A study in the integration of computer algebra systems Memory management in a maple-aldor e
机电一体化主要专业用英语作文
机电一体化主要专业用英语作文Title: The Importance of Integrated Mechatronics EngineeringMechatronics is a field that combines mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer science, and control engineering to design and create intelligent systems and products. In recent years, the integration of these disciplines into one cohesive area of study has become increasingly important in the development of modern technology. This essay will discuss the main reasons why mechatronics engineering is a crucial and relevant field in today's world.Firstly, integrated mechatronics engineering is essential for the creation of advanced and efficient systems. By combining the expertise of mechanical, electronic, and computer engineers, mechatronics engineers are able to designand develop products that are not only technologically advanced, but also cost-effective and reliable. This interdisciplinary approach allows for the optimization and improvement of existing systems, as well as the development of innovative new technologies.Secondly, mechatronics engineering is vital for the ongoing evolution of automation and robotics. As industries continue to embrace automation to increase productivity and efficiency, the need for experts who can design, build, and maintain these complex systems has never been greater. Mechatronics engineers play a crucial role in the development of automated machinery, robotic systems, and autonomous vehicles, all of which are becoming increasingly prevalent in today's society.Furthermore, the integration of mechanical, electronic, and computer engineering is also essential for the advancement of smart and sustainable technologies.Mechatronics engineers are at the forefront of developing intelligent systems that can adapt to changing environmental conditions, optimize energy usage, and minimize waste. Thisis particularly important as the world seeks to transition to more sustainable and eco-friendly practices.In addition, mechatronics engineering is a key driver of innovation and advancement in various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and entertainment. By leveraging the combined expertise of multiple engineering disciplines, mechatronics engineers are able to createcutting-edge products and systems that push the boundaries of what is possible. Whether it's developing advanced medical devices, creating state-of-the-art manufacturing machinery, or designing immersive virtual reality experiences, mechatronics engineering is integral to driving progress and innovation.In conclusion, the integration of mechanical, electronic, and computer engineering into the field of mechatronics is essential for the advancement of technology and the development of intelligent and efficient systems. The interdisciplinary nature of mechatronics engineering allows for the creation of innovative products, the advancement of automation and robotics, the development of sustainable technologies, and the driving of progress and innovation across various industries. As such, mechatronics engineering is a crucial and relevant field that will continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of technology.。
计算机对人类生活的影响的英文作文
计算机对人类生活的影响的英文作文Computers have become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. The impact of computers on human life is profound and far-reaching, touching every aspect of our existence.One of the most significant ways in which computers have transformed our lives is in the realm of communication. The advent of the internet and the widespread adoption of digital devices have made it possible to connect with people across the globe instantaneously. Email, social media, and video conferencing have become the norm, allowing us to stay in touch with friends and family, collaborate on projects, and access information at the click of a button. This has not only made communication more efficient but has also brought people closer together, fostering a sense of global community.Moreover, computers have revolutionized the way we access and process information. The vast amount of data available on the internet has transformed the way we learn and acquire knowledge. With a few keystrokes, we can access a wealth of information on any topic imaginable, from the latest scientific breakthroughs to thehistory of ancient civilizations. This has made learning more accessible and engaging, empowering individuals to explore their interests and expand their horizons.In the realm of work, computers have had a profound impact on productivity and efficiency. Automation and software solutions have streamlined numerous tasks, from data entry and analysis to project management and customer service. This has not only increased the speed and accuracy of work but has also freed up time for employees to focus on more strategic and creative endeavors. Furthermore, the rise of remote work and telecommuting, facilitated by computer technology, has provided greater flexibility and work-life balance for many professionals.The influence of computers extends beyond the realms of communication and work, also transforming the way we entertain ourselves. The entertainment industry has been revolutionized by the advent of digital media, with streaming platforms, online gaming, and virtual reality experiences offering a vast array of content and immersive experiences. This has not only expanded the options available to consumers but has also created new opportunities for content creators and entrepreneurs.In the field of healthcare, computers have had a significant impact on the way medical professionals diagnose, treat, and monitor patients.Electronic health records, telemedicine, and advanced imaging technologies have improved the accuracy and efficiency of medical care, while also enhancing the ability to share information and collaborate across healthcare systems.Furthermore, the integration of computer technology into various aspects of our daily lives, from smart home devices to wearable fitness trackers, has enabled us to better manage our personal well-being, optimize our energy consumption, and streamline our daily routines.However, the impact of computers on human life is not without its challenges. The increasing reliance on technology has raised concerns about privacy, cybersecurity, and the potential for technology to disrupt traditional industries and displace workers. Additionally, the sedentary nature of many computer-based activities has contributed to concerns about physical health and the potential for technology addiction.Despite these challenges, the overall impact of computers on human life has been overwhelmingly positive. By enhancing communication, expanding access to information, improving productivity, and transforming various industries, computers have become an indispensable tool in our modern world. As technology continues to evolve, it is essential that we harness the power of computers in away that maximizes their benefits while mitigating their potential drawbacks, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals and communities around the globe.。
超大规模集成技术_翻译
外文原文:VLSI TechnologyOne of the key inventions in the history of electronics,and in fact one of the most important inventions ever period,was the transistor.It was invented by Bell Laboratories in 1948.In short,a transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it,depending on how much electricity is input to it.In other words,it is a digital switch.However,unlike the vacuum tube,it is solid state.This means that it doesn’t change its physical form as it switches.There are no moving parts in a transistor.The advantages of the transistor over the vacuum tube were enormous.Compared to the old technology,transistors were much smaller,faster, and cheaper to manufacture.They were also far more reliable and used much 1ess power.The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.The transistor was originally a single,discrete device,which you could p1ace individually into a circuit much like any other.Today,some special-purpose transistors are still used that way.What allowed the creation of modern processors was the invention of the integrated circuit,which is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together internally,without extra wiring.Integrated circuits are also called ICs or chips.A special material is used to make these integrated circuits.While most materials either insulate from electrical flow (air,glass,wood) or conduct electricity readily(metals,water),there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount。
校报记者调查学生使用计算机情况的英语作文
