考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(二)
2009考研英语阅读理解精读(二)
2009考研英语阅读理解精读（二）新东方印建坤第一篇In a world where sight and sound seem to reign supreme, all it takes is a cursory glance at the size of the perfume industry to realise that smell matters quite a lot, too. Odours are known to regulate moods, thoughts and even dating decisions, which is why any serious romantic will throw on the eau de toilette before going out for a night on the town. Yet in all these cases, those affected are aware of what they are smelling. Unlike the media of sight and sound, in which subliminal messages have been studied carefully, the potential power of subliminal smells has been neglected.Wen Li and her colleagues at Northwestern University in Chicago are now changing that. In particular, they are investigating smells so faint that people say they cannot detect them. The idea is to see whether such smells can nevertheless change the way that people behave towards others.Dr Li's experiment, the results of which have just been published in Psychological Science, employed 31 volunteers. These people were exposed to three different odours at low concentration. One was the fresh lemon scent of citral. The second was the neutral ethereal perfume of anisole. The third was the foul sweaty smell of valeric acid. And the concentrations really were low. In the case of valeric acid, for example, that concentration was seven parts per trillion—a level only just detectable by bloodhounds. As a control, Dr Li used a mineral oil that has no detectable smell at any concentration.The participants were asked to sniff a jar containing either one of the three odours or the scentless oil, and then press a button to indicate whether they thought the jar smelled of anything. Immediately after that, a picture of a face would appear on a screen in front of them for just over a second. Each participant was asked to rate the face's “likeability”.Dr Li found that the odours helped shape people's judgments about the faces when their responses indicated that they had not smelled anything. When someone had been exposed to valeric acid, for example, he tended to react negatively to a face. Exposure to citral, by contrast, made that face seem, on average, more friendly.(Obviously, the same face was not shown to any given participant more than once.) Even more intriguing, however, was that when participants did consciously perceive a smell, its effect on face-perception disappeared.What is going on is unclear. If smells can carry useful information about personality (which is possible), then the effect would be expected to be the same whether or not the chemical in question is detected subliminally. If they do not carry such information, then it is hard to see what use the subliminal reaction is. Nevertheless, it is there.The findings do, however, demonstrate what might be a powerful method of manipulation. Indeed, Dr Li considers the potential uses to be vast. Business meetings might be made more pleasant by releasing appropriate fragrances into the air in unsmellable amounts. Conversely, fights might be started by putting people in the presence of a faint foul odour. Advertising hoardings might benefit from a little olfactory tweaking and cinema audiences could be reduced to floods of tears at the appropriate moment. The sweet smell of success might, in other words, actually be undetectable.1. Dr. Li is carrying out such an investigation in order to _____.[A] find out how smells regulate moods in a subtle and nuanced way[B] prove that smell plays an equally important role in daily life as that of sight and sound[C] find out if people are sensitive to faint smells[D] find out if faint smells could influence people’s judgement of others2.The mineral oil is used in Dr. Li’s experiment to _____.[A] control the concentration of odours in a slightly detectable degree[B] act as a group of comparison with that of the other smells[C] regulate the participants’ moods by decreasing the smell’s concentration[D] protect the participants from losing sense of smell3. The word “likeability” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____.[A] similarity[B] likeness[C] loveliness[D] likelihood4. When the participants conciously smelt the valeric acid, they tended to_____.[A] make negative judgement to a face[B] make positive judgement to a face[C] make biased judgement to a face[D] make fair judgement to a face5. From Dr. Li’s experiment, it can be infered that_____.[A] one’s reaction to subliminal smells reflect useful information about his or her personality[B] subliminal smells can influence people’s interaction with each other[C] subliminal smells have no effect on people’s conscious face-perception.[D] subliminal smells turn out to be a means of powerful manipulation in terms of business success.文章剖析：这篇文章介绍了细微气味对人们的影响。
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text2
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text2森林为我们提供了阴凉、宁静的环境，是应对气候变化斗争中更艰巨的挑战之一。
小编为大家提供2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text2，一起来学习一下吧！2019考研英语二阅读理解真题text2Text 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, andwildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 —financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.26. “One of the harder challenges” implies ___A. global climate change may get out of controlB. forests may become a potential threatC. people may misunderstand global warmingD. extreme weather conditions may arise27. To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks", we may need to _A.preserve diversity of speciesB. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityC. accelerate the growth of young treesD. strike a balance among different plants28.California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ___A. restore its forests quickly after wildfires.B. cultivate more drought resistant trees.C. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. reduce the density of some of its forests29. What is essential to California's plan according to para. 5?A. To obtain enough financial supportB. To carry it out before 2020C. To handle the areas in the serious danger firstD. To perfect the emission-permit auctions30.the author's attitude toward California's plan can be best described as ____A. supportiveB. ambiguousC. tolerantD. cautious2019考研英语二阅读理解答案解析text226. 答案【B】 forests may become a potential threat解析：本题目为推断题，考察推理判断能力。
2008年考研英语二阅读笔记
上个周末，Montreal的Kyle举办了一个聚会来庆祝自己用一个红色的曲形别针换来了他的新家。
从一年前开始，MacDonald用那枚曲别针交换到了价值越来越高的东西，包括一个扎营用的炉子和一所在Phoenix的公寓的免费租赁（租用）。
由于MacDonald（事先）提前公布了他的目的（房子），他很可能收到了来自技术精英的鼓励（支持和帮助boost），（因为）他们期盼看到互联网通过这次大胆的（“对其建立关系网的力量”）“互联网社交关系能力”的大胆测试。
“我的座右铭是‘从小处开始，想得更大，获得乐趣’‘小处着手，大处思考，且行且乐’”，26岁的MacDonald说道，“我真的是把自己的努力放在一直致力于创造性的方面而不是商业利益方面。
”【积累】①曲别针：paper ???clip②以物易物：barter以...交换...：in exchange for用...交换...: trade for...③激励、鼓舞：boost受到鼓舞：receive a boost④（精通计算机和电子设备的）技术人员：tech???techie⑤大胆的：bold/baring/adventurous羞怯、胆小、缺乏自信的：intimidate(恐吓威胁) timid⑥networking：社交关系网结交朋友：do some networking⑦将努力放在……：place the effort on... Keep one’s effort on...虽然MacDonald的物物交换事迹有些（奇特）古怪，但（易货）物物交换如今（在网上确实是已经颇具规模）已经是互联网上的一项大生意。
今年，全世界超过40万家公司将在日益增多的以物易物的网站上（进行）交换价值（高达）一百亿的商品和服务（交易）。
这些网站允许公司（将产品换成虚拟货币）交易得到一种虚拟货币，它可以用来向其他成员购买商品。
在冰岛，服装制造商Kapusalan在（大受欢迎的booming）日渐繁荣的Vidskiptanetid 交易平台上卖出了它三分之一的商品，（并将赚到的虚拟货币）赚到了用于购买机器和支付部分员工工资的虚拟货币。
考研英语阅读理解-(二).doc
考研英语阅读理解-(二)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ Readi(总题数：4，分数：100.00)At the Museum of Sex in New York City, artificial-intelligence researcher David Levy projected a mock image on a screen of a smiling bride in a wedding dress holding hands with a short robot groom. "Why not marry a robot? Look at this happy couple," he said to a laughing crowd.When Levy was then asked whether anyone who would want to marry a robot was deceived, his face grew serious. "If the alternative is that you are lonely and sad and miserable, is it not better to find a robot that claims to love you and acts like it loves you?" Levy responded. "Does it really matter, if you're a happier person?" In his 2007 book, Love and Sex with Robots, Levy contends that sex, love and even marriage between humans and robots are coming soon and, perhaps, are even desirable. "I know some people think the idea is totally peculiar," he says. "But I am totally convinced it's inevitable."The 62-year-old London native has not reached this conclusion on a whim. Levy's academic love affair with computing began in his last year of university, during the vacuum-tube era. That is when he broadened his horizons beyond his passion for chess. "Back then people wrote chess programs to simulate human thought processes," he recalls. He later became engrossed in writing programs to carry on intelligent conversations with people, and then he explored the way humans interact with computers, a topic for which he earned his doctorate last year from the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands.Over the decades, Levy notes, interactions between humans and robots have become increasingly personal. Whereas robots initially found work, say, building cars in a factory, they have now moved into the home in the form of Roomba the robotic vacuum cleaner and digital pets such as Tamagotchis and the Sony Aibo.Science-fiction fans have witnessed plenty of action between humans and characters portraying artificial life-forms, such as with Data from the Star Trek franchise or the Cylons from the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica. And Levy is betting that a lot of people will fall in love with such devices. Programmers can tailor the machines to match a person's interests or render them some what disagreeable to create a desirablelevel of friction in a relationship. "It's not that people will fall in love with an algorithm but that people will fall in love with a convincing simulation of a human being, and convincing simulations can have a remarkable effect on people," he says.（分数：25.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the snapshot at the Museum of Sex serves to∙ A. introduce the topic.∙ B. provide a background.∙ C. explain a phenomenon.∙ D. summarize the main idea.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(2).David Levy would most probably agree that∙ A. the idea of a human marrying a robot is totally crazy.∙ B. deception might result in a human marrying a robot.∙ C. robots can be created capable of loving just as hmnans do.∙ D. it is not impossible for a human to marry a robot.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The phrase "on a whim" (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means∙ A. in haste.∙ B. all of a sudden.∙ C. on his own.∙ D. out of the blue.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Roomba, Tamagotchis, and the Sony Aibo are mentioned to show that∙ A. the development of robots is really fascinating.∙ B. robots have made their contributions to housework.∙ C. robots have been transferred from factories to homes.∙ D. humans have developed a more personal relationship with robots.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In Levy's view, why should the robots be made somewhat disagreeable?∙ A. To match the interests of human beings.∙ B. To make them as sentimental as human beings.∙ C. To vividly imitate a relationship.∙ D. To improve the accuracy of their performances.