0 Introduction
Lecture 0-Introduction
6. How to explore and read the wanted papers
7. How to write a paper
8. How to prepare a paper for an international conference or transactions
Useful Software
4. Control and Protection Paradigms of the Future Grid
Control and Protection Paradigms of the Future Grid
USA Future Grid Initiative： /education/archived_tele_seminars/fgwebinars .aspx
研究生专业英语
Dr. Zhou Ming Email: zhouming@ Tel: 61773830
The Arrangement
16 academic hours; 1 point Purpose: getting used to read /write academic papers on power systems in English, even be able to communicate in English. Methods: learn and read the state-of-the-art topics in power systems, not just specific words Requirements: active participating in class; read more after class Score: class performance + final report
introduction用法
Introduction用法什么是IntroductionIntroduction是英文中“介绍”一词的意思，也是指对某个主题或内容进行开篇的部分。
在文档中，Introduction通常出现在文件的开头，用于提供概述和背景信息，帮助读者快速了解文档的主题和目的。
Introduction的重要性Introduction在文档中起着非常重要的作用。
它不仅可以吸引读者的注意力，还可以帮助读者快速了解文档的主题和目的。
在一个好的Introduction中，读者应该能够了解以下内容：•文档的主题和目的•文档所涉及的相关背景知识•文档结构和组织一个清晰明了的Introduction可以帮助读者更好地理解和使用文档，提高文档的可读性和实用性。
Introduction的撰写撰写一个好的Introduction需要注意以下几点：1.简明扼要Introduction应该尽量简洁明了。
通过用简洁的语言概括主题和目的，读者可以迅速了解文档的内容，并决定是否继续阅读。
2.了解读者在撰写Introduction时，应该考虑到读者的背景和知识水平。
根据读者的需求，可以选择提供更详细的背景信息或更加直接的介绍。
3.概述文档结构在Introduction中，可以简要描述文档的结构和组织，这样读者可以在阅读前对整个文档有一个清晰的概念，并能够更好地找到所需的信息。
4.吸引读者注意力Introduction应该具有吸引读者的注意力的能力。
可以使用一些有趣的事实、问题或引用来激发读者的兴趣，让他们愿意继续阅读整个文档。
Introduction的示例以下是一个Introduction的示例，用于介绍一个新的软件产品：欢迎使用ABC软件！本文档将为您提供全面的ABC软件使用介绍。
ABC软件是一款强大的工具，可以帮助您高效地完成各种任务。
无论您是初学者还是专业人士，ABC软件都将为您提供全方位的支持和帮助。
在本文档中，您将了解到ABC软件的基本功能和特点，以及如何安装和配置ABC软件。
0.Introduction(会)概述
2019/8/15
Prof.Hu，Jinan University
29
本课程建议阅读书目
• 4。 Krishna G.Palepu，Paul M.Healy and Voctor L.Bernard： Business Analysis & Valuation： Using Financial Statements（第3版），高等教 育出版社，2005。
• 3。财务分析：如何运用财务报表（Financial Analysis：How to Uses Financial Statement ）
• 鉴于经理人的双重角色：投资者和经营者。 • 本专题将分别从外部的会计视角（经理人的投
资者角色）和内部的管理视角（经理人的经营 者角色）解读财务报表，以达到“内外兼修” 之效果，从而使经理人全面理解企业财务报表。
2019/8/15
Prof.Hu，Jinan University
28
本课程建议阅读书目
• 1。黄世忠主编：《财务报表分析：理论·框 架·方法与案例》，中国财政经济出版社， 2006。
• 2。胡玉明：《财务报表分析》（第2版），东 北财经大学出版社，2012。
• 3。 Krishna G.Palepu and Paul M.Healy：《经 营分析与评价 》（Business Analysis & Valuation：Using Financial Statements）（第4 版），东北财经大学出版社，2008。
• 显然，经理人需要掌握的是“如何运用财务报 表”（How to Use Financial Statement）的技能 ，而不是“如何编制财务报表”（How to Prepare Financial Statement）的技能。
Lecture0.Introdnction
Camera:
• Light & photograph
Robot arm:
• Movement & motor speed
Introduction: Smart Phone with Camera, GPS etc. iPhone
From /tw/
Feng-LiLian Lian© ©2013 2011 Feng-Li NTUEE-SS0-Intro-13
Introduction: Modulation & Demodulation in Communication
Feng-LiLian Lian© ©2012 2011 Feng-Li NTUEE-SS0-Intro-8
Signal Frequency Characteristics:
f (Hz) 10 20K 100M 300M 40G 2.4G 300G
Introduction: Digital Signal Processing
Feng-LiLian Lian© ©2013 2011 Feng-Li NTUEE-SS0-Intro-10
Signals and Systems
Feng-LiLian Lian© ©2013 2011 Feng-Li NTUEE-SS0-Intro-11
LTI & Convolution
(Chap 2)
Course Flowchart
Signals & Systems
(Chap 1)
Feng-LiLian Lian© ©2013 2011 Feng-Li NTUEE-SS0-Intro-18
LTI & Convolution
Computational Topology Introduction Afra Zomorodian
0IntroductionThe goal of the course is to present basic concepts from topology to enable a non-specialist to grasp and participate in current research in computational topology.As such,this course will not be a readings course.Rather,it will present basic mathematical concepts from a computer scientist’s point of view,focusing on computational challenges,and presenting algorithms and data-structures when appropriate.Near the end of the course,we will start reading papers from the area,once we have mastered the basic terminology.0.1Why was this course organized?Mathematics is written for mathematicians.