校报记者调查学生使用计算机情况的英语作文Investigating Students' Usage of Computers: A Comprehensive ReportIn the modern educational landscape, the integration of technology, particularly computers, has become a pivotal aspect of learning. Recognizing this trend, our school newspaper undertook a comprehensive investigation into the usage of computers among students, aiming to understand their habits, preferences, and challenges. This report presents the findings of our investigation, offering a detailed and nuanced understanding of how computers are shaping the academic journey of our student body. MethodologyTo gather accurate and representative data, we conducted a survey among students from different grade levels and academic backgrounds. The survey included questions about the frequency of computer usage, the types of activities performed, the preferred devices and software, as well as any challenges or barriers encountered. Additionally, we conducted interviews with a select group of students to gain deeper insights into their computer usage habits and perspectives.Frequency and Purposes of Computer UsageOur findings reveal that the majority of students use computers regularly for academic purposes. Whether it is for research, assignments, or online learning, computers have become an integral part of their study routine. The survey data indicates that students spend an average of four to six hours per week using computers for school-related activities, with some students reporting even higher usage. Beyond academics, students also use computers for a variety of other purposes. Many reported using them for entertainment, such as watching movies or playing games, while others used them for social networking and communication. This diverse range of uses highlights the versatility and pervasiveness of computers in students' lives.Preferred Devices and SoftwareWhen it comes to preferred devices, laptops emerged as the most popular choice among students. Their portability and ease of use make them ideal for both in-class and remote learning scenarios. Desktop computers, while less popular, are still preferred by some students for their powerful performance and larger screens. Tablets, on the other hand, are gaining popularity due to their touch-screen functionality and compact size.In terms of software preferences, Microsoft Office suite remains the dominant choice for word processing, spreadsheets, and presentations. Its familiarity and wide range of features make it a staple in academic settings. However, we also observed a growing interest in alternative software such as Google Docs and Apple's iWork suite, particularly among students who prefer cloud-based solutions for collaboration andaccessibility.Challenges and BarriersDespite the widespread use of computers among students, our investigation also uncovered some challenges and barriers. One significant issue is the digital divide, where some students lack access to computers or reliable internet connections. This disparity not only hinders their ability to complete academic tasks but also excludes them from fully participating in the digital learning environment.Another challenge is the temptation of digital distractions. Many students reported struggling to stay focused while using computers, as notifications, social media, and other distractions can easily derail their study sessions. This issue underscores the importance of developing self-regulation skills and using digital tools mindfully.RecommendationsBased on our findings, we recommend several measures to enhance students' computer usage experiences and address the identified challenges. Firstly, schools should ensure equal access to computers and internet connections for all students, regardless of their economic background. This can be achieved through initiatives like computer labs, loaner programs, or partnerships with local libraries or community centers.Secondly, students should be encouraged to develop healthy computer usage habits. This includes setting aside specific times for academic work and leisure activities, as well as learning to manage digital distractions effectively. Schools can support this by providing guidance and resources on digital well-being.Lastly, teachers and educators should continue to integrate technology into their teaching practices, leveraging the power of computers to enhance learning and engage students. This can be done through innovative uses of educational software, online simulations, and collaborative projects that harness the capabilities of digital tools.ConclusionOur investigation into students' usage of computers has revealed a complex and nuanced picture. While computers have become integral to the academic lives of students, there are still challenges and barriers that need to be addressed. By implementing the recommended measures and fostering a supportive digital learning environment, we can ensure that all students can fully harness the power of computers in their academic journeys.。
电脑发明 英语作文
电脑发明英语作文Title: The Invention of Computers。
Introduction:The invention of computers stands as one of the most pivotal moments in human history, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and communicate. This essay explores the journey of computer invention, from its early beginnings to its modern-day impact on society.1. Early Precursors:Before the advent of modern computers, various mechanical devices laid the groundwork for their development. One such example is the abacus, which originated in ancient civilizations such as the Mesopotamian and Chinese cultures. The abacus facilitated basic arithmetic calculations, showcasing humanity's early attempts to automate mathematical processes.2. The Analytical Engine:In the 19th century, Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, conceptualized the Analytical Engine, a mechanical device designed to perform general-purpose computations. Although never fully realized during his lifetime, Babbage's ideas laid the foundation for modern computing. His vision included concepts like loops, conditional branching, and programmability, foreshadowing key elements of contemporary computer architecture.3. The Birth of Electronic Computers:The mid-20th century witnessed significant advancements in electronic computing. One landmark achievement was the development of the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946. Designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC was the world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer. Its construction marked a paradigm shift, transitioning computing from mechanical toelectronic processes.4. The Turing Machine and Computational Theory:Concurrently, Alan Turing, a British mathematician, laid down the theoretical groundwork for computing with his concept of the Turing Machine. Turing's theoretical model demonstrated that any computation could be performed by a machine following a set of predefined rules. This insight became fundamental to the development of modern computers and computational theory.5. Evolution of Transistors and Integrated Circuits:The subsequent decades saw rapid progress in semiconductor technology, leading to the invention of transistors and integrated circuits. Transistors replaced bulky vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient. This miniaturization paved the way for the proliferation of computers in various domains, from business to academia and beyond.6. Personal Computers and the Digital Revolution:The 1970s witnessed the emergence of personal computers, marking a transformative era known as theDigital Revolution. Companies like Apple and IBM introduced affordable, user-friendly computers that democratized access to computing power. The graphical user interface (GUI) further enhanced usability, making computers accessible to a broader audience.7. Internet and Networking:The integration of computers with networking technologies, culminating in the creation of the internet, revolutionized communication and information sharing. Tim Berners-Lee's invention of the World Wide Web in 1989 transformed the internet into a global platform for collaboration, commerce, and knowledge dissemination.8. Modern Computing Paradigms:Today, computing continues to evolve with emergingparadigms such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. Cloud computing enables on-demand access to computing resources over the internet, fostering scalability and flexibility in software development. Artificial intelligence, powered by machine learning algorithms, enables computers to perform complex tasks traditionally requiring human intelligence. Quantum computing holds the promise of solving computationally intractable problems by harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics.Conclusion:In conclusion, the invention of computers has reshaped every aspect of human civilization, from education and healthcare to entertainment and industry. The journey of computer invention embodies human ingenuity, innovation, and relentless pursuit of progress. As we navigate the digital age, it is essential to reflect on the transformative power of computers and their profound impact on shaping the world we inhabit.。
计算机辅助制造 英语