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.As college seniors hurtle into the job hunt, little lies on the resume-for example, claiming a degree when they're three credits shy of graduation-seem harmless enough. So new grads ought to read this memo now: those 20-year-old falsehoods on cream-colored, 32-1b. premium paper have ruined so many highprofile executives that you wonder who in the business world hasn't got the message. A resume listing two fabricated degrees led to the resignation of David Edmondson, CEO of RadioShack, in February. Untruthful resume have also hindered the careers of executives at the U.S. Olympic Committee.The headlines haven't dented job seekers' desire to dissemble even as employers have grown increasingly able to detect deception. InfoLink Screening Services, a background-checking company, estimates that 14% of job applicants in the U.S. lie about their education on their resumes. Employees who lie to get in the door can cause untold damage on a business, experts say, from staining the reputation and credibility of a firm to upending co-workers and projects to igniting shareholder wrath-and that's if the lie is found out. Even when it isn't, the falsified resume can indicate a deeply rooted inclination toward unethical behavior. "There's a lot of evidence that those who cheat on job applications also cheat in school and in life," says Richard Grfffith, director of the industrial and organizational psychology program at the Florida Institute of Technology. "If someone says they have a degree and they don't, I'd have little faith that person would tell the truth when it came to financial statements and so on."Employers' fears have sparked a boom in the background-screening industry. But guarding the henhouse does little good if the fox is already nestled inside. To unmask the deceivers among them, some employers are conducting checks upon promotion. Verified Person markets its ability to provide ongoing employee screening through automated criminal checks. With this increased alertness comes a thorny new dilemma: figuring out whether every lie is really a fireable offense. Many bosses feel that a worker's track record on the job speaks more strongly than a stretched resume, says John Challenger of the outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. Rather than booting talented workers, Challenger suggests, employers should offer a pardon period. "A moratorium would let anyone who needs to come clean," he says And the culprit could always go back to school and finish that degree-maybe even on company time.（分数：25.00）(1).By citing the examples of David Edmondson, the author intends to show that∙ A. little lies on the resume seem risk-free to the company.∙ B. falsehoods on the restume may lead to career collapse.∙ C. high-profile executives have to be careful about their background.∙ D. fabricated degrees can sometimes bring positions to senior executives.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(2).By saying "The headlines haven't dented job seekers' desire to dissemble" (Line 1, Paragraph 2), the author means that∙ A. the news hasn't prevented job applicants from being dishonest.∙ B. the headings have made job seekers more eager to hide their true feelings.∙ C. the news hasn't any kind of impacts on job applicants at all.∙ D. the headings have succeeded in persuading job seekers to give up lying.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).If a lie is found out, one consequence will probably be∙ A. the increased number of laid-off coworkers.∙ B. the interference of stakeholders.∙ C. the possibility of more unethical behaviors.∙ D. the ruined image of the company.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Falsehood on resume shows that the job seeker may∙ A. have extreme views towards working.∙ B. be more likely to cheat in other fields.∙ C. stay honest in financial statements.∙ D. seek other ways to convey the truth.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to Challenger, when the bosses screen out deceivers in their companies, they tend to∙ A. fire them immediately without listening to any excuses.∙ B. evaluate their personality again through background-screening.∙ C. give them a period of time to make a remedy.∙ D. offer all talented employees the opportunities to finish degree.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.How could anybody dislike the notion of fairness? Everything is better when it is fair: a share, a fight, a maiden, or a game. Even defeat sounds more attractive when it is fair and square. For the British fair play is especially important: without it, life isn't cricket. Their country becomes quite pleasant when the weather is fair, though unfortunately it rarely is. And these days fairtrade goods crowd their supermarket shelves. Fairness is not only good, but also moderate, which is another characteristic that the British approve of. It does not claim too much for itself. Those who, on inquiry, admit that their health and fortunes are fair-to-middling navigate carefully between the twin dangers of boastfulness and ill-temperedness, while gesturing in a chin-up sort of way towards the possibility of future improvement.Fairness appeals to the British political class, for it has a common sense down-to-earthiness which avoids the grandiosity of American andcontinental European political discourse while aspiring to do its best for all men-and of course for maidens too, fair and otherwise, for one of its virtues is that it does not discriminate on grounds of either gender or skin colour.Not surprising, then, that Britain's government should grab hold of the word and cling to it in the buffeting the coalition has had since the budget on June 22nd proposed higher taxes and even sharper spending cuts. "Tough but fair" is what George Osborne, the Conservative chancellor of the exchequer, called the cuts he announced. "It is going to be tough, but it is also very fair," said Vince Cable, the Liberal Democrat business secretary. At last, something they could agree on."Fairness" suits Britain's coalition government so well not just because its meanings are all positive, but also because they are wide-ranging. To one lot of people, fairness means establishing the same rules for everybody, playing by them, and letting the best man win and the winner take all. To another, it means making sure that everybody gets equal shares. Those two meanings are not just different: they are opposite. They represent a choice that has to be made between freedom and equality. Yet so slippery-and thus convenient to politicians-is the English language that a single word encompasses both, and in doing so loses any claim to meaning.（分数：25.00）(1).The statement "without it, life isn't cricket" (Line 4, Para. 1) reflects that∙ A. people in Britain want sports to be fair and square.∙ B. the British highly value the notion of fairness.∙ C. the British treat their life in a fair and serious way.∙ D. for the British, life isn't as fair as a cricket game.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What do we know about the British from the first two paragraphs?∙ A. They are hard to please.∙ B. They are nice and moderate.∙ C. They are prone to boastfulness.∙ D. They are modest yet optimistic.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).George Osborne and Vince Cable regarded the spending cuts as fair because∙ A. the spending cuts really are fair and square.∙ B. they finally see eye to eye with each other.∙ C. British politicians like to use that word.∙ D. they two are of the same political regime.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author holds in the last paragraph that "fairness"∙ A. is the cornerstone of the Britain's coalition government.∙ B. means different or even opposite things to different people.∙ C. displays the inclusiveness of the English language.∙ D. has become a convenient cliché for the British politicians.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?∙ A. The British value the notion of fairness, especially in sports games.∙ B. Continental European politicians don't favor the notion of fairness.∙ C. Fairness is vital for maidens since it has no gender discrimination.∙ D. Fairness has become a guidelines of Britain's coalition government.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.Despite its name, Smugglers' Gulch is one of the toughest places to sneak into America. The narrow valley near San Diego is divided by a steel wall and watched day and night by agents of the border patrol, who track word-be illegal immigrants with the help of helicopters and underground pressure sensors. Rafael, a cement worker, has already been canght jumping over the fence five times. Yet he still wanders on the Mexican side of the fence, waiting for nightfall and another chance to cross. How much longer willhe keep trying? "Until I get through," he says.Last week the Senate tried, and failed, to deal with the problem of illegal immigration. After much debate it abandoned a bill that would have provided more money for border security but also allowed many illegal immigrants to obtain visas. Yet the collapse of the Senate bill does not mean illegal immigration will go away, either as a fact or as an urgent political issue. Indeed, one likely consequence will be an outbreak of ad hoc law-making in cities and states.One such place is Arizona, where the governor, signed a bill this week imposing rigid penalties on employers who hire illegal immigrants. Those who are caught once will have their licenses suspended; a second offence will put them out of business. Even the governor admits the bill is too broadly drawn and will be hard to enforce. She signed it, she explained, because the federal government has shown itself to be incapable of dealing with illegal immigration.One in ten workers in Arizona is illegal, according to the Pew Hispanic Centre. So the law, if rigorously enforced, could disrupt the state's economy, which suggests it will not be. One landscape gardener in Scottsdale who worked illegally for three decades and now pays illegal workers ＄7 an hour thinks the measure is ridiculous. "Who else is going to pick lettuces and trim trees in this heat?" he asks, pointing to the sun on a 47℃ day. He has no plans to change his ways, and says he will simply move if he is caught.Laws such as Arizona's will make life more unpleasant and unprecedented for illegal workers. But they will not curtail either illegal immigration or illegal working as much as supporters claim. In any case, the border has been so porous for so long that people now have plenty of reasons to steal across it other than work. Of five aspiring immigrants who spoke to the correspondent in Smugglers' Gulch earlier this week, three were trying to join their families.（分数：25.00）(1).We can learn from the opening paragraph that∙ A. people are misled by the name Smugglers' Gulch.∙ B. Smuggler's Gulch is the toughest entrance to steal into USA.∙ C. Rafael will continue his risky attempt to jump the fence.∙ D. Smuggler's Gulch is secured by advanced tracking tools.（分数：5.00）A.C.D.(2).The bill abandoned by the Senate last week implies that∙ A. the cost to tackle illegal immigration has overrun budget.∙ B. political intrigues can deal with illegal immigration effectively.∙ C. the Senate once considered granting illegal immigrants more visas.∙ D. cities and states are pushed to put immigration laws into force.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The governor of Arizona believes that∙ A. the newly-signed bill is more likely to become an empty talk.∙ B. deprivation of employment helps to drive illegal immigrants away.∙ C. the biggest difficulty of the bill lies in rigorous implementation.∙ D. discussion should be held to make the broadly-drawn bill practical.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In Paragraph 4, the landscape gardener in Scottsdale is mentioned to∙ A. display the ill-effect the bill has caused to Arizona's economy.∙ B. demonstrate illegal immigrants' contribution to local society.∙ C. express illegal immigrants' desperation about the measures to be taken.∙ D. reveal the bill's inhumanity to those self-made illegal immigrants.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In the author's opinion, the illegal immigration issue in America∙ A. calls for more forceful laws on illicit working.∙ B. derives from a long history and various reasons.∙ C. stems mainly from people's longing for family reunion.∙ D. brings illegal workers an unpleasant and unpredictable life.（分数：5.00）A.C.D.。
