《新能源汽车专业英语》习题与参考答案题库最新完整精品

机工2020版《新能源汽车专业英语》
习题与参考答案
习题
第1章
1. What stages did the development of electric vehicles go through? 电动汽车的发展经历了哪几个阶段？
2. What are Alternative fuels currently commercially available and closely attended? 目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？
3. What are the types of electric vehicles? 电动汽车分为哪几种？
第2章
4. What are the main terminologies of power batteries ? 动力电池的主要术语有哪些？
5. What are the types of power batteries ? 动力电池有哪几种类型？
6. What are the electric energy accumulators？电能蓄能装置有哪些？
7. What are the basic components of lithium ion and NiMH batteries? 锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本组成包括哪些元件？
8. Describe the basic operation of lithium ion and NiMH batteries?叙述锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本原理。

9. What are the functions of BMS? 电池管理系统的功能有哪些？
10. What are the two categories of battery charging technology? 蓄电池充电技术分为哪两类？
11. Describe the basic principles of wireless charging technology? 描述无线充电技术的基本原理？
12. Describe the steps of battery Disassembling? 描述蓄电池组拆卸的步骤
13. What are safety precautions in the service and testing of the power batteries？动力电池维护测试中的安全措施有哪些？
第3章
14．What are the two types of motor? 电动机分为哪两种类型？
15. What are the types of motors commonly used in electric vehicles?电动汽车常用的电动机分有哪几种类型？
16. What are the main components of the basic structure of electric motor used in electric vehicles? 电动汽车用电动机的基本结构主要由哪些部件构成？
17. What is the role of the motor controller? 电动机控制器的作用是什么？
18. Briefly describe the principle of motor controller.简单描述电动机控制器的作用原理
第4章
19. How to classify hybrids? What are the categories? 混合动力怎样分类？分为哪几类？
20. Briefly describe the working principle of BMW parallel hybrid. 简述BMW并联式混合动力的工作原理。

21. Briefly describe the working principle of Toyota Power-Split Hybrid. 简述Toyota 功率分流式混合动力驱动系统的工作原理。

22. Briefly describe the working principle of Ford Escape Hybrid and Honda IMA. 简述描述Ford Escape Hybrid 和Honda IMA 混合动力系统的工作原理。

第6章
23. Briefly describe the functions of safety equipments. 简述安全设备的功能。

24. How to Test LOI？怎样测试绝缘损失？
25. How to Use the hand-held tester to diagnose the HV battery pack?怎样使用手持式测试仪（解码器）来诊断高压电池的故障？
第7章
26. Describe the common driving arrangements of electric vehicles.描述电动汽车的常用驱动布置.
第8章
27. Briefly describe the basic components of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 简述质子交换膜燃料电池的基本组成。

28. Describe the basic operation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.叙述质子交换膜燃料电池的基本原理。

29. What is the role of the humidifier？增湿器的作用是什么？
30. What is the role of the fuel cell radiator？燃料电池散热器的作用是什么？
第9章
31. What are the advantages of natural-gas drive over spark-ignition and diesel engines？与汽油机和柴油机相比，天然气驱动有什么优点？
32. What safety devices are installed in natural gas vehicles? 天然气汽车装有哪些安全装置？
习题参考答案
第1章
1. What stages did the development of electric vehicles go through? 电动汽车的发展经历了哪几个阶段？
□The early days（1890-1930）：The golden age早期(1890年至1930年)：黄金时代
□The middle years（1930-1990）：Falling into a depression 中期(1930-1990)：陷入萧条
□The recent years（1990-1998）：Making a comeback近年(1990-1998年)：卷土重来
□The current and future（1998-）：Be still making progress当前和未来(1998-)：方兴未艾2. What are Alternative fuels currently commercially available and closely attended? 目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？
· Liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气
· CNG 压缩天然气
· Methanol 甲醇
· Hydrogen 氢
· Fuel-cell 燃料电池
· Electricity 电能
· Hybrid（electricity + conventional fuels）混合动力（电+传统燃料）
3. What are the types of electric vehicles? 电动汽车分为哪几种？
Electric vehicles are broadly categorized into four groups based on the electric design of their powertrains, namely battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Only BEVs and PHEVs are plug-capable, and are referred to as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).根据电动汽车动力传动系统的电动设计，将电动汽车大致分为四大类，即纯电动汽车(BEV)、插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)、混合动力电动汽车(HEV)和燃料电池电动汽车(FCEV)。