计算机辅助制造英语Computer-Aided ManufacturingThe advent of computer technology has revolutionized the manufacturing industry, ushering in a new era of efficiency, precision, and innovation. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is a crucial component of this technological revolution, transforming the way products are designed, fabricated, and assembled.At the heart of CAM lies the integration of computer software and hardware to automate and streamline the manufacturing process. This integration allows for the creation of digital models and simulations, which can be used to optimize production workflows, reduce waste, and improve overall product quality.One of the primary benefits of CAM is its ability to enhance the precision and accuracy of manufacturing processes. Traditional manual methods often relied on the skill and experience of the operator, leading to potential inconsistencies and errors. CAM, on the other hand, leverages computer-controlled machinery to execute tasks with unparalleled accuracy, ensuring that every component is produced to the exact specifications required.This precision is particularly crucial in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medical device manufacturing, where even the slightest deviation can have significant consequences. CAM enables manufacturers to produce parts and assemblies with tighter tolerances, reducing the need for costly rework or post-processing steps.Another key advantage of CAM is its ability to streamline the production process. By automating various tasks, such as tool path generation, material removal, and part positioning, CAM systems can significantly reduce the time and labor required to manufacture a product. This increased efficiency not only enhances productivity but also allows for greater flexibility in adapting to changing market demands and customer needs.Moreover, CAM systems can be integrated with other computer-aided technologies, such as Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE), to create a comprehensive digital ecosystem. This integration enables seamless data transfer and collaboration between different stages of the product development cycle, from design to production, ultimately leading to a more streamlined and integrated manufacturing workflow.The use of CAM has also had a profound impact on the versatilityand complexity of manufactured products. With the ability to precisely control the manufacturing process, designers and engineers can now create more intricate and innovative designs that were previously difficult or impossible to produce using traditional methods. This has led to the emergence of new product categories, such as customized and personalized goods, as well as the ability to manufacture complex parts and assemblies that were once considered too challenging or cost-prohibitive.Furthermore, the integration of CAM with advanced technologies, such as 3D printing and robotics, has further expanded the capabilities of the manufacturing industry. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, allows for the creation of complex geometries and the production of parts on-demand, reducing the need for traditional tooling and inventory. Robotic systems, on the other hand, can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks, from material handling to assembly, with unparalleled speed and precision.The impact of CAM on the manufacturing industry cannot be overstated. It has not only improved the efficiency and quality of production but has also enabled the creation of more innovative and complex products. As technology continues to advance, the role of CAM in shaping the future of manufacturing is likely to become even more significant.However, the adoption of CAM is not without its challenges. Implementing and integrating these systems requires significant investment in both hardware and software, as well as the training and upskilling of the workforce. Additionally, the reliance on computer-controlled machinery and software can introduce new risks, such as cybersecurity threats and system failures, which must be carefully managed.Despite these challenges, the benefits of CAM are undeniable, and its continued evolution and adoption are crucial for the manufacturing industry to remain competitive in the global market. As companies strive to meet the ever-changing demands of consumers and stay ahead of the curve, the role of computer-aided manufacturing will only become more integral to their success.。
未来电脑发展趋势(双语)
未来电脑发展趋势微软平台小组负责人Jim Allchin在演讲中描述了现代电脑和其他设备的发展远景。
Allchin说:“我相信最成功的公司是那些知道人们需要什么的公司。
为了增强用户的应用体验,我们不能只是让电脑变得更强大,我们应该让电脑走出办公室,并把它的应用延伸到诸如客厅、厨房、卧室或车库等地方,我们甚至可以让电脑如同手表一样戴在手上。
”Windows生物识别越来越多的重要和保密的信息被储存在个人电脑中,由于密码泄漏而造成的敏感信息被非法访问的可能性增加了。
Windows生物识别技术为用户提供了一种方便、快速、不必使用复杂的密码管理就可以登录电脑的方法。
由于使用指纹进行识别,因此用于Windows生物识别技术的生物密码是惟一的,这就大大加强了电脑系统的安全性。
“Longhorn”的通讯性能目前,人们在电脑上使用得最多的通讯应用有两个,一个是电子邮件,另一个是即时通讯。
而实际上,大部分人的通讯应用却涉及到更多的通讯设备,如手机和普通有线电话等。
在日常工作中,人们交替使用不同的通讯设备,而这些通讯设备并没有被协调起来一起工作。
其结果是各种信息被分隔开来,用户要花很多时间来对这些分离信息进行管理。
例如,用户必须为不同的通讯设备设置不同的通讯录。
“Longhorn”将各种不同的通讯应用无缝地整合在一起,这让用户可以共享和同步来自电脑和其他通讯设备上的数据。
通过“Longhorn”的通讯应用功能,任何一种通讯联系都可以由其他方式的通讯应用来替换实现,这大大增强了用户通讯应用的灵活性。
“Longhorn”将不同的通讯软件和硬件整合在一起,这让用户可以更方便地进行信息交流。
而通过对各种通讯功能的整合,电脑的通讯功能得到了更进一步的提升。
电源感知技术微软电源感知技术(Microsoft Power Sense)是一种创新的技术,这项技术是电脑硬件和软件相结合的成果,它基于电脑硬件在架构上的改进和操作系统上更好的电源管理性能。
流动化学英语
流动化学英语Fluid Chemistry: An Exploration of the Dynamic Nature of Chemical ProcessesThe realm of chemistry is a captivating and ever-evolving landscape, where the intricate dance of atoms and molecules captivates the minds of scientists and enthusiasts alike. At the heart of this dynamic field lies the concept of fluid chemistry, a fascinating realm that explores the dynamic and ever-changing nature of chemical processes. From the cascading reactions in living organisms to the intricate choreography of industrial processes, fluid chemistry offers a unique perspective on the fundamental principles that govern the transformation of matter.At its core, fluid chemistry is the study of chemical systems that are in a constant state of flux, where the composition, structure, and properties of the reactants and products are in a perpetual state of change. This fluidity, or dynamism, is a hallmark of many chemical processes, and it is this very quality that makes the field of fluid chemistry so intriguing and challenging.One of the primary aspects of fluid chemistry is the study of reactionkinetics, the science that explores the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions. In a fluid system, these rates can be influenced by a multitude of factors, including temperature, pressure, the presence of catalysts, and the concentration of reactants. By understanding the intricate interplay of these variables, scientists can gain valuable insights into the underlying principles that govern the behavior of chemical systems.Another key facet of fluid chemistry is the exploration of transport phenomena, the study of how materials and energy move within a system. In a fluid environment, the movement of molecules, ions, and even entire phases can have a profound impact on the overall behavior of a chemical system. The study of diffusion, convection, and other transport processes is crucial in understanding the dynamics of chemical reactions, as well as in the design and optimization of industrial processes.The applications of fluid chemistry are far-reaching and diverse, spanning a wide range of industries and disciplines. In the realm of biology, fluid chemistry plays a critical role in the understanding of cellular processes, where the intricate dance of biomolecules is essential for the maintenance and regulation of life. In the field of materials science, fluid chemistry is integral to the development of advanced materials, from self-healing polymers to responsive gels.Moreover, fluid chemistry is at the heart of many industrial processes, from the production of pharmaceuticals and fuels to the purification of water and the treatment of waste. By understanding the dynamic nature of these processes, engineers and scientists can develop more efficient, sustainable, and environmentally-friendly methods of production, ultimately contributing to the betterment of our world.The study of fluid chemistry is not without its challenges, however. The inherent complexity of these dynamic systems can make them difficult to model and predict, requiring the integration of various scientific disciplines, from physics and mathematics to computer science and engineering. Yet, it is precisely this complexity that makes the field of fluid chemistry so captivating and rewarding.As we delve deeper into the world of fluid chemistry, we uncover a tapestry of interconnected phenomena, where the seemingly simple transformations of matter are revealed to be intricate and fascinating. From the cascading reactions in the human body to the intricate processes that drive the global economy, the study of fluid chemistry offers a unique and invaluable perspective on the dynamic nature of our world.In conclusion, the field of fluid chemistry is a testament to the enduring curiosity and ingenuity of the human spirit. By exploring the ever-changing landscapes of chemical processes, we gain adeeper understanding of the fundamental principles that govern the natural world, and we are empowered to harness this knowledge to create a better, more sustainable future for all.。
计算机技术的英语
