2002年考研英语阅读真题

2002 T ext 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomp s over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoat s like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement s. Look at your talk and pick out
a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
41. To make your humor work, you should ________.
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
[B] make fun of the disorganized people
[C] address different problems to different people
[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privilege s
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
[A] in well-worded language
[B] as awkwardly as possible
[C] in exaggerated statements
[D] as casually as possible
45. The best title for the text may be ________.
[A] Use Humor Effectively
[B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech
[D] Different Humor Strategies
重点词汇：identify （辨别；视为同一）即
ident+ify，ident词根“同一”，-ify动词后缀“使……”；
identification（识别；身份证明）←identify去y加-ication名词
后缀；identical（同一的）←ident+ical形容词后缀。

Any man over thirty identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何过了三十岁的人都把自己的青年时代视为自认所能犯下的最大错误。

relevant ❒♏●♓☜⏹♦（相关的；意义重大的）即re+lev+ant，re-前缀，lev词根“升，举”，-ant形容词后缀，故“从……升起的”→“源自……的”→相关的。

同根词：elevate （升举，提高）←e+lev+ate；elevator（电梯，升降机）←e+lev+at(e)+or。

The discovery and use of knowledge has always been relevant to a humane future.对于一个人道的未来，知识的发现与运用一直是关系重大的。

sympathy ♦♓❍☐☜♓（n.同情；共鸣）即sym+path+y，sym-（=syn-，在p前n变形为m以方便发音，前缀“同”），path词根“感情”，-y抽象名词后缀；sympathize/sympathise（v.同情；共鸣），-ize/-ise为动词后缀；sympathetic（同情的；共鸣的）←sym+path+etic形容词后缀。

Next to love, sympathy is the divinest passion of the human heart.同情心是人类心中仅次于爱的最神圣的情感。

Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success.人人都能同情朋友的痛苦，然而共享朋友的成功需要非常优良的品性。

To be sympathetic without discrimination is so very debilitating.有同情心而无识别力是多么虚弱。

Reading is not merely sympathizing and understanding; it is also criticizing and judging.阅读不仅是同情与理解，也是批评与判断。

alternatively ●♦⏹☜♦♓●♓（二者择一地；另外）←alter改变+nat(e)+ive+ly；alternative（二者择一的；供选择的事物）←alter+nat(e)+ive；alternate（v.交替；交替的）←alter+nate。

Love's alternate joy and woe.爱情就是交替的欢乐与痛苦。

The more alternative, the more difficult the choice.可选择的东西越多，就越难选择。

guangxian注：哲学家布里丹的虚拟驴子在两堆等距离等体积的谷堆面前饿死。

convention ☜⏹♏⏹☞☜⏹（大会；惯例；公约）即con+ven(t)+tion，con-一起，ven(t)来，-tion名词后缀，故“人们来到一起”→开“大会”，而“大会制定的规则”即是“公约”，公约遵守时间长了就成为“惯例”。

The danger doesn't lie in the hypothetical disasters of revolution, but in conventions impeding progress.危险不在于革命的臆测的灾难，而在于阻碍进步的成规。

stomp ♦♦❍☐（n.v.重踏）←stamp（邮票；标志）也有相同含义，想象“猛盖邮戳”→重踏。

appropriate ☜☐❒☜◆☐❒♓♓♦（适当的）即ap+propri+ate，ap-前缀加强语气，propri看作proper（适当的），-ate后缀；inappropriate / ♓⏹☜☐❒☜◆☐❒♓♓♦/（不适当的）←in否定前缀+appropriate。

Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性药物对于重病是非常适宜的。

←这句话是西方医学之父希波克拉底说的。

inedible ♓⏹♏♎♓♌●（不可食的）←in否定前缀+ed(=eat)+ible能……的。

resent ❒♓♏⏹♦（v.愤怒、怨恨）即re+sent，re （=against反对），sent（=sense感觉），于是“在感觉上反对”→愤恨。

People don't resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人们所不满的往往是太少，而不是没有。

disparaging ♎♓♦☐✌❒♓♎✞♓☠（轻视的）←dis否定前缀+par平等+ag(e)后缀+ing后缀。

scapegoat ♦♏♓☐♈☜◆♦（替罪羊）可这样记：escape（n.v.逃跑）←e+scape，把e看作ex-，则scape就是没有“离开”的→“逃不掉的”→“留下来替罪的”，于是scape+goat →替罪羊。

