言运用能力。
2. 多练听力竞赛中的听力部分对考生的语音辨别和听力理解能力提出挑战。
建议学生多进行听力练习，例如听英语新闻、音乐和电影，通过模拟真实场景的听力材料提高听力技能。
3. 提高阅读能力阅读理解是竞赛中的重要部分。
学生应注重提高阅读速度、理解文章的能力。
通过阅读英语文章，了解不同主题和文体的表达方式，同时注意词汇的积累和语境的理解，可以提高阅读能力。
4. 注重口语练习口语表达是英语竞赛中的一项关键能力。
学生可以与同学或老师进行口语练习，提高正常对话和自由表达的能力。
此外，还可以通过参与英语角、辩论赛等活动，锻炼口语表达技巧。
三、复习方法1. 制定学习计划学生可以根据自己的时间安排，制定合理的学习计划。
将学习任务分解为小目标，每天进行有针对性的学习，确保逐渐掌握知识点，提高学习效率。
2. 选择合适的学习材料学生应选择适合自己的英语学习材料。
可以在百度文库、图书馆或英语培训机构获取相关的竞赛复习资料，如题库、习题集等。
同时，也可以参考往年的竞赛试卷进行练习。
3. 制定复习方法复习方法因人而异，学生可以根据自己的学习方式和习惯制定复习方法。
例如，可以采用“先易后难”的复习顺序，先复习掌握的知识点，再逐渐深入难度较大的内容。
四、注意事项1. 坚持练习备考过程中需要学生保持足够的耐心和毅力，努力坚持每天的学习和练习。
只有经过持续不断的努力，才能在竞赛中取得较好的成绩。
2. 错误总结学生在练习中难免会犯错，重要的是要能够从错误中总结经验教训，并加以改进。
英语竞赛指导教师指导内容有哪些
英语竞赛指导教师指导内容有哪些英语竞赛指导内容：一、强化听力，单项填空题型分析和解题技巧步骤：第一课时：解听力应试技巧，并且听几段听力测试题进行练习。
1、浏览问题，预测话题2、抓住重点，解决问题3、准确把握关键词及信息词，合理判断人物意图及态度4、边听边记，强化记忆5、运用归纳，分析，综合等技巧推断最佳答案第二课时：单项选择题型分析，做相应的练习在做单项选择题时，掌握一些解题方法是很有必要的。
1、直接法--直接利用相关语法知识，通过题干中的已供信息，捕捉第三课时：单项填空题解题技巧，做相应练习1、细读试题，弄清试题所体现的场合或类型，为选择相关的语言和句式提供依据2、注意试题所提供的语境3、答案要符合英语国家的语言习惯，要注意汉语和英语在风俗习惯和语言表达上的差别4、掌握基本的句子结构5、记忆、理解和灵活使用英语的习惯搭配，注意对话命题中习惯搭配的语意二、完形填空解题步骤及技巧步骤：第四课时：讲解完形填空解题步骤并做相关练习1、研读首句，启示全文2、通读全文，抓准主旨3、细读全文，透析文意4、从惯用法和搭配的角度考虑5、注意英汉两种语言的差异，不能简单地互译6、发挥逻辑思维能力，挖掘文章寓意、隐意7、全面验证，理清逻辑第五课时：完形填空解题技巧，做相关练习完形是必考的一道题型，并且今年来文章在篇幅和难度上都有加深。
下面是一些在做完形的过程中必须知道的步骤和技巧：1、总体把握要通读完形填空的短文，跳过空格快速阅读，了解全篇的主要内容。
切不可把宝贵的时间浪费在个别字句推敲上。
2、弄清体裁文章体裁通常分为四种：论述文、记叙文、说明文和应用文。
一般来说选文以叙事性文章为主，如：幽默故事、科普知识、童话、简短新闻、名人铁事、社会热点问题等。
读这类文章，要大体上了解故事所涉及的时间、地点、人物、事件及前因后果。
3、重视主题句完形填空所用的短文一般不给标题，但短文的主题句，往往在每段文章的首句，有时也出现在文章的中间或结束处。
第九届全国青少年英语知识能力竞赛获奖名单
第九届全国青少年英语知识能力竞赛获奖名单The 9th National Youth English Knowledge and Ability Competition was held successfully in Beijing on October 15, 2021. This prestigious competition saw hundreds of talented young students from across the country showcasing their English proficiency and knowledge.After fierce competition, the following students emerged as the winners in the different categories:1. Elementary School Category:- First Prize: Zhang Wei from Beijing- Second Prize: Li Hua from Shanghai- Third Prize: Wang Gang from Guangzhou2. Middle School Category:- First Prize: Liu Ming from Shenzhen- Second Prize: Wang Fang from Chengdu- Third Prize: Sun Beibei from Hangzhou3. High School Category:- First Prize: Chen Mei from Wuhan- Second Prize: Zhao Jing from Xi'an- Third Prize: Yang Lei from Tianjin4. Overall Excellence Award:- Zhang Wei from BeijingIn addition to the individual awards, several schools were also recognized for their outstanding performance in the competition. The top three schools in each category were awarded with certificates of excellence and cash prizes to support their English education initiatives.The competition not only provided a platform for young students to showcase their English skills but also promoted the importance of English learning and cultural exchange among youth in China. Congratulations to all the winners and participants of the 9th National Youth English Knowledge and Ability Competition!。
初中学生科普英语竞赛_模拟题1
初中学生科普英语竞赛(请把你选中的答案 A、B、C 或 D 做在答题卡或答题纸的规定位置上。
)PART I Science Knowledge (15 分)Directions: There is only one correct answer. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. When the ants are first hatched, they are very small and _____.A. hopelessB. uselessC. helplessD. legless2. That new experiment building _____ an area of 5000 square meters.A. includesB. holdsC. takesD. covers3. People should get _____ of sleep as they need to feel rested.A. as many hoursB. as much hoursC. so much hourD. so many hour4. The phenomenon of luck is not all down to chance, but is affected by a person’s_____disposition.A. generalB. gentleC. generousD. giant5. The age of fossils can be found by a process _____ carbon dating.A. being calledB. calledC. callingD. to call6. Suddenly the battery on your mobile phone has _____, you can’t make any call for help.A. run downB. run afterC. run offD. run out7. When a plant or animal dies, the carbon 14 in the cells begins to _____.A. break inB. break throughC. break upD. break down8. There is no proof that _____ sleep will _____ life.A. short… lengthB. shorten… lengthC. shortened … lengthenD. shortening … lengthen9. The project team believes such computer would _____in teaching and learning.A. play a major functionB. perform a main functionC. play a major roleD. display a main role10. Once a heart disease has seriously weakened a patient’s heart, heart _____ can beperformed to save his life.A. transplants C. translationsB. transportation D. transforms11. When readers were asked _____ animals should be used for medical research, nearly80 percent said yes.A. whichB. whatC. whereD. whether12. Feelings of pain _____ when signals from nerve endings in the skin are sent to thebrain.A. recordB. resourceC. resultD. rescue13. The scientist performed his experiment over and over again, ______ till midnight.A. workedB. workingC. to workD. have to work14. Fourteen boys in the class shaved their heads after learning that their friend would losehis hair after receiving drug _____ for cancer.A. tradesB. treatmentsC. treasuresD. tracks15. The government passed the laws to protect the plants and animals on the _____ specieslist.A. endangeredB. dangerousC. endangeringD. danger PART II Grammar & Vocabulary (15 分)Directions: There is only one correct answer for each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16. More and more foreigners want to _______their companies in Zhejiang.A. clean upB. look upC. pick upD. open up17. Can I ______your dictionary? --Sony, I'm using it.A. borrowB. lendC. keepD. return18. _______ me carefully, boys and girls. Can you _____ me clearly.9A. Listen to, hear fromB. Hear, listen toC. Hear, hearD. Listen to, hear19. Let the children go away. They're making to much _______ here.A. noiseB. voiceC. soundsD. songs20. The students put down their pens when the teacher_____ them to stop writing.A. saidB. spokeC. toldD. talked21. He ________ living in the country to the city.A. likesB. prefersC. enjoysD. loves22. Many girls like __________ skirts in summer.A. wearingB. dressingC. inD. putting on23 If you don' t know a word, you can ________ the word in a dictionary.A. look upB. look downC. look overD. look out24 Mr Li would like to _________ us an interesting story.A. tellB. talkC. sayD. speak25. _________ alway the old books and __________ me that new one.A. Bring, bringB. Bring, takeC. Take, takeD. Take, bring26. -- I' m going to school now, Mum, Bye.