计算机技术的英语Computer Technology in EnglishThe rapid advancement of computer technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. From the early days of bulky mainframe computers to the sleek and powerful devices we carry in our pockets, the evolution of computer technology has been nothing short of remarkable. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of computer technology and its profound impact on our lives.One of the most significant advancements in computer technology has been the development of personal computers. The introduction of the personal computer in the 1970s and 1980s democratized access to computing power and transformed the way individuals interact with technology. The personal computer has become an essential tool for a wide range of tasks, from word processing and data analysis to entertainment and creative expression. With the advent of user-friendly operating systems and graphical user interfaces, even those with limited technical expertise can navigate and utilize the powerful capabilities of these devices.Alongside the rise of personal computers, the internet has emergedas a transformative force in our lives. The ability to connect computers globally has opened up a world of information, communication, and collaboration. The internet has revolutionized the way we access and share knowledge, conduct business, and maintain social connections. From email and instant messaging to social media and video conferencing, the internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, enabling us to stay connected and informed like never before.The proliferation of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, has further amplified the impact of computer technology. These portable devices have become extensions of our daily lives, allowing us to access information, communicate, and perform a variety of tasks on the go. The integration of powerful processors, high-resolution displays, and intuitive touch interfaces has made mobile devices increasingly versatile and user-friendly. Moreover, the development of mobile applications (apps) has created a vast ecosystem of software solutions tailored to meet our needs, from productivity tools to entertainment and lifestyle applications.Beyond personal computing, computer technology has also revolutionized various industries and sectors. In the field of healthcare, computer-aided diagnosis, robotic surgery, and electronic health records have transformed the way medical professionals deliver care. In the finance industry, automated tradingsystems, online banking, and mobile payment technologies have streamlined financial transactions and enhanced accessibility. In the realm of education, digital learning platforms, virtual classrooms, and educational software have revolutionized the way we acquire and disseminate knowledge.The impact of computer technology extends to the realm of entertainment as well. The gaming industry has evolved from simple 8-bit games to immersive, high-fidelity experiences powered by sophisticated graphics and advanced computing capabilities. The entertainment industry as a whole has been transformed by the digital revolution, with streaming services, online content creation, and interactive media becoming the new norm.One of the most exciting and rapidly evolving aspects of computer technology is the field of artificial intelligence (AI). AI-powered systems are capable of processing vast amounts of data, recognizing patterns, and making decisions with remarkable speed and accuracy. From virtual assistants that respond to our voice commands to autonomous vehicles that navigate roads, AI is poised to revolutionize the way we interact with technology and tackle complex problems.As computer technology continues to advance, we are also witnessing the emergence of new frontiers, such as quantumcomputing and blockchain technology. Quantum computing harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations and solve problems that are beyond the reach of classical computers. Blockchain technology, on the other hand, offers a decentralized and secure platform for digital transactions and record-keeping, with applications in areas like cryptocurrency, supply chain management, and digital identity.While the benefits of computer technology are numerous, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and ethical considerations that come with its rapid development. Issues such as data privacy, cybersecurity, digital addiction, and the potential displacement of jobs due to automation require careful consideration and responsible policymaking. As we embrace the wonders of computer technology, we must also strive to address these challenges and ensure that the benefits are equitably distributed and the risks are mitigated.In conclusion, the evolution of computer technology has been a remarkable journey, transforming every aspect of our lives. From personal computing and the internet to mobile devices and artificial intelligence, computer technology has empowered us with unprecedented capabilities, revolutionized industries, and opened up new frontiers of innovation. As we continue to harness the power of computer technology, it is crucial that we do so in a responsible andethical manner, ensuring that the benefits of this remarkable technology are accessible to all and that its impact on society is positive and sustainable.。
电脑在教育中的重要作用英语作文
电脑在教育中的重要作用英语作文(中英文版)The integration of computers into education has brought about a revolutionary shift in the way we learn and acquire knowledge.The computer, an indispensable tool in modern times, plays a vital role in facilitating educational processes, enhancing learning experiences, and preparing students for the digital age.电脑在教育领域的融合为我们的学习方式和知识获取带来了革命性的变化。
在这个现代不可或缺的工具——电脑,在教育过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,它不仅提高了学习体验,还在为学生们迎接数字化时代做准备。
From primary schools to universities, computers have become an integral part of the curriculum.They provide access to a vast amount of information, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students.Moreover, computer-assisted instruction allows for personalized learning, catering to individual student needs.从小学到大学,电脑已经成为课程体系中不可或缺的一部分。
它为学生提供了大量信息的访问途径,培养了学生的批判性思维和解决问题的能力。
大学生使用计算机的情况英语作文
大学生使用计算机的情况英语作文In the modern era, the use of computers has become an integral part of a university student's life. From research to assignments, the digital realm is where many students spend a significant portion of their academic journey.The versatility of computers is unmatched; they are not only used for writing papers but also for designing projects, programming, and even for virtual simulations in various fields of study. The ability to access a wealth of information at the click of a button has revolutionized the way students learn and interact with their coursework.Moreover, the prevalence of laptops and tablets has made it possible for students to work from anywhere, be it a library, a coffee shop, or the comfort of their own homes. This mobility has also contributed to the rise of online learning, where students can attend lectures and participate in discussions remotely.However, the reliance on computers has also brought about its own set of challenges. Issues such as digital distractions, the need for constant connectivity, and the potential for academic dishonesty through plagiarism are concerns that universities must address.Despite these challenges, the benefits of computer use in higher education are undeniable. They have democratizedaccess to knowledge, facilitated collaboration among students, and prepared the next generation for a world that is increasingly reliant on technology.As we look to the future, it is clear that the role of computers in education will only continue to grow.Universities must ensure that they are equipping studentswith the necessary skills to navigate this digital landscape effectively, while also fostering a culture of ethical and responsible computer use.In conclusion, the integration of computers into thedaily life of a university student is a testament to the evolving nature of education. As we embrace this change, itis crucial to balance the opportunities with the responsibilities that come with such powerful tools.。
八年级关于电脑应用的英语作文