—Nicholas Copernicus(1473–1543) The motive for organizing this course is that concepts in topology are useful in solving problems in computer science.These problems arise naturally in computational geometry,graphics,robotics,structural biology,and chem-istry.Often,the questions themselves have been known and considered by topologists.Unfortunately,there are many barriers to interaction:1.We do not know the language of topologists.Topology,unlike geometry,is not a required subject in high schoolmathematics,and almost never dealt with in undergraduate computer science.The problem is compounded by the axiomatic nature of topology,which generates a lot of cryptic terminology,making thefield inaccessible to non-topologists.2.Topology can be very unintuitive and therefore appear extremely complicated,often scaring away interestedcomputer scientists.3.Topology is a largefield with many branches.We often need simple concepts from each branch.There arecertainly a number of courses in topology offered by the Math department in which one may become acquainted with the material.However,the focus of these courses is theoretical,concerned with deep questions and exis-tential resultsBecause of the relative dearth of interaction between topologists and computer scientists,there are many opportunities for research.Many topological questions have large complexity:the best known bound,if any bound is known,may be exponential.For example,I once heard a talk on an algorithm that ran in quadruply exponential time!Let me makethis clear.It wasO2222xAnd you may overhear topologists boasting that their software can now handle14tetrahedra,not just13.However, better bounds may exist for questions that are not general,such as problems in low dimensions,where our interests chiefly lie.We need better algorithms,parallel algorithms,approximation schemes,data structures,and software to solve these problems within our life time(or the lifetime of the universe.)The goal of this class is to make algorithmically minded individualsfluent in the language of topology.Currently, most researchers in computational topology have a mathematics background.My hope is to recruit more computer scientists into this emergingfield.0.2What is Topology?A topologist is a man who doesn’t know the difference between a coffee cup and a donut.—Unknown Topology concerns itself with how things are connected,not how they look.Let’s start with a few examples. Example0.1(loops of string)Imagine you’re given two pieces of strings.You tie the ends of one of them,so it forms a loop.Are the strings now connected the same way,or differently?One way tofind out is to cut both,as shown in Figure1.When we cut each string,we are obviously changing its connectivity.Since the result is different,they must have been connected differently to begin with.Figure1.The string on the left is cut into two pieces.The loop string on the right is cut,but still is in one piece.Example0.2(ball and donut)Suppose you have a hollow ball(a sphere)and the surface of a donut(a torus.)When you cut the sphere anywhere,you get two pieces:the cap,and the sphere with a hole,as shown in Figure2(a)But there are ways you can cut the torus so that you only get one piece,as in Figure2(b).Somehow,the torus is acting(a)No matter where we cut the sphere,we get two pieces(b)If we’re careful,we can cut the torus and still leave it in one piece.Figure2.Two pieces or one piece?like our string loop and the sphere like the untied string.Example0.3(holding hands)Imagine you’re walking down a crowded street,holding somebody’s hand.When you reach a telephone pole and have to walk on opposite sides of the pole,you let go of the other person’s hand.Why? [Hint:Think loops of string...]Let’s look back to thefirst example.Before we cut the string,the two points near the cut are near each other.We say that they are neighbors or in each other’s neighborhoods.After the cut,the two points are no longer neighbors,and their neighborhood has changed.This is the critical difference between the untied string and the loop:the former has two ends,the latter has no ends.All the points in the loop have two neighbors,to their left and right.But the untied string has two points,each of whom has a single neighbor.This is why the two strings have different connectivity. Note that this connectivity does not change if we deform or stretch the strings(as if they are made of rubber.)As long as we don’t cut them,the connectivity remains the same.You may be rightly suspicious by now,as the toy problem we dealt with is not that complicated.Can we say anything for more complicated spaces?It turns out we can.Intrinsic topology.Topology attempts to understand the global connectivity of an object by considering how the object is connected locally.This understanding is really as classifications:objects are grouped into classes with the same connectivity.Topology identifies intrinsic properties of objects by transforming a space in somefixed way,and observing properties that do not change.We call these properties the invariants of the space.