-- Just a minute. It's cold outside, _________ your coat, please.A. Put onB. Take offC. Put upD. Take down27. It is better to teach a man to fish than ________ him fish.A. to giveB. givingC. to findD. finding28. This TV set is too loud, will you please _________?A. turn down itB. turn it downC. to turn it downD. to turn down it29. It will be warmer tomorrow. The temperature will _________ again.A. fall belowB. go upC. stay aboveD. keep on30. Dick isn't here. He _________ the cinema.A. has gone toB. has been toC. has been awayD. has been withPART III Cloze (完形填空) (20 分)Passage 1A new study has shown that mosquitoes can carry AIDS viruses in their bodies for a few days, but the insects do not seem to spread the virus.In an 31 , mosquitoes that fed on blood 32 with the AIDS virus were later found to have the virus in their bodies. 33 , the mosquitoes did not seem to pass 34 the virus to a sample of uninfected blood when the mosquitoes fed on that sample. Similar experiments 35 recently in South Africa have 36 the same results.The AIDS virus can stay in a mosquito for two or three days, 37 to the experiment. While in the mosquito, the virus does not multiply. Thus, the mosquito might be viewed 38 a momentary flying syringe, that probably carries 39 too little AIDS virus to 40 the infection.31. A. experience B. experiment C. example D. explanation32. A. to infect B. infect C. infecting D. infected33. A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Besides34. A. on B. by C. off D. for35. A. concluded B. combined C. conducted D. concentrated36. A. processed B. produced C. progressed D. promoted37. A. according B. due C. owing D. similar38. A. to B. like C. for D. as39. A. still B. even C. far D. much40. A. slow B. spread C. speed D. stopPassage 2All the useful energy at the surface of the earth comes from the activity of the sun. The sun heats and 41 mankind. Each year it provides men 42 two hundred million tons of grain and nearly ten million tons of wood.Coal, oil, 43 gas, and all other fuels are stored-up energy 44 the sun. Some was collected by this season’s plants as carbon compounds (碳化合物). Some was stored by plants and trees ages 45 .Even waterpower comes from the sun. Water 46 into vapor by the sun falls as rain. It flows down the mountains and is converted to electric power.Light transmits only the energy 47 comes from the sun ’s outer layers, and 48 of this energy that is directly toward the earth never arrives. About 49 of it is absorbed by the atmosphere of the earth. 50 , the earth itself gets only one half-billionth of the sun ’s entire output of radiant energy.41. A. warms B. feeds C. fuels D. supplies42. A. for B. by C. with D. to43. A. native B. neat C. natural D. normal44. A. from B. by C. at D. in45. A. before B. after C. ever D. ago46. A. turned B. was turned C. turning D. turns47. A. and B. that C. when D. where48. A. a number B. more C. many D. much49. A. ninths-ten B. ninth-tens C. nine-tenths D. nines-tenth50. A. In use B. In fact C. In addition D. In operationPART IVReading Comprehension ( 阅读理解) (40 分)Passage 1Language isn’t the only sign of animal intelligence. A Canadian psychologist, D r. David Sherry, has studied the remarkable memory of nutcracker, a bird that stores food ，mostly pine seeds, in tiny caches, or holes, in the ground. A native of western North America, one nutcracker makes 100 to 200 separate caches every day in the fall and winter. When spring arrives, the bird returns to these caches to eat the seeds.Dr. Sherry says that months after burying the seeds, the birds remember exactly where they stored them. They fly directly to the holes with no need to hunt and peck.“These birds have a highly specialized spatial memory --- it’s amazing,”says Dr. Sherry.Dr. Sherry says that memory in many animals is associated with an area in the brain called the hippocampus. He found that food-storing birds have a larger hippocampus than birds that don’t store food. Hippocampus damage is one sign of Alzheimer’s disease, a brain degenerative disease marked by a failing memory.51. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Some kinds of birds have excellent memory.B. How birds store food in the ground.C. How birds find their stored food.D. Why birds like to bury seeds in the ground.52. Nutcracker is a kind of bird that _____.A. stores seeds in the groundB. sings very nicelyC. flies to north in winter daysD. works diligently53. When spring arrives, the bird _____.A. returns from northB. flies back to find the stored foodC. starts to build its new homeD. becomes busy in collecting seeds54. According to Dr. Sherry, if one ’s hippocampus is hurt, he may_____ .A. lose his ability to talkB. become very forgetfulC. die very soonD. become easy to get angry55. The phrase“associated with”in the last paragraph has the same meaning as_____?A. “linked to ”B.“covered with ”C. “located at ”D. “stored in ”Passage 2Gordon was a 25-year-old science teacher in 1966 when he bought a brand-new car Volvo P1800. Today, Gordon, now retired, still owns the same Volvo. Last March, he put the 2 millionth mile on the car.Gordon’s vehicle hit the big 2 million at a TV ceremony held in Times Square in New York City.To what does Gordon owe his car’s very long life?“Volvos are very strong cars,”he said.“Also, I drive sensibly. And I take very good care of the car.”Gordon changes the oil every 3,000 miles; uses only the same brand of oil; changes the spark plugs (火花塞) every 20,000 miles; washes the car regularly; waxes it at least twice a year; and spends a few minutes each week checking under the hood (车篷), among other things.“Being a science teacher, I have a better idea of the ways things work, ”he said.Gordon says the vehicle still has many of its original parts. But many parts, such as the starter motor, the brakes (刹车) , and the water pump, have been rebuilt or replaced.Gordon’s 2 million miles on the road have taken him almost everywhere in the United States, as well as to Canada, Mexico, and Europe.“Whether I drive 3 million is more up to me than it is the car,”he said.“The car’s parts may be able to take it, but I’m not so sur e about my own.”56. From the passage we can guess that _____.A. it’s very rare for a car to drive two million milesB. the story has been written to introduce a new carC. there were a car show at the New York City’s Times SquareD. no accidents have ever taken place with Gordon’s car67. The main cause of the car’s long life lies in _____.A. Gordon’s careful serviceB. Gordon’s special knowledge of carsC. the excellent quality of the carD. the good quality of the oil he uses68. