学术英语(第二版)综合教师手册unit3

Unit 3 Business Ethics
I Teaching Objectives
After learning Unit 3, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:
II Teaching Activities and Resources
Reading
Text A
Lead-in
Teaching Steps
Ask Ss to work in groups and complete the task in Lead-in. Then choose some groups to share their answers with the whole class.
Answer Keys (Suggested Answers)
1.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as a self-regulating
business model that helps a company be socially accountable —to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. In other words, it is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.
2.
Text Analysis
Teaching Steps
1.Overview
Ask Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.
2.In-Depth Analysis
1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as much
as possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.
•economic system
•free enterprise
2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.
3)Discuss with Ss the features of the two versions of Adam Smith’s theory by
doing Task 1 in Critical reading and thinking.
4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Critical
reading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.
Supplementary Information
1.economic system
An economic system is a system for producing, distributing and consuming goods and services, including the combination of the various institutions, agencies, consumers, entities that comprise the economic structure of a given society or community. It also includes how these various agencies and institutions are linked to one another, how information goes between them, and the social relations within the system.
Two of the basic and general economic systems are market economy and planned economy. Market economy is an economic system in which businesses and individuals decide what to produce and buy, and the market determines quantities sold and prices, whereas planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency.
Although a planned economy may be based on either centralized or decentralized forms of economic planning, it usually refers to a centrally planned economy.
2.free enterprise
Free enterprise refers to the system of business in which individuals are free to decide what to produce, how to produce, and at what price to sell.
Language Support
1.Most academics today subscribe to the following modified version of Adam
Smith’s theory:…(Para. 2)
In the text, the phrase “subscribe to”means “agreeing with or supporting (an opinion, theory, etc.)”（同意；赞成）.
e.g. I subscribe to the idea that voting is my civic duty.
She subscribes to the theory that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded and
others were cold-blooded.
It can also refer to “paying money to get (a publication or service) regularly”（订阅）.
e.g. I subscribe to several magazines.
We have subscribed to an evening newspaper.
2.These constraints take a number of different forms. …Another set of
constraints …(Para. 3)
Two recent examples dramatically illustrate these points. First, …(Para. 3) Classification is employed to organize things into categories with a single organizing principle, and give examples of things that fit into each category. Here are other commonly-used words and expressions for classification:
•The first (kind/type/group/class/etc.) …; the second …; the third …
•sort, classify, categorize …
•category, group, class, kind …
3.Saving the financial system required a bailout of the banks and other
financial companies, and that bailout imposed huge costs on the taxpayers, and also helped push the economy into a deep recession. (Para. 5)
impose sth. on sb.:
i) force something on someone把......强加于
e.g. He always imposes his opinion on others.
ii) levy a tax or duty征税
e.g. It is therefore necessary for governments to impose a higher tax on this kind
of food.
Here is another usage of the word “impose”:
impose on sb.:
i) force oneself on others强加于人
e.g. Thanks for your offer to help, but I did not want to impose on you.
ii) take unfair advantage of 利用
e.g. Don’t you think you are imposing on your neighbor when you use his
telephone for half an hour?
4.
be true to one’
He is always true to his word and focused on the big picture.
Ninety days later, true to his word, the goldsmith brought the crown.
5.To date, Buffett has contributed more than $6 billion, and over time he is