英语阅读二 课文与笔记
Text 3 ARE THESE THE BEST YEARS OF YOUR LIFE?這些是你生命中的黄金时期吗？(Lead-in: Which are the best years of life? All of us ask ourselves this question from time to time, and we probably come up with different answers.You may find the answers in the following text.)Text:The ups and downs盛衰,沉浮of life may seem to have no predictable (可预言的) plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents曾祖父/母, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the ―game of life‖ is really a game oftrade-off s交换. As we age, we trade交换strength for ingenuity (聪明才智/独创性), speed for thoroughness, passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you‘ve passed some of your prime全盛时期, you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time.WHEN ARE YOU SMARTEST? From 18 to 25, according to IQ scores; but you are more experienced with increasing age. You‘re sharpest in your 20‘s; around 30, memory begins to decline, particularly your ability to perform mathematical computation s. ―Bu t your IQ for other tasks climbs,‖ says Berkeley psychologist Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at age 45, for example, is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. This trade-off between sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist Dr. Leopold Bella to suggest that ―maturity quotients（成熟商数）‖ (MQ s instead of IQs) be adopted for adults.WHEN ARE YOU HEALTHIEST? For men, from 15 to 25; for women 15 to 30.―A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25,‖ says New York internist Dr. Donald Tompkins. ―His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infection s (传染/感染) is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrient s营养.‖ Women, for reasons scientists do not understand, get a five-year bonus (奖金/意想不到的收获). Peak health begins to decline when the body process called anabolism (合成代谢cell growth) is overtaken by the opposite process, catabolism(cell death). ―Cells have been dying since birth,‖ says Tomkins, ―but in our late 20‘s, they start dying faster than they are replaced.‖ Also, muscle is replaced with fat.Women also get an additional bonus of good health later in life. The figures of National Institute of Health show that the onset of su ch ―old age‖ disease s as arthritis(关节炎), rheumatism（风湿病）, and heart ailment s (疾病) denies the generally greater fitness健康of women: Life expectancy for men is now 68.3; for women 75.9. U. S. aging authority William Kennel says, ―Older women with low blood pressure are practically important.‖ However, psychologists believe that by entering the competitive job market in increasing numbers, women may eventually give up their statistical advantage.WHEN ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP MENTAL DISORDERS? From 30 to 35.This surprisingly narrow peak is very real. The National Institute of Mental Health (INMH) reports that more than half of the patients in mental hospitals, male and female, are in this age group (men lead ing领先women by about 20%)But if we are most neurotic (患神经病的) between 30 and 35, apparently we recover quickly. Admission s进入to mental hospitals drop sharply around age 40 and stay down until age 65. Yet, say psychologists, between 40 and 55, more people rep ort they ―feel‖ on the verge (边缘) of a nervous breakdown. Relatively few actually occur. ―We become veteran s at coping (cope:应付,处理).‖ says psychologist Marvin Marlins.Suicide, a measure of mental problems, peaks from 20 to 24 and then again around 70. Incidence s发生/出现of suicide are smallest among people with intact完好的marriages, highest among the divorced.WHEN ARE YOU HAPPIEST? You have the best physical sense of yourself from 15 to 24; the best professional sense from 40 to 49. Pessimism (悲观主义) peaks between 30 and 39. San Diego State University psychologists Marilyn Barges and Linda Dutton found that before age 24, we believe that our happiest years are yet to come (还没来); over 30, we believer that they‘re behind us.A National Health Survey agrees: After age 30, we become more realistic and do not view happiness as a goal in itself在本质上. If we maintain our health, achieve professional and emotional goals, then happiness, we feel, we follow.‖The American Institute of Public Opinion says that the pessimism peak occurs when we realize that talent and determination aren‘t enough to guarantee (保证/担保) success. Lady Luck幸运女神must help.Also, youth‘s good physical sense of self apparently does little to foster培养/抱有happiness. ―Parents who tell their teenage c hildren t hese are the happiest years,‖ says L igget, ―couldn‘t be more wrong大错特错. Adolescence is very difficult. Only when you are 40 and looking back does youth青春期look blissful (非常幸福的,极其快乐的).‖WHEN ARE YOU MOST CREATIVE? Generally between 30 to 39, but the peak varies with different professions.Mozart wrote a symphony交响曲/乐and four sonata s (奏鸣曲) by age eight, and Mendelssohn composed his best-known work, A Midsummer Night’s dream, at 17. Psychologist H.C. Lehman presents the years for peak work in many fields. Though the peak in most fields comes early---most Nobel Prize winners did their top research in their late 20‘s and 30‘s----creative people continue to produce quality work throughout their lives.By viewing life‘s various peaks, we can eas ily get the feeling that we are part of a giantgive-and–take plan. Though statistically the plan is there, we must remember that every peak has many exception s例外. Says McLeish, ―The human life journey cannot be chart ed by a single curving line.‖Text 4Our disappearing wildlifeAnimal life first appeared on the earth about 400 million years ago. Through the passing millennia (millennium n. a period of 1,000 years), thousands of animal species have come and gone. Until recently, this process was gradual, the result of change in climate, in habitat (the natural home of a plant or animal ), or in the gene s基因of the animals themselves. But the tremendous expansion of modern civilization now threatens to upset this natural balance, putting unprecedented (史无前例的) pressure on the survival of our wildlife.This imbalance can be traced to many causes. Most arise in the greed and poor planning of man himself. With e ach increase in man‘s population, the wilderness areas where the animals liveget smaller. The use of pesticide s to control injurious insect also harms wild birds and animals. Water pollution kills fish in our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Hunters have almost exterminate d(v.destroy utterly) many of the larger animals like the bighorn sheep (大角羊) and the grizzly bear (灰熊). And farmers destroy smaller animals like the prairie dog (草原犬鼠) and coyote(郊狼/小狼). As a result of this unrelenting pressure, our wildlife is disappearing at the rate of one species or subspecies per years.Of all the continents, the most drastic激烈的reduction in wildlife has occurred in North America, where the transition from a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid. Among the victims are birds, mammal s哺乳动物and fish. We will never again see the passenger pigeon旅鸽or the eastern elk ( n.麋/四不像). They have been wiped out. Of many other species, only a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U.S. Department of the Interior has put no fewer than多达109 species on the endangered species list. (An endangered species is one with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection.) This list includes everything from the timber wolf (大灰狼/林狼) to the whooping crane (鸣鹤). Even the bald eagle, our national symbol, is threatened.Animals that kill other game猎物for food are called predator s (捕食者). The predators include the wolf, mountain lion, fox, bobcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock. Eventually, a reward was offered to hunters for every predator that was killed. This reward is called a bounty奖励金（money given for reward）. Ironically, the Federal government is the chief funder of predator control programs.The settlers also brought with them their Old World fears and superstition s迷信想法concerning predators. Whether preying on捕食livestock or not, predators were shot on sight. This attitude continues to this day for coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats, and is largely responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the endangered species list.Y et every animal, including the predator, has its place in nature‘s grand总的design. Predators help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old, and injured. Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy. Their kill also provider food for scavenger s (食腐动物) that feed on以...为食carrion腐肉. Occasional loss of livestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the balance of nature.The mountain lion has especially suffered from trapping and hunting. This great cat had the widest distribution of any mammal in the Western Hemisphere. Its range extended from northern British Columbia to the tip of South America, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. But by the turn of 19th century, this splendid animal was almost extinct in the eastern United States. In the West, the pattern of persecution was similar to that suffered by other predators. As the sheep and cattle empires grew, so did the war on the mountain lion.Overhunting an animal is an obvious form of extermination, but there are more subtle processes that often have the same fatal result. One of these is destruction of habitat. When farmers introduced sheep and cattle to North America, the domestic animals competed with the wild animals for the available grazing牧草land. Animals like the buffalo and the pronghorn antelope（叉角羚）, which once roam ed the plains in countless numbers, were either killed or pushed off thegrasslands. Today, a few remnant s残余(a part that remains) of these giant herds are protected from hunters in national game preserves禁猎区and wildlife refuges.Pesticides have also taken their toll. In 1947 a new chemical poison called DDT was introduced. It proved very effective in controlling insect pests like the potato beetle and the boll weevil (棉铃象鼻虫). But pesticides, which decompose（分解）very slowly, accumulate in animals which feed on pest or their predators, and the accumulated poisons attack their nervous systems. Pesticides also interfere with the formation of calcium钙in birds, which then lay eggs with very thin shells or no shell at all. When wildlife fail to reproduce, it isn‘t very long before they disappear. The bald eagle, 12 species of hawks, and the pelican have been seriously reduced by chemicals.Why should we care about担心the extinction of these birds and animals? The answer is simple enough. Every species that becomes extinct is gone forever. With each departure a small part of the diversity of nature that makes life so interesting is also gone. What has man got to look forward to – endless cities and houses and roads that cross barren贫瘠的country devoid of缺乏birds and animals ? Is that the world we want for ourselves and our children?T ext 5 Pollution is a Dirty WordLead-inMany people complain that the world is getting dirtier. And pollution problem is getting more serious than ever before. What is pollution? Read the following passage and learn more about it.TextConsume, consume, consume! Our society is consumer oriented –- dangerously so. To keep the wheels of industry turning, we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities, and, in the process, are rapidly exhaust ing our natural resources. But this is only half the problem. What do we do with manufactured products when they are worn out? They must be disposed of, but how and where? Unsightly junkyard s废品旧货栈full of rusting automobiles already surround every city in the nation. Americans throw away 80 billion bottles and cans each year, enough to build more than ten stacks to the moon. There isn‘t room for much more waste, and yet the factories grind on向前移动. They cannot stop because everyone wants a job. Our standard of living, one of the highest in the world, requires the consumption of manufactured products in ever-increasing不断增加的amounts. Man, about to be buried in his own waste, is caught in a vicious cycle. ―Stop the world, I want to get off,‖ is the way a popular song put表达man‘s dilemma.