八年级关于电脑应用的英语作文【中英文版】**English Composition: Computer Applications in Eighth Grade**In the modern era, the integration of computer technology in education has become indispensable, especially for students in eighth puters are no longer limited to being a subject; they have become a tool for learning across all disciplines.This essay aims to explore the various applications of computers in the lives of eighth-grade students.Firstly, computers play a vital role in research and information gathering.With access to the internet, students can delve into diverse topics to enhance their understanding of subjects like science, mathematics, and social studies.They can access online libraries, academic journals, and educational websites, which provide up-to-date and comprehensive information that aids in completing assignments and projects.Moreover, computer applications facilitate interactive and engaging learning cational software and applications designed for eighth-grade students offer personalized learning paths, catering to individual strengths and weaknesses.These tools often employ gamification, making learning enjoyable and competitive, which motivates students to excel.The use of computers also extends to collaborative projects.Online platforms allow students to work together on assignments regardless of their physical location.This fosters teamwork, communication, and the development of crucial social skills.Students learn to delegate tasks, share ideas, and provide constructive feedback, all of which are essential for future academic and professional success.In addition, computers are instrumental in honing digital literacy skills.Eighth-grade students learn how to navigate the digital landscape responsibly, evaluating the credibility of sources and understanding the importance of digital privacy and security.These skills are not only academic but also prepare students for the digital age they will continue to live and work in.Lastly, computer applications are essential for developing creativity and innovation.Graphic design, video editing, programming, and other digital art forms are all accessible to eighth-grade students.They can express their creativity and critical thinking skills through various digital media, fostering a sense of accomplishment and self-expression.In conclusion, the role of computer applications in the lives of eighth-grade students is multifaceted and crucial.From enhancing research capabilities to fostering collaboration and creativity, computers have become an integral part of modern education.As we continue to advance technologically, it is vital that students are equipped with the skillsnecessary to navigate and succeed in this digital world.**八年级关于电脑应用的英语作文**在现代教育体系中,电脑技术的融合变得不可或缺,特别是对于八年级学生而言。
个人计算机的英文单词
个人计算机的英文单词Personal computers have become an integral part of our daily lives. They have transformed the way we work study and communicate with one another. The ubiquity of personal computers can be attributed to their versatility ease of use and increasing affordability. In this essay we will explore the history development and various components that make up a personal computer.The origins of the personal computer can be traced back to the 1970s when microprocessor technology enabled the creation of smaller and more affordable computing devices. Prior to this mainframe computers were large expensive and accessible only to large organizations and research institutions. The introduction of the microprocessor allowed for the development of smaller and more user-friendly computers that could be purchased by individual consumers.One of the earliest personal computers was the Apple I developed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1976. This was followed by the release of the IBM PC in 1981 which quickly became the standard forpersonal computing. Over the years personal computers have undergone significant advancements in terms of processing power storage capacity and overall functionality.Modern personal computers consist of several key components. The central processing unit CPU is the brain of the computer responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. The amount of RAM random access memory installed determines how much information the computer can access and process at any given time. The hard disk drive or solid state drive provides long-term storage for files programs and the operating system.The motherboard serves as the central hub connecting all the various components of the computer. Video cards allow for high-quality graphics and gaming performance while sound cards provide audio capabilities. Peripheral devices such as the keyboard mouse and monitor allow for user input and output. Connectivity options such as Ethernet WiFi and Bluetooth enable communication with other devices and the internet.Beyond the hardware components the operating system is a crucial software element of a personal computer. The operating system manages the computer s resources and provides a user interface for interacting with the machine. Popular operating systems for personal computers include Microsoft Windows Apple macOS and variousLinux distributions.In addition to the operating system personal computers also host a wide range of application software. Productivity suites like Microsoft Office allow users to create documents spreadsheets and presentations. Web browsers enable access to the internet and online services. Media players facilitate the consumption of audio and video content. Gaming software provides entertainment and visual stimulation.The rise of cloud computing has also had a significant impact on personal computers. Many applications and services can now be accessed and utilized through the internet reducing the need for local storage and processing power. Cloud storage solutions allow users to access their files from any device with an internet connection.Personal computers have evolved tremendously since their inception. They have become more powerful efficient and user-friendly. The integration of mobile devices and cloud computing has further expanded the capabilities of personal computers. As technology continues to advance the role of personal computers in our daily lives is only expected to grow stronger.。
英语作文被电脑代替
英语作文被电脑代替Title: The Advent of Computer-Generated English Essays。
In the contemporary era, the realm of English composition is witnessing a profound transformation catalyzed by technological advancements. With the emergence of sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) models, such as natural language processing (NLP) algorithms, the traditional landscape of essay writing is undergoing a paradigm shift. The convergence of computational power and linguistic proficiency has led to the development of computer programs capable of generating high-qualityEnglish essays autonomously. This trend prompts a critical examination of the implications of computer-generatedessays replacing human-written compositions.Firstly, it is imperative to acknowledge the efficiency and productivity gains associated with the utilization ofAI in essay writing. Computer programs equipped with NLP algorithms can rapidly analyze vast datasets, extractrelevant information, and generate coherent and well-structured essays within minutes. This remarkable speed and scalability significantly reduce the time and effort required for content creation, thereby enhancing productivity levels in educational settings and beyond.Moreover, the advent of computer-generated essays has democratized access to academic resources and educational opportunities. In regions with limited access to quality education or resources, AI-powered platforms can serve as invaluable tools for self-directed learning. Students can leverage these platforms to access a diverse range of essay topics, learning materials, and writing styles, thereby augmenting their knowledge and honing their writing skills autonomously.Furthermore, the integration of AI in essay writing mitigates inherent biases and subjective interpretations often associated with human-authored compositions. Computer programs operate based on predefined algorithms and objective criteria, devoid of personal biases or predispositions. Consequently, the evaluation of essaysbecomes more standardized and impartial, ensuring a fair and equitable assessment process in educationalinstitutions and professional environments.Despite the numerous benefits attributed to computer-generated essays, concerns regarding authenticity and creativity persist. While AI models excel in synthesizing information and adhering to grammatical conventions, they may lack the nuanced understanding, creativity, and originality inherent in human-authored compositions. The absence of genuine human insight and emotional intelligence in computer-generated essays may undermine their authenticity and impact, particularly in domains requiring subjective interpretation or creative expression.Moreover, the widespread adoption of computer-generated essays raises ethical considerations regarding intellectual property rights and academic integrity. The ease with which AI programs can produce essays resembling human-authored content poses challenges in distinguishing between original work and automated submissions. This phenomenon exacerbates issues of plagiarism and academic dishonesty, necessitatingthe implementation of robust authentication mechanisms and ethical guidelines to preserve academic integrity.Furthermore, the reliance on AI in essay writing engenders concerns regarding job displacement and the devaluation of human creativity and expertise. As AI technologies continue to advance, there is a looming apprehension that automated systems may render humanwriters obsolete, leading to unemployment and economic disparities. Additionally, the commodification of essay writing services facilitated by AI may diminish the perceived value of authentic human creativity and craftsmanship in literary endeavors.In conclusion, the proliferation of computer-generated essays heralds a new era in the field of English composition, characterized by unprecedented efficiency, accessibility, and standardization. While AI technologies offer immense potential to revolutionize the way essays are written and evaluated, they also raise profound ethical, social, and economic implications. As we navigate the evolving landscape of AI-driven education and literarycreation, it is essential to strike a balance between harnessing the transformative power of technology and safeguarding the fundamental principles of authenticity, creativity, and human ingenuity in the realm of English writing.。