与“羊”有关的另一习语：black sheep（害群之马；败家子），源自谚语There is a black sheep in every flock.
casual ✌✞◆☜●（偶然的；漫不经心的）即cas降落+ual后缀；casualty（严重意外事故；伤亡者）←cas+ual+ty 名词后缀。

As sheer casual reading-matter, I still find the English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.作为纯粹随意浏览的读物，我还是觉得英语词典是以我们的语言写成的最有趣的书。

off-the-cuff即席的。

deliver ♎♓●♓☜（v.传递；释放；发表；分娩）即de+liver，de-前缀“使”，liver(=liber)词根“自由”，于是从“使自由”推出deliver的各项含义；delivery ♎♓●♓☜❒♓（传递）←deliver+y名词后缀。

Lord, deliver me from myself.主啊，解放不能自拔的我吧。

The day of the printed word is far from ended. Swift as is the delivery of the radio bulletin, graphic as is television's eyewitness picture, the task of adding meaning and clarity remains urgent.印刷文字的时代远未结束。

尽管广播新闻传递迅速，电视现场画面生动，补充事件含义进而澄清事实的任务仍旧是迫切的。

light-hearted轻松愉快的。

familiar ♐☜❍♓●☜（熟悉的；亲近的）即famil(y)+iar形容词后缀，“感觉像家一样的”；familiarity（熟悉）←familiar+ity名词后缀。

The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new.作家最吸引人的两种力量，是使新鲜的事物变得熟悉，和使熟悉的事物变得新鲜。

familiarity —the opiate of the imagination 熟悉——想象力的麻醉剂。

exaggeration ♓♈✌♎✞☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹/（夸张）←ex加强语气+agger堆积+ation名词后缀；exaggerate（夸张）←ex+agger+ate动词后缀。

We exaggerate misfortune and happiness alike. We are never either so wretched or so happy as we say we are.不幸和幸福被我们同样夸大了。

我们从不像我们所说的那么痛苦，也从不那么快乐。

exaggeration — a truth that has lost its temper 夸张——发脾气的真理。

understatement ✈⏹♎☜♦♦♏♓♦❍☜⏹♦（掩饰；轻描淡写的陈述）←under+statement；反义词：overstatement （夸大的陈述）←over+statement。

privilege ☐❒♓♓●♓♎✞（n.优惠；特权v.给予优惠或特权）即privi+leg+e，privi(=private)词根“私人的”，leg 词根“法律”（如legal“法律的；合法的”←leg+al），e为小词，于是“私人的法律”→特权。

To have become a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.变得更加深谋远虑是受过磨难的人的特权。

effectively ♓♐♏♦♓●♓（有效地）即ef+fect+ive+ly，ef-前缀表“加强”，fect词根“做”，-ive形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词effective。

The most effective water power in the world — women's tears.世界上最有效的水力——女人的眼泪。

effective communication — 20 per cent what you know and 80 per cent how you feel about what you know 有效的交际——20%你所了解的东西加80%你对所了解的东西的感受。

难句解析：
①Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.
▲该句是一个复杂单句，句子的主语是your humor，后面有两个平行的谓语must be和should help，它们后面分别有其宾语。

其中should help后面的宾语是不定式to show，而它的宾语比较复杂，是两个并列的宾语从句：that you are one of them和that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中间用or连接。

△本句结构比较简明，只需注意show them后面是两个并列的宾语从句就可以了。

后面的宾语从句中有个很有用的词组in sympathy with，表示同情、同意、赞同。

②If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.
▲if引导了一个条件从句，而后面的主句是两个子句构成的并列句。

在第一个子句you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you 中又有一个定语从句which are common to all of you来修饰the experiences and problems，而后面的子句的结构是一个it is adj. for sb. to do sth.的结构。

△要看懂本句，重点在于要把后面的两个子句断开，并分别理解。

③Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. ▲该句是一个祈使句。

谓语是include，宾语是remarks，后面有一个定语从句修饰它。

△注意该句的特性。

另外注意off-the-cuff的意思。

④Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
▲整句可以看成是由so连接的并列句，前后有一定的因果关系。