只有BEV和PHEV是可插接充电器进行充电的，故被称为插电式电动汽车(PEV)。

第2章
4. What are the main terminologies of power batteries ? 动力电池的主要术语有哪些？
• Cells, modules, and packs are the central physical components of a PEV battery. A cell is the smallest possible battery that contains electrodes, a separator, and an electrolyte. The output voltage of a typical cell varies between one to six volts. A module consists of multiple cells that are usually connected in either series or parallel. Similarly, a pack is composed of a few modules located in a single location.□单体电池、电池模块和电池组是PEV电池的核心物理组件。

单体电池是包含电极、隔板（隔膜）和电解质的最小的电池。

典型单体电池的输出电压在1到6伏之间。

电池模块由多个单体电池组成，这些单体电池通常以串联或并行方式连接。

同样，一个电池组由位于单一位置的若干电池模块组成。

• Ampere-hour (Ah) capacity is the amount of charge transferred by one-ampere flow during one hour. Another frequently used capacity term is the rated watt-hour capacity, which is the product of rated Ah capacity and rated battery voltage. A higher battery capacity provides longer driving ranges, and it also takes more time to charge the battery.□安时容量是一安培电流在一小时内转移的电荷量.另一个经常使用的容量术语是额定瓦时容量，这是额定安时容量和额定电池电压的乘积。

较高的电池容量可提供更长的续驶里程，同时充电也需要更长的时间。

• State of charge (SoC) is an indicator of battery degradation over time, which can be caused due to operating conditions. Accurate gauging is critical for battery management systems. SoC
measures the ratio of the present battery capacity with respect to maximum capacity, and is calculated according to
.
□荷电状态(SoC)是反映指随着时间的推移，由于运行条件引起的可能的电池性能退化的一个指标。

对于电池管理系统而言，准确的测量是十分关键的。

SoC测量当前电池容量相对于最大容量的比率，并根据下式进行计算：
• Depth of discharge (DoD) is used to represent the percentage of discharged capacity. Hence,
Deep-cycle batteries are usually discharged to 80% or higher.□放电深度(DOD)用来表示放出电量所占的百分比。

因此，
深循环电池通常放电到80%或更高。

• State of health (SoH) is used to represent the ratio of the maximum charge capacity to its ideal conditions. The SoH indicates the performance degradations of the battery, which is also related to its remaining lifetime.□健康状态(SOH)用来表示最大充电容量与其理想状态的充电容量的比率。

SoH可反映电池的性能退化，这也与它的剩余寿命有关。

• Cycle life is the number of charge-discharge cycles that a battery can accommodate within the desired performance regions. Cycle life is determined for a particular DoD, which is typically around 80%. Actual life of the battery can be shorter due to undesired operating conditions such as high temperature and humidity.□循环寿命是电池在期望的性能区域内可以容许的充放电循环次数。

循环寿命要针对某一特定的DoD值来确定的，这一DoD值通常是80%左右。

由于温度和湿度等不理想的操作条件，电池的实际寿命可能缩短。

• Calendar life is the number of calendar years that a battery is expected to last, and it depends on the SoC and the operating temperature.□历年寿命是电池预期寿命的日历年数，它取决于SoC和运行温度。

• Specific energy represents the amount of energy that can be stored in a unit mass, and it is often measured with the physical dimension watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg). It is computed according to
.
□比能量表示可以单位质量中存储的能量，它通常用物理单位每千克瓦特小时(wh/kg)来测量。

它按照下式进行计算：
Specific energy, which is also referred to as the gravimetric energy density, is an indicator of
the battery chemistry and packaging, which determines the additional weight introduced by the battery for a desired all-electric-range. It is one of the most important metrics for assessing the PEV performance.□比能量也被称为重量能量密度，它是衡量电池化学和封装的一个指标，这个指标决定着为获得期望的全电续驶里程由电池所带来的额外重量。