(Felix Klein gave this unifying definition for geometry and topology in his Erlanger Programm address in1872.)For example,Euclidean geometry refers to the study of invariants under rigid motion in R d,e.g.moving a cube in space does not change its geometry(thank god!)Topology,on the other hand,studies invariants under continuous,and continuously invertible, transformations.For example,we can mold and stretch a play-doh ball into afilled cube by such transformations,but not into a donut shape.Extrinsic topology.Topology is concerned not only with how an object is connected(intrinsic topology),but how it is placed within another space(extrinsic topology.)For example,suppose we put a knot on a string,and then tie its ends together.Clearly,the string has the same connectivity as the loop we saw in Example0.1.But no matter how we move the string around,we cannot get rid of the knot(in topology terms,we cannot unknot the knot into the unknot.) Or can we?Can we prove that we cannot?0.3But why are we interested?How can it be that mathematics,being after all a product of human thought independent ofexperience,is so admirably adapted to the objects of reality?As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality,they are not certain;and as far as they arecertain,they do not refer to reality.—Albert Einstein(1879–1955) We are interested in topology because topological problems often arise in areas that we’re really interested in.Not only that,whenever we encounter topology,it manifests itself in a pretty hairy fashion,so that we cannot do away with it by simple hacks.It keeps crashing our programs and making our lives miserable.Here are a few examples.Example0.4(graphics)Usually,a computer model is created by sampling the surface of an object and creating a point set.Surface reconstruction,a major area of research in computer graphics and computational geometry,refers to the recovery of the lost topology and geometry of a space.Often,we require a watertight surface,a surface with no holes or bad connections,as shown in Figure3(a).But this is a topological problem,as we are concerned with how(a)The Stanford dragon,a surface represented by3.2million triangles.It has no holes,but60 tunnels.(b)Gramicidin A,a protein,with a tunnel forchanneling ions across lipid membranes.(c)A knotted DNA[1] Figure3.Some spaces with interesting topologya surface is connected.Even if we get rid of all the holes,we are haunted by holes of another kind:tunnels.These tunnels,in turn,do not allow a full compression of the model.In topological terms,we need a2-manifold with no handles.Example0.5(robotics)A robot must often plan a path in its world which contains many obstacles.We are interested in efficiently capturing and representing the configuration space in which a robot may travel.In other words,our representation of the configuration space must have the same connectivity as the space itself.Example0.6(geography)Planetary landscapes are modeled as elevations over grids,or triangulations in geographic information ually,there is noise inherent in the data,causing tiny mountains and lakes to arise.We’d like to remove this noise in a way that does not change important properties of the landscape,such as rainflow,or the watersheds of lakes and rivers.Example0.7(biology)A protein is a single chain of amino acids,which folds into a globular structure.The Thermo-dynamics Hypothesis states that a protein always folds into a state of minimum energy.To predict protein structure, we would like to model the folding of a protein computationally.As such,the protein folding problem becomes an optimization problem:we are looking for a path to the global minimum in a very high-dimensional energy landscape.We are also interested in capturing the topology of proteins.The small protein in Figure3(b),for example,uses its tunnel to channel ions.Can we computationallyfind such features in proteins?Example0.8(chemistry)In the1980’s,it was shown that the DNA,the molecular structure of the genetic code of all living organisms,can become knotted during replication,as shown in Figure3(c).Thisfinding initiated interest in knot theory among biologists and chemists for the detection,synthesis,and analysis of knotted molecules.One possibilityis to build nano-scale chemical switches and logic gates with these structures.Eventually,chemical computer memory systems could be built from these building blocks.Topology gives us tools and methodologies to tackle such problems.So,we become interested.0.4What next?Y oung man,in mathematics you don’t understand things,you just get used to them.