前面的子句是一个强调结构，而后面又是一个祈使句，其谓语动词是speak和remember。

而remember后面又是一个很长的宾语从句。

△要理解前后的因果关系。

试题解析：
41. [C]
此题较容易，区分度好。

本题考的是局部信息。

考生只要看懂了第一段第三句话“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”以及后面的supporting evidence，就能够准确地回答本题。

42. [B]
此题的难度合适，区分度不太理想。

本题的关键是看学生是否理解第二段结尾St．Peter的话。

有42.8％的考生选C项是因为没有理解St．Peter的话，而把注意力放在了医生的所作所为上，即医生把新来的人推到一边，冲到队伍的最前面等等，因而给人一种他享有特权的印象。

43. [D]
此题的难度合适，区分度好。

本题的关键是第三段的最后一句话，意思是：你去开邮局或电话系统（即public services）的玩笑则比较安全，不会有冒犯什么人的危险，同时本句中还出现了一个关键词“scapegoats”，说明public services常常成为人们的笑柄。

44. [D]
此题的难度合适，区分度好。

本题主要考第四段的内容。

其中有一些关键词，如：“natural”，“relaxed”，“unforced”，“light-hearted”等。

只要考生看懂了这些词的意思，这道题就很容易了。

45. [A]
此题的难度合适，区分度好。

这道题考的是对全文的理解，是一道总括题。

答总括题需要利用全文的信息。

从全文各段的内容来看，文章主要是讲如何有效地使用幽默。

采用排除法很容易确定本题的答案。

全文翻译：
如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。

你的幽默必须与听众有关，能够向他们显示你是他们的一员，或者你了解他们的情况，同情他们的观点。

根据与你谈话的不同对象，问题也有所不同。

如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作方法紊乱；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论她们老板的工作方法紊乱。

下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。

这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。

一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。

他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。

所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。

只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。

“这是谁啊？”新来的人问圣彼得。

“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。

”
如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。

而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。

如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。

如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。

包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。

常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。

留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。

它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功，就放弃”，或者是玩弄语言和情景。

留意夸张和打折扣的话。

考虑一下你的谈话，选出一些词汇和句子，颠倒它们的秩序，并注入一些幽默。

2002 T ext 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics— the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmo s whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminal s that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-driver s. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated— than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the m onkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
[A] programs
[B] experts
[C] devices
[D] creatures
48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________.
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
[B] interact with human beings verbally
[C] have a little common sense
[D] respond independently to a changing world
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
[A] make a few decisions for themselves
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
50. The author uses the example of a m onkey to argue that robots are ________.
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
[D] best used in a controlled environment
重点词汇：
ingenuity ♓⏹♎✞♓⏹◆♓♦♓（独创性；灵活性）←ingenu+ity，ingenu（=ingenious独创的；灵活的），-ity名词后缀。

burdensome ♌☜♎⏹♦☜❍（繁重的；难以负担的）←burden负担+some形容词后缀。

What a heavy burden is a name that has become famous.广为人知的名字是多么沉重的负担啊。

nasty ⏹✌♦♦♓（讨厌的；肮脏的；下流的……）Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way.外交就是以最优雅的方式办最nasty的事，说最nasty的话。

←nasty在此句实在不好翻译。

compulsion ☜❍☐✈●☞☎☜✆⏹（强制）即com 一起+puls(=drive)+ion名词后缀，“不由分说全拖到一起”→强制；compulsory（强制的；必修的）←com+puls+ory形容词后缀。

compulsion — a highbrow term for a temptation we're not trying too hard to resist 强制——对人们并不想坚持拒绝的诱惑的一种高雅说法。

Bodily exercise, when compulsory, does
no harm to the body; but knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind.强制的身体锻炼不会损害身体，但被迫学习的知识占据不了头脑。