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. All the parts of Gordon’s car have been replace d.B.Some of the car’s parts can last even longer time.C. Volvo cars are stronger than Japanese ones.D. Science teachers can usually keep their cars longer.69. Gordon has driven his Volvo _____.A. all over the worldB. both home and abroadC. mostly around the town he lives inD. on both American continents70. By the last two sentences Gordon wants to say that _____.A. he’s no longer as strong as he was youngB. his car may survive for no less than ten yearsC. he worries much about his carD. he’ll try hard to reach the goal of 3 million mile sPassage 3Last summer, 16-year-old Andrea Axtell read an interesting article in the papers: A family had walked aimlessly in an Arizona desert after their car broke down. Family members said they felt as if they’d walked in circles for hours before help arrived. That detail attracted Andrea’s interest.“Wit hout a compass or specific landmarks, do people who get lost end up walking in circles?” she wondered.“And if they do, why?”These simple questions fueled Andrea’s 10 th-grade science project. Hungry for answers, she went to the library to conduct background research. Among many facts, she discovered that several body organs control direction and movement. For example:1 Eyes allow people to see their route.1Structures in the middle ear affect a person’s sense of balance.1 The brain controls whether a person’s right side or left side is dominant(主导的) ,or exerts more control.“Studies of runners’strides (步态) show that the dominant foot pushes off with a greater force, which pushes the runner slightly right or left,”she explains.Armed with this information, Andrea started an experiment to test whether people who don’t know where they’re going end up walking in circles. And several months later, that experiment got a prize at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) !71. The aim of Andrea’s research is to find _____.A. why people walk in circlesB. why runners usually run in circlesC. whether lost people walk in circlesD. how can lost people find their place72. From where did Andrea get her idea to do her 10-grade science project?A. From her textbook.B. From a news report.C. From a science report.D. From an experiment.73. Andrea found from her research that the most important organ controlling direction is_____.A. the brainB. the middle earC. the eyesD. Both eyes and middle ear74. Andrea’s research concludes that people who don’t know where they’re going are in th ehabit of walking _____.A. leftwardsB. rightwardsC. either left or rightD. neither left nor right75. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. If you are lost in a desert, you’d better stay where you ar e.B. One’s middle ear is the only organ to keep him in balance.C. Lost people can hardly find their way without a compass.D.The force made by one’s two feet is different when on e walks.Passage 4Tears are nature’s way of making us feel more comfortable . When our eyes are made uncomfortable by some small pieces of pollution, or when we are cutting onions, or whenwe are tired and“red-eyes”from overwork a t late hours, tears form in our eyes to clean and refresh them.Tears are also a sign of strong emotion. We cry when we are sad and we cry when we are happy.And tears seem to be unique to human. We know that animals also experience emotion—fear, pleasure, loneliness —but they do not shed tears. From this we can conclude that tears are closely related to the emotional and biological make-up of the human species.Biologically speaking, tears are actually drops of a slightly salty fluid, produced by a gland (腺) in the body.Because salt is an important component (成分) , tears may actually make up the most conclusive evidence that the human animal is the end product of a long evolutionary (进化的) process that began in the sea.And it is clear, that, in addition to the emotional benefits, the shedding of tears has a specific biological function as well. Through tears, we can eliminate from our body certain chemicals which build up in response to stress and create a chemical imbalance in the body. Crying actually makes us feel better by correcting that imbalance and making us feel good again. And thus the emotional and the biological functions of tears mix into one and make us even more“human”than we would otherwise be .76. According to the passage, human beings may have first formed in .A. the seaB. lakesC. riversD. mountains77. Which of the following functions have nothing to do with tears?A. Biological functionB. Emotional functionC. Physical functionD.Chemical function78. According to the article, which of the following is unique to humans?A. The feeling of loneliness.B. The ability of evolution.C. The ability to shed tears.D. The feeling of fear.79. The word“eliminate”in the last paragraph most probably mean s .A. escapeB. produceC. replaceD. remove80. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?A. Tears are a sign of strong emotion.B. Tears are always making us feel more comfortable.C. Tears are unique to human.D. Tears have certain biological function.。
科普英语竞赛活动对提高中学生综合能力的初探
科普英语竞赛活动对提高中学生综合能力的初探一、问题的提出随着国际互联网的迅速发展以及世界科技文化的广泛交流，英语作为一种国际通用的交流工具，愈来愈受到重视。
广大青少年学习英语的热情空前高涨，但英语教学受课时、教材的限制，中学生对科普英语的接触较少，高中英语课本中科普文章的数量不足二成，以至学生们进入大学之后，面对科学性、专业性很强的英文原版文章，往往是不知所云。
这就对中学阶段的教育提出了一个课题：“如何使中学生在实践中应用英语工具来扩大视野、增长科技知识，提高综合能力，以适应科技飞速发展的时代”。
这个课题对不受课时、教材限制的校外教育来说，提供了研究与实践的平台。
全国首创的“上海市中学生科普英语竞赛”活动就是在这时代背景下产生的，上海市青少年科技教育中心（原市少科站）、中国科普作家协会、上海市科普创作协会、上海交大外语学院、上海科技出版社、上海科教出版社联合主办了此项活动。
二、研究与实践1、以竞赛为抓手，引导学生重过程，轻结果。
中学生科普英语竞赛对象为在校中学生，高三学生得一等奖可获高考加分，开始时学生往往看重的是竞赛结果。
我们认为竞赛只是抓手，重要的是过程，因此在活动的组织宣传过程中我们强调这一点，在实际运作上更是注重这一点。
（1）推荐科普阅读资料，提高学生阅读英语科普文章的水平当前，国内适合中学生阅读的科普英语资料、书籍极少，学校教师教学任务繁忙，不可能为学生寻找更多的阅读资料，校外教育完全可以弥补学校教育的不足。
为此，我们订阅了部分国外中学生科普期刊，由市科教中心牵头，请专家教授从期刊中精选适合中学生阅读的科普英语短文，加上注译和练习，编写成《中学生科普英语阅读文选》，高中出版了三本，初中一本，《初中科普英语阅读文选》，也是全国唯一的一本适合初中学生阅读的科普英语课外读物。
最近又在组织新编高中、初中各一本科普英语阅读文选，将于2003年3月出版。
《科普英语阅读文选》将国外最新的科普知识介绍给中学生，文章选自国外原版，语言上原汁原味，内容上是世界科技领域热点，让学生在了解当今世界科技动态的同时，一定程度上克服中国式英语的语言习惯。
第九届科幻科普作文大赛决赛题目