计算机课对学生的好处坏处英语作文
计算机课对学生的好处坏处英语作文The Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Classes for StudentsIn today's digital age, technology plays a significant role in education. One of the essential technological advancements that have impacted education is the integration of computer classes into the curriculum. Computer classes offer students the opportunity to develop essential skills that are crucial in today's society. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages to having computer classes for students.Advantages of Computer Classes for Students:1. Enhanced Technology Skills: Computer classes help students develop essential technology skills that are becoming increasingly important in today's job market. Students learn how to use various software programs, navigate the internet, and utilize digital tools effectively.2. Improved Problem-Solving Skills: Working with computers requires students to think critically and solve problems efficiently. Computer classes can help students improve their analytical and problem-solving abilities.3. Increased Creativity: Technology provides students with various tools that encourage creativity. Through computer classes, students can explore different ways to express themselves creatively, whether through graphic design, coding, or multimedia projects.4. Access to Information: Computers provide students with access to a vast amount of information and resources that can enhance their learning experience. Students can research topics, access online libraries, and collaborate with peers on projects more effectively.5. Career Opportunities: By developing technology skills through computer classes, students increase their chances of securing future job opportunities in tech-related fields. Employers often look for candidates with strong computer skills, making computer classes a valuable asset for students.Disadvantages of Computer Classes for Students:1. Potential Distraction: While computers can enhance learning, they can also be a source of distraction for students. Students may be tempted to browse social media, play games, or engage in other non-academic activities during class time.2. Health Concerns: Excessive computer use can lead to health issues such as eye strain, headaches, and musculoskeletal problems. Students who spend long hours in front of a computer screen may be at risk of developing these health problems.3. Dependence on Technology: Relying too heavily on technology can hinder students' ability to think critically and problem-solve independently. Students may become dependent on technology to provide answers rather than developing their own critical thinking skills.4. Inequality: Not all students have equal access to technology outside of the classroom, which can create disparities in learning opportunities. Students who lack access to computers or the internet at home may struggle to keep up with their peers in computer classes.5. Cybersecurity Risks: Using computers exposes students to cybersecurity risks such as malware, phishing, and identity theft. Students must be educated on how to protect their personal information and stay safe online.In conclusion, computer classes offer students numerous benefits, including enhanced technology skills, improved problem-solving abilities, increased creativity, access to information, and career opportunities. However, there are alsopotential disadvantages, such as distractions, health concerns, dependence on technology, inequality, and cybersecurity risks. It is essential for educators and policymakers to address these challenges while maximizing the benefits of computer classes for students' academic and professional growth. By balancing the advantages and disadvantages of computer classes, students can fully harness the power of technology in their educational journey.。
社会实践工作计算机英语
Introduction:In the rapidly evolving digital age, the integration of computer technology into various aspects of our lives has become inevitable. This has led to the emergence of a new language known as Computer English, which plays a crucial role in the field of social practice work. This essay aims to explore the significance of Computer English in social practice work, its applications, and the challenges it poses.I. The Significance of Computer English in Social Practice Work1. Communication Bridge:Computer English serves as a bridge for communication between professionals from different countries and cultures. It enables individuals to express their ideas, share information, and collaborate on projects without language barriers.2. Professional Development:Proficiency in Computer English is essential for professionals in the field of social practice work. It enhances their ability to conduct research, analyze data, and stay updated with the latest advancements in technology and social sciences.3. Global Opportunities:As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, individuals with strong Computer English skills have access to global job markets and opportunities. This opens doors for professionals to work on international projects, exchange ideas, and contribute to global development.II. Applications of Computer English in Social Practice Work1. Research and Analysis:Computer English is widely used in conducting research and analyzing data. Professionals can access international databases, journals, and research papers, enabling them to gather diverse perspectives and insights.2. Project Management:Effective communication in Computer English is crucial in managing projects, especially those involving international collaboration. It helps in conveying project goals, assigning tasks, and tracking progress.3. Training and Development:Computer English is essential in designing and delivering training programs. Professionals can create content, conduct webinars, and provide online support to individuals and organizations across the globe.III. Challenges of Computer English in Social Practice Work1. Language Barriers:Despite the widespread use of Computer English, language barriers still exist. Miscommunication and misunderstandings can lead to errors and delays in project execution.2. Cultural Differences:Cultural differences can impact the effectiveness of communication in Computer English. Professionals need to be aware of these differences and adapt their communication style accordingly.3. Technological Advancements:The rapid pace of technological advancements can make it challenging for professionals to keep up with the latest terminologies and trends in Computer English. Continuous learning and adaptation are essential.Conclusion:Computer English has become an indispensable tool in the field of social practice work. It facilitates communication, enhances professional development, and opens up global opportunities. However, professionals must be aware of the challenges posed by language barriers, cultural differences, and technological advancements. By overcoming these challenges and continuously improving their Computer English skills,professionals can contribute to the advancement of social practice work on a global scale.。
集成电路的英文单词
集成电路的英文单词Integrated Circuit1. 解答与解释- 中文翻译为“集成电路”。
英语解释:An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. It is a tiny device that contains many components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, which are interconnected to perform a specific function, like processing data in a computer or amplifying a signal in an electronic device.2. 词干(词根)、前缀、后缀的使用情况- “integrate”是这个词组中的词干(词根),它的意思是“使一体化;使整合”,源于拉丁语“integratus”,表示“使完整”。
“ - ed”是过去分词的后缀,表示被动或者完成的动作,在这里“integrated”表示已经被整合的。
“circuit”本身是一个单词,词源上来自拉丁语“circuitus”,表示“环行;巡回”,没有典型的前缀或后缀在这个词组里对它进行变形。
整个词组“Integrated Circuit”是一个名词短语,是由一个形容词(integrated)+名词(circuit)组成,表示一种特殊的电路,即经过整合的电路。
3. 不同词式及造句- Integrate(动词原形)- 英文:We need to integrate all these different systems into one.- 中文:我们需要把所有这些不同的系统整合为一个。
第4单元 增益翻译法
几百兆字节大小的影像文件通过互联网进行传输
。
• (二)行文方式性增益
• 行文方式性增益多为因思维方式差异或篇章在行 文过程中的衔接需要、逻辑关系、句内隐含的逻 辑关系等而增添的句子成分。
• The new trade initiative, announced by Bush in a commencement address at the University of South Carolina, will foster goodwill in the Middle East.
• 译文:现在,石油输出国组织(欧佩克)不得不 接受人们一开始就告诉它的这样一个事实,即非 欧佩克产油国是不会合作的。但欧佩克原先不愿 相信这个事实。
• To promote high-speed Internet connection in rural areas, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications plans to allow local governments to provide rural residents with access to wireless broadband services.
第4单元 增益翻译法
一、课前练笔
• The integration of computer systems is indispensable in unifying documentation and also for such tasks as the placing of orders with factories, product delivery and information management.