scheduled to contribute additional stock that is now worth in excess of $40 billion. (Para. 7)
in excess of: greater than, more than 超过
e.g. Luggage in excess of 100 kg will be charged extra.
This plane can reach speeds in excess of 1000 kilometers an hour.
Answer Keys
Critical reading and thinking
Task 1 / Overview
1
The original version：
The invisible hand; Profit maximization; Free enterprise system
The modified version:
the wealth of its stockholders; the best economic system; constraints
2
Argument 1
1) a wide range of regulations are imposed
2) assessing costs on companies; BP oil spill
Argument 2
1) behave ethically; value and reputation
2) Don’t Be Evil
3) creative capitalism
4) contributed more than $6 billion
Task 2 / Points for discussion (Suggested Answers)
1
1) Yes, I agree. Because:
• Earning profit is the main aim of every economic activity. A business is an economic activity and hence, its main aim should be to earn profit.
• Profit is a measure of eff iciency and economic prosperity of the business. This justifies the concept of profit maximization.
• Economic conditions do not remain the same all the time. A business can retain its profit so that it can survive the adverse situations in the future. Profit gives protection against future risks and uncertainties.
• Profit is the main source of finance for growth and expansion. Profit is essential for the business in order to invest in new business propositions.
• Profitability is essential for fulfilling the social goals of the business. With profit maximization a business can do socio-economic welfare and follow its policies of corporate social responsibility.
2) No, I don’t agree. Because:
Business should do anything they can to make a profit, but never at the cost of human welfare and natural environment. Human welfare must be considered as important as profit making. A business is successful to the extent that it provides a product that contributes to happiness in all forms. As a matter of fact, the great value of a business should be morally associated with consumer’s satisfaction and safety. On the other hand, businesses of great value should not be blind to their moral obligations of protecting the natural environment.
2 Yes, it is a very effective way for society to impose such regulations to prevent companies from engaging in practices that hurt society. For most businesses their ultimate goal is to make profits. It is true that most businessmen try to abide by the laws while making profits. However we have to admit that there are some who use every means to make as much money as possible, even regardless of the interests of
employees, communities, and environment. Therefore, the regulations such as penalties and suspension for internal rectification should be imposed to deter companies from unlawful practices.
3 Yes, having a good reputation with customers, suppliers, employees and regulators is essential if value is to be maximized. Business success is associated with many entities, such as customers, suppliers, employees and regulators. If customers are satisfied with your products and service, they will be loyal to your company. If suppliers provide you with qualified products, your business will operate well. If employees are treated well, they will work very hard and are willing to be part of your company. If regulators are certain that your company acts fairly and follows rules, your company will develop sustainably. All above depends on whether the business is continually operating with society’s interests in mind and maintaining a good reputation.
Language building-up
Answer keys
Task 1 / Specialized vocabulary
1
1 纳税人
2 自由企业制度
3 股东
4 经济体制
5 市场力量；市场调节作用
6 金融机构
7 stock price 8 mission
9 corporate motto 10 assets
11 profit maximization 12 financial system
2
1 financial institutions
2 free enterprise system
3 assets
4 Taxpayers
5 stockholder
6 profit maximization
7 economic system 8 market forces
Task 2 / Academic vocabulary
1. principal
2. dramatically
3. academics
4. maximization
5. framework
6. range
7. compensate 8. transfer
9. inadequate 10. constraints
Task 3 / Collocations
1. subscribe to
2. striving to
3. imposing …on
4. go out of business
5. as a whole
6. engaged in
7. go hand in hand with 8. in excess of
Task 4 / Formal English
1 insights
2 subscribe to
3 imposes
4 adverse
5 mission
6 philanthropic
7 donated 8 famed
Translation of Text A
达到适当的平衡
在1776年，亚当·斯密描述了一只“看不见的手”是如何引导企业追求利润的，而这只手会引导企业做出有利于社会的决策。