进退两难的局面It wasn‘t always like this. Only 100 years ago man lived in harmony with nature. There weren‘t so many people then and their wants were fewer. Whatever wastes were produced could be absorbed by nature and were soon covered over遮没. T oday this harmonious relationship is threatened by man‘s lack of foresight and planning, and by his carelessness and greed. For man is slowly poisoning his environment.Pollution i s a ―dirty‖ word. T o pollute means to contaminate –- to spoil something by introducing impurities which make it unfit不合格的or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, taste it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally真实地live in and breathe pollution, and, not surprisingly, it is beginning to threaten our health, our happiness, and our very civilization.Once we thought of pollution as meaning simply smog – the choking窒息的, stinging刺人的,dirty air that hover s盘旋over cities. But air pollution, while虽然it is still the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several which attack the most basic life function.Through the uncontrolled use of insecticide s杀虫剂, man has polluted the land, killing the wildlife. By dumping sewage污水/物and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our drinking water. We are polluting the ocean, too, killing the fish and thereby depriving ourselves of an invaluable food supply.Part of the problem is our exploding猛增population. More and more people produce more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our ―throw-away‖ technology. Each year Americans dispose of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers包装纸, newspapers, and paper plates纸盘. It is easier and cheaper to buy a new one and discard the old, even though 95 per cent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby‘s diaper s, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaway s临时利用件. Soon we will wear clothing made of paper: ―Wear it once and throw it away, ― will be the slogan口号/标语of the fashion conscious赶时髦的.Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? Fortunately, solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious有独创性的/巧妙的.T ake the problem of discarded automobiles, for instance, Each year over 40,000 of them are abandoned in New Y ork City alone. Eventually the discards end up in a junkyard. But cars are too bulky庞大的to ship as scrap to a steel mill. They must first be flatten ed. This is done in a giant compressor which can reduce a Cadillac to the size of a television set in a matter of minutes. Any leftover剩余的scrap metal is mixed with concrete and made into exceptionally strong bricks that are used in buildings and bridges. Man‘s ingenuity聪明才智has come to his rescue.What about water pollution? More and more cities are building sewage-treatment plants. Instead of being dumped into a nearby river or lake, sewage is sent through a system of underground pipes to a giant tank where the water is separated from the solid material, purified, and returned for reuse to the community water supply. The solid material, called sludge淤泥/沉淀物, is converted into fertilizer. The sludge can also be made into bricks.Controlling air pollution is another crucial objective. Without food, man can live about five weeks, without water about five days. Without air, he can only live five minutes. So pure air is a must. Here the wrongdoer is the automobile. Where there is a concentration of automobiles, as in our big cities, air pollution is severe. It is important to see that our cars are equipped with装备pollution-control devices. Such devices effectively reduce the harmful gases emitted from the engine.Power plants, factories, and apartment buildings can also avoid消除air pollution. When possible they should use clean fuels like gas and oil. And the smokestack s烟窗of these buildings should be equipped with filter s and other smoke-reduction devices.Can we eliminate pollution altogether? Probably not. Modern man pollutes with everything he does, so total elimination would require drastic极端的measures. Every power plant would have to shut down. Industries would have to close. We would have to leave all our automobiles in the garage. Every bus and truck and airplane would have to stop running. There would be no heat and no light. Under these conditions, our population would die in a short time.Since such a drastic solution is impossible, we must employ determined坚决的public action.We can reduce pollution, even if we can‘t eliminate it altogether. But everyone must do his part. Check your car to see if the pollution-control device is working. Reduce your use of electricity. Is air conditioning really necessary? Don‘t dump garbage or other waste on the land or in the water. Demand that government take firm action against polluters. We can have a clean world, or we can do nothing. The choice is up to you.Text 6 Keeping Food on the TablePre-reading A ctivities1. What do you know about topsoil?2. Can topsoil be exhausted? Why or why not?TextIt‘s early August and the countryside appears peaceful. Planting庄稼has long been finished and the fields are alive with strong, healthy crops. Soybeans and wheat are flourishing under the hot summer sun, and the corn, which was ―knee-high by the fourth of July‖, is now well over six feet tall. Herds of dairy and beef cattle are grazing吃草peacefully in rolling pastures which surround big, red barn s畜棚and neat, white farmhouses. Everything as far as the eye can see radiates a sense of prosperity. Welcome to the Midwest — one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the world.The tranquility宁静of the above scene is misleading. Farmers in the Midwest put in some of the longest workdays of any profession in the United States. In addition to caring for their crops and livestock, they have to keep up with new farming techniques, such as those for combating soil erosion侵蚀and increasing livestock production. It is essential that farmers adopt these advances in technology if they want to continue to meet the growing demands of a hungry world.Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country‘s leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for 占approximately 75 per cent of the amount sold in world markets.This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive密集的/精细的cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation‘s croplands, with the result that soil erosion has become a national problem concerning everyone from the farmer to the consumer.Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrient s营养and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago, cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been depleting耗尽the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 per cent over the next 50 years.So far, farmers have been able to compensate弥补/补偿for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters ofthe nation‘s precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish补充the soil; they do not prevent its loss.Clearly something else has to be done in order to avoid an eventual ecological disaster. Conservationists insist that the solution to the problem lies in new and better farming techniques. Concerned farmers are building terrace s梯田on hilly fields, rotating their crops, and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly. Substantial progress has been made, but soil erosion is far from being under control.The problems and innovation s创新of the agricultural industry in the Midwest are not restricted to growing crops. Livestock raising, which is big business in the certral region of the United States, is also undergoing many changes. Recent developments in technology have enabled farmers to raise not only healthier animals, but more animals as well. By employing the techniques of superovulation超数排卵, artificial insemination授精, and embryo胚胎transfer, farmers can more than triple增至三倍the number of offspring后代produced by a single cow per year.The procedure of accomplishing this remarkable feat技艺/壮举is as follows. First, the farmer chooses a cow on the basis of certain valuable trait s特点/特性, such as rapid weight gain or high milk production. A veterinarian then injects the cow with hormone s激素which cause the animal to super ovulate, that is, to produce more eggs, or ―ova卵细胞‖, than the usual one or two. As many as ten or more ova may be released in one superovulation.While the ova are moving down the Fallopian tubes输卵管toward the uterus子宫, about five days after superovulation, the cow is artificially inseminated with semen精子from a prize bull. If the insemination is successful, the eggs are fertilized and become living embryos, each of which has the potential to develop into a calf小牛.Next comes the process of embryo transfer. After the embryos have developed in the uterus for six to eight days, they are carefully removed and examined for defects. Each healthy embryo is then implant ed移植in the uterus of a different cow, where it continues to develop. Nine months later the surrogate代理mother gives birth to a healthy calf to which she is not genetically related.The result of the entire procedure is that a farmer can increase the size of a herd of cows at a rate which was previously impossible. Although three to four calves are the average, as many as ten or more may be produced from the embryos of one mother cow. The possible applications of these techniques are overwhelming when one considers that by freezing an embryo until its sister embryo has been born and become sexually mature, it is even possible for a cow to give birth to its identical同卵双生的twin sister!As the world‘s population continues to increase, farmers will be called upon要求to produce more and more life-sustaining food. Constant technological advances in soil conservation and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need. One concern, however, is that while this technology is solving old problems, it may be creating new ones in the process.Text 7 How to be Happylead-inEveryone wants to live a happy life. How can one be happy? Read the following passage and see whether you can find an answer to that question.Text1. Britain's most prestigious(有声望的) scientific institution, the Royal Society, will host a meeting for some of the world's top psychologists. Their aim is to find out why it is that some people's lives go so right. What is it that makes them happy and fulfilled, while others seem doomed to founder沉没in misery, dissatisfaction and dejection沮丧?2. Psychologists have known for some time that optimism is a good defence against unhappiness. "If you're optimistic and you think life is going to get better, it will become a"self-fulfilling prophecy 预言," says Baylis. "You will involve yourself more, you'll put yourself forward more, you will take more care of yourself. You'll figure认为that if you do more exercise and not booze豪饮as much, life will be better.3. But some of us are just not natural optimists. What are we supposed to do?4. Positive psychologists believe optimism can be learned, and we can teach ourselves to seea half-empty glass as half-full. All we have to do is to spend time mull ing 深思over all the things that have gone right for us, rather than dwelling on细想what has gone badly. "Research on depression shows that one of the biggest causes of depression is ruminating沉思about something that went wrong in the past," says Baylis. "What happens is you look into the past and think about some event and keep turning it over, saying, ‗I messed up, I messed up,' and you let it hurt you. You keep feeding it the oxygen of attention and the flames keep burning you.5. But just as dwelling on negative events can lead to depression, dwelling on things that have gone well can help pick you up, he says: "You have to thank your lucky stars about what goes right on a daily basis. Whenever you get the feeling of being negative about things, just take a moment out and remind yourself of the stuff that has gone well. It could be anything from a conversation to your garden looking nice, or that it didn't rain on you when you were out on your bike. It's an extremely powerful technique. "6. By reminding ourselves what went well instead of what went wrong, positive psychologists believe we can build a buffer减震器/缓冲器against unhappiness, making us better able to take life's knocks when they come.7. Seligman, who is the figurehead of the positive psychology movement, goes further than suggesting people learn to think positively. He has worked out what he sees as a blueprint蓝图for happiness that people can use to set them on the path to a fulfilling and satisfying life. He believes there are three routes to happiness, which he calls the "pleasant life", the "good life" and the "meaningful life". Some are better than others, although a mix of all three is ideal. The pleasant life sees superficial pleasures as the key to happiness, and it is this that many people mistakenly pursue, he says."The biggest mistake that people in the rich west make is to be enchanted with 为...