它是评价PEV性能的最重要指标之一。

• Specific power is the metric used to define the maximum available power per unit mass, and it is often expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg). Specific power, sometimes also referred to as gravimetric power density, can be calculated via
□比功率是用来确定单位质量的最大可用功率的一个指标，它通常以瓦特每公斤(w/kg)表示。

比功率有时也称为重量功率密度，可以按下式计算：
Specific power determines the battery weight for particular PEV performance measures such as acceleration and regenerative braking.
□比功率决定了针对特定的PEV性能指标(例如加速和再生制动)的电池重量。

• Energy density of a battery is the nominal energy per unit volume, and it is represented by watt-hour per liter (Wh/L). Energy density, or volumetric energy density, determines the physical space required to achieve a particular performance target such as driving range.
□电池的能量密度是每单位体积的标称能量，并且用瓦特小时/升(Wh/L)来表示。

能量密
度或称为体积能量密度决定了实现特定性能目标(例如续驶里程)所需的物理空间。

·power density is the maximum available power per unit volume of the battery, and it is
represented by watt per liter (W/L).
□功率密度是电池单位体积的最大可用功率，以瓦特/升(W/L)表示。

• Maximum continuous discharge current is the peak current at which the battery is depleted uninterruptedly. This parameter also serves as a threshold that prevents excessive discharge rates, and therefore, protects the battery life. Moreover, maximum continuous discharge current, along with the specifications of the electric motor, determine the top speed and the acceleration of the PEV.
□最大连续放电电流是电池可以不间断地放电直至耗尽电能的峰值电流。

这个参数还可以作为防止放电速率过高从而保护电池的寿命的一个阈值。

此外，最大连续放电电流以及电机的规格决定着PEV的最高速度和加速度。

• Maximum 30-second discharge pulse current is the maximum current at which the battery can be discharged with pulses up to 30 seconds. This limit is determined by the manufacturer to protect the battery’s lifetime. Similar to the previous performance measure, it affects the acceleration performance of the vehicle.
□最大30秒放电脉冲电流是电池在30秒内放电的最大电流。

此电流限值由制造商决定，以保护电池的寿命。

类似于前面的性能测量指标，它影响车辆的加速性能。

5. What are the types of power batteries ? 动力电池有哪几种类型？
Now, there are three types of battery available for use in electric vehicles: lead-acid battery, nickel-based (nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride) battery, and lithium (lithium-ion or lithium-polymer) battery.
□现在，电动汽车上使用的电池有三种：铅酸电池、镍基电池(镍镉电池或镍氢电池)和锂电池(锂离子电池或锂聚合物电池)。

6. What are the electric energy accumulators？电能蓄能装置有哪些？
Electrical energy accumulator: battery, high-performance capacitor. 电蓄能器有：电池、高性能电容器
7. What are the basic components of lithium ion and NiMH batteries?锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本组成包括哪些元件？
A Li-ion battery cell has five basic components that facilitate the energy conversion process. The first component is an anode, which gives up the electrons to an external circuit (e.g., electric motor) and oxidizes during the reaction. The second component is a cathode, which accepts the electrons from the external circuit. The third component is the electrolyte which completes ion transfer inside the cells. The fourth component is a membrane that acts a separator and prevents the internal short circuits between the anode and the cathode, and the last component is a container, which is devised for safety purposes.
In a typical battery, the positive electrode is made up of lithium and transition metal material.
The original Li-ion cell design used lithium cobalt oxide for its cathode, which has good energy storage characteristics but suffers chemical breakdown at relatively low temperatures. One of the more promising cathode designs for automotive applications is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), which is stable at higher temperatures and releases less energy when it does suffer breakdown. Currently, lithium nickel cobalt manganate (LiNiCoMnO2) is widely used as a cathode material. Graphite is widely employed as the negative electrode material.
锂离子电池的单体电池具有促进能量转换过程的五个基本元件。