斯密的深入见解使他得出结论：利润最大化是企业的正确目标，自由企业制度对社会最有利。

但自1776年以来，世界已经发生了变化。

今天的公司规模要大得多，它们在全球范围内经营，它们有成千上万的员工，它们由数百万的股东拥有。

这让我们怀疑“看不见的手”是否仍能提供可靠的指导。

企业是否还应该努力实现利润最大化，还是拓宽视野并采取更加平衡的行动来使客户、员工、供应商和整个社会受益？
当今大多数学者都认同以下亚当·斯密理论的修改版：
一个公司的主要目标应该是使股东的财富最大化，即股票价值最大化。

对整个国家来说，自由企业仍然是最好的经济制度。

在自由企业框架下，企业开发出人们需要的、有利于社会的产品和服务。

但是，还需要有一些约束——不应允许公司污染空气和水，从事不公平的雇佣行为或制造剥削消费者的垄断行为。

这些约束有许多不同的形式。

通过政治进程，社会实施一系列旨在防止企业从事危害社会的做法的规章制度。

另一套制约方法是，如果企业采取危害社会的行动，则要对其征收罚款。

如果实施得当，这些罚款可以将价值公平地转移给受害方，并有助于创建激励机制，以防止将来发生类似的事件。

最近的两个例子很好地说明了这些观点。

首先，许多华尔街公司从事了极具风险的活动，在2007年和2008年这些活动将金融体系推向崩溃的边缘。

拯救金融体系需要对银行和其他金融公司进行财政援助，而这种援助给纳税人带来了巨大的花费，并促使经济陷入严重衰退。

除了给社会带来巨大的花费外，金融公司也付出了沉重的代价——许多领先的金融机构股价大跌，一些机构倒闭破产，许多华尔街的高管失业。

2010年，英国石油公司在墨西哥湾的大规模原油泄露事件对墨西哥湾地区造成了可怕的环境和经济影响。

在最初爆炸后的三个月里，英国石油公司的股票损失了一半的价值，没有人知道它的全部损失会有多大，以及该公司能否生存下去。

这次原油泄露事件还导致美国和其他国家重新审视其有关深水钻探的政策，这可能对长期的石油供应产生严重的不利影响。

即便如此，一些人认为，英国石油公司付出的代价不足以弥补它所造成的损
失，受约束的利润最大化理论还不够。

例如，通用电气公司首席执行官杰夫·伊梅尔特认为，仅仅遵守法律是不够的，企业应努力依照道德规范行事，并在经营中始终牢记社会的利益。

伊梅尔特进一步认为，价值和声誉是相辅相成的，如果想要实现价值最大化，在客户、供应商、员工和监管机构中享有良好的声誉至关重要。

用他的话说：“人们之所以来通用电气公司工作，是因为他们想成为比自己更伟大的东西的一部分。

他们想努力工作，赢得晋升并获得丰厚的报酬，但他们也想为一家能有所作为的公司，一家在世界上做着伟大事情的公司工作......通用电气公司要做一个好公民。

这不仅是一件高尚的事，而且对企业有利，因此也对我们的股票价格有利。

”
无独有偶。

越来越多的公司认为他们的使命不仅仅是为股东赚钱。

谷歌著名的公司座右铭是“不要作恶”。

与这一使命相一致的是，该公司有自己的内部基金会，该基金会在全球范围内对各种慈善事业进行了大量投资。

还有一些公司领导人捐赠个人资金的例子。

2008年，微软公司的比尔·盖茨在世界经济论坛上发表了演讲，其中他提出了“创造性资本主义”的理念。

盖茨指出：“这样的制度将有双重使命：既要赚取利润，又要改善那些无法充分受益于当今市场力量的人们的生活。

”
盖茨确实信守了诺言。

在2000年，他和妻子（编者按：已于2021年离婚）成立了比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会。