陶醉/迷恋the Hollywood idea of happiness, which is really just giggling and smiling a lot," he says. While a life bent (bend:专心于) on instant pleasure and gratification offers some degree of happiness, it is ultimately dissatisfying on its own, he says.8. Money, it turns out, isn't the answer either. Seligman believes that once we have enough to pay for life's basics such as food and a roof over our heads, more money adds little to our happiness.9. To be seriously happy, Seligman says, we have to set our sights on a good life and a meaningful life. To do this we need to identify what he calls our signature strengths, which could be anything from perseverance(坚持不懈) and leadership to a love of learning. (能力特点)10. Seligman says that once we know our signature strengths, using them more and more in our daily lives will make us feel happier and more fulfilled. By exploiting our strengths, he says, we will find life more gratifying and become completely immerse d in what we are doing, whether working, making music or playing sport - a state positive psychologists call "flow".11. Using our signature strengths in our working and social lives will help us achieve what Seligman calls a good life, while using them to help others will put us on course for achieving a meaningful life, he says.12. While positive psychology is broadly seen as valid by the psychology and psychiatry establishment, it does have its critics.13. Positive psychologists also stand accused of burying their heads in the sand and ignoring that depressed, even merely unhappy people, have real problems that need dealing with. Seligman counter s反驳this, saying positive psychology is not meant to replace other forms of therapy, but should be complementary, while people work through their negative feelings.Text 8 Never be nervous againPre-reading A ctivities1. How can you avoid being nervous when you meet people?2. Have you ever experienced uncontrollable nervousness? How can you get it over?TextSocial anxiety is the single most common psychological problem, according to the 1986 results of the Stanford shyness Inventory, a survey conducted by Philip G. Zimbardo, professor of social psychology at Stanford University in California. At a party with strangers, for instance,three-qua rters of adults feel anxiety. ―T he best estimate is that 40 per cent of all Americans suffer from shyness,‖ says Zimbardo.How can you avoid being nervous when you meet people? Prepare. Preparation for any communicating situation is a must. You‘ve been invited to a big dinner party in two weeks. You know that one of the other guests is a politician. Scan the newspapers and magazines; listen to newscasts for topics of conversation in political areas. Then at the party, pretend you‘re an interviewer on talk show. Think of question to ask that can‘t be answered yes or no. ―In your opinion, who… ― ―what do you think of… ― keep the momentum势头going.W hether you‘re delivering a speech, approac hing your boss for a raise or an important social occasion, do your homework. The most polished, smoothly delivered, spontaneous-sounding talks are the result of many hours of work. The memorable one-liner s and moving phrases that go down in history don‘t come from last-minute bursts of inspiration.If you‘re maki ng a presentation of any sort, begin preparing as far ahead of time as possible. ―good writing,‖ say Harvard university historian Richard Marius, ―is a kind of wrestling with thought‖.。
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析（text2）
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text2) 2019考研英语一阅读理解第二部分讲的是分数膨胀，为大家提供2019考研英语一真题阅读理解真题及答案解析考研英语一真题阅读理解真题及答案解析(text2)(text2)(text2)，，一起来看看吧！Text 2Grade inflation Grade inflation——the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades (grade-point averages) over the past few decades——is often considered considered a a product product of of a consumer consumer era era in higher education, education, in in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force another, related force——a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"catalogs called "grade forgiveness"—— is helping raise GPAs. Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student a student’’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has aelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven. College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,Untimely,”” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’’s registrar, registrar, ““we see students achieve more suess because they retake a course and do better better in in subsequent subsequent contents contents contents or or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.the content that allows them to graduate on time.””That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges colleges’’ ownneeds as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their suess on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention such as graduation rates and student retention——so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students——who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill bill——feel they they’’ve gotten a better value value for for their their tuition tuition tuition dollars, dollars, dollars, which which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers universities are responding to consumers’’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a collegedegree degree to to lead lead to to a a job, job, it it is is is in in the the best best best interest interest interest of of a a school school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible——or at least appear to be. On this, students students’’and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is monly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students' indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges' neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities' ine from tuition.28. Aording to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments' needs.29. 29. What What does does the the phrase phrase "to "to be aligned"(Line aligned"(Line 5, 5, Para. Para. 6) 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To plement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. paring different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.26. 26. 答案【答案【答案【D D 】 The influence of consumer culture. 解析：本题目为原因细节题，考察具体细节。
2020年考研英语二阅读理解答案及解析(海文版)
2020年考研英语二阅读理解答案及解析(海文版)Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、【答案】[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace【解析】事实细节题。
该题干问：之前的研究认为家是……。
根据题干，该题答案定位在首段首句。
首句大致意思为“一项新的研究表明，与绝绝大部分研究相反，实际上，人们在家里的压力要大于工作。
”由此可知，以往的研究正好跟最新研究相反，即人们在家里的压力小于工作。
纵观各选项，选项A意为：与工作场所相比，能提供更多的休闲;与文章表述一致，为准确答案。
22、【答案】[C ] childless husbands【解析】事实细节题。
文章第二段第三句和第四句提到“It is men not women, who report being happier at home than at work…, but more so for nonparents.”即“研究发现是男人，而不是女人，在家比在工作中更高兴。
更令人吃惊的是，研究发现，这种情况对于有孩子和没有孩子都是这样，尤其是对于没有孩子的。
”所以综合对比后，选择C。
23、【答案】[D] they are both bread winners and housewives【解析】推理判断题。
文章第三段中提到“For many men, the end o f the workday is …, with the blurring of role……”. 意思是“对于男人来说，一天的工作结束后，是他们休息的时候，但是对于女人来说，离开办公室之后，还有很多的家务活”。
由此能够推出，“The blurring of working women’s roles” 指的是“既要在职场打拼也要做很多家务的女性”。
所以综合判定后确定D为准确答案。
2003考研英语阅读Text 2(大间距笔记版)
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way --in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’svaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.（2003Text 2）46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to ________.[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s ________.[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________.[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal research。
英语一阅读刷题2017年text2课堂笔记
1段①“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. ②Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.③Sadly=unfortunately, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. ④Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.作者态度：积极肯定天文学的发展。
26.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicatesQueen Liliuokalani在第一段的评论表明[A]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.天文学在古代夏威夷社会的重要性。
[B]her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.保守的，不思进取的，与原文感情态度相反。
[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.时间状语不对，原文是在今天。
[D]her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.未谈及成就，in her time时间不匹配。
2023年考研英语(二)阅读 text 2 精读精讲
