2017年高考英语复习：题型三 第2讲 主旨大意题

[题型突破]
题型一 中心大意题 文章的中心大意往往由文章体裁所决定。议论文要是论述
作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分—总”的模式，第一段提出 论点，然后是论据部分，最后一段得出结论(论点的重申)，所以 主题句常在第一段或最后一段；说明文则是说明一个事物的用途 或制作过程，主题句一般在首段；而新闻报道却是报道一个人物 事迹或重大事件等，主题句常出现在首段首句；记叙文一般没有 明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大 意， 但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子， 则这个句子为主题句。
研究近几年课标地区的高考阅读理解题可以发现， 主旨 大意题几乎年年都有， 而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会 有 1～3 道考查此类题。 要做好主旨大意题， 我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干 扰选项的特征。 1．主旨大意题正确选项特征 (1)涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 (2)确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 (3)精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
题型二
标题归纳题 一般说来，标题具有醒目性、概括性和针对性的特点。
醒目性是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴 趣；概括性，就是指标题要覆盖文章的主要内容，体现文章的 主题；针对性是标题要直接指向文章的主要特点。标题归纳题 与中心大意题具有共同之处， 当文章主旨是一个短语或一句简 洁的话时，我们可把它看作标题；但是文章主旨往往是作者写 作目的或写作内容的归纳，一般不作为文章标题。此外，标题 必须反映文章的中心大意，概括性强，表达精准，这就要求选 项的归纳要恰如其分，范围合理。
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
二重难增分课攻克重难拉分型题目讲细讲全创满分主旨大意题推理判断题和词义猜测题这三种题型属于阅读理解中的重点难点本课针对这三种易失分的题分别加以讲解以期在二轮有限的复习时间内帮助考生攻重点破难点攻克薄弱点才是增分点
二、重难增分课
——攻克重难拉分型题目，讲细讲全创满分
主旨大意题、推理判断题和词义猜测题这三种题型属于 阅读理解中的重点、难点，本课针对这三种易失分的题分别 加以讲解，以期在二轮有限的复习时间内帮助考生攻重点、 破难点，攻克薄弱点，才是增分点。
The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos. Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.
45．What does the passage mainly present? A．A new design idea of household robots. B．Marketing strategies for social robots. C．Information on household robots. D．An introduction to social robots.
[解题样板]
本文首段对社交机器人做了总述性介绍，然后分段开始举例说明 社交机器人的用途及性能等情况，主要是对社交机器人的介绍。
社交机器人的新的设计理念。 A 文章第二、三、四段阐述了至少三种社交机器 人的设计理念，A项只说了一种。 B 社交机器人的营销策略。 文中并未提及此内容。 以偏概全， 主次不分 无中生有， 生搬硬套 以偏概全， 主次不分
2．主旨大意题干扰选项特征 (1)过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大， 超出文章所述内容。 (2)以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分 内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内 容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 (3)移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本 属于 A 的内容放在 B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案。 (4)无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章 中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章 的内容毫无联系。
第2讲
主旨大意题
[题型概述] 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考 查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中 心大意、概括段落大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作意图等 形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉 开考生的分数差距，所以将此类题设为高考试题具有很好的 选拔作用。也可以说，此类题属于能力型题目。
[典题例析]
(2015· 天津高考阅读 B 节选)
Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company's “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for. The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us，” said Breazeal.
家用机器人的相关信息。 文章第二段虽提到了家用机器人，但那是为了 C 与社交机器人对比，文章主要谈论的还是社交 机器人。 D
社交机器人的介绍。 D项准确概括了文章大意，较全面。
涵盖性强， 覆盖全文
[答案]
D
[题型技法] 掌握寻找主题句的 4 个小窍门，快速确定文章大意 弄清文章的大意，关键是找到主题句。文章的主题句通常 在文首、文末或首尾呼应，但有时也在文中，甚至没有主题句， 需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首 句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有 主题句，需要归纳。
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied ( 暗示 ) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
[典题例析] (2016· 全国卷Ⅰ阅读 D 节选) The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句 和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。
以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1 ．段落中出现表示转折的词语 ( 如 however, but, in fact, actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2． 首段出现疑问句时， 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3． 作者有意识地重复的观点， 通常是主旨； 反复出现的词语， 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等词。