如今，该基金的资产总额已达335亿美元。

在2006年，著名投资人沃伦·巴菲特宣布他将把他的一大笔财富捐给基金会，这对基金会的发展起到了显著的推动作用。

到目前为止，巴菲特已经捐出了60多亿美元，而且随着时间的推移，他还计划额外捐出股票，这些股票现在价值超过400亿美元。

这些努力表明，生活的意义不仅仅是金钱，但要做好事往往需要金钱。

Text B
Text Analysis
Teaching Steps
1.Lead-in
Ask Ss to recall the mission of a company: earning profits and taking social responsibilities.
2.Overview
Ask Ss to preview the text. Put Ss into pairs and ask them to summarize the main idea of Text B. Invite some Ss to share their answers with the class.
3.In-Depth Analysis
1)Ask Ss to find out whether the responsibilities of sharing economy giants
should differ from those of traditional companies in Text B. Provide additional information when necessary. The Supplementary Information below is for T’s reference.
2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.
3)Invite some Ss to summarize the major points of the text on the basis of the
Overview Task of Critical reading and thinking.
Supplementary Information
1.sharing economy
It is an economic model defined as a peer-to-peer (P2P) based activity of acquiring, providing, or sharing access to commodities and services that is often facilitated by a community-based online platform in order to save money, cut costs, and reduce waste.
petitive advantage
A competitive advantage exists when the firm is able to deliver the same benefits
as competitors but at a lower cost (known as cost advantage), or deliver benefits that exceed those of competing products (known as differentiation advantage).
Thus, it enables the firm to create superior value for its customers and superior profits for itself. While the term is commonly used for businesses, the strategies work for any organization, country, or individual in a competitive environment. 3.venture capitalist
It is a person or company that invests in a business venture, providing capital for a startup, young business or expansion. A venture capitalist can work on their own, but it's more common for them to work for a venture capital firm that pools money from members. The majority of venture capital comes from professionally managed firms. These venture capital firms seek higher rates of return than they could earn through other investment vehicles.
4.access economy
It is a business model that gives customers access to goods and services rather than outright ownership. The access economy refers to renting assets on a temporary basis, producing environmental benefits through reduced mass consumption. Companies such as Airbnb, Zipcar and Uber are good examples of the access economy in practice.
Language Support
1.…; redefining the way people do business and, as the name suggests, holding
promises of mutual benefits and responsible actions. (Para. 3)
as the name suggests: 顾名思义
e.g. The Mid-Autumn Festival, as the name suggests, falls on the fifteenth day of
the eighth lunar month.
Singles’ Day falls on every November 11th, and as the name suggests, this
holiday is one specially for people who are still living the single life.
2.Uber’s disruptive technology has been successful and effective in prompting
taxi companies to clean up their act by bringing new efficiencies to the industry. (Para. 6)
clean up one’s act: start to obey certain laws or generally accepted standards of behavior 改邪归正；开始遵纪守法
e.g. The foreign-exchange market needs to clean up its act.
You’re going to have to clean up your act if you’re serious about keeping
your job.
3.But Uber’s aggressive business tactics have come under fire. (Para. 7)
The idiom “come under fire” refers to “being (strongly) criticized”（遭受批评）.
e.g. The schemes have come under fire for their complexity.
James came under fire in the office after he wrote a very controversial article
in the company magazine.
It also means “being shot at”（遭到枪击）.
e.g. The troops were coming under fire from the rear.
4.The sheer size of these companies, the profits being made and the effort that
goes into promoting their brands, make it difficult for the likes of Uber and Airbnb to continue passing themselves off as passive intermediaries.(Para.
10)
pass oneself off as:（把自己）蒙混成……以过关；冒充
e.g. A handful of people will pass themselves off as your acquaintances for their
own interests.
Some thieves may pass themselves off as the delivery man which is a threat to
students’ possessions and safety on campus.
5.As large for-profit players, it would be fair to say these industry giants are
more than just platforms and should be held to greater account for the services operating under their name. (Para. 11)
be held to account: 被责令（对……）作出解释；受到追究
e.g. Those who contributed to such high crimes must also be held to account.
This was not a natural disaster, and local polluters must be held to account. Answer Keys
Task / Overview
1
Case 1: Uber
1) highly-valued privately-held companies
2) little heed to regulations governing the transport sector, traditional competitors out of business
3) an online platform; take responsibilities
Case 2: Airbnb
1) peer-to-peer homestay network
2) laws and responsibilities; residential neighborhoods; noise and other forms of disruption
2
Features of the new sharing economy firms:
1) ease of data-sharing; trust in online communities
2) share their underutilized possessions; sustainability; workplace
3) people do business; mutual benefits
Critics’ arguments about this new business model:
1) competitive advantage; competitors in traditional businesses face
2) monopolies; rule entire markets
3) sharing; value
The author’s point of view:
1) more than just platforms; the services operating under their name
2) evolve along with; regulatory constraints; preserve the value
Your point of view of the following questions:
Answers may vary.
Language building-up
Answer Keys
Task 1 / Academic vocabulary
1. positive
2. conducted
3. albeit
4. regulations
5. sustainability
6. mutual
7. flexibility 8. differentiate
9. technological 10. revenues
Task 2 / Collocations
1. come under fire
2. a barrage of
3. akin to
4. be siphoned off
5. be held to account
6. clean up your act
7. along the way 8. took no heed of
Researching
Teaching Steps
1) Form Ss into teams to do the task after class.
2) Ask several teams to report their findings of a company doing well in striking a
balance between earning profits and taking social responsibility.
3) Make comments on Ss’ presentations in terms of content and the way they present
their findings. The following tips might be helpful:
•Ask Ss to classify and synthesize their findings, rather than simply listing the information they got from the Internet.
•Remind Ss that giving examples in the presentation can make their presentations more interesting and convincing.
•Let Ss know the importance of confidence, loud voice and eye contact.
Answer Keys (Suggested answers)
Starbucks is the most famous chain of retail coffee shops in the world. It mainly benefits from roasting, selling special coffee beans and various kinds of coffee or tea drinks. It owns about 4,000 branches in the whole world. Moreover, it has been one of the most rapidly growing corporations in America. The reasons why Starbucks is worldwide popular are not only the good quality of its coffee beans and drinks, but also its excellent customer service and cozy environment.
Starbucks has acted in a socially responsible way in terms of supporting local communities, educating and empowering workers, promoting gender and minority equality, cutting down energy and water consumption, reducing waste, recycling, and adopting sustainable sourcing, etc.
As for the social impact, the vision of Starbucks is to help inspire their partners, customers, suppliers and neighbors to create positive change. Starbucks intends to help people be innovators, leaders and contributors to an inclusive society and a healthy environment so that the brand and everyone it touches can endure and thrive. Translation of Text B
共享经济的道德观
自2010年推出网约车应用程序以来，优步已经花费了数百万美元来对抗一系列来自全球各地政府、司机、乘客和竞争对手的诉讼。