第一个元件是阳极，它的作用是在反应期间将电子供给到外部电路(例如，电动机)而氧化。

第二个元部件阴极，其作用是接受来自外部电路的电子。

第三个元件是电解质，其作用是完成电池内离子转移。

第四个元件是隔膜，隔膜起分隔作用，防止阳极和阴极之间的内部短路，而最后一个元件是容器，它是为安全目的而设计的。

在典型的锂离子电池中，正极由锂和过渡金属材料组成。

原始的锂离子电池设计采用锂钴氧化物作阴极，具有良好的储能性能，但在较低的温度下会发生化学击穿。

汽车用最有前途的阴极设计之一是磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)，它在较高的温度下仍然是稳定的，在发生故障时释放的能量也较少。

目前，三元锂（镍钴锰酸锂）(LiNiCoMnO2)被广泛用作正极材料。

石墨作为负极材料得到了广泛的应用。

A nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery cell uses a positive electrode made of nickel hydroxide and potassium hydroxide electrolyte. The negative electrode is unique, however, in that it is a hydrogen-absorbing alloy, also known as a metal hydride.
There are two primary designs of a NiMH battery cell.
1. Cylindrical type (Figure
2.3). The cylindrical type has the active materials made in long ribbons and arranged in a spiral fashion inside a steel cylinder (case). The negative electrode is wound alongside the positive electrode, and the separator material holding the electrolyte is placed between them. The negative electrode is attached to the steel battery case, while the positive electrode is attached to the (-) terminal at the top of the battery. There is a self-resealing safety vent located at the top of the battery case, which will relieve internal pressure in case of overcharge, short circuiting, reverse charge, or other abuse. Cylindrical cells are most often incorporated into modules with a group of six cells connected in series. This creates a single battery module with a 7.2-volt output. Groups of these modules can then be connected in series to create higher voltage battery packs.
2. Prismatic type (Figure 2.4). The prismatic type is a rectangular or boxlike design with the active materials formed into flat plates, much like a conventional lead-acid battery. The positive and negative plates are placed alternately in the battery case, with tabs used to connect the plate groups. Separator material is placed between the plates to prevent them from touching but still allow electrolyte to circulate freely.
镍氢NiMH电池使用由氢氧化镍制成的正极和氢氧化钾电解质。

然而，负极有些特别，它是一种吸氢合金，也称为金属氢化物。

NiMH电池有两种主要结构。

它们是：
1.圆柱形（图2-3）。

圆柱形电池活性材料被制成长带状，并以螺旋方式布置在钢圆筒(外壳)内。

负电极与正电极并排地缠绕在一起，并且带有电解质的隔膜材料被放置在两个电极之间。

负电极连接到电池钢壳上，而正电极连接到电池顶部的(-)端子。

电池外壳顶部有一个自行重新封闭的安全排气口，从而可在过充电、短路、反向充电或其他滥用的情况下释放内部压力。

通常将圆柱形电池单体组合成由串联连接的六个单体电池为一组的模块。

这将形成一个个带有7.2伏输出的单个电池模块。

然后，可以将这些模块再串联连接，以产生更高电压的电池组。

2.长方形(图2-4)。

长方形是一种矩形或箱形的设计，其活性材料被加工成平板，很像传统的铅酸电池。

正、负极板交替放置在电池外壳中，基板上的舌片用于连接极板组。

隔板材料被放置在极板之间，以防止它们接触，但仍然允许电解液自由循环。

8. Describe the basic operation of lithium ion and NiMH batteries? 叙述锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本原理。

In Li-ion batteries, electrical energy is generated through electrochemical oxidation-reduction reactions.During the charging stage, lithium ions move from the positive electrode, pass through the electrolyte, and intercalate between graphite layers, and enter the negative electrode. During the discharge process, the reverse process takes place (as shown in Figure 2.7), and the stored energy is used to run the electric motor.
在锂离子电池中，电能是通过电化学氧化还原反应产生的。