第九届科幻科普作文大赛决赛题目英文回答：As a finalist in the 9th Science Fiction and Popular Science Essay Competition, I am excited to share my thoughts on the topic. Science fiction and popular science are two genres that have captivated audiences around the world. They both have the power to inspire, educate, and entertain, but they do so in different ways.Science fiction, with its imaginative and futuristic scenarios, often explores the possibilities of technology, space exploration, and the unknown. It allows us to ponder the potential consequences of scientific advancements and the impact they may have on society. For example, in the popular science fiction film "The Matrix," the concept of a simulated reality raises thought-provoking questions about the nature of existence and the boundaries of human knowledge.中文回答：作为第九届科幻科普作文大赛的决赛选手，我很高兴能分享我的想法。
上海科普英语竞赛复习资料
上海科普英语竞赛复习资料上海科普英语竞赛复习资料科普英语竞赛是一项旨在提高学生科学素养和英语水平的活动。
参加这项竞赛的学生需要具备一定的科学知识和英语表达能力。
为了帮助大家更好地复习，本文将提供一些科普英语竞赛的复习资料。
一、科学知识1. 生物学生物学是科普英语竞赛中的一个重要领域。
学生需要了解基本的生物概念和生物体的组成。
例如，细胞是生物体的基本单位，生物体可以分为植物和动物两大类。
此外，学生还需要了解一些生物学的基本原理，如遗传和进化等。
2. 物理学物理学是另一个重要的科学领域。
学生需要了解一些基本的物理概念和定律。
例如，牛顿三大定律是物理学的基石，它们分别描述了物体的运动规律和力的作用。
此外，学生还需要了解一些与物理学相关的实验和现象，如光的折射和电的导体等。
3. 化学化学是科学的一门重要分支，也是科普英语竞赛的考点之一。
学生需要了解一些基本的化学概念和化学反应。
例如，酸碱中和是一种常见的化学反应，它发生在酸和碱溶液混合时。
此外，学生还需要了解一些与化学相关的实验和应用，如电池的工作原理和化学药品的制备等。
二、英语表达1. 词汇词汇是英语学习的基础，也是科普英语竞赛的重要考点。
学生需要掌握一些科学相关的词汇，如生物学、物理学和化学的专业术语。
此外，学生还需要了解一些常见的科学名词和科学实验用品的英文表达。
2. 句型和语法除了词汇，学生还需要掌握一些科学相关的句型和语法。
例如，描述实验步骤时可以使用被动语态，如“The solution was heated to 100 degrees Celsius”。
此外，学生还需要了解一些与科学相关的特殊句型和语法规则，如条件句和比较级等。
3. 阅读和写作科普英语竞赛中的阅读和写作部分也是关键。
学生需要能够理解科学相关的文章，并能够根据文章内容回答问题。
此外，学生还需要具备一定的写作能力，能够用英语描述科学实验和现象。
三、复习方法1. 制定复习计划复习计划是复习的基础，可以帮助学生合理安排时间和任务。
第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料
第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料1．AnAnimalthatSeeswithItsEarsecholocation?[ek?ul?u’kei??n]n.回声定位能力,回声定位法eyesight['a?sa?t]?n.视力object['?bd?ikt]??n.物体withoutanytroublemoreimportantly?catchitinmid-airtell??v.判断somethinggoodtoe2．Fishwithflashlights?现在完成时??have+过去分词?Haveyoueverheardofafishwithflashlight?现在完成进行定语从句Thesebacteriaproducecertainchemicalsthatgiveoffafaintglo w.Someofthesefishhavespecial‘shutters’overthepouchesinwhi chthesebacterialive. Otherscientiststhinkthatthefishusethese‘flashlights’toattrac tsmallerfishwhichtheyeatasfood. Theremaybeotherreasonsforthisspecial‘flashlight’thatwehapitch-black?adj.漆黑的,墨黑的havetheabilityto=beabletokeep…fromdoingsth.?=stop…fromdoingsth. atothertimes?=onotheroccasionsallowsb.todosth. acolonyofthousandsofbacteria?聚集着成千上万的细菌giveoffafaintglow=giveofffaintlight3Penguins-perfectparentssurvive[s?‘vaiv]?v.生存,生还spend…(in)doingsth.atthestartofwinternothingbut=onlyafoldoffeatheredskinrollontostaybehindbefullof?feed?withcarefor?=takecareof=lookafter变thepitcherplant['pit??]??猪笼草sundew['s?n,du:]???n.毛膏菜becomposedof[k?m'p?uzd]?由….组成slippery['slip?ri]??a.滑的rim???[rim]?n.（尤指圆形物的）边缘p revent…fromdoingsth.?防止做某事nectar?['nekt?]??n.花蜜projection[pr?'d?ek??n]?n.突起，突状物suffocate['s?f?keit]??v.使窒息becomposedof由….构成extremelyslippery=veryslippery leanover?弯下身子，俯身于…之上loseone’sfooting?失足atthebottomof?在….的底部drowntheinsect将昆虫淹死??[draun]digest..asfoodfortheplant?将它作为植物的美食消化掉secreteastickysubstance[si’kri:t]分泌一种粘稠的物质prevent…fromdoingsth.防止…做某事blind???n.(pl.)百叶窗，窗帘internal???a.内在的，内部的形容词、副词比较级morewiselyandwithlesswasteevenworse/??farmoredifficult onaclearnight?在一个晴朗的晚上blocktheview??挡住视线see..fromafar??从远处看witnesslightpollution?见识光污染encouragesb.todosth.鼓励某人做某事motion-sensorlights感应灯energy-efficientlightbulbs节能灯泡shineskyward??向天空照可修饰比较级的词?1）abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal, any,still,even等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语intherushtodosth.急匆匆地做某事throwitaway 扔掉followarule 遵循规则singlecelledorganisms单细胞有机体causeillnesses:causediseasescommonsymptoms 常见的症状foodbornebacteria食物上滋生的细菌（bear-bore-born/borne）makepeoplesickə],技巧.动名词：动名词在形式上和现在分词相同，然而现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点；而动名词具有名词的特点，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语。
第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料
第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料1．[əu ləu’ʃən] n. 回声定位能力, 回声定位法['aɪɪt ] n. 视力['ɔʒ ] n. 物体宾语从句‘’ ‘’.表语从句 .+ . + . . .:aa a : a……: 即使v. 判断e2．?现在完成时过去分词 a ?现在完成进行时?现在分词，具有形容词或副词的特点，可以做定语、状语、补语、表语。
如： a .（后置定语）, I ‘t .（原因状语）I . （补语） . （表语）（注意它和动名词做表语的区别，记住动名词是个名词性成分）比较级比较级越…就越…., .定语从句a .‘’ .‘’ .‘’ .被动语态过去分词, ..( ) ：/ a::……a 到达…的深度一旦.漆黑的, 墨黑的=… .… .=. .a 聚集着成千上万的细菌a3[ sə‘ ] v. 生存,生还[ə’ŋ] 惊人的，惊奇的形容词最高级虚拟语气, !被动语态定语从句 .在南极安家… … ..在严寒的环境中生存…() .a= =.轮流, 依次做某事, ….. 一个，另一个联系动词形容词表示状态和状态的持续,如: (是), (似乎), (看起来), (似乎), (觉得), (听起来), (闻起来), (尝起来), (保持), (保持), (站立), (躺), (停留)等。
表示从一种状态转变为另一种状态,如(变成), (变得), (变得), (变成), (变成), (变成某种状态), (成为), (变成)等。
4 ?! A ?![hə:'ərəs ] a. 食草性的[kɑ:'ərəs] a. 食肉性的['ʃə ] 猪笼草['sʌ:] n. 毛膏菜[kəm'pə ] 由….组成['ə] a. 滑的[ ] n. （尤指圆形物的）边缘… .防止做某事['ə] n. 花蜜[ə'dʒʃən] n. 突起，突状物['sʌfə ] v. 使窒息['əfə ] . 可怕地定语从句; ., a ., .把…分成信不信由你，不管你是否相信：例如. .掩映在….之中（被动语态）由….构成弯下身子，俯身于…之上’s 失足在….的底部将昆虫淹死[].. 将它作为植物的美食消化掉a [’] 分泌一种粘稠的物质… . 防止…做某事挣扎着想飞走适应5 ,[ ] n. 薄雾[,ɑ’ʃəl ] . 人造的[sə’] . 包围, 环境被….环绕[’ə] . 看不见的, 无形的[’ɔə] . 使失去方向感, 使迷惑[I’ʃə . (直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的a. 节能的[‘ʃŋ ] n. 护罩n.(.) 百叶窗，窗帘a. 内在的，内部的形容词、副词比较级a 在一个晴朗的晚上挡住视线.. 从远处看见识光污染由….组成… 使…. 更严重这团光雾. . 为形式宾语依靠，依赖指路回到水中. 以……结束… 错误地朝着…走灯火通明的停车场… 据估计… .使用中. . 鼓励某人做某事感应灯节能灯泡向天空照可修饰比较级的词1）a , a , , , , , , a , , a , , , 等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语3）以上词(除)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面6 ’t ![kən’tæ]v. 弄脏，污染[ bæk‘əə ] n. 细菌[vɔ ] v.呕吐[ə’ə] n. 痢疾,腹泻[‘ɔ:ɡəəm ]n. 有机体，有机组织['əm] n. 症状[sæə'ə ] n. 沙门氏菌[‘θʌrə] . 彻底地，完全地[ə’tætʃ] 附在…..上.急匆匆地做某事扔掉a 遵循规则单细胞有机体:常见的症状食物上滋生的细菌（）今年年初附在……上根据，据……说a 开展一系列实验. .把它丢弃, 扔掉() . 当心（别）做某事在生产厂家[mæ'fæʃə]被动语态反义词烧熟n. 提示, 技巧动名词动词原形构成，具有名词，动词一些特征a a .动名词：动名词在形式上和现在分词相同，然而现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点；而动名词具有名词的特点，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语。
上海初中科普英语竞赛2021年
上海初中科普英语竞赛2021年一、赛事背景1.上海初中科普英语竞赛是上海市教育局举办的一项重要赛事，旨在通过英语学习，增加学生对科学知识和科学精神的了解，提高学生的科学素养和国际化视野。
2.本次竞赛将在不同层次设置不同的赛题，以满足不同年级学生的学习需求和能力水平。
二、赛事安排1. 参赛对象：上海市初中生2. 参赛时间：预计在5月举行3. 参赛形式：分为笔试和口试两个环节4. 赛题内容：涵盖生物、物理、化学等多个科学领域的相关知识，通过英文方式呈现。
三、赛事内容1. 笔试环节：（1）选择题：考察学生对科学知识的掌握和运用能力，题目涵盖了生物、物理、化学等多个科学领域。
（2）阅读理解：考察学生对科普知识的理解和应用能力，题目涉及科学实验、发现等内容。
（3）写作：要求学生就某一科学现象或者科学家的成就进行英文写作，以此考察学生的科学思维和表达能力。
2. 口试环节：（1）演讲：要求学生就特定科学主题进行英文演讲，展现科学素养和英语口语能力。
（2）问答：现场与考官进行科学知识问答，考察学生对科学知识的理解和运用能力。
四、竞赛目的1. 增强科学素养：通过参与科普知识的学习和竞赛，提高学生对科学的兴趣和认知，增强科学素养。
2. 提升英语能力：将科学知识与英语学习相结合，提升学生的英语阅读、写作、口语能力。
3. 培养科学精神：通过赛事的举办，培养学生对科学的探索精神和创新意识，促进学生在科学领域的发展。
五、赛事意义1. 对学生的意义：参与竞赛可以帮助学生更好地了解科学知识，提升英语能力，培养科学精神，拓宽国际视野。
2. 对教育的意义：举办此类科普英语竞赛有助于激发学生学习兴趣，促进校园科学文化的繁荣，提升学校的教育品质。
六、赛事特色1. 多元化题型：涵盖选择题、阅读理解、写作、演讲、问答等多种题型，全面考察学生的科学知识和英语能力。
2. 科学英语结合：将科学知识与英语学习相结合，为学生提供一个拓展学科知识的机会。
上海市科普英语竞赛初中组