电脑电视英语作文
In the modern era,the integration of technology into our daily lives has been seamless and transformative.Two of the most significant devices that have revolutionized the way we access information and entertainment are the computer and the television.Here is an essay exploring the roles and impacts of these two devices in our lives.The Evolution of ComputersComputers have come a long way since their inception.Initially,they were large, cumbersome machines used primarily for complex calculations and data processing.Over time,they have become smaller,faster,and more versatile.Today,computers are an essential part of our lives,from work to play.They enable us to communicate with people across the globe,access vast amounts of information,and perform tasks that would otherwise be impossible.The Multifaceted Role of TelevisionTelevision,on the other hand,has been a staple in households for decades.It started as a source of news and entertainment,providing a window to the world.With the advent of cable and satellite TV,the variety of content available has exploded.Now,with the rise of streaming services,television has become even more personalized and ondemand, catering to individual tastes and preferences.Comparing the TwoWhile both computers and televisions serve as conduits for information and entertainment,they do so in different puters offer an interactive experience, allowing users to engage with content,create their own,and communicate with others. Television,traditionally,has been a more passive medium,where viewers consume content that is broadcasted to them.Impact on SocietyThe impact of computers and television on society has been puters have democratized access to information and have played a crucial role in education,research, and business.Television has shaped public opinion,influenced culture,and provided a platform for storytelling and artistic expression.The Future of TechnologyLooking to the future,the lines between computers and televisions are blurring.Smart TVs now offer internet connectivity and can perform many of the functions of a computer, such as streaming content and running apps.Similarly,computers are becoming more integrated into our living spaces,with devices like tablets and smart speakers offering entertainment and information at our fingertips.ConclusionIn conclusion,computers and televisions have transformed the way we live,work,and play.They have expanded our horizons,provided new opportunities,and changed the way we interact with the world.As technology continues to evolve,it is exciting to consider the possibilities that lie ahead and the ways in which these devices will continue to shape our lives.。
电脑科技英语作文
Computer technology has become an integral part of our daily lives,transforming the way we work,learn,and communicate.In this essay,we will delve into the impact of computer technology on various aspects of modern society and explore the potential future developments in this field.The Evolution of Computer TechnologyThe journey of computer technology began with the invention of the abacus,an ancient calculating device.However,the modern computer era started with the creation of the first electronic computer,the ENIAC,in1946.Since then,there has been a rapid evolution in computing power,from mainframe computers to personal computers,and now to mobile devices and the cloud.Impact on EducationIn the educational sphere,computer technology has revolutionized the way knowledge is disseminated and accessed.Online learning platforms,digital libraries,and educational software have made it possible for students to learn at their own pace and from any location.Moreover,computerassisted learning tools have been developed to cater to different learning styles,making education more inclusive.Influence on Business and EconomyThe business world has seen a significant shift due to computer technology.Automation and digitalization have streamlined operations,reduced costs,and increased efficiency. Ecommerce has transformed the retail industry,allowing businesses to reach a global audience.Furthermore,data analytics has become a crucial tool for businesses to make informed decisions and strategize for growth.Social ImplicationsSocially,computer technology has connected people across the globe,breaking down geographical barriers.Social media platforms have become a primary source of communication and information sharing.However,this connectivity has also raised concerns about privacy,cyberbullying,and the spread of misinformation. Challenges and Ethical ConsiderationsAs computer technology advances,it brings with it a set of challenges and ethical considerations.Issues such as digital divide,where access to technology is unequal,andthe environmental impact of ewaste are pressing concerns.Additionally,the rise of artificial intelligence AI and automation raises questions about job displacement and the need for a new social contract.Future DevelopmentsLooking ahead,the future of computer technology is promising but also uncertain.The integration of AI in everyday life,the development of quantum computing,and the expansion of the Internet of Things IoT are areas that will likely see significant growth. However,these advancements also necessitate a proactive approach to address potential societal and ethical implications.ConclusionIn conclusion,computer technology has undeniably transformed our world in numerous ways.As we continue to embrace these technological advancements,it is imperative that we also consider their broader implications and strive for a balanced approach that benefits all of society.The future of computer technology holds great potential,but it also requires us to be vigilant and responsible in its development and application.。
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A STUDY IN THE INTEGRATION OFCOMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS:MEMORY MANAGEMENT IN AMAPLE–ALDOR ENVIRONMENTSTEPHEN M.WATTONTARIO RESEARCH CENTER FOR COMPUTER ALGEBRAUNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIOLONDON CANADA,N6A5B71IntroductionMany approaches have been followed to allow several computer algebra sys-tems to work together,including MP1,OpenMath2,and the IAMC frame-work5.All of these propose mechanisms for loosely coupled systems sharing data by some communications protocol.For certain types of computation,loosely coupled systems are inappropri-ate.Examples of this includes situations where•the problem treated by a foreign system would have its computation costs dominated by communication costs•the problem treated by a foreign system requires access to some a priori undetermined subset of a relatively large data structure or database •common persistent data structures are maintained and manipulated by operations in each of the computer algebra systemsWe have undertaken to study the problems which arise in the tight cou-pling of computer algebra systems.By this we mean having multiple computer algebra systems share the same address space so that objects created by one system can be passed passed by reference in calls to another system.As an interesting practical problem,we have explored the case of using Aldor code from within the Maple system,allowing Aldor and Maple programs to share data and call each other.This allows Aldor to be used as a compiled extension language for Maple,and consequently provides Maple an efficient generic programming facility.This required creating an Enhanced External Function interface for Maple7,which has been incorporated as part of the standard release of Maple since Maple7.In this paper we describe the low-level memory management issues aris-ing from this integration.The natural interface between Aldor domains and Maple modules shall be reported elsewhere.From Proc.Int.Congress Math.Software,World Scientific(2002)405Memory management is a well-studied subject(see,e.g.the ISMM pro-ceedings46),but there has been relatively little work on the integration of existing,mature memory managers.Of interest is the work on CMM3, the“customizable memory manager,”which can be useful in porting multiple C++applications to a common setting.The work reported here focuses on the integration of mark-and-sweep collectors in a language-independent setting. 2Systems IssuesThe combined Maple-Aldor environment consists of a Maple system with dy-namically loaded Aldor code.Maple and Aldor each maintain their own memory heap and use their own native formats for programs,big integers, and other data structures.Pointers to Maple objects may be passed to Aldor functions and vice versa.Likewise,data structures in the Maple heap may point to objects in the Aldor heap and vice versa.The main problems in this integration relate to the representation of inter-heap pointers and the behaviour cooperative of garbage collection.The cur-rent implementations of both Maple and Aldor use a mark-and-sweep garbage collectors,but problems arise because of different assumptions made by the respective systems:•Maple assumes that all data objects are self-identifying,and that there are afixed set of possible object types.The memory manager has intimate knowledge of thefields within each of the possible object types,and has exact knowledge of whichfields are pointers and which are data.The structure of the Maple memory manager,however,does not allow a constant time test to determine whether an address points to an object in the heap.