—John von Neumann(1903–1957) We need to plow through literally hundreds of definitions.The right definition is often the most important step in solving a problem in topology.These definitions were refined in the last century to require the least initial assumptions, or axioms.The same refinement process,unfortunately,removed all intuition(impurities?)from the subject.This means that the topic is often especially dry and unmotivating.I will try to provide some intuition,however.We will not delve deeply into any one area of mathematics,but learn what we think is useful.References[1]W ASSERMAN,S.,D UNGAN,J.,AND C OZZARELLI,N.Discovery of a predicted DNA knot substantiates a model for site-specific recombination.Science229(1985),171–174.。
ATA章节号
49 APU Auxiliary power unit
51结构Structures
52舱门Door
54发动机吊舱Nacelles/pylons
56窗户Windows
71动力装置Power plant
72发动机Engine
73发动机燃油控制系统Engine fuel control
28燃油系统Fuel
29液压系统Hydraulic power
30防冰/防雨系统Ice rain protection
31指示记录系统Indicating recording system
32起落架系统Landing gear
33灯光Lights
35氧气系统Oxygen
36引气系统Pneumatics
0介绍Introduction
5维护检查项目Time limits maintenance checks
6尺寸和面积Dimensions areas
7顶升Liftineighting
9牵引和滑行Towing taxing
10停放和系留Parking mooring
74点火Ignition
75空气系统Air
76发动机控制Engine controls
77发动机指示Engine indicating
78排气Exhaust
79滑油系统Oil
80起动Starting
0介绍introduction5维护检查项目timelimitsmaintenancechecks6尺寸和面积dimensionsareas7顶升liftingshoring8校平称重levelingweighting9牵引和滑行towingtaxing10停放和系留parkingmooring12勤务servicing21空调系统airconditioning22自动飞行系统autoflight23通讯系统communication24电源系统electricalpower25装饰设备equipmentfurnishing26防火系统fireprotection27飞行操纵系统flightcontrol28燃油系统fuel29液压系统hydraulicpower30防冰防雨系统icerainprotection31指示记录系统indicatingrecordingsystem32起落架系统landinggear33灯光lights35氧气系统oxygen36引气系统pneumatics38水系统waterwastesystem49apuauxiliarypowerunit51结构structures52舱门door54发动机吊舱nacellespylons56窗户windows71动力装置powerplant72发动机engine73发动机燃油控制系统enginefuelcontrol74点火ignition75空气系统air76发动机控制enginecontrols77发动机指示engineindicating78排气exhaust79滑油系统oil80起动starting
LectureSlides.ppt
Introduction
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
Chapter 0: Introduction
• 0.1 The Role of Algorithms • 0.2 The Origins of Computing Machines • 0.3 The Science of Algorithms • 0.4 Abstraction • 0.5 An Outline of Our Study • 0.6 Social Repercussions
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-19
Ethical Theories
• Consequence based: What leads to the greatest benefit?
• Duty based: What are my intrinsic obligations?
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-12
Computer Science
• The science of algorithms • Draws from other subjects, including
– Mathematics – Engineering – Psychology – Business Administration – Psychology
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-4
History of Algorithms
Section 0 - Introduction
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Administration yyang@
Introductions
• • • • • • •
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Administration
Introduction
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Administration
• Learn the basic Linux skills necessary to prepare you to perform SLED 10 administrative tasks – Also called SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop • Help prepare you to take the CLDA exam • This course helps you prepare for the Novell Certified Linux Desktop Administrator10 (Novell CLDA 10) certification,
Support and Maintenance
• The copy of SLED 10 received in the student kit is a fully functioning copy and will not expire • To receive official support and maintenance updates
• Documentation
– /documentation/SLED10/index.html
• Home page for Linux support
02 Introduction 介绍
Just call me xiao Dou,please. 就(只是)叫我小窦好了.