上海市科普英语竞赛初中组1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容可以写成这样：引言部分将介绍上海市科普英语竞赛初中组的背景、竞赛内容和要求以及竞赛的意义和对初中生的影响和启发。
科普英语竞赛作为一项旨在提高学生科技知识和英语能力的比赛，已经在上海市初中教育领域中得到广泛开展。
在本文中，将深入探讨该竞赛的背景、竞赛内容和要求，并分析其对于初中生的积极影响和启发。
首先，我们将介绍科普英语竞赛的背景。
随着科技的迅速发展，英语作为一种全球通用的交流工具，对于初中生的综合能力提升有着重要的促进作用。
因此，上海市教育部门决定举办科普英语竞赛，旨在鼓励学生学习科学知识，并通过英语的应用来加深对科学的理解。
其次，我们将详细介绍竞赛的内容和要求。
科普英语竞赛初中组的内容主要涵盖科学知识和英语应用技能两个方面。
参赛学生需要掌握与科学相关的词汇和表达方式，并能熟练运用英语进行科学实验的讲解和科普知识的介绍。
竞赛要求学生在语言表达和科学知识应用上达到一定的水平，通过竞赛的形式来评估学生的能力水平。
最后，我们将探讨科普英语竞赛的意义和对初中生的影响和启发。
科普英语竞赛不仅仅是一项比赛，更是一种促进学生科学素养和英语能力全面提高的途径。
通过参与竞赛，学生不仅能够扩展科学知识的广度和深度，还能够提高英语表达和交流的能力。
此外，竞赛还能激发学生对科学的热爱和兴趣，培养他们的创新思维和解决问题的能力。
综上所述，本文将详细介绍上海市科普英语竞赛初中组的背景、竞赛内容和要求，并分析其对初中生的积极影响和启发。
科普英语竞赛作为一种重要的科学教育形式，对学生的综合素质提升具有重要意义，同时也为学生提供了展示才华和交流经验的平台。
通过本文的阅读，读者将更加深入地了解科普英语竞赛初中组，并对其意义和影响有更清晰的认识。
文章结构部分主要是对整篇文章进行框架的安排和组织，以便读者能够清晰地理解文章的内容和脉络。
以下是关于文章结构的具体内容：1.2 文章结构文章将按照以下结构进行组织和呈现：第一部分：引言引言部分将从概述、文章结构和目的三个方面介绍本篇长文的整体安排和目标。
科普英语竞赛翻译
科普英语竞赛翻译中的若干问题1．注意科技文体风格，使用科技英语语言科技文体的特点是结构缜密、概念准确、行文流畅、逻辑性强，词语的专业性强而修饰性较弱。
在词汇方面，科技英语大量使用名词化结构和动词的非限定式，即分词、动名词和动词不定式；词汇的组成可分三类：一是被赋予新义的常用词，二是从拉丁语、希腊语等外来语中借用的词汇，三是新造词。
在语法方面，科技英语多用现在时（尤其是一般现在时）、被动语态、非人称主语及定语从句。
科技文体是比较正式庄重的文体。
译文能否体现科技文体的特色，关键是译文中的词汇、语法、句法结构等是否与原文中的诸因素契合一致。
1）辨析文体色彩词汇是文章最基本表现材料，文章的总体风貌必然反映在词汇上。
翻译中的选词是否准确直接关系到译文能否体现原文的总体风貌。
The agenda of ongoing work in the social and behavioral sciences has been revealed here in only the most fragmentary way. But I hope these fragments will provide some glimpse into the excitement and significance of the whole.关于在社会和行为科学中我们目前正在搞的工作的进程，在这儿只是以很不搭界的方式摆出来的；可是我希望这些拉拉杂杂的东西倒能使读者见识一下我们整个的研究工作是多么有趣又是多么有意义。
这里展示的并非社会科学和行为科学的总体现状，只不过是让读者见其一斑。
然而，笔者希望这零散材料能引起人们的兴趣，使之对全部工作的重要意义有个概略的了解。
2）理清学科归属英语词汇的突出特点表现为一词多义。
一个常用词的词义可以依据其所处的不同上下文辐射到各个不同的学科，形成一个语意辐射圈。
随着社会的进步、科学的发展，越来越多的词被赋予新义，其语义辐射范围也随之扩大。
上外附中科普英语竞赛
上外附中科普英语竞赛嘿，朋友们！今天咱们来聊聊上外附中科普英语竞赛这档子事儿。
你知道吗？这科普英语竞赛就像是一场奇妙的探险之旅。
它可不是那种普普通通的英语考试，而是充满了新奇和挑战的大冒险！想想看，平时咱们学英语，是不是就背背单词，做做语法题？可在这竞赛里，那可完全不同啦！它要求你不仅英语功底扎实，还得对各种科学知识了如指掌。
这就好比你不仅要会骑马，还得知道怎么给马钉马掌，怎么照顾它的饮食起居。
比如说，竞赛里可能会让你用英语介绍太空探索的最新成果，或者讲讲基因编辑的奥秘。
这可难不倒那些平时就喜欢读科普书籍，关注科学新闻的小伙伴。
但要是你平时只盯着课本，那可就有点抓瞎喽！准备这个竞赛，就像盖一座高楼大厦。
词汇量那是基石，语法是钢筋框架，科学知识就是那漂亮的装饰和实用的内部设施。
你得一层一层地往上搭建，每个环节都不能马虎。
听力部分呢，就像是一阵疾风，呼呼地吹过来，你要是耳朵不够灵敏，那可就被吹得晕头转向。
阅读部分，那密密麻麻的英文和复杂的科学概念，简直就是一片荆棘丛生的森林，你得有把锋利的斧头，也就是强大的理解能力，才能开辟出一条道路来。
写作那就更别提啦！得把你脑袋里的科学知识和英语词汇巧妙地融合在一起，就像做一道色香味俱全的大餐，缺了哪样调料都不行。
参加这个竞赛，能得到啥好处呢？这还用问？英语水平那肯定是蹭蹭地往上涨，科学知识也能装满一箩筐。
以后和别人聊天，一开口就能让人刮目相看，这感觉难道不爽吗？而且，要是能在竞赛中取得好成绩，那简直就是给自己的未来开了一扇明亮的窗户，各种机会都会主动找上门来。
所以啊，朋友们，别犹豫啦！勇敢地投身到上外附中科普英语竞赛这个大舞台上，展现自己的风采，说不定下一个英语和科学的小达人就是你呢！总之，上外附中科普英语竞赛是个能让你变得更强大，更出色的好机会，一定要抓住它！。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第九届初中生科普英语竞赛辅导材料1．An Animal that Sees with Its Earsecholocation ekəu ləu’keiʃən n. 回声定位能力, 回声定位法eyesight 'aɪsaɪt n. 视力object 'ɔbdʒikt n. 物体宾语从句Scientists now know that bats ‘see’ by using what we call ‘echolocation’.表语从句Here is how it works.It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth. It is almost impossible to trick them.use their eyesight to hunt for foodcertain bats: some batsmake a soundsend out sound wavesa fraction of a sound later: in a short timenot only…but…even though: even if 即使without any troublemore importantlycatch it in mid-airtell v. 判断something good to e2．Fish with flashlights现在完成时have+过去分词Have you ever heard of a fish with flashlight现在完成进行时Have you ever been sitting at home when the electricity went off现在分词doing,具有形容词或副词的特点,可以做定语、状语、补语、表语;如：There is a man standing there.后置定语Being ill today, I won‘t come.原因状语I see him standing there. 补语He is speaking. 表语注意它和动名词做表语的区别,记住动名词是个名词性成分the 比较级+the 比较级越…就越….The darker the surroundings, the brighter the glow appears to be.定语从句These bacteria produce certain chemicals that give off a faint glow.Some of these fish have special ‘shutters’ over the pouches in which these bacteria live.Other scientists think that the fish use these ‘flashlights’ to attract smaller fish which they eat as food. There may be other reasons for this special ‘flashlight’ that we have not yet discovered.Key structures and Phrases被动语态be+过去分词Sometimes the fish do not want to be seen, so they simply close these shutters. This keeps the glow from being seen.the electricity go off ：go out / have a black outgive off lightpretty scary: very scarysearch for: look foras…as…to a depth of 到达…的深度once 一旦pitch-black adj.漆黑的, 墨黑的have the ability to = be able tokeep … from doing sth.=stop …from doing sth.at other times = on other occasionsallow sb. to do sth.a colony of thousands of bacteria 聚集着成千上万的细菌give off a faint glow= give off faint light3 Penguins- perfect parentssurvive sə‘vaiv v. 生存,生还amazing ə’meiziŋ 惊人的,惊奇的形容词最高级the most amazing animalsone of the coldest places on Earth虚拟语气If their eggs were left on the ice, they would freeze solid被动语态be left定语从句They return to the icy shore where the mother lays one very large egg.make their home in the Antarctic 在南极安家not only…but also =not only… but.. as wellsurvive the bitter cold 在严寒的环境中生存make perfect parents=be perfect parentsspend…in doing sth.at the start of winternothing but= onlya fold of feathered skinroll ontostay behindbe full offeed withcare for = take care of = look aftergo back to the seatake turns doing sth.轮流, 依次做某事one parent, the other….. 一个,另一个联系动词---stay+形容词stay gone表示状态和状态的持续,如: be是, seem似乎, look看起来, appear似乎, feel觉得, sound听起来, smell闻起来, taste尝起来, keep保持, remain保持, stand站立, lie躺, stay停留等;表示从一种状态转变为另一种状态,如:become变成, go变得, get变得, turn变成, grow变成, fall变成某种状态, come成为, run变成等;4 What A meat- eating plantherbivorous hə:'bivərəs a. 食草性的carnivorous kɑ:'nivərəs a. 食肉性的the pitcher plant 'pitʃə猪笼草sundew 'sʌn,du: n. 毛膏菜be composed of kəm'pəuzd 由….组成slippery 'slipəri a. 滑的rim rim n. 尤指圆形物的边缘prevent…from doing sth.防止做某事nectar 'nektən. 花蜜projection prə'dʒekʃən n. 突起,突状物suffocate 'sʌfəkeit v. 使窒息fearfully 'fiəfəli adv. 可怕地定语从句Those that eat plants; and those that eat meat.People in Asia could tell you about the pitcher plant, which is shaded with bright red color and produces ahoney-like juice that attracts insects.The fluid then suffocate the insect, which gradually is digested by the plant.divide into 把…分成believe it or not 信不信由你,不管你是否相信for example：for instance 例如tell sb. about sth.is shaded with 掩映在….之中被动语态be composed of 由….构成extremely slippery=very slipperylean over 弯下身子,俯身于…之上lose one’s footing失足at the bottom of 在….的底部drown the insect 将昆虫淹死draundigest.. as food for the plant 将它作为植物的美食消化掉secrete a sticky substance si’kri:t 分泌一种粘稠的物质prevent…from doing sth. 防止…做某事struggle to free itself 挣扎着想飞走adapt to 适应5 Light night, dark starshaze heiz n. 