在充电阶段，锂离子从正电极移出，穿过电解质，插入石墨层间，并进入负电极。

在放电过程中，发生相反反应过程(如图2-7所示)，存储的能量可用于驱动电动机。

Figure 2.7 chemical reaction process of a Li-ion battery
图2-7 锂离子电池的化学反应过程
Operation of a NiMH battery cell is shown in Figure 2.5.
During battery charging, hydrogen ions (protons) travel from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, where they are absorbed into the metal hydride material. The electrolyte does not participate in the reaction and acts only as a medium for the hydrogen ions to travel through.
During battery discharging, this process reverses, with the hydrogen ions (protons) traveling from the negative electrode back to the positive electrode. The density of the electrodes changes somewhat during the charge-discharge process, but this is kept to a minimum as only protons are exchanged during battery cycling. Electrode stability due to minimal density changes is one of the reasons why the NiMH battery has very good cycle life.
NiMH电池的工作原理如图2-5所示。

电池充电期间，氢离子(质子)从正电极行进到负电极，在这里它们被金属氢化物材料吸收。

电解质不参与反应，仅用作氢离子穿过的介质。

Figure 2.5 Chemical reactions inside a NiMH cell
图2-5 NiMH电池内的化学反应
电池放电期间，该过程相反，氢离子(质子)从负电极向正电极行进。

电极密度在充-放电过程中有些改变，但是这种密度变化很小，因为只有质子在电池循环期间被交换。

极小的密度变化使电极具有良好的稳定性，这是NiMH电池具有非常好的循环寿命的原因之一。

9. What are the fuctions of BMS? 电池管理系统的功能有哪些？
The BMS should monitor, control, and communicate with the battery. Therefore, the primary functions of a BMS are:
•Under-voltage and over-voltage protections;
•Short circuit protection;
•Thermal protection;
•Cell balancing;
•Controlling battery charging and discharging;
•Determining battery SoC and SoH;
•Safety protection.
电池管理系统（BMS）应监测、控制蓄电池，并与蓄电池进行通信。

因此，BMS的主要功能是：
·低压和过压保护；
·短路保护；
·热保护；
·电池平衡；
·控制电池充电和放电；
·确定电池SOC和SOH；
·安全保护。

10. What are the two categories of battery charging technology? 蓄电池充电技术分为哪两类？
Battery charging technologies can be categorized, broadly, into onboard and off-board charging. Both charging technologies can be further divided into two groups, where one allows only unidirectional power flow, and the other one enables bidirectional power flow.
电池充电技术大致可分为车载充电和离车充电。

两种充电技术均可进一步分为两组，一组只允许单向功率流，另一组允许双向功率流。

11. Describe the basic principles of wireless charging technology? 描述无线充电技术的基本原理？
Wireless charging is an emerging technology and enables PEVs to charge their batteries in a contactless manner. Wireless charging has recently gained some attention mainly because it can allow power transfer between the grid and a vehicle while the vehicle is on the move. During charging, high-frequency magnetic fields between transmitting and receiving coils is required. Typically, the transmitting coils are built into a parking space and the receiving coils are attached to the underbody of the PEVs.
无线充电是一项新兴的技术，它使PEV能够以非接触式方式为电池充电。

无线充电技术最近引起了人们的关注，主要是因为它允许车辆在移动时在电网和车辆之间进行电能传输。

在充电过程中，在发射线圈和接收线圈之间需要高频磁场。

通常，发射线圈被建在停车位中，并且接收线圈连接到PEV的底部上。

12. Describe the steps of battery Disassembling? 描述蓄电池组拆卸的步骤
Adhere the following steps to do this during disassembling battery pack.
Step 1: To depower the high-voltage system, the ignition was off and the negative battery cable was disconnected from the 12-volt auxiliary battery, then the HV battery safety plug was removed.
Step 2: After checking that the voltage level is safe, the rear seat and HV battery cover were removed.
Step 3: Remove the high-voltage wires from the battery pack while wearing HV gloves (see Figure 2.13).
Step 4: Remove the HV battery pack through the rear of the vehicle.
Step 5: Place the HV battery pack on a workbench that is covered with a thick rubber (insulating) mat. A wood top bench can also be used.
Step 6: Perform a visual inspection, to be sure that electrical connections between battery modules are corroded, as shown in Figure 2.14.
Step 7: Remove the HV battery pack temperature sensors, and remove the HV battery vent tubes from the battery pack.
Step 8: Remove the end caps from the battery pack.
Step 9: Remove the fasteners that hold the battery modules to the base of the battery pack.
Step 10: Remove the end module from the battery pack.
拆卸电池组时，请按照以下步骤进行。