I’d like--- 我想，我愿意。常用来表示意愿。
thiis is…这是。介绍他人时的用语。
Let's begin our class让我们开始上课。
Finish unit 5 ,learn unit 6 .完成五单元，学习 六单元。
May I introduce Dr Richard? 我可以介绍一下理查德博士吗?
Let me introduce Judy. 让我来介绍朱迪。
I have heard a lot about you.久闻大名。
Hear & listen to 听到---结果&听的过程
We have met.我们见过面。
Where are you from? 你是哪里人？
Is this your first time to china? 这是你第一次到中国来吗？
How do you like beijing? 你对北京印象如何？
2 Introduction 介绍
2-1 name／neim／(名)姓名
meet ／miI:t／ (动)(经介绍)与……相识，遇见 _
what ／w C t／(代)什么
nice ／nais／(形)美好的
hello,I'm lance. 你好，我是兰斯。
like ／laik／(动)喜欢，希望
may ／mei／(助动)可能．可以，许可
me ／mi：／(代)我(宾格)
mind ／maind／(动)介意
introduction模板
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research)English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures.In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs.(significance)This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject )。
MEMS 0_Introduction_Systems_08_MASTER
Introduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Wireless MicrowaveSystems and TechnologyPresented byStepan LucyszynIntroductionDr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Biography of SpeakerStepan Lucyszyn is currently a Reader (Associate Professor)in Millimetre-Wave Electronics at Imperial College London and a Visiting Professor at Tsinghua University (Beijing, China). Following 12 years of RFIC/MMIC research, he has spent the past 7 years focusing on RF MEMS. In 1999, he was a Tan Chin Tuan Exchange Fellow in Engineering at Nanyang Technological University (Singapore).During the summer of 2002, Dr Lucyszyn worked as a Guest Researcher, within the MEMS laboratory of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Tsukuba, Japan). In 2004, hepublished a review paper on RF MEMS technology, which won an IEE Premium Award in 2005. From 2004-2007, he represented Imperial within the European Union’s Framework VI Network of Excellence on Advanced MEMS for RF and Millimeter Wave Communications (AMICOM).To date, Dr Lucyszyn has (co-)authored well over 100 technical papers in applied physics andengineering, and presented many invited lectures at international conferences and workshops. In Nov. 2005, he was appointed an Associate Editor for the IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. Over the past few years Dr Lucyszyn has been an External Examiner for numerous research students in the UK, Singapore and China. In addition, he has sat on European panels for the funding of research projects and served as a member of technical programme committees for internationalconferences. In 2005, he was elected Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics.Introduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Introduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Imperial College London•14 Nobel Prize Winnersassociated with Imperial CollegeAlexanderFleming:Penicillin Andrew Huxley:Nerve Impulses Rodney Porter:Structure ofAntibodies Denis Gabor:Holography Abdus Salam:Theoretical PhysicsIntroduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Among our science stars of the past•George Finch (1888-1970) developed breathing apparatus to be used athigh altitudes, testing his designs personally. In 1922 he reached 27,300 feeton Everest, higher than any human had previously climbed•Henry Tizard (1885-1959) contributed to the development of the radar,which he supervised and championed as chairman of the AeronauticalResearch Committee in the run-up to WWII•Eric Laithwaite (1921-1997) developed magnetically-levitated (maglev)high-speed trains•David Potter (1943-) joined Imperial in 1970 as a lecturer in physics. Hewent on to form the IT company PSION that launched its first volume-produced handheld computer in 1984•William Hamilton (1936-2000) was one of the greatest evolutionarytheorists of the twentieth century . His work provided the basis for a gene-centric view of evolutionIntroduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Among our science stars of today•John Burland prevented the Leaning Tower