薄雾artificial ,ɑ:ti’fiʃəl adj. 人造的surround sə’raund vt. 包围, 环境be surrounded by 被….环绕invisible in’vizəbl adj. 看不见的, 无形的disorient dis’ɔ:riənt vt. 使失去方向感, 使迷惑efficient I’fiʃənt adj. 直接生效的, 有效率的, 能干的energy-efficient a. 节能的shielding ‘ʃi:ldiŋ n. 护罩blind n.pl. 百叶窗,窗帘internal a. 内在的,内部的形容词、副词比较级more wisely and with less wasteeven worse/ far more difficulton a clear night 在一个晴朗的晚上block the view 挡住视线see.. from afar 从远处看witness light pollution 见识光污染be made up of 由….组成make…even worse 使…. 更严重this haze of light 这团光雾make it far more difficult for sb. to do sth. it 为形式宾语depend on 依靠,依赖guide them into the water 指路回到水中end up doing sth. 以……结束Key structures and Phraseshead toward…by mistake 错误地朝着…走lit-up parking lots 灯火通明的停车场It is estimated that … 据估计prevent…from doing sth.in use 使用中encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事motion-sensor lights 感应灯energy-efficient light bulbs 节能灯泡shine skyward 向天空照可修饰比较级的词1a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语3以上词除by far外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面6 Don’t eat that sandwichcontaminate kən’tæmineit v. 弄脏,污染bacteria bæk‘tiəriə n. 细菌vomit vɔmit v.呕吐diarrhea ,daiə’riə n. 痢疾,腹泻organism ‘ɔ:ɡənizəm n. 有机体,有机组织symptom 'simptəm n. 症状Salmonella sælmə'nelən. 沙门氏菌thoroughly ‘θʌrəli ad. 彻底地,完全地attach to ə’tætʃ附在…..上in the rush to do sth.急匆匆地做某事throw it away 扔掉follow a rule 遵循规则single celled organisms 单细胞有机体cause illnesses: cause diseasescommon symptoms 常见的症状food borne bacteria食物上滋生的细菌bear- bore- born/bornemake people sickearlier this year 今年年初attach to 附在……上according to 根据,据……说carry out a series of experiments 开展一系列实验it takes sb. some time to do sth.toss it out 把它丢弃, 扔掉be careful not to do sth. 当心别做某事at the manufacturing plant 在生产厂家mænju'fæktʃəbe found in raw eggs and chicken 被动语态raw------- cooked 反义词cook thoroughly 烧熟tip n. 提示, 技巧动名词----动词原形+ing构成,具有名词,动词一些特征Being a good housekeeper is a second tip for preventing infection.动名词：动名词在形式上和现在分词相同,然而现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点；而动名词具有名词的特点,在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语;e.g.Working with you is a pleasure. 和你一起工作是一种乐趣; 主语Seeing is believing.眼见为实;主语Another goal was ending the chaos in the country. 另一个目标是结束国家的混乱状态;表语My job is teaching.我的工作是教学;表语Her shoes wants mending. 她的鞋该修理了;宾语I have finished writing this book.我已经写完这本书了; 宾语She left without saying good-bye to us.她没有向我们告别就走了;介词宾语My brother is fond of skating. 我弟弟喜欢滑冰介词宾语Thank you for giving me some help. 谢谢你给我些帮助; 介词宾语Being a good housekeeper is a second tip for preventing infection.7. A different way to wake upassignment ə'sainmənt n. 作业halogen 'hælədʒən n. 卤素cured kjuəd a. 腌制的clang klæŋv. 发出当当声strip strip n. 条preserved pri'zə:vd a. 保鲜的spoil spɔil v. 坏掉nostril 'nɔstril n. 鼻孔beep bi:p n. 喇叭work on a degree in art and technology 攻读艺术与技术学位in electronic class 在电子班create something for the household 开发一个家居用品an alarm clock 闹铃deal withwake up to 被….叫醒instead of 替代clanging 发出当当声的rather than 而不是There is no danger of burning 不会有失火的危险use for doing sth. = use to do sth. 用来做某事turn off automatically 自动熄灭关闭a couple of= several frozen strip 几条速冻的肉the night before 前一天晚上spoil v. 坏掉,腐坏set the alarm for 把闹钟设在几点under the halogen bulbsblow the scent out 把香味吹出smell yourself awake 烤肉的香味把自己叫醒on the side 边上的被动语态be+过去分词Just a few easy steps are required to set the ‘alarm’.8. Europe tops the world charts for quality of lifetop n.盖,加以顶,高达,超越chart 图表,这里指排行榜quality of life 生活质量show…as…显示…为…tie n.投票等的同数,比赛时同分,平局；v. 不分胜负tying tie的ing形式criteria krai’tiəriən.标准key criteria 关键的主要的评选标准be lacking in “缺乏”magnify ‘mægnifai v.放大,扩大scrape skreip v.刮擦,摩擦,“触地”stakes n.木桩,“方面”knock …into…把…打入、击入dominate ‘dɔmineit v. 支配, 占优势rank ræŋk n. 排名v. 排列,归类于,列于annual ‘ænjuəl a. 每年的;全年的consultancy kən’sʌltənsi n. 顾问retain ri’tein vt. 保持, 保留disti nction dis’tinkʃən n. 声望Brazzaville ‘bræzəvil 布拉柴维尔Congo ‘kɔngəu 刚果in which to live用来修饰先行词cityZurich ‘zuərik n. 苏黎世Vancouver væn’ku:və温哥华加拿大一港市Vienna vi‘enən. 维也纳奥地利首都be used to 被用于desirability di,zairə’biləti n.愿望, 需求v. desire 渴望-able 形容词后缀-ability 能力natural and socio-cutural environment ‘səʃiəu 自然人文环境recreation rekri’eiʃən 娱乐,消遣equal with 与...相等,与.....并列senior researcher ‘si:njə高级研究员basic comforts of life 基本的生活舒适度hygiene ‘haidʒi:n n. 卫生personal safety 个人安全differentiators difə’rənʃi,eitə差距developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家instability n.不稳定性stable a. 稳定的---stability n.稳定性–- instabilityround out 充实,还有,丰满in the environmental stakes 在环境方面pollution-choked 城市污染严重的choke窒息Frankfurt ‘frænkfət 法兰克福Helsinki ‘helsiŋki 赫尔辛基Auckland ɔ:klənd 奥克兰Copenhagen ,kəupən’heigən 哥本哈根Ouagadougou wa:gə’du:gu:瓦加杜古Burkina Faso ‘bə:kinə‘fæsəu布基纳法索非洲国家Baghdad ‘bægdæd巴格达Calgary ‘kælgəri 卡尔加里Mexico City ‘meksikəu 墨西哥被动语态be+过去分词was used as/ were used to/ is magnified by现在完成时have/has+过去分词Though the world’s living standards have risen slightly since last year,… rise- rose– risen 上升用于现在完成时的词：already, yet, ever, never, before, just, lately, up to now, up till now, now, so far, for+一段时间, since+时间点, three times…..9. Skip the milk chocolate, dark is better for youskip 跳过bonbon ‘bɔnbɔn 糖果be better off doing sth. 最好做某事,做某事很明智protect against 使免受interfere with 妨碍,干扰dietary ‘daiətəri a. 饮食上的diet n.饮食flavonoid ‘fleivənɔid 类黄酮degenerative disease n.变性疾病,变异疾病di’dʒenərətivbe good for ----be better forif…, might…favor vt.支持, 赞成, 喜欢favorite a.喜爱的favor…over…喜欢胜过variety n.品种,种类 a variety of 各种各样的varied a. 各式各样的be better off switching 最好还是改变一下antioxidant ‘ænti’ɔksidənt抗氧化剂, 硬化防止剂anti- 反,抗oxid-- 氧气,氧化oxygen 氧气carbon-dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide 一氧化碳raise +n. vt 及物动词,后接名词n.上升, 高地,rise vi. 不及物动词,后不接名词n. 上升, 增加protect against 使免受heart disease 心脏疾病along with 伴着interfere with 妨碍,干扰,intə’fiəabsorption n.吸收absorb v.scientific journal Nature 科学杂志自然100 grams of 100克blood analysis ə’nælisis血液分析epicatechin epi’kætitʃin 表儿茶酸associate ə’səuʃieit n. 同事,助手in contrast 相反,对比a- æmoreover= in addition 此外in the bloodstream 血流highlight the possibility 增加了可能性highlight v.使显著possible---possibilitytake into account 重视,考虑dietary habits 饮食习惯assess v. 评估assessment n.被动语态be+过去分词is/ was eaten/was seen形容词比较级 is better for be better off doing sth. much lower thangood- better –best much – more- most many- more--most10. Lots of fruit in childhood cuts adult cancer riskcuts adult cancer risk 成年少生癌症the more…. the more…越…越….have an effect on 对….有影响fill in 填写表格inventory ‘invəntəri n.清单be less likely to 可能性较小suffer from 患某种病; 受某种病痛折磨cancer ‘kænsə癌症the more….the less likely…越多…,…的可能性就越小lung, bowel and breast cancer ‘bauəl 肠brest 乳房肺癌,肠癌,乳腺癌childhood fruit consumption kən’sʌmpʃən 孩提时代水果的食用量consume v.