第一步：将高压系统断电。

将点火开关关闭，从12伏辅助电池上将电池负极电缆连接断开，然后拔下高压电池安全插头。

第二步：检查电压水平是否安全后，将后座和高压电池盖拆除。

第三步：戴上高压手套(见图2-13)，从电池组上拆下高压电线。

第四步：通过车辆后部拆卸高压电池组。

第五步：将高压电池组放置上面覆盖着厚厚的橡胶（绝缘）垫的工作台上。

也可以使用木顶长凳。

第六步：进行目视检查，以变查清电池模块之间的电气连接是否被腐蚀，如图2-14所示。

第七步：拆卸高压电池组温度传感器，并从电池组中拆下高压电池通风管。

第八步：从电池组上拆下端盖。

第九步：拆卸将电池模块固定在电池组底部的紧固件。

第十步：从电池组上拆下端部模块。

13. What are safety precautions in the service and testing of the power batteries动力电池维护测试中的安全措施有哪些？
·Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and use approved safety procedures when working around these batteries.
·Read all warning labels and always follow the vehicle manufacturer's instructions.
·Always refer to the service manual for approved safety procedures when handling the HV battery pack.
·Do not work on the vehicle if moisture is present on the skin or anywhere on or near the vehicle.
·If service must be performed on the high-voltage system, be sure to disconnect the HV battery and allow enough time for system capacitors to discharge before proceeding.
·The battery case contains liquid potassium hydroxide, a strong alkali solution. Any liquid around the battery should be checked with litmus paper to determine if it is an electrolyte spill. If an electrolyte spill has occurred, be sure to disable the HV system, and then use a mixture of vinegar and water to neutralize the solution before cleaning up with soap and water.
·If an electrical fire occurs, do not attempt to extinguish it using water. Use an ABC fire extinguisher or wait for fire fighters to deal with it.
·Remove any clothing that has come into contact with electrolyte and flush any exposed skin with large amounts of water. If electrolyte comes in contact with the eyes, flush with large amounts of water, but do not use a neutralizing solution. Be sure to seek medical advice to prevent further injury from electrolyte contact.
·始终佩戴适当的个人保护设备(PPE)，并在这些电池周围工作时使用经批准的安全操作规程。

·阅读所有警告标签，并始终遵循汽车制造商的说明。

·在处理高压电池组时，一定要参阅维修手册，遵守经批准的安全操作规程。

·如果皮肤上或车辆附近或车辆上任何地方有湿气，就不要在车辆上工作。

·如果必须对高压系统进行维修，请确保断开高压电池的连接，并允许系统电容器在进行操作前有足够的时间放电。

·电池外壳内含有液态氢氧化钾，这是一种强碱。

电池周围的任何液体都应该用石蕊试纸检查，以确定是否是电解液泄漏。

如果发生了电解液泄漏，一定要关闭高压系统，然后在用肥皂和水清洗之前，使用醋和水的混合物来中和这些液体。

·如果发生电气火灾，不要试图用水灭火。

使用ABC灭火器或等待消防队员处理。

·脱掉任何接触过电解液的衣物，用大量的水冲洗裸露的皮肤。

如果电解质接触眼睛，用大量的水冲洗，但不要使用中和溶液。

一定要寻求医嘱，以防止电解质接触引起的进一步伤害。

第3章
14．What are the two types of motor? 电动机分为哪两种类型？
Two types of electric motor are commonly used in electric vehicles: the direct current (DC) motor and the alternating current (AC) motor.
电动汽车所用电动机有两种：直流电动机和交流电动机。

DC motors直流电动机
In most electric industrial trucks, the series-wound DC motors. 大多数工业电动卡车使用直流串励电动机。

AC motors 交流电动机
Synchronous or asynchronous AC motors are now the norm as traction motors for passenger vehicles. 同步或异步交流电动机现在已成为客车牵引电动机的标准配置。