←柏拉图老师说的。

robotics ❒☜◆♌♦♓♦（机器人学）即robot+ics，robot机器人，-ics后缀表“学科”，如physics、aesthetics（美学）。

robo-driver即robot driver。

assembly ☜♦♏❍♌●♓（集会；装配）是assemble 的名词形式，-y为名词后缀；assemble谐音“啊，三步”，曹植七步成诗，而“装配”只需三步（三个步骤）！In most communities it is illegal to cry "fire" in a crowded assembly.大多数社会中，在拥挤的集会上喊“着火啦”是违法的。

terminal ♦☜❍♓⏹●（终端的；期末的；终端；终点站）←termin期限+al后缀；terminate（中止）←termin+ate 动词后缀，施瓦辛格演的电影《终结者》就叫Terminator（-or后缀表“人”）。

It's all right to have a train of thoughts, if you have a terminal.想法成串并没关系，只要有个止点。

miniaturization ❍♓⏹♓☜♦☞☜❒♋♓♏♓☞☜⏹（小型化）即mini+atur(e)+iz(e)+ation；mini词根“小”（比如有个好东西叫mini skirt），-ature名词后缀，-ize动词后缀，-ation名词后缀；miniature（小型的；缩影）←mini+ature。

A day is a miniature of eternity.一天是永恒的缩影。

laborsaving ●♏♓♌☜♦♏♓♓☠（节省劳力的）←labor劳动+saving节省的。

supervision ♦◆☐☜♓✞☜⏹（监督）即super+vis+ion，super-前缀“在上面”，vis词根“看”（如visual →vis+ual形容词后缀→视觉的），-ion名词后缀。

specific ♦☐♓♦♓♐♓（具体的；特定的；特效药）即speci+fic，speci词根=species（种类），-fic形容词后缀“使成为……的”，故“使成为某个具体种类的”→特定的。

Time and again I have emerged from a course of reading in philosophy with the conviction that the authors were really avoiding specific problems by converting them into tenuous sophistries that have very little real meaning.我一再退出对哲学的钻研，深信作者们确实是在以将具体问题换成几乎没有实际意义的贫乏诡辩来躲避它们。

reliable ❒♓●♋♓☜♌●（可靠的）←reli+able，reli 即rely（v.依赖；信任），-able后缀“可……的”。

Without criticism and reliable and intelligent reporting, the government can not govern.没有批评和可靠而明智的新闻报道，政府无法统治。

artificial ♦♓♐♓☞☜●（人工的，人造的）即art+i+fic+ial，art词根“人工”，-i-连结元音，fic词根“做”，-ial形容词后缀。

Of all artificial relations formed between mankind, the most capricious and variable is that of author and reader.在人与人之间形成的所有人为关系中，最变化无常的是作者与读者的关系。

artificial intelligence — the art of making computers that behave like the ones in movies 人工智能——制造电脑的艺术，使它们的行为像电影里的人一样。

perception ☐☜♦♏☐☞☜⏹（感觉；理解）即per+cept+ion，per-前缀“全部”，cept词根“抓”（=capt，因为元音可替换，capture→capt+ure后缀→n.v.捕获），-ion名词后缀，故“把外界信息‘全部’‘抓住’”→感知。

The perception of beauty is a moral test.对美的理解是道德的检验。

complicated ❍☐●♓♏♓♦♓♎（复杂的；难解的）即com+plic+at(e)+ed，com-前缀“一起”，plic词根“折叠”，-ate动词后缀+-ed后缀“已……的”，故“全都折叠在一起的”→复杂的；complicate（使复杂）←com+plic+ate；complication（复杂情况；并发症）←com+plic+ation。

I never blame failures —there are too many complicated situations in life, but I am absolutely merciless toward lack of effort.我从不责备失败——生活中复杂的情况实在太多，但对于不努力，我绝不宽恕。

previously ☐❒♓☜♦●♓（先前地）即previous+ly，previous（先前的）即pre+vi+ous，pre-前缀“在前的”，vi(=via)词根“路”，-ous形容词后缀，故“在前面就上路的”→先前。