消耗,消费have an effect on 对…有影响in adulthood 在成年以后Medical Research Council 医学研究会look into 浏览,调查in rural and urban areas ‘ruərəl 农村的‘ə:bən 城市的up to 直到,多达diagnose the case of cancer诊断患癌症病例in addition to 除了fewer= make fewer 减少be associated with 与……有关,与……有关系ə’səuʃieitbe loaded with 富含ləud装载, 装载量,负荷vitamin ‘vitəmin 维他命nutrient ‘nju:triənt 营养物,营养品genetic damage dʒi’netik 遗传学遗传损伤;遗传性损伤lead to 导致the development of cancer 癌变impact ’impækt n. 影响, 作用the impact on 在….方面的影响beta carotene ‘bi:tə‘kærəti:n β胡萝卜素evidence ‘evidəns 证据; 迹象individual ,ɪndi’vidjuəl adj. 个别的, 单独的, 个人的as protective as 和…一样有效prə’tektiv adj. 保护的, 防护的过去完成时had+过去分词had eaten/ had been diagnosed11. Internet may cause depressionappear to= seem to 似乎,好像log on lɔg 上网be contrary to 与….相反‘kɔntrəriaccount for 解释per se pə:’sei ad.本身,就其本身而论in terms of 和….相关decline di’klainn. 下降, 减少, 衰退in psychological well-being 心理健康,saikə’lɔdʒikəl adj. 心理的; 精神的well-being n. 健康,康乐,安宁according to 根据depression di‘preʃən n. 忧伤, 消沉, 沮丧loneliness ‘ləunliniz n. 孤独lonely a. – loneliness—alone 单独的less frequently频率较低‘fri:kwəntli adv. 常常,频繁地,经常地two-year study 复合形容词spend time on sth.it is not….but…. 不是,而是actually ‘æktʃuəli adv. 实际上, 确实puzzle over 对….困惑不解be contrary to 与…相反expectation ekspek’teiʃən n. 预料; 期望expect iks’pekt v.预料,预期socially ‘səuʃəli adv.从社交角度上healthy- healthier thansince= becauseavailable ə’veiləbl adj. 可用的或可得到的hypothesize hai’pɔθisaizv.假设,假定,猜测faceless 见不到面的bodiless 看不见人的bodyvirtual communication‘və:tjuəl adj. 实质上的, 事实上的, 实际上的kə,mju:ni’keiʃən n. 交流, 交际, 通讯psychologically satisfying 心理满足actual conversation 现实的沟通shallow---- shallower 更浅exposure to 暴露iks’pəuʒəexpose v. exposure n.via= through 通过be satisfied with 对…感到满意psychology n.心理学---psychological a. --- psychologically adv. --- psychologist n. 心理学家sponsor ‘spɔnsə发起人point to 指向application ,æpli’keiʃən 实际应用12. What is color blindnesstease sb. about sth. ti:z 嘲笑某人have trouble doing sth. 做某事有困难tricky ‘triki a. 棘手的trick vt. 哄骗; 欺骗normal ’nɔ:məl正常的respond to 对…作出反应inherited trait in’heritid遗传特征far more likely to do sth. 更容易,更可能at least 至少lend him a hand =give him some helphad better do sth. 最好做某事13. 2009’s ec lipse i‘klipssolar eclipse就是自然奇观“日食”;Solar源于希腊语,指“of,relating to,or proceeding from the sun”和太阳有关的或从太阳发出的,其相关的表达如：solar calendar阳历,solar cooker太阳灶,solar heating system太阳能加热系统; eclipse,由于它指代“天体的部分或全部受其它天体的遮掩而变得晦暗”,我们可以将其引申为“使黯然失色”,用在英语写作或口语表达上会您增色不少; “日全食”----total solar eclipse “日偏食”------partial solar eclipse‘月食’：lunar eclipse; eclipse of the moon; moon's eclipsebe into….对….感兴趣spectacular spek’tækjulə壮观,场面浩大charter ‘tʃɑ:tə包租,承租humidity hju:’miditi 空气湿度,潮湿humid a. 潮湿的sky-gazers 观天象者,天文爱好者gaze v.凝视----gazer n.凝视者eternity I‘tə:niti永恒eternal a. 永恒的junkie n.对…入迷/上瘾的人‘dʒʌŋkia total solar eclipse 日全食book a trip= reserve a tripsell out 卖完as soon as… 一…就…on average 平均被动语态are announced 被宣布are created equal 被平等地创造dark a. ----darken v. 使…变暗make a huge difference有很大关系take place= occur= happenfrequent a. 时常发生的,常见的humidity n. 空气湿度,潮湿make for 致使relatively adv. 相对地easy-to-reach 交通便利的predicted length 预计的长度long a.---- length n.even longer even+比较级get out to sea 出海Iwo Jima 硫磺岛‘i:wəu ‘dʒi:mə14. Why do people shrinkshrink ʃriŋk v. 缩gravity ‘ɡræviti n. 重力cushion ’kuʃən n. 垫子spine spain n.脊柱press v. 挤压osteoporosis,ɔstiəupɔ:’rəusis n.骨质疏松症replace v. 代替recover v. 恢复become tiny enough become+ adj. 联系动词+形容词又如：become smaller and weaker stay strong形容词+enough enough+名词it is +adj+for sb. to do sth.a little shorter a little +形容词比较级over time 随着时间的流逝over years 年复一年at all 根本take hold 控制get compressed= be compressedend up doing sth.以……结束lose a little height 使人变矮high a. ------ height n. 高度break down 衰弱下来is said to be lost 据说被流失it’s not being replaced 现在进行时的被动语态eat a well-balanced diet 均衡地饮食rich in 富含bone-building mineral calcium 强骨矿物钙质‘kælsiəm 钙exercise regularly 有规律地运动not as tall as… 不如…高15. Benjamin Franklin and the discovery of electricityknow more about it 对他多一些了解pass through metal 穿过金属base 根部brass a-a:thundercloud ‘θʌndəklaud 雷雨云pick up electrical charges 获得电荷wet-wet/wetted- wet/wettedcautious ly ‘kɔ:ʃəsli 谨慎地reach out his finger 伸出他的手指a series of sparks 一串火花thus 因此might+现在完成时表示对过去发生的事进行猜测如：might have been killed a bolt of lightning 一道闪电figure out a way 找到一个解决办法16. Einstein’s theory of relativitytheory of relativity 相对论‘θiəri relə’tivətibe famous for 以…而闻名mass mæs 质量unchangeable 一成不变be relative to 与….相对in my point of view 就我的角度来看different points of view 不同角度from your point of view 从你的角度construct a theory构建一个理论apply …to… 应用…到…the world of physics 物理世界make advancement 取得进步it is +adj+ for sb.+ to do sth.remain the same 保持不变elevator =lift 直达电梯crash at the bottom 摔至底部it seems that 似乎depend on 取决于You won’t feel like you’re being pulled on anymore than gravity usually does.你不会感觉到向下的拉力,正如你平时也不会感受到重力一样; feel like / sound like / taste like / smell like / look likeIf…were, it would …..虚拟语气are being pulled 正在被拽着使用被动语态应注意什么被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词”,其中be根据情况可使用各种不同时态;这句口诀是“被动语态必有be done,时态在be上体现” ,也就是说只在“be动词上做文章,过去分词不动”初中阶段要掌握六个时态的被动语态和情态动词的被动语态一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done过去进行时的被动语态：was/were being done现在完成时的被动语态：has/have been done一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are done现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are being done一般将来时的被动语态：will be done；am/is/are going to be done否定句和疑问句都在助动词be后加not,疑问句把助动词be提前情态动词的被动语态：can/may/must/could/should be done否定句和疑问句都在情态动词后加not,疑问句把情态动词提前哪些动词无被动语态：不及物动词没有被动语态;因为不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语,故不能用于被动语态;如：take place发生,happen发生,break out爆发,appear出现,disappear消失,last持续,spread等：17. Animals’ compassescompass ‘kʌmpəs n. 罗盘,指南针navigate ’næviɡeit v. 导航,航行– navigation n.magnetic mæɡ‘netik a. 磁性nectar ’nektə n. 花蜜hive haiv n. 蜂箱,蜂房migrate mai’ɡreit v. 迁徙migrating animals 迁徙的动物a variety of 各种各样的vary ‘vɛəri v. 呈现不同—various ‘vɛəriəs adj.各种不同的, 各种各样的----variety və’raiəti n. 品种, 种类inner compasses 体内的指南针steer =navigate stiə掌舵,驾驶the position of the Sun 太阳的位置switch to 转向the homing pigeon 信鸽homing 鸟、动物有返回原地能力的the Earth’s magnetic fields 地球的磁场indication ,ɪndi’keiʃən n.迹象mollusk ’mɔləsk n. 软体动物make use of 利用otherwise 否则complicated ‘kɔmplikeitid复杂的naturalist ‘nætʃərələst n. 博物学家bee scout skaut 侦查员in relation to 与….有关gather the food 采集食物may have changed 可能已经改变了somewhat 有点,稍微In later trips during the day, the Sun will seem to move farther and farther toward the west.出发地越迟,太阳就越偏西; far– farther—farthest far– further-- furthestchange their course correspondingly 相应地改变前进的方向course kɔ:s n. 