2023年考研英语(二)阅读 text 2 精读精讲The 2023 Postgraduate English (II) Examination is a crucial milestone for many aspiring graduate students in China. Among the various sections of the test, the reading comprehension portion has always been a significant challenge for test-takers. In this essay, we will delve into the in-depth analysis of Reading Text 2 from the examination, exploring its key elements, potential pitfalls, and effective strategies for mastering this critical component.Reading Text 2 is often considered the most demanding section of the Postgraduate English (II) Examination due to its complexity and the depth of understanding required. The text typically covers a wide range of academic or professional topics, requiring candidates to demonstrate not only their language proficiency but also their ability to comprehend and analyze intricate information.One of the primary challenges in tackling Reading Text 2 is the density of the content. The passages often feature high-level vocabulary, intricate sentence structures, and a wealth of technical or specialized terminology. Candidates must be well-versed in theselinguistic elements to grasp the overall meaning and nuances of the text effectively.Furthermore, the questions accompanying the reading passage are designed to test the test-takers' critical thinking skills. They may require the identification of the main idea, the inference of implicit information, the recognition of the author's tone or attitude, or the evaluation of the logical flow and coherence of the text. Successful navigation of these questions demands a deep understanding of the passage, the ability to synthesize information, and the capacity to think critically.To effectively tackle Reading Text 2, test-takers must employ a strategic approach. Firstly, it is crucial to develop a strong foundation in English vocabulary and grammar. Systematic vocabulary building, focusing on academic and subject-specific terms, can greatly enhance one's comprehension of complex passages. Additionally, a thorough understanding of English grammar structures and their usage can aid in navigating the intricate sentence constructions often found in the reading texts.Secondly, practicing active reading techniques can significantly improve one's performance in this section. This includes carefully reading the passage, actively identifying key information, and taking notes or annotations to facilitate better understanding. Activelyengaged reading, as opposed to passive skimming, enables candidates to capture the nuances and subtleties of the text, which are often crucial in answering the accompanying questions.Another essential strategy is to familiarize oneself with the typical question types and formats encountered in the Postgraduate English (II) Examination. By understanding the patterns and expectations of the test, candidates can better prepare and develop effective approaches to tackle each question efficiently.Furthermore, time management is a critical factor in the Reading Text 2 section. Candidates must learn to strike a balance between thoroughly understanding the passage and completing the questions within the allotted time frame. Developing techniques to quickly identify the main ideas, scan for relevant details, and efficiently answer the questions can greatly improve one's performance.In addition to the aforementioned strategies, test-takers should also consider the importance of regular practice and self-evaluation. Frequent exposure to sample reading passages, followed by a critical analysis of one's own performance, can help identify areas for improvement and refine one's approach. Seeking feedback from experienced teachers or mentors can also provide valuable insights and guidance.In conclusion, the Reading Text 2 section of the 2023 Postgraduate English (II) Examination presents a formidable challenge for test-takers. However, by developing a comprehensive understanding of the linguistic and analytical skills required, adopting effective reading and problem-solving strategies, and consistently practicing, candidates can enhance their chances of success in this crucial component of the examination. With dedication and a strategic mindset, test-takers can unlock the key to mastering Reading Text 2 and achieve their academic and professional aspirations.。
2013年考研英语(二)阅读 text 2 精读精讲
2013年考研英语(二)阅读text 2 精读精讲全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12013年考研英语(二)阅读text 2 精读精讲Text 2When the Thomas Cook agency made its first appearance in a British High Street in 1865, selling "chartered" (包租的) trains, or special trains that it had chartered and would operate, it was denounced (谴责) in the press. But time has vindicated it. The world owes much to the founder, who in the golden era of railway travel, made it possible for humbler folk to travel with enjoyment. Thomas Cook had the idea of bringing people together for pleasure. Today, mass tourism is simply an extension of his dream, with about 300 million people a year taking advantage of the service the world over. It is as though one great town, the size of Shanghai or Bombay, moves-the entire population of Britain flying here and there, skiing in winter and sunbathing in summer.It soon became apparent that if most people were to be able to afford the price of travel and accommodation, then the costswould have to be shared, if the industry was to survive. So the hoteliers and airline companies sold their services to the travel agents at lower prices that they could get from private individuals. As a result, many more people could afford to travel, though they might not always get the service they wanted.The consequence of this process was that the nature of travel became very different from that experienced in the early days of the travel and transport industry. In the past, it had been left to the rich to travel; to those who had "money to burn." But with Thomas Cook's innovation and other developments like the holiday charter, ordinary people could afford to enjoy their leisure and spare time.Many people feel that this has led to all sorts of problems in widely different areas. For instance, the beauty of a scene is often spoilt by the presence of something which has no right to be there-a building, a vehicle, a group of people. The easy movement of people can cause devastation. Some of the world's most beautiful cities-Geneva and Venice among them-are being made vulgar by visitors, though the lives even of the native inhabitants can be enriched by their presence. On the other hand, the appearance of a once foreign and exotic place may soon bealtered or, worse still, rubbed out as a result of the tourist's presence.So this is a difficult question. If tourism should be stopped, what is to happen to the massed holiday makers, who include those at the lowest level of income in the world? Even if it is possible-and it is not-to persuade people to stay at home, should the financially poor be stopped from going on the annual holiday?To sum up, Thomas Cook's vision of the enjoyment of ordinary people has revolutionized the travel industry and made it possible for millions to see new places and experience different cultures. However, this mass tourism has also brought about negative consequences such as environmental destruction and cultural homogenization. It is therefore important to strike a balance between promoting accessibility to travel and preserving the uniqueness and beauty of destinations.精读精讲：1. When the Thomas Cook agency made its first appearance in a British High Street in 1865, selling "chartered" (包租的) trains, or special trains that it had chartered and would operate, it was denounced (谴责) in the press.2. Thomas Cook had the idea of bringing people together for pleasure.3. It soon became apparent that if most people were to be able to afford the price of travel and accommodation, then the costs would have to be shared.4. The consequence of this process was that the nature of travel became very different from that experienced in the early days of the travel and transport industry.5. In the past, it had been left to the rich to travel; to those who had "money to burn."6. Some of the world's most beautiful cities-Geneva and Venice among them-are being made vulgar by visitors.7. Even if it is possible-and it is not-to persuade people to stay at home, should the financially poor be stopped from going on the annual holiday?8. To sum up, Thomas Cook's vision of the enjoyment of ordinary people has revolutionized the travel industry and made it possible for millions to see new places and experience different cultures.以上为对Text 2的精读精讲，希望能够帮助考生更好地理解文本内容。
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记（二十二）
Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70 year olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children.Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper middle class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely, it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past 100,000 years-even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph ［A］ A lack of mates. ［B］ A fierce competition. ［C］ A lower survival rate. ［D］ A defective gene. 56. What does the example of India illustrate ［A］ Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. ［B］ Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. ［C］ The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. ［D］ India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate. 57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because. ［A］ life has been improved by technological advance ［B］ the number of female babies has been declining ［C］ our species has reached the highest stage of evolution ［D］ the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage ［A］ Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution. ［B］ Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution. ［C］ The Evolutionary Future of Nature. ［D］ Human Evolution Going Nowhere. agent11n.代理商（⼈），代表 amaze5v.使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹 argue19v.①争论，辩论；②认为，主张，论证；③说服 author69n.①作者；②创始⼈ average17n.平均（数）；a.①平均的；②普通的，⼀般的；v.平均，均分 balance5v.称，（使）平衡；n.①天平，秤；②平衡，均衡；③差额，结余，余款 being9n.①⽣物，⼈；②存在，⽣存 commit8v.①把...交托给，提交；②犯（错误），⼲（坏事） community17n.①同⼀地区的全体居民，社会，社区；②共同体，团体 competition16n.①⽐赛；②竞争 comprehension3a.理解（⼒），领悟 crucial5a.⾄关重要的，决定性的 decline14v./n.①下倾，下降，下垂，衰落；②斜⾯，倾斜；v.拒绝，谢绝 depend16v.（on）取决于，依靠，信赖，相信 descendant1n.⼦孙，后代 describe14v.描述，形容 diminish1v.缩⼩，减少，递减 disappear4v.不见，消失 doubt8n./v.怀疑，疑虑 evolution11n.进化，渐进，演化 evolve3v.（使）发展，（使）进化 excess4a.过量的，额外的；n.过量，过剩 female4a.⼥的，雌的 fertile2a.①肥沃的，富饶的；②能⽣育的 fierce3a.①凶猛的，残忍的；②激烈的，强烈的 gene5n.基因 grand1a.①盛⼤的，豪华的；②重⼤的，主要的 ignorant2a.①⽆知的，愚昧的；②不知道的 illustrate6v.①举例说明，阐明；②图解，加插图 involve20v.①卷⼊，陷⼊，连累；②包含，含有，涉及 lower9a.较低的，下级的，下游的；v.降下，放低 male4n./a.男性（的），雄性（的） mate1n.①伙伴，同事；②配偶 nature14n.①⾃然界，⼤⾃然；②性质，本性，天性 offspring4n.①⼦孙，后代；②结果，产物 opportunity11n.机会 organic3a.①器官的；②有机的；③有机体的 phrase6n.短语，词语，习语 physical7a.①物质的，有形的；②⾁体的，⾝体的；③⾃然科学的，物理的 poverty5n.贫穷，贫困 rate31n.①⽐率，率；②等级；③价格，费⽤；v.①估价；②评级，评价 ratio2n.⽐，⽐率 religious4a.宗教的，信教的，虔诚的 savage1a.①野蛮的，未开化的；②凶恶的，残暴的；n.野蛮⼈ selection8n.①选择，挑选；②选集，精选物 species7n.（物）种，种类 suicide7n.①⾃杀；②⾃取灭亡 survival5n.①幸存，⽣存；②幸存者，残存物 survive11v.①幸免于，幸存；②⽐...长命 tend26v.①趋向，往往是；②照料，看护 title6n.①书名，标题；②头衔，称号 transform5v.①改变，变换；②变压；③转化；④改造 tribe1n.部落，家族 universal4a.①普遍的，全体的，通⽤的；②宇宙的，世界的 upper1a.①上⾯的；②上部的，较⾼的 variation2n.①变化，变动；②变种，变异 wealthy2a.富裕的，丰富的 wholly1ad.完全地，全部，⼀概 according47ad.依照，根据 advance10v.①前进，进展；②推进，促进；③提出（建议等）；④提前；n.①前进，进展；②预付，预⽀ advantage13n.优势,有利条件 biological3a.⽣物学的 defective2a.有缺陷的；n.有缺陷的⼈ evolutionary4a.进化的 maturity1n.成熟，完备 mediocrity1n.平常，平凡 mortality1n.死亡率 technological9a.科技的 tribal1a.部落的，种族的 难句1 Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ［结构分析］ 1. 本句句⼦主⼲是:... difference ... and the opportunity ... have diminished； 2. 主语是⽤and连接的两个并列的名词短语difference between people 和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it； ［本句难点］不要把and理解为连接的是people和the opportunity； ［⽅法对策］根据句⼦意思，明确主句主语是⽤and连接的两个并列的名词短语； ［例句精译］⼈与⼈之间的差异和利⽤差异进⾏⾃然选择的机会再⼀次减少。
09年考研英语阅读理解精读100篇TEXT2