•Aldor assumes that arbitrary data structures may be required,and that data is not self identifying.This allows easy inclusion of foreign pointers in data objects,but does not allow the memory manager to distinguish pointer from non-pointers within these objects.The Aldor memory man-ager allows fast,O(1)time test to determine whether a given address points to the beginning of an object in the heap.Because the Aldor garbage collector is more general,it does not have exact knowledge of the internal layout of allocated objects,global data or the program stack.It uses a conservative strategy where the targets of all potential pointers are regarded as live.(A potential pointer is a word that,if interpreted as a pointer,would point to a data object.) From Proc.Int.Congress Math.Software,World Scientific(2002)406It would be completely impractical to re-work the two systems to use a single memory manager for several reasons.First,it would be prohibitively costly.Second,the memory managers are now mature—any significant changes would risk introducing subtle bugs.Third,this would create a so-lution applicable only to the Maple-Aldor combination,and would not shed any light on the general problem of system integration.The approach we have taken is to allow both the Maple and Aldor heaps to co-exist and be for the most part independently managed.The problems are how to represent pointers between heaps,and how to coordinate garbage collection.3Pointers between HeapsSince the Aldor memory manager makes no assumption about the content of heap-allocated objects,pointers from Aldor objects to Maple objects are simply stored as words—i.e.in the same representation as pointers to Aldor or C objects.Life is not so simple for including pointers to foreign objects in Maple data:the Maple memory manager has detailed understanding of all the types of objects in Maple so it was necessary to introduce a new type of basic Maple object.We have called these new objects external object handles,or handles for short.Handle objects in Maple allow references to objects in external heaps to be returned from external functions to Maple.The handle objects contain three components:•one word for data,as immediate data or an external pointer•one word for type,as immediate data or an external pointer•a“mark event handler”functionThe mark event handler allows the referenced object in the external heap to be aware of garbage collection.If this function pointer is non-zero,it is called with data and type words as arguments when the handle object is marked by the garbage collector(see Section5).4Identification of ObjectsWhile the Aldor memory manager is able to determine whether an address points to the beginning of an Aldor object,the corresponding test is not possible with Maple’s memory manager.The only way to determine whether From Proc.Int.Congress Math.Software,World Scientific(2002)407an address points to an object in the Maple heap is to traverse the containing heap segment from the beginning.To allow garbage collection in the presence of inter-heap pointers,it is necessary to have certain knowledge whether a pointer into the Maple heap is actually pointing at a Maple object.Operations to traverse the Maple heap have therefore been included in the Enhanced External Function interface for this purpose.These operations allow a program to traverse the Maple heap and see the addresses of all objects.5Garbage Collection EventsWhen a reference to a Maple object is passed to an external function,or a Maple object is created by an external function,it is possible that there may be no references to that object from other Maple structures.We call these“captured Maple objects.”When such an object is not referenced by other Maple structure,it is susceptible to be garbage collected.Since Aldor functions can create captured Maple objects,it is necessary for a Maple–Aldor environment to ensure that any captured Maple objects are protected from garbage collection.Analogously,captured Aldor objects may arise from calling Maple functions on Aldor objects,and these must also be handled by a Maple–Aldor environment.Protecting captured objects can be done in any of three ways:through explicit object management,through reference counting,or through proper garbage collection.When there are many objectsflowing back and forth across an interface,and user-level library code operates on these objects,explicit management is error-prone.Reference counting does not allow the creation of cyclic data objects,which are not uncommon in a computer algebra setting. We have therefore developed an automatic method to protect captured ob-jects under garbage collection.This method relies on a protocol of“garbage collection events.”There are four garbage collection events which are made known via Maple’s new enhanced foreign function interface.These are1.the start of a garbage collection,2.the start of the mark phase,3.the marking of handles to external objects,4.the end of the garbage collection.Notification of the start,the mark phase,and end of garbage collection may be requested by registering event listeners.These take functions which should From Proc.Int.Congress Math.Software,World Scientific(2002)408be called when the appropriate event occurs.All installed start listeners are called at the beginning of a Maple garbage collection.The mark phase listeners are called when the garbage collector is willing to receive mark requests for Maple objects.The end listener is called at the end of a garbage collection.Notification of the marking of external object handles is handled on a per object basis,and is achieved by placing a mark event handler in the object itself as described in Section3.An additional Maple kernel operation is made available to allow the external application to request that its captured Maple objects be retained as live during a garbage collection.6Garbage Collection ProtocolThe garbage collection events are sufficient to allow the Maple garbage col-lector and the Aldor garbage collector to work together.By registering ap-propriate Aldor memory management functions for the the Maple GC events, we are able to establish the following protocol:1.Whichever heap initiates a garbage collection,thefirst thing it does isto initiate a garbage collection in the other,so that both heaps garbage collect synchronously.2.Traverse the Maple heap building information allowing exact constant-time identification of Maple objects.3.The Maple heap is marked starting from the Maple root set.Whenever a handle to an Aldor object is encountered,its mark event handler function is called.This will initiate marking within the Aldor heap.4.The Aldor heap is marked starting from the Aldor root set.The targets of all potential pointers are marked.(A potential pointer is a word which,if interpreted as a pointer,would point to an object.) Potential pointers to Maple objects are identified using the procedures describe in Section4.5.Discard the information allowing exact constant-time identification ofMaple objects.6.The Maple and Aldor heaps are swept independently.This protocol ensures that no live object is collected and permits object cycles to traverse heap boundaries.From Proc.Int.Congress Math.Software,World Scientific(2002)4097ConclusionsWe see that the successful tight coupling of computer algebra systems involves careful attention to interactions between memory managers.To allow the mark-and-sweep garbage collectors of Aldor and Maple to interact properly, it was necessary to•introduce the concept of garbage collection events•introduce the concept of a“handle”object in Maple•expose a limited set of representation-independent operations on the Maple heapThese provide sufficient functionality to allow the Aldor memory manager to work cooperatively with Maple’s memory manager.The additional cost associated with this implementation is an additional pass over the Maple heap to gain exact pointer knowledge.This is comparable in cost to the sweep phase of Maple’s garbage collector.References1.MP:A protocol for the efficient exchange of mathematical expressions,S.Gray,N.Kajler and P.Wang,Proc.ISSAC94International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation,pp.330-335,ACM Press1994.2.An OpenMath1.0Implementation,St´e phane Dalmas,Marc Ga¨e tano,Stephen Watt,Proc.ISSAC97International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation,pp.241-248,ACM Press1997.3.A Customisable Memory Management Framework for C++,G.Attardi,T.Flagella and P.Iglio,Software Practice and Experience,28(11),1143-1183,1998.4.Proc.ISMM’98International Symposium on Memory Management,ACM Sigplan Notices34(3),ACM Press1999.5.Design and Protocol for Internet Accessible Mathematical Computation,Paul S.Wang,Proc.ISSAC99International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation,pp.291-298,ACM Press1999.6.Proc.ISMM2000International Symposium on Memory Management,ACM Press2000.7.An Enhanced External Function Interface for Maple,S.Watt,WaterlooMaple internal report,2001.From Proc.Int.Congress Math.Software,World Scientific(2002)410。