课程,进程, 过程,航向, 航线,一道菜correspondingly ,kɔris’pɔndiŋliadv.相对地,比照地,相应地18. Colour and lifeoptimist ‘ɔptimist n. 乐观主义者---optimistic a. 乐观的-- optimism ‘ɔptimizəm n. 乐观主义; 乐观pessimist n. 悲观主义者--pessimistic a. –pessimism depressing a.令人沮丧的--depressed a.感到沮丧的—depression n.沮丧,忧伤suicide ’sjuisaid n 自杀excitement n. 兴奋,激动的事excite—excited—excitingwould rather… than…宁愿…而不是…tend to do sth.倾向做某事at least 至少what psychologist tell us 做be动词的表语have been seriously studying …一直在认认真真地研究现在完成进行时the meaning of colour preference 色彩偏爱的意义‘prefərənsas well as 也have effect on 在…的影响I’fektinfluence our moods 影响我们的情绪‘influəns v.n.影响mu:d n.心情,情绪doubt daut n. 怀疑cheerful 欢乐的,高兴的relaxed 轻松的,自在的on the other hand 在另一个方面used to be 过去常常scene si:n 现场,地点any other +名词单数any other bridge any other student any other boypaint---repaint– be repainted 被动语态suicide attempt 自杀的企图sharply adv. 急剧地Perhaps it would have fallen even more if the bridge had been done in pink or baby blue. would+现在完成时表示对过去发生事的猜测have been done 过去完成时的被动语态it is an established fact that….强调句It is…. that…is’tæbliʃvt.确定,证实rather than 而不是=instead ofbe painted 被漆成…本篇形容词比较级,最高级使用整理work better, harderhave fewer accidentshappy– happieractive– more activecheerful– more cheerfulmany—more19. Dangers of spacemeteor mi:tjə n.流星ultraviolet ‘ʌltrə’vaiəlit a. 紫外线的cosmic kɔzmik a.宇宙的rem=roentgen equivalent man 雷姆‘rentgən 伦琴I’kwivələnt 相等的deformed di’fɔ:md a.畸形的danger n.--- dangerous a.protective blanket 保护层essential I’senʃəl adj. 必不可少的, 绝对必要的; 非常重要的tolerable ‘tɔlərəbl adj. 可忍受的过得去的enormous quantities of radiation 大量辐射I‘nɔ:məs 巨大的,reidi’eiʃən 辐射能; 放射be screened off 被屏蔽,被幕隔开be exposed to 被暴露在iks’pəuzspacesuit spei’sju:t 太空服prevent radiation damage 伤害explore v.探险--explorer n.探险者dose dəus n. 一次剂量, 一剂, 一份radioactive minerals 放射性矿物质,reidiəu’æktiv adj. 放射性的vary ‘vɛəri vi. 呈现不同rough estimate 粗略的估算put up with 承受without being damaged 动名词做介词的宾语,被动语态sex organ 性器官被动语态be+过去分词are screened offare exposed toare measured inbe damagedwill not be discovered20. Exercise makes your heart happypump pʌmp v.抽运,打气aerobic exercise 有氧运动,eiə’rəubikworkout 体育锻炼deliver v.运输,运送jog v. 慢跑soccer n.足球row v. 划船skip v.跳跃jump rope 跳绳play hopscotch 玩跳房子游戏‘hɔpskɔtʃtake in oxygen 吸入氧气faster than normal 比平常快quick a.– quicken v.变快on regular basis 在有规律的基础上,坚持get even better at its main jobbe good at/ be better at21. Hey A mosquito bit mebump 肿块calamine lotion 炉甘石洗剂‘kæləmain ’ləuʃən n. 洗液itch 发痒at the drugstore 药店allergic reaction 过敏反应ə‘lə:dʒik ri’ækʃəninsect repellent 驱蚊剂ri‘pelənt被动语态gets bitten= is bitten 被咬bite- bit – bittenhave been bitten 现在完成时的被动语态anti-itch cream 止痒膏on the bite 在被咬处immediately= at once 立即,马上treat 治疗动词不定式to doThe best way to avoid mosquito bites is to wear an insect repellent. Ask a parent to help you apply it.since =because=aslay eggs 产卵empty out buckets 倒空桶子keep…away from… 隔离,远离22. Sweeeetresist the temptation 抵制诱惑temp’teiʃəncalorie ‘kæləri n.卡路里,热量单位high in calories 高热量artificial sweetener 人造甜味剂’swi:tnəsugar substitute n.代糖,糖的取代物,替代品‘sʌbstitju:t complicated a. 复杂的’kɔmplikeitidstimulate v.刺激‘stimjuleitdiabetes n. 糖尿病,daiə’bi:ti:zdiabetic n.糖尿病人,daiə’betikblood-sugar n.血糖synthetic a. 人工合成sin’θetiksugar-sweet treats 甜食cause weight gain= put on weightdiet sodas 低糖汽水in place of 代替thanks to 幸亏, 多亏, 由于work in such small quantities 以如此少的量起作用on weight-reduction diets 吃减肥餐的人turn to 使转向,使变成raise levels of sugar raise 及物动词,+名词rise 不及物动词,不加名词be extra careful about doing sth. 对…加倍小心be made in labs=laboratories 在实验室中制造的by contrast 相对比be concerned about 担心over the decades 几十年来are still debated 仍然在被受争议被动语态23. Thieves of featherdiverse a.丰富的,多种多样的dai’vəsthievery n. 偷窃θi:vəri thief n.小偷predict pri’dikt v. 预测,预言falcon ‘fɔ:lkən n.猎鹰target ‘tɑ:ɡit n.目标deliver di’livə v.递送,输送bully ‘b uli n.欺凌弱小者deserve di’zə:v v.值得master of crime 犯罪专家get away with itdiverse 丰富的,多样的guilty 有罪的family of birds=bird family 鸟类have in common 有共同之处matter most 最有关系,要紧,起决定性作用on the other hand 另一方面tend to 趋向the target of their attacks 他们攻击的目标valuable a. 有价值的tempt to 更乐意tempt 诱惑,吸引songbirds 鸣禽in relation to 与….相比be thought to 被认为是be stronger in size than in smarts 有强壮的身体而不是强壮的脑袋claw 爪子in other words 换句话说strong- stronger-strongest -- strengthrespect 尊敬24. Why do I shivershiver ‘ʃivəv.颤抖,哆嗦chatter ‘tʃætəv.打颤reflex ‘ri:fleks n.条件反射automatically 自动地,ɔ:tə’mætikəlinervous system 神经系统‘nə:vəs ‘sistəmspinal cord 脊髓‘spainl ‘kɔ:dlower v.降低low a. – lower v.bump n. 肿块goosebump n.鸡皮疙瘩be attached to 附着现在完成进行时You’ve been floating along in the cool water of the lake for a while,……even though 即使dive- dove-dove 美跳水,潜水dive-dived-dived 英What’s going on 发生什么了be controlled by 被…所控制nervous systemstretch out all over your body 遍布你全身的lower the body temperature减低体温lower= make low v.stay=keep at 37 degrees Celsiuswarm up 暖和起来tighten and loosen fast adj+en==v. 变得….be covered with hair 由汗毛所覆盖be attached to 附着get tight 收紧pull …out of 从…拉出look like 看起来像towel off 拿下毛巾25. Why does my foot fall asleepfall asleep 睡着feel funny 感觉奇怪联系动词+形容词Words and phrasestuck tʌk 卷起,蜷曲pins and needles 四肢发麻,如坐针毡nerve nə:v 神经blame bleim v.责备,把…归咎于compress kəm’pres v.压迫tingly a. 刺痛squash skwɔʃv.挤压过去完成进行时had been doing had been drawing过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近,它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作：He had been waiting for two weeks．He was still waiting．He had been standing there in the sun.现在完成进行时The present perfect progressive 由have/has been +-ing 分词构成；过去完成进行时The past perfect progressive tenses 由had been +-ing 分词构成．现在／过去完成进行时的用法：A. 在某段时间内一直进行的动作用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有＂现在＂的结果,要根据上下文来确定到＂现在＂为止,动作是否还在继续进行．同样,过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作,并对过去某一时刻产生结果;B.表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时我们也可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作注意：过去完成进行时和过去完成时类似,需要有过去这一时间点;情态动词+现在完成时,表示对过去发生的事的猜测might have lost feeling in your footmight have felt heavy, or you might have felt ‘pins and needles’…lose feeling 失去知觉cut off the blood supply to 切断血液的供应more to blame 更应归咎于carry messages back and forth 来回传递信息for the moment 这时候kind of= a little 有点hang up 挂断no longer 不再return to normal 回复正常keep… awake…保持…清醒squash the nerves 压迫神经定语从句回顾Nerves are like threads that run through your whole body, and they carry messages back and forth between your brain and body.It’s kind of a phone call where your friend hangs up and you haven’t yet.If you want to keep your feet awake, don’t sit on them or put them in other positions where you’re squashing the nerves.。