TEXT 2He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called "The Hawk in the Rain" when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes’s ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices-symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink.It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes’s book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poems called "Birthday Letters".In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife’s death, which he calls his "big and unmanageable event". He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten.The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes’s early poetry. Some books of letters serve as a personalised historical chronicle. Poets’ letters are seldom like that, and Hughes’s are no exception. His are about a life of literary engagement: almost all of them include some musing on the state or the nature of writing, both Hughes’s own or other people’s. The trajectory of Hughes’s literary career had him moving from obscurity to fame, and then, in the eyes of many, to life-long notoriety. These letters are filled with his wrestling with the consequences of being the part-private, part-public creature that he became, desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy.Hughes is an absorbing and intricate commentator upon his own poetry, even when he is standing back from it and good-humouredly condemning himself for "its fantasticalia, its pretticisms and its infinite verballifications". He also believed, from first to last, that poetry had a special place in the education of children. "What kids need", he wrote in a 1988 letter to the secretary of state for education in the Conservative government, "is a headfull [sic] of songs that are not songs but blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language." When that happens, children have "the guardian angel installed behind the tongue". Lucky readers, big or small.1．The poetry of Hughes’s forerunners is characteristic of ______[A] its natural, crude flavor.[B] its distorted depiction of people’s daily life.[C] its penetrating sight.[D] its fantastical enthusiasm.2.The word "vilified" (Line 3, Paragraph 2)most probably means _____[A] tortured[B] harassed[C] scolded[D] tormented3．According to the third paragraph, Hughes’s collection of letters are _____[A] personal recollection of his life.[B] personalised historical chronicle of his literary engagement.[C] reflections of his struggle with his devotion and the reality.[D] his meditation on the literary world.4. From the letters, we may find the cause of Hughes’s internal struggle is _____[A] his devotion to the literary world.[B] that he is a part-private, part-public creature.[C] that he is constrained by the fear of his privacy being invaded.[D] his fame and notoriety.5. By "lucky readers" in the last sentence, the author means_____[A] children who read poetry.[B] children who have a headfull of songs.[C] children who own blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language.[D] children who have the guardian angel installed behind the tongue篇章剖析：本文讲述了英国著名诗人特德·休斯作品的特点和其所反映的诗人的一些情况。
考研英语阅读理解真题及解析(2篇)
考研英语阅读理解真题及解析（2篇）1、 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。
【构造分析】本句可以分为两个局部，“for”为分界词。
在前半局部中“it”是形式主语，真正的主语是“to”引导的不定式短语，这个短语中又消失了一个宾语从句。
“when”引导一个状语从句，表示时间。
后半句中“it”仍旧是形式主语，“that”引导一个主语从句。
“however”引导一个让步状语从句。
2、 With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature。
【构造分析】本句是一个因果关系的并列句。
前一个分句的主句是“the case is rather difficult”，其中“however”表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系；缘由为“for”之后的局部，其中破折号之间的局部是插入语，表示一种让步，“on which it is based”是“the theory”的定语从句，“it”指代“Futurist poetry”。
考研英语（二）阅读理解分析
考研英语（二）阅读理解分析2013考研英语(二)阅读理解分析1 选材思路：从最近几年的真题中明显看出经济学占据有举足轻重的地位，最近三年中每一次四篇文章中都有两篇是和经济学相关的。
2010年第一篇考了艺术品市场拍卖的波动和第三篇人们的喜好和企业市场营销的关系；11年考察了第一篇外部董事对于企业运作的作用和第四篇欧盟如何应对债务风波；今年第二篇又考察了人们对颜色的喜爱还是和企业的营销相关以及第四篇如何在失业率上升中见到忧中之喜。
其实仔细研读就会发现，大纲对于英语二的要求是考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料，题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
在大纲中，经济学就是摆在第一位的，我相信对于考MBA相关专业的考生至少在背景常识方面会具有一定的优势，而对于很多艺术类考生则是很不利的。
因此希望考生平时还是要多注重积累一些经济学方面的常识，对于英语二的阅读是大有裨益的。
2 文章结构：对于文章的结构，考生要注意学会识别主题和支持性细节的结构关系，常见的主要有三大类：例证、对比和因果关系。
这三种论证方法又以对比最难理解，而对比恰恰使我们考研最喜欢考察的一种结构。
这里稍微分析一下，考研中的对比还分成两大类：第一种比较常见的是大众对作者观点的对比，因为我们考试的文章几乎都选在西方的报刊杂志，所以为了吸引读者的眼球，作者的观点一定是匪夷所思的，比如今年阅读的第四篇文章第一段就讲述经济衰退了，失业只是刚刚开始，大众一定认为经济衰退和失业率的上升一定是不好的，可是第二段开始就话锋一转讲述他也能重塑我们的政治、文化甚至是社会特点，第三段更进一步论述我们还能从经济衰退中找到好的东西，明显和我们的固定思维是相反的。
因此考生读文章千万不能带着主观臆断去读，要以旁观者的立场来看待文章。
又如第二篇文章一开头说女孩子钟情粉红色，然后分析大众认为的原因DNA相关，但紧接着马上否定这个观点，最后引述还是和企业的市场营销相关联。
研究生英语精读二(含答案)
一、填空(10题10’unit1-3 vocabulary part A)Unit-1intervene; despise; take in; bow to; gumption; peddle; reverence; trudge; embark on; enchant; detachable; pauper1.After two years’ unemployment, he worked as a door-to-door salesman peddlingcloths and brushes and underwent an unforgettable money-making hardship.2.In the early morning the armed forces began the march but the progress was slowas they had to trudge through deep mud.3.She had the gumption to write directly to the company manager and persuade himto give her a job for she had finished all the professional training courses with straight As.4.Men, in the most cases, naturally despise those who court them, but respect thosewho do not give way to them.5.To participate in the evening party, she wore a long, loose overcoat with a(n)detachable cape with a round collar.6.The essence of humanistic spirit is to respect the value of human beings, the valueof life, and have a sense of reverence, because life is sacred.7.This paper is aimed at analyzing the inevitability and possibility for Chineseenterprises to embark on international business.8.The Commission has wide powers to intervene in the affairs of charity wherethings have gone wrong.9.The actual low standard of expropriating land and allocation and the singleness inthe model of allocation cause lots of peasants to be paupers in city.10.T he old lady was pretty good-hearted and her generosity was popular among allwho were familiar with her. She often offered to take in the poor homelessstranger.Unit-2funk; rant; dwindle; intimidate; proximity; catalyst; hierarchy; overwhelming; resourcefulness; anarchy; nurture; quirk1.Don’t worry about the problem. She is a shrewd woman full of resourcefulness,and will certainly be able to cope.2.We finally chose the house for its proximity to the school. It takes us only fiveminutes to walk to school from the house.3.The friends of the accused man intimidated the witness by bashing him in a darkalley. As a result, the witness didn’t appear in court.4.The women’s movement acted as a catalyst for change in many aspects ofwomen’s social lives.5.Judging from the relevant evidence, it seems that he should be responsible for theaccident because the evidence against him is overwhelming.6.The death of the King was followed by a year of anarchy. People were eager for apowerful leader.7.The economic recession has a fatal effect on demand. The inquiries for ourproduct have dwindled to about three fifths of the previous demand.8.After twenty years of hard work, Jerry finally worked his way up through thecorporate hierarchy to become President.9.Greg is a nice guy, but he has a few weird personality quirk, which does notsurprise me because everyone has his little oddities to a certain extent.10.Thompson was ranting about American youth again, which was his favorite topic.He could talk about the topic for an hour without stopping.Unit-3contagious; ritual; fuss; spawn; weld; surpass; languish; tacit; spur; apprehend; womb; feat1.The US economy has turned in 108 straight months of growth, surpass the recordof 106 months between February 1961 and December 1969, the report notes.2.Persons suspected of carrying a contagious disease should be detained at a port ofentry under enforced isolation to prevent disease from entering a country.3.In an international conference last year, all the representatives agreed to found anew academy which aimed to spur scientific researches in different fields.4.Japan, a previous leader, languish in 17th place in the poll of business leaderconducted by the International Institute for Management Development.5.They spend a lot of effort fussing over their cultures and the development andmaintenance of work environments that will be appealing to those they want to attract.6.Because of the efforts made by many generations of scientists in our country,some apparently impossible feats are now accomplished.7.You have to really think seriously about the introduction of new species oforganic compounds that could have acted to catalyze, if not actually spawn, more diverse kinds of life.8.In spite of the great number of denominations, scholars find that in many casesthere are no major differences in belief, and only minor ones in ritual between many of the Protestant denominations.9.It often takes trouble from outside to weld a family together and cause them toforget their quarrels.10.The Christian doctrine says that the Son of God was conceived in the womb ofMary and that Jesus is true God and true man.二、选择(10题10’ unit1-3 vocabulary part B)Unit-11.He turned and walked towards the glass doors in the lobby, feeling that faint guiltand bewilderment we experience when we by-pass some old friend or classmate who seems threadbare, or sick, or miserable in some other way.A. oldB. raggedC. proudD. ill2.I don’t know anything about art, and I haven’t met any grand people, and I don’tgo to a good tailor, and all that, I’m not what he calls from top-drawer society.A. highestB. lowestC. outstandingD. important3.When someone compliments me on something I’ve cooked, that makes me veryhappy, so I guess you’d say that I like cooking.A. congratulatesB. commentsC. praisesD. mentions4.As a manager, it’s advisable to bear in mind that if your division’s profit outlookis bleak, so may be your future with the company.A. bareB. chillyC. pleasantD. dismal5.On Christmas morning, the children were enchanted with the various presentssupposedly given by Santa Claus.A. gladdenedB. satisfiedC. fascinatedD. exposed6.There are, as the old saying goes, some people who pretend to despise the thingsthey cannot have.A. scornB. crushC. neglectD. refuse7.While watching TV to kill time at night, he draped his legs over the arm of thechair and made himself as comfortable and relaxed as he possibly could.A. coveredB. arrangedC. hungD. dwelled8.I had a theoretical reverence and homage for beauty, elegance, gallantry, andfascination so I could appreciate all the beauties around me that might be neglected by others.A. appealB. admirationC. prejudiceD. attitude9.An accident must have occurred there for the spectators ringed the intersectionspeaking in low voices.A. convergenceB. crosswayC. overlapD. scene10.The skills of the George Washington University medical team, plus his amazingdetermination and the grit and spirit of his wife, Sarah, pulled Jim through.A. loyaltyB. courageC. ambitionD. patienceUnit-21.According to research, the stronger the motivation, the more quickly a person willlearn a foreign language.A. involvementB. enjoymentC. willingnessD. earnestness2.Digital cell phones offer more security, but the downside is that they have lesspower compared with the traditional telephone.A. disadvantageB. disengagementC. misadventureD. misfortune3.When others were actively taking part in the conversation, Leo stood there still, ashe fell self-conscious about his accent.A. sensibleB. embarrassedC. rationalD. sentimental4.During the course of her lifetime, Mrs. Boone amassed more than $5 millionthrough her hard work and wise investment.A. maintainedB. affordedC. sustainedD. collected5.Donna’s having a bridal shower for Julie next week. Now she is busy preparingpresents and inviting friends.A. washingB. partyC. rainD. water6.I think Morris is too laid-back to run the company compared with the ex-CEO,who was very strict with employees.A. lazyB. irresponsibleC. relaxedD. unprofessional7.Lucy through for a minute before the solution dawned on her. Her quick responseleft a deep impression on the interviewer.A. occurred toB. conjured upC. took upD. stuck in8.For parents, many things can help their children to cultivate good habits. Forexample, reading aloud nurtures a love of books in children.A. keepsB. selectsC. accumulatesD. cultivates9.The chemistry between Hepburn and Tracy is obvious. One can easily observetheir love from the way they look at each other.A. similarityB. differenceC. attractionD. dislike10.I enjoyed the camaraderie among the team, which brought mutual trust among theteam members. To certain extent, this was the key to our success.A. amusementB. friendshipC. confidenceD. trustUnit-31.She looked wretched and lonely, despairing of the arrival of a friend who hadpromised to meet her.A. miserableB. wearyC. helplessD. disappointed2.An investigation carried out ostensibly to uncover subversive activities butactually used to harass and undermine those with differing views.A. terroristicB. treasonableC. resistantD. rebellious3.The soldier scaled the wall of the fortress by turret to attack the enemies inside,which caused a lot of casualties.A. fortB. buildingC. mansionD. houseunching “The Sims” lets players alternate between being a voyeur and a god ina game that is at once wholesome and creepy.A. happyB. holyC. healthyD. merciless5.The most important thing is that there should