从公司审查司机的方式到广告宣传的方式，优步在安全性、违反法规、劳工权利和营业税等方面都受到了挑战。

在辩护中，优步坚持认为它不是一家运输公司，而只是一个将客户与独立承包商联系起来的在线平台，其中许多问题的责任在司机身上。

新经济的成长
作为新的“共享经济”的一部分，优步和类似的科技公司，比如爱彼迎、跑腿兔和法国长途、短途拼车平台，利用了互联网时代带来的数据共享便利性以及对在线社区的信任感。

它们为人们提供了分享未被充分利用的财物的途径，承诺增强工作场所的可持续性和民主化。

它们重新定义了人们做生意的方式。

而且，顾名思义，它们承诺采取互惠互利和负责任的行为。

在此过程中，许多像优步这样的公司通过规避传统企业竞争对手所面临的法规、税收、许可证和各种收费获得了竞争优势。

随着他们的收入和对他们的投诉数量的增加，人们越来越多地质疑，这些公司是否真的只是为个体商人提供交易便利的技术平台，还是应该被视作与运输公司、酒店和就业机构负有同样责任的现实世界里的公司。

世界上最成功的初创企业
从商业角度来看很难说优步不是一例成功典范。

自成立以来的七年里，该公司从一个不被看好的硅谷初创公司发展成为全球估值最高的私人控股公司之一，业务遍及500多个城市，拥有100亿美元的股权融资。

优步颠覆性的技术成功且有效地促使出租车公司开展整顿活动，为行业带来新的效率。

公司每扩张到一个新的城市，潜在客户和驾驶合伙人都会寻求与它合作，这使该公司在它看来具有了合法性（有些人说是自大的态度），在几乎不理会运输行业管理条例的情况下开始运营。

但优步咄咄逼人的商业策略受到了抨击。

例如，有指控称，该公司鼓励其司机拨打虚假电话，订购数千次乘车服务，以堵塞某个在线竞争对手的服务；在其他地方，竞争对手指控该公司故意将车费压得很低，足以让出租车服务公司和其他汽车公司破产。

点对点的民宿网络爱彼迎也被指控为无视法律和责任，并因在居民区为类似酒店的经营提供便利而受到责难。

纽约州总检察长在2014年的一份报告中指出，该公司在纽约市70%以上的租赁房源是非法的。

除了传统酒店经营者的担忧和税收损失外，倡议约束爱彼迎的其他理由还包括住宅楼内短期租客带来的噪音和其他形式的干扰问题。

共享经济的互利与责任
批评者说，新共享经济的本质，即拥有更大网络的大公司对客户更具吸引力，不但会使传统企业竞争对手破产，而且这种本质正在形成一种垄断，其中一两个平台统治着整个市场。

这些公司的庞大规模，所获的利润以及为推广其品牌做出的努力，使得优步和爱彼迎之类的公司很难继续冒充被动的中介。

有人认为，这些公司及其风投赞助人正在利用“共享”的积极象征意义，同时却抽走太多的价值（尽管目前尚停留在纸面上）。

作为大型的营利性公司，公平地说，这些行业巨头不仅仅只是平台，还应该为其名下运营的服务承担更大的责任。

然而，它们是否承担与诸如出租车服务相同的责任及其对司机的责任还有待商榷。

管控与灵活性
共享经济并非完全不受约束，而是在一定程度上通过分散监控来对其管控，即用户可以对他们的优步司机或爱彼迎房东进行打分。

然而，越来越显而易见的是，这还不够，监管机构仍应发挥作用，确保在所谓的共享经济中，各组织的经济成功不是基于他们逃避税收、道德标准和法律的能力。

监管机构必须与新的“共享”商业模式同步发展，并考虑引入不同的术语，如“按需经济”、“准入经济”或“点对点经济”，以及适当的监管约束。

他们应该保护通过创新创造的价值——肯定几乎没有人希望回到优步之前的出租车服务——但还应通过有适当细微差异的管理规章保护更接近“共享经济”这一术语概念的较小型组织。