of Pisa from topplingover•Magdi Yacoub is one of the pioneers of heart surgery. He helped todevelop the techniques of heart and heart-lung transplantation•Donal Bradley developed polymer light emitting diodes todaytranslated into lightweight, low-power displays for products such asmobile phones•Julia Higgins is known both for her research on the behaviour ofcomplex materials and her work to promote the participation of womenin science, engineering and technology•Ravinder Maini and Marc Feldmann have researched extensivelyon rheumatoid arthritis and made major breakthroughs in its treatmentIntroduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008•Times Higher Education SupplementWorld University Rankings:–3rd in Europe 5th in World overall–2nd in Europe 6th in World for technology–3rd in Europe 7th in World for life sciences/biomedicine–3rd in Europe 13th in World for natural sciences•Financial Times'MBA ranking–1st in Europe for entrepreneurship•Times Good University Guide 2008–3rdin UKIntroduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008"Largest UG population of any"Our International PopulationIntroduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Motivation and Aims for the Course)A major problem within a company is the poor communications between marketing managers, systems engineers, circuit designers and R&D engineers.)Each understand their own field of expertise, but may have limited practical insight at the other levels.•Systems engineer may ask a circuit design to meet specifications that are unrealistic •R&D group steps in to investigate alternative technologies, which may be too costly •Solution may have production lead times that are unacceptable for marketing )This course aims at looking at modern wireless microwave applications, their systems level design and possible technologies for more effective implementationsIntroduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Introduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008Approximate ScheduleIntroduction Dr Stepan LucyszynJune 2008AcknowledgementsThe speaker would like to express his sincerest thanks to:Professor Liu Zewen and Professor Chi Baoyong from IMETUProfessor You Zheng, Professor Zhang Gaofei and Ms Jiang Rong from PIM。
Course0课程介绍Introduction.
析技術、工具，如報表(Reporting)、線上即時分析 (OLAP)、資料探勘 (Data mining)、統計分析來獲得 可用的資訊，以應用於銷售、行銷、財務、人力資源、 生產、研發等各個層面的決策支援。
國立聯合大學 資訊管理學系
資料探勘課程 (陳士杰)
15
國立聯合大學 資訊管理學系
資料探勘課程 (陳士杰)
Kamel與Samia(2002)認為商業智慧是系統追蹤、蒐尋、連繫並 轉化各種微量訊息的一種策略性方法。
Kanzler(2002)認為商業智慧的定義是因人而異，其內容包含了
國立聯合大學 資訊管理學系
資料探勘課程 (陳士杰)
13
商業智慧主要透過企業內部資料整合來進行各種 層面的資料分析，其主要涵蓋範圍可以包括資料 收集與儲存，以及資料分析兩大部份。
16
(資料來源: 漢康科技)来自國立聯合大學 資訊管理學系
資料探勘課程 (陳士杰)
17
商業智慧已成為今天企業提升其產業競爭力及獲利的解決方案。如 何結合資訊技術與專業知識將資源轉變成具決策價值的商業智慧， 成為每個企業最關心的議題。 而客戶是企業最重要的資源。因此，如何獲取最佳的客戶、了解他 們的需要、提供他們最個人化的產品與服務、及防止既有客戶的流 失，便成為企業努力的目標，也因而產生了Data Mining之技術及 應用。 盡管BI強調資料探勘技術的應用，然而使用者不應該視資料探勘為神 奇的水晶球，期望它告訴使用者寶藏的資訊，而正視它只是其中一 項分析工具。 面對二十一世紀的新知識經濟時代，商業智慧是提高企業競爭力的 最終解決方案。而Data Mining是商業智慧的核心。如何將Data Mining的技術結合企業領域的知識，真正達到提高利潤、提昇競爭 力，將是未來企業努力的目標。
introduction单词记忆方法
introduction单词记忆方法
记忆英语单词是学习英语的基础，而采用有效的方法可以帮助我们更轻松地记
住大量的单词。
下面是一些关于记忆英语单词的介绍和方法。
首先，对于初学者来说，从掌握英语的基础词汇开始是很重要的。
基础词汇是
我们与他人进行日常交流所必需的单词。
可以通过多读英语文章、听英语音乐和观看英语电影来积累常见的基础词汇。
其次，了解单词的词性和意义也是记忆单词的关键。
一个单词可以有多种不同
的意思，根据上下文理解单词的含义非常重要。
可以通过使用词典或在线资源来查找单词的不同含义和用法。
另外，使用联想和关联也是记忆单词的有效方法。
将一个单词与我们已经熟悉
的事物或场景联系起来可以帮助我们更容易地记住单词。
例如，将单词"apple"（苹果）与我们平时吃的水果联系起来，可以更容易记住这个单词。
此外，使用记忆技巧和工具也可以增强记忆单词的效果。
例如，可以使用闪卡法，将单词写在一张卡片上，背诵单词的拼写和意义。
还可以使用单词记忆软件或手机应用程序来帮助我们练习记忆单词。
最重要的是，要坚持每天复习已学过的单词。
通过不断地重复和复习，我们可
以加深对单词的记忆，提高记忆效果。
总而言之，记忆英语单词是学习英语的关键步骤。
通过使用适当的方法和技巧，我们可以更有效地记忆和掌握大量的单词。
不断的练习和复习是取得良好记忆效果的关键。
希望以上介绍的方法和建议对你的英语学习有所帮助。
introduction构词法
introduction构词法
"introduction"这个词是由"intro-"和"-duction"两个部分构
成的。
"intro-"来自拉丁语"intro"，意为"在...里面"或"进入"，
常用于表示引导或进入某个状态。
"-duction"来自拉丁语"ductio"，意为"引导"或"带领"。
因此，"introduction"这个词的构词法可以
理解为是由前缀"intro-"和词根"-duction"组合而成的，整体意思为"引导进入"或"介绍"。
在英语中，"introduction"通常指的是某
物或某人首次亮相或出现的场合，也可以指一篇文章或演讲的开头
部分，用于引入主题或内容。
从构词法的角度来看，我们可以更好
地理解这个词的含义和用法。