15. What are the types of motors commonly used in electric vehicles?电动汽车常用的电动机分有哪几种类型？
Permanent magnet brushless DC motor 永磁无刷直流电动机
AC asynchronous motor交流异步电动机
AC synchronous motor 交流同步电动机
16. What are the main components of the basic structure of electric motor used in electric vehicles? 电动汽车用电动机的基本结构主要由哪些部件构成？
magnetic field, armature, slip ring, commutator, brush
磁场、电枢、滑环、换向器、电刷
17. What is the role of the motor controller? 电动机控制器的作用是什么？
DC—DC converter直流升/降压变换：HV battery DC voltage ↔ DC HV before inverter DC—AC inverter逆变器直/交流变换：DC HV before inverter↔ AC HV after inverter (to drive motor, or generated by a generator)
An inverter converts DC power to AC power at the required frequency and amplitude. The inverter converts the high voltage direct current of the battery into three-phase alternating current of MG1 and MG2.
A/C inverter空调逆变器：HV battery DC→AC HV to drive A/C motor
18. Briefly describe the principle of motor controller.简单描述电动机控制器的作用原理
In most hybrid electric vehicles, traction AC motor is controlled as follows:
·The speed of the motor is changed by changing the frequency of the applied current. The speed is synchronized to the frequency so when the frequency is changed, the speed changes.
·The pulse width and voltage is adjusted to change the power output to match the demands of the vehicle for electric assist or propulsion.
□在大多数混合动力电动汽车中，交流牵引电动机的控制方式如下：
·通过改变外加电流的频率来改变电动机的转速。

速度与频率同步，因此当频率改变时，速度发生变化。

调整脉冲宽度和电压以改变输出功率，满足车辆的电动助力或电力推进的要求。

In Toyota Prius HEVs, as shown in Figure 3.11, The boost converter is a DC-DC converter witch boosts the nominal voltage of DC 201.6V that is output by the HV battery to the maximum voltage of DC 500V. A DC-to-DC converter (usually written DC-DC converter) are electronic devices used to transform DC voltage from one level of DC voltage to another higher or lower level, it’s central component is a transformer. The IGBT is used to perform the switching control, and the power transistor is controlled by the HV ECU.
□在丰田普锐斯（Prius）混合动力电动汽车中（如图3-11所示），升压转换器是一个直流-直流转换器，它将高压电池输出的直流201.6伏的标称电压提高到直流500伏的最大电压。

直流-直流转换器（通常是写成DC-DC转换器）是用来将直流电压从某一直流电压转换到另一更高或更低的电压水平的电子设备，它的中心部件是变压器。

使用IGBT可进行开关控制，而此功率晶体管又受到HV ECU的控制。

AC motors are powered by inverters. An inverter converts DC power to AC power at the required frequency and amplitude. The inverter converts the high voltage direct current of the battery into three-phase alternating current of MG1 and MG2. When MG1 or MG2 acts as a generator, the inverter converts the alternating current (range of 201.6V to 500V) generated by either of them into direct current. The boost converter then drops it to DC 201.6V to charge the HV battery.
□交流电动机由逆变器供电。

逆变器按照要求的频率和振幅将直流电转换为交流电。

逆变器将电池的高压直流转换为MG1和MG2的三相交流电。

当MG1和MG2作为发电机运行时，逆变器将它们中的任何一个产生的交流电(范围从201.6V到500V)转换为直流电。

升压转换器随后将其降至直流201.6V，以便为高压电池充电。

第4章
19. How to classify hybrids? What are the categories? 混合动力怎样分类？分为哪几类？
Categorize According to the layout of the prime movers 按照原动机的布置进行分
类
According to the layout of the prime movers, hybrid drives can be divided into serial hybrid, parallel hybrid and power-split hybrid (also called series-parallel hybrid) drive as follows.
根据原动机的布局，混合动力驱动可分为串联式混合动力、并联式混合动力和功率分流混合动力(又称串联并联混合驱动)三种驱动布置。

·Serial hybrid drive:
- no mechanical coupling of combustion engine and wheels,
- mechanical gearbox not mandatory,。