A creative artist works on his next composition because he is not satisfied with his previous one.有创造性的艺术家致力于自己的下一个作品，因为他不满意前一个。

irrelevant ♓❒♏●♓☜⏹♦（不相关的）即ir+relevant，ir-否定前缀（=in-，在r前n变形为r），relevant ❒♏●♓☜⏹♦（相关的）参2002年Text 1。

instantaneously ♓⏹♦♦☜⏹♦♏♓⏹☜♦●♓（瞬间地）即instant+aneous+ly，instant单词“立刻的；速溶的；瞬间），-aneous形容词后缀。

suspicious ♦☜♦☐♓☞☜♦（可疑的；多疑的）←suspic(=suspect)怀疑+ious。

Plagiarists are always suspicious of being stolen from.剽窃者总是疑心文字被人盗用。

neuroscientist ⏹◆☯❒☯◆♦♋♓☯⏹♦♓♦♦（神经科学家）←neuro(=nerve)+scientist。

perceive ☐☜♦♓ （察觉；感知）即per+ceive，是perception（见前述）的动词形式，per-前缀“全部”，ceive 词根“抓”。

同根词：receive（v.收到）←re(=back)+ceive，“抓回来”；deceive（v.欺骗）←de在下面+ceive，“在下面搞小动作”。

There are no new truths, but only truths that have not been recognised by those who have perceived them without noticing.没有什么新的真理，只有人们不经意地感觉到但没有认识到的真理。

Growing old is not upsetting, being perceived as old is.变老并不令人烦恼，除非别人认为你老了。

elite ♏♓●♓♦ （精英）用谐音记：“爱理他”→“精英人士”每个人都爱理他。

gizmo ♈♓❍☜◆小发明；hum ♒✈❍嗡嗡声、轰鸣声。

难句解析：
①Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
▲该句是一个复杂单句，前面是since引导的一个时间状语，这个地方的dawn取其比喻的意思，表示早期。

后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty用来修饰work。

△本句结构比较简明，但是有一些词的意思比较难：ingenuity创造性，灵活性；nasty讨厌的。

②As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. ▲本句的主句是the modern world is increasingly populated
by intelligent gizmos，后面是两个定语从句，中间用but来引导。

△要看懂本句，重点在于看到gizmo一词后面的两个定语从句。

在本句中，认不认识gizmo并不重要，因为从上下文中可以看出它和robot的意思应该大同小异。

③There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy —far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
▲该句是一个there be的结构，注意robot systems后面有一个修饰它的定语从句。

而后面的破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰submillimeter accuracy。

△注意该句中的最核心的部分是robot systems，其它成分都是围绕着它来展开的。

④But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge.
▲整句是一个条件句，注意后面的主句比较复杂，里面有两个并列的谓语，而后面破折号引导的是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句。

△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系。

⑤But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
▲整句的主干部分是这样的，主语the human mind，并列谓语glimpse和disregard，逗号后面instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分做状语，修饰谓语。

△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系并抓住句子的主干成分。

试题解析：
46. [C]
此题的难度合适，区分度好。

本题是一个局部题，主要考查考生是否看懂了第一段，尤其是“That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines”这句话。

这句话的意思是：（发明一些灵巧的工具来从事一些危险、乏味、繁重，或者是讨厌的工作）这样一种需求导致了机器人技术的产生，即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学。

47. [C]
此题偏易，区分度很好。

本题是考查考生从上下文猜测词义的能力。

根据第二段中出现的“robot assembly arms”，“automated teller terminals”，“tireless robo-drivers”等信息，考生可以猜出“gizmos”是“设备、装置”的意思。

48. [D]
此题的难度合适，区分度很好。

本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery的第二句话，即“we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思。

49. [B]
此题的难度合适，区分度好。

本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery说的第一句话，即“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,”即我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体的错误。

看懂了这句话，这道题就很容易了。

50. [C]
此题属于很容易的题目，区分度好。

本题考的是文章最后一段的意思。

该段的主要意思是：机器人能够在很短的时间内发现机器的问题，而人脑能很快忽略不相关的信息，而将注意力集中到相关的信息上来，这是先进的机器人都做不到的。

全文翻译：
从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。

这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。

如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。

由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。

我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏；我们的金融服务完成于自动柜员机旁，完成业务后，它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们；我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶。

由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。

但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。

这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。

“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说，“我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识’，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。

”
实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。

虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年。

在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。

他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。

但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。

地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能仿效这种能力，并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。

2002 T ext 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadruple d, and 1979-1980, when they also almost triple d. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?。