Introduction to Optical Waveguide Analysis
INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE ANALYSISIntroduction to Optical Waveguide Analysis:Solving Maxwell's Equations and the Schro Èdinger Equation .Kenji Kawano,Tsutomu Kitoh Copyright #2001John Wiley &Sons,Inc.ISBNs:0-471-40634-1(Hardback);0-471-22160-0(Electronic)INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE ANALYSISSolving Maxwell's Equations and the SchroÈdinger EquationKENJI KAWANO and TSUTOMU KITOHA Wiley-Interscience PublicationJOHN WILEY&SONS,INC.New York/Chichester/Weinheim/Brisbane/Singapore/TorontoDesignations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks.In all instances where John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,is aware of a claim,the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.Readers,however,should contact the appropriate companiesfor more complete information regarding trademarks and registration.Copyright#2001by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including uploading,downloading,printing, decompiling,recording or otherwise,except as permitted under Sections107or108of the1976 United States Copyright Act,without the prior written permission of the Publisher.Requeststo the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department,John Wiley& Sons,Inc.,605Third Avenue,New Y ork,NY10158-0012,(212)850-6011,fax(212)850-6008, E-Mail:PERMREQ@.This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.If professional advice or other expert assistance is required,the servicesof a competent professional person should be sought.ISBN0-471-22160-0This title is also available in print as ISBN0-471-40634-1.For more information about Wiley products,visit our web site at .To our wives, Mariko and KumikoCONTENTSPreface=xi1Fundamental Equations11.1Maxwell's Equations=11.2Wave Equations=31.3Poynting Vectors=71.4Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetic Fields=9Problems=10Reference=122Analytical Methods132.1Method for a Three-Layer Slab Optical Waveguide=132.2Effective Index Method=202.3Marcatili's Method=232.4Method for an Optical Fiber=36Problems=55References=57viiviii CONTENTS3Finite-Element Methods593.1Variational Method=593.2Galerkin Method=683.3Area Coordinates and Triangular Elements=723.4Derivation of Eigenvalue Matrix Equations=843.5Matrix Elements=893.6Programming=1053.7Boundary Conditions=110Problems=113References=1154Finite-Difference Methods1174.1Finite-Difference Approximations=1184.2Wave Equations=1204.3Finite-Difference Expressions of Wave Equations=1274.4Programming=1504.5Boundary Conditions=1534.6Numerical Example=160Problems=161References=1645Beam Propagation Methods1655.1Fast Fourier Transform Beam Propagation Method=1655.2Finite-Difference Beam Propagation Method=1805.3Wide-Angle Analysis Using PadeÂApproximantOperators=2045.4Three-Dimensional Semivectorial Analysis=2165.5Three-Dimensional Fully Vectorial Analysis=222Problems=227References=2306Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method2336.1Discretization of Electromagnetic Fields=2336.2Stability Condition=2396.3Absorbing Boundary Conditions=241CONTENTS ix Problems=245References=2497SchroÈdinger Equation2517.1Time-Dependent State=2517.2Finite-Difference Analysis of Time-Independent State=2537.3Finite-Element Analysis of Time-Independent State=254References=263Appendix A Vectorial Formulas265 Appendix B Integration Formula for Area Coordinates267 Index273PREFACEThis book was originally published in Japanese in October1998with the intention of providing a straightforward presentation of the sophisticated techniques used in optical waveguide analyses.Apparently,we were successful because the Japanese version has been well accepted by students in undergraduate,postgraduate,and Ph.D.courses as well as by researchers at universities and colleges and by researchers and engineers in the private sector of the optoelectronics®eld.Since we did not want to change the fundamental presentation of the original,this English