be more cohesion within the partyin order to win the next general election.A. coherenceB. integrityC. continuityD. comprehension6.Gingerly stepping over each sleeper, like a forest hiker over fallen tree trunks,finally I reached the hall and managed to open the door.A. nervouslyB. softlyC. cautiouslyD. tightly7.It breaks my heart to think of all the money we spent on our son’s education andall he wants to do is work in a dreary factory.A. modernB. dullC. obsoleteD. old8.The dictator decreed that his birthday should be a public holiday because heconsidered himself the God of the continent.A. declaredB. orderedC. sentencedD. ruled9.My judgment was frequently faulty and my information was useless sometimes,but my fealty to the nation could not be questioned.A. loyaltyB. affectionC. ambitionD. responsibility10.We should pay homage to the genius of Shakespeare, and to his greatcontributions in the fields of drama and sonnets.A. respectB. commitmentC. honorD. attention三、阅读理解(15题30’)四、中译英(1题10’ unit2-3练习题)Unite-2Due to hard schedule, my social life had dwindled to almost nothing. When I realized that there was no chum to meet, and let me rant, I was in funk. I resolved to acquire new friends, however, it’s a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife than it is when you’re younger. To start a new relationship may make us self-conscious. To make friends in midlife, we do not choose friends based on their popularity. Mutual interests become the perfect catalyst for bringing us together. With new friendship, I turned over a new leaf.Unite-3All families are different, and all families have their own issues, but the qualities of a good family tend to be the same: respect, responsibility, tolerance, honesty, courage, integrity, self-discipline, compassion and generosity. Respect your parents. Do this not just by giving them respect, but by listening to what they say and trying your best to make them happy. Realize that life is not always going to go smoothly. Try to face t he “ups and downs” in your family life with positive thinking and a cool mind. Try to compromise whenever and wherever it’s possible. You will have to compromise a lot in life; family is the first environment to begin learning this important skill. Be honest, but bear in mind that sometimes saying nothing can be better for a family relationship than saying everything. Try to feel free to communicate with each person in your family. There should be a “Family Time” for all the members to eat together, play to gether... No one’s family life is perfect; but you can make yours good through efforts.五、英译中(3题20’ unit2-4课文)Unite-2友谊的艺术斯蒂芬妮・多戈夫斯蒂芬妮・多戈夫1989年大学毕业后就为杂志和报纸撰稿。
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(二)
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(二)TEXT 3During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise stay at home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today's double income families are at greater financial risk in thatA. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappearedB. their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economicsD. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance32. As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may haveA. a higher sense of securityB. less secured paymentsC. less chance to investD. a guaranteed future33. According to the author, health savings plans willA. help reduce the cost of healthcareB. popularize among the middle classC. compensate for the reduced pensionsD. increase the families' investment risk34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA. financial risks tend to outweigh political risksB. the middle class may face greater political challengesC. financial problems may bring about political problemsD. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?A. The Middle Class on the Alert.B. The Middle Class on the Cliff.C. The Middle Class in Conflict.D. The Middle Class in Ruins.absolute 2 a.绝对的，完全的absorb 3 v.①吸收；②吸引，使专心account 22 n.①账(目，户)；②叙述，说明；③价值，地位；v.(for)①说明，解释；②占；③(take into)考虑；顾及airline 1 n.①航线；②航空公司alert 1 a.①警惕的；②机灵的assistance 2 n.帮助，援助attendant 1 n.①服务员，值班员；②护理人员author 69 n.①作者；②创始人auto 2 n.汽车being 9 n.①生物，人；②存在，生存budget 4 n.预算；v.做预算campaign 4 n.①战役；②运动；vi.从事活动challenge 10 n.①挑战(书)；②艰巨任务，难题；v.向...挑战cliff 1 n.悬崖，峭壁compensate 5 v.(for)补偿，赔偿conflict 3 n.①战斗，斗争；②抵触，冲突；v.(with)抵触，冲突critic 7 n.批评家，评论家debate 8 v./n.争论，辩论depend 16 v.(on)取决于，依靠，信赖，相信deprive 2 v.夺去，使丧失disappear 4 v.不见，消失dose 2 n.剂量，一服，一剂；v.(给...)服药economic 23 a.经济(上)的，经济学的economics 5 n.经济学；经济情况elderly 1 a.过了中年的，稍老的employee 7 n.雇工，雇员fair 9 a.①公平的，合理的；②相当的，尚好的；③晴朗的；④金发的；n.集市，交易会，博览会fashionable 2 a.流行的，时髦的fell 1 v.砍倒，砍伐financial 11 a.财政的，金融的guarantee 5 n.保证，保证书；v.保证，担保harsh 3 a.①粗糙的，刺耳的；②残酷的，严厉的implication 6 n.含意，暗示infer 21 v.推论，推断insurance 6 n.保险，保险费，保险业invest 4 v.投资investment 11 n.投资，投资额model 8 n.①样式，型；②模范，典型；③模型；④原型，模特；v.(on, after)模仿，构造odds 1 n.①不平等，差异；②机会opportunity 11 n.机会parachute 1 n.降落伞；v.跳伞paragraph 66 n.①段，节；②小新闻，短评partner 3 n.①合作者，合伙人；②伙伴，舞伴payment 5 n.支付，付款额pension 2 n.养老金，年金perspective 3 n.①视角；②透视法；③(in~)正确地physical 7 a.①物质的，有形的；②肉体的，身体的；③自然科学的，物理的primary 7 a.①最初的，初级的；②首要的，主要的，基本的rate 31 n.①比率，率；②等级；③价格，费用；v.①估价；②评级，评价reality 10 n.①现实，实际；②真实reform 8 v./n.改革，改造，改良responsibility 7 n.①责任，责任心；②职责，任务result 37 n.结果，成果，成绩；v.①(in)导致，结果是；②(from)起因于，因...而造成retire 2 v.①退休，引退；②退却，撤退；③就寝risk 14 v.冒...的危险；n.风险，危险saving 3 n.①储蓄；②[pl.]储蓄金，存款scholar 5 n.学者secure 4 a.(from, against)安全的，可靠的，放心的；v.①得到，获得；②防护，保卫security 8 n.安全sense 16 n.①感官，官能；②感觉；③判断力；④见识；⑤意义，意思；v.感觉到，意识到setback 3 n.退步，后退shift 12 v.①替换，转移；②移动；n.①转换，转变；②(轮)班，(换)班shoulder 2 n.肩，肩部；v.肩负，承担slip 3 v.①滑，滑倒；②滑落，滑掉；③溜走；n.疏忽，小错，口误，笔误social 38 a.①社会的；②社交的，交际的；n.社交活动spouse 1 n.配偶(指夫或妻)保证人，主办人；vt.发起，主办；v.赞助status 5 n.①地位，身份；②情形，状况stock 9 n.①备料，库存，现货；②股票，公债；③无生命之物；④群，家庭，家系；v.储存stripe 1 n.条纹tend 26 v.①趋向，往往是；②照料，看护title 6 n.①书名，标题；②头衔，称号transform 5 v.①改变，变换；②变压；③转化；④改造unemployment 4 n.失业，失业人数vulnerable 3 a.易受攻击的，易受...的攻击acceleration 2 n.加速度according 47 ad.依照，根据deductible 1 a.可扣除的demographic 1 a.人口统计学的diagnosis 1 n.诊断disability 2 n.无能力，无资格disruption 1 n.中断，分裂，瓦解，破坏eightfold 1 a.八倍的，八层的；ad.八倍地，八层地fallout 1 n.降落，滑落financially 2 ad.财政上，金融上fluctuation 1 n.波动，起伏healthcare 2 n.卫生保健indicator 4 n.指示器legislative 2 a.立法的，立法机关的；n.立法机关outlive 2 vt.比...长寿outweigh 1 v.超过overburden 1 vt.不堪重负paycheck 1 n.薪水policymaker 1 n.决策人popularize 1 v.普及solidly 1 ad.坚硬地，稳固地steelworker 1 n.钢铁工人understandably 1 ad.可理解地wholesale 1 n.批发，趸售；a.批发的，(喻)大规模的难句1During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.[语法分析]本句主干结构为：the American middle class family... has been transformed by..., family后面是一个定语从句修饰family;[本句难点]整句较长,主要是其中定语从句比较复杂;[方法对策]首先找出主句的主干,然后再分析从句结构,就可以把握本句了;[例句精译]在过去一代人中，美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济危机和新的现实所改变。
2021年考研英语二阅读考点分析 text2
话题
P2 1 Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK
被看作
彻底转变
潮流
importing food. 2 The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down
受限制的 由于
[A] its farming technology
技术
[B] its dietary tradition
传统
[C] its natural conditions
[D] its commercial interests
商业的
Q4.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people ________ 推理题
进口
依…
from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. 3 A move back to self-sufficiency, the
回归
argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the
牵涉 去除
自然保护区
移开
thousands of people from their homes —we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in
成千上万
依…
增长
crop production.
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考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(二)TEXT 3During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implicationsof these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two paycheck status. As a result, they have lostthe parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be madeup with extra income from an otherwise stay at home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millionsof families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today's double income families are at greater financial risk in thatA. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappearedB. their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economicsD. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance32. As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may haveA. a higher sense of securityB. less secured paymentsC. less chance to investD. a guaranteed future33. According to the author, health savings plans willA. help reduce the cost of healthcareB. popularize among the middle classC. compensate for the reduced pensionsD. increase the families' investment risk34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA. financial risks tend to outweigh political risksB. the middle class may face greater political challengesC. financial problems may bring about political problemsD. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status35. Which of the following is the best title for this textA. The Middle Class on the Alert.B. The Middle Class on the Cliff.C. The Middle Class in Conflict.D. The Middle Class in Ruins.absolute 2 a.绝对的，完全的absorb 3 v.①吸收；②吸引，使专心account 22 n.①账(目，户)；②叙述，说明；③价值，地位；v.(for)①说明，解释；②占；③(take into)考虑；顾及airline 1 n.①航线；②航空公司alert 1 a.①警惕的；②机灵的assistance 2 n.帮助，援助attendant 1 n.①服务员，值班员；②护理人员author 69 n.①作者；②创始人auto 2 n.汽车being 9 n.①生物，人；②存在，生存budget 4 n.预算；v.做预算campaign 4 n.①战役；②运动；vi.从事活动challenge 10 n.①挑战(书)；②艰巨任务，难题；v.向...挑战cliff 1 n.悬崖，峭壁compensate 5 v.(for)补偿，赔偿conflict 3 n.①战斗，斗争；②抵触，冲突；v.(with)抵触，冲突critic 7 n.批评家，评论家debate 8 v./n.争论，辩论depend 16 v.(on)取决于，依靠，信赖，相信deprive 2 v.夺去，使丧失disappear 4 v.不见，消失dose 2 n.剂量，一服，一剂；v.(给...)服药economic 23 a.经济(上)的，经济学的economics 5 n.经济学；经济情况elderly 1 a.过了中年的，稍老的employee 7 n.雇工，雇员fair 9 a.①公平的，合理的；②相当的，尚好的；③晴朗的；④金发的；n.集市，交易会，博览会fashionable 2 a.流行的，时髦的fell 1 v.砍倒，砍伐financial 11 a.财政的，金融的guarantee 5 n.保证，保证书；v.保证，担保harsh 3 a.①粗糙的，刺耳的；②残酷的，严厉的implication 6 n.含意，暗示infer 21 v.推论，推断insurance 6 n.保险，保险费，保险业invest 4 v.投资investment 11 n.投资，投资额model 8 n.①样式，型；②模范，典型；③模型；④原型，模特；v.(on, after)模仿，构造odds 1 n.①不平等，差异；②机会opportunity 11 n.机会parachute 1 n.降落伞；v.跳伞paragraph 66 n.①段，节；②小新闻，短评partner 3 n.①合作者，合伙人；②伙伴，舞伴payment 5 n.支付，付款额pension 2 n.养老金，年金perspective 3 n.①视角；②透视法；③(in~)正确地physical 7 a.①物质的，有形的；②肉体的，身体的；③自然科学的，物理的primary 7 a.①最初的，初级的；②首要的，主要的，基本的rate 31 n.①比率，率；②等级；③价格，费用；v.①估价；②评级，评价reality 10 n.①现实，实际；②真实reform 8 v./n.改革，改造，改良responsibility 7 n.①责任，责任心；②职责，任务result 37 n.结果，成果，成绩；v.①(in)导致，结果是；②(from)起因于，因...而造成retire 2 v.①退休，引退；②退却，撤退；③就寝risk 14 v.冒...的危险；n.风险，危险saving 3 n.①储蓄；②[pl.]储蓄金，存款scholar 5 n.学者secure 4 a.(from, against)安全的，可靠的，放心的；v.①得到，获得；②防护，保卫security 8 n.安全sense 16 n.①感官，官能；②感觉；③判断力；④见识；⑤意义，意思；v.感觉到，意识到setback 3 n.退步，后退shift 12 v.①替换，转移；②移动；n.①转换，转变；②(轮)班，(换)班shoulder 2 n.肩，肩部；v.肩负，承担slip 3 v.①滑，滑倒；②滑落，滑掉；③溜走；n.疏忽，小错，口误，笔误social 38 a.①社会的；②社交的，交际的；n.社交活动spouse 1 n.配偶(指夫或妻)保证人，主办人；vt.发起，主办；v.赞助status 5 n.①地位，身份；②情形，状况stock 9 n.①备料，库存，现货；②股票，公债；③无生命之物；④群，家庭，家系；v.储存stripe 1 n.条纹tend 26 v.①趋向，往往是；②照料，看护title 6 n.①书名，标题；②头衔，称号transform 5 v.①改变，变换；②变压；③转化；④改造unemployment 4 n.失业，失业人数vulnerable 3 a.易受攻击的，易受...的攻击acceleration 2 n.加速度according 47 ad.依照，根据deductible 1 a.可扣除的demographic 1 a.人口统计学的diagnosis 1 n.诊断disability 2 n.无能力，无资格disruption 1 n.中断，分裂，瓦解，破坏eightfold 1 a.八倍的，八层的；ad.八倍地，八层地fallout 1 n.降落，滑落financially 2 ad.财政上，金融上fluctuation 1 n.波动，起伏healthcare 2 n.卫生保健indicator 4 n.指示器legislative 2 a.立法的，立法机关的；n.立法机关outlive 2 vt.比...长寿outweigh 1 v.超过overburden 1 vt.不堪重负paycheck 1 n.薪水policymaker 1 n.决策人popularize 1 v.普及solidly 1 ad.坚硬地，稳固地steelworker 1 n.钢铁工人understandably 1 ad.可理解地wholesale 1 n.批发，趸售； a.批发的，(喻)大规模的难句1During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.[语法分析]本句主干结构为：the American middle class family... has been transformed by..., family后面是一个定语从句修饰family;[本句难点]整句较长,主要是其中定语从句比较复杂;[方法对策]首先找出主句的主干,然后再分析从句结构,就可以把握本句了;[例句精译]在过去一代人中，美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济危机和新的现实所改变。