这种做法将使监管机构能够灵活区分“优步化”公司和其他较小型的组织，以及在类似保护伞下开展的非营利活动。

Viewing
Teaching Steps
1.Guide Ss to learn to listen for details in a lecture by reading the information on
Page 61. Get Ss ready for Task 1.
2.Draw Ss’ attention to the Word bank before watching the video clip.
3.Play the video clip and ask Ss to listen for details and find out answers to the
questions in Task 1.
4.Play the video clip again and ask Ss to complete Task 2.
Answer Keys
Task 1
1. Being socially responsible doesn’t just make your company look and feel good. It also makes good business sense.
2. They’re willing to pay more for products and services from companies that are committed to having a positive social and environmental impact.
3. Millennials.
4. Four.
First, make social responsibility part of your company’s DNA.
Second, focus on causes that align with your business.
Third, engage your employees in the effort.
Finally, get the word out.
Task 2
1) communities
2) committing
3) striking
4) rate
5) engagement
6) Conversely
7) pay a price
8) boycotts
Script
Corporate Social Responsibility in Branding, Promoting Good, and Increasing Profits
Being socially responsible doesn't just make your company look and feel good. It also makes good business sense. Policies that help make the world a better place have the potential to boost company revenues, increase customer satisfaction, and cut staff. But how? More than half of consumers say they’re willing to pay more for products and services from companies that are committed to having a positive social and environmental impact. That’s especially true for Millennials, the seventy-five million strong generation. Of those willing to pay extra for sustainable products, 51% were
Millennials. So, is your company ready to embrace social responsibility and take advantage of the opportunity? If so, here's how to get started.
First, make social responsibility part of your company's DNA, making choices that help the environment, employees, and communities. In 2010 consumer goods giant Unilever announced its Sustainable Living Plan committing to having the environmental footprint of its products by 2020. The results have been striking. Its sustainable living brands grew at twice the rate as the rest of the company. And Unilever's employee engagement and reputation have risen since it started its Sustainable Living Plan. Conversely, companies that act irresponsibly could pay a price with a tarnished reputation, fines, and litigation, and even boycotts and lost sales.
The next step is to focus on causes that align with your business. Coffee giant Starbucks pledge to source beans grown ethically and sustainably and buy from suppliers that provide safe, humane work conditions. It's important to remember that your social efforts should complement the company's primary business mission.
Another essential step is to engage your employees in the effort. Companies with social responsibility programs often attract highly-qualified young candidates and have lower turnover. That's because millennials are considered the most socially engaged generation since the 1960s. They want to work with purpose.
Finally, get the word out. If you use organic ingredients in your product, your customers need to know about it. Use your commitment to corporate social responsibility for recruitment efforts. Given the choice, most consumers want to buy from companies that engage with the outside world. Committing to do good and following through on that promise could be one of the smartest business investments you can make.
Speaking
Teaching Steps
1.Guide Ss through the instructions on having a clear structure and a sense of timing
in presentation.
2.Draw Ss’ attention to the Task. Ask Ss to remain in the groups formed for doing
Researching task. Guide Ss to structure their presentation and have a proper time control by following the suggested steps.
3.Each group makes a presentation of their case study to the class. (This could be
combined with the task of Researching)
4.C omment on Ss’ performance and give suggestions on how to improve.
Writing
Teaching Steps
1.Guide Ss to understand the structure and content of the introduction part of an
academic essay. If time permits, provide more strategies for writing an introductory paragraph. The Supplementary information below is for T’s reference.
2.Draw Ss’ attention to the importance of a thesis statement.
3.Guide Ss to make a textual analysis of the sample introductory paragraph.
4.Ask Ss to do the Task and discuss their answers in pairs. Make a textual analysis
of the introductory paragraph as suggested answers.
5.Remind Ss to highlight in bold the thesis statement of their introductory paragraph.
Before they hand in their writing, they should ask at least one classmate to read and give comments on their paragraph.
6.Give feedback on Ss’ introductory paragraph. Select some model paragraphs to
share with the class.
Supplementary Information
Additional strategies for writing an introductory paragraph
1) Crafting the hook
•Think about using an interesting fact or statistics as a hook.
•Think about using an anecdote as a hook.
•Think about using a quotation as a hook.
•Think about posing a relevant and provoking question as a hook.
2) Transitioning to the thesis
•Continue explaining the hook, if necessary.
•Begin transitioning to the thesis, perhaps by outlining your argument. Find a way to connect how you started your essay to what your essay is about.
3) Writing the thesis
•Before writing your thesis, ask yourself what you’re really arguing and cut away anything that doesn’t contribute to or summarize what you're arguing.
•Do not form your thesis as a question.
•Do not use your thesis as a springboard to talk about new issues.
•Unless you’re writing a personal essay, do not write the thesis in the first person.。