version is,except for the newly added optical®ber analyses and problems,essentially a direct translation of the Japanese version. Optical waveguide devices already play important roles in telecommu-nications systems,and their importance will certainly grow in the future. People considering which computer programs to use when designing optical waveguide devices have two choices:develop their own or use those available on the market.A thorough understanding of optical waveguide analysis is,of course,indispensable if we are to develop our own programs.And computer-aided design(CAD)software for optical waveguides is available on the market.The CAD software can be used more effectively by designers who understand the features of each analysis method.Furthermore,an understanding of the wave equations and how they are solved helps us understand the optical waveguides themselves. Since each analysis method has its own features,different methods are required for different targets.Thus,several kinds of analysis methods havexixii PREFACEto be mastered.Writing formal programs based on equations is risky unless one knows the approximations used in deriving those equations,the errors due to those approximations,and the stability of the solutions. Mastering several kinds of analysis techniques in a short time is dif®cult not only for beginners but also for busy researchers and engineers.Indeed,it was when we found ourselves devoting substantial effort to mastering various analysis techniques while at the same time designing,fabricating,and measuring optical waveguide devices that we saw the need for an easy-to-understand presentation of analysis techni-ques.This book is intended to guide the reader to a comprehensive under-standing of optical waveguide analyses through self-study.It is important to note that the intermediate processes in the mathematical manipulations have not been omitted.The manipulations presented here are very detailed so that they can be easily understood by readers who are not familiar with them.Furthermore,the errors and stabilities of the solutions are discussed as clearly and concisely as possible.Someone using this book as a reference should be able to understand the papers in the®eld,develop programs,and even improve the conventional optical waveguide theories. Which optical waveguide analyses should be mastered is also an important consideration.Methods touted as superior have sometimes proven to be inadequate with regard to their accuracy,the stability of their solutions,and central processing unit(CPU)time they require.The methods discussed in this book are ones widely accepted around the ing them,we have developed programs we use on a daily basis in our laboratories and con®rmed their accuracy,stability,and effective-ness in terms of CPU time.This book treats both analytical methods and numerical methods. Chapter1summarizes Maxwell's equations,vectorial wave equations, and the boundary conditions for electromagnetic®elds.Chapter2 discusses the analysis of a three-layer slab optical waveguide,the effective index method,Marcatili's method,and the analysis of an optical®ber. Chapter3explains the widely utilized scalar®nite-element method.It®rst discusses its basic theory and then derives the matrix elements in the eigenvalue equation and explains how their calculation can be programmed.Chapter4discusses the semivectorial®nite-difference method.It derives the fully vectorial and semivectorial wave equations, discusses their relations,and then derives explicit expressions for the quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes.It shows formulations of E x and H y expressions for the quasi-TE(transverse electric)mode and E y and H x expressions for the quasi-TM(transverse magnetic)mode.The none-PREFACE xiii quidistant discretization scheme used in this chapter is more versatile than the equidistant discretization reported by Stern.The discretization errors due to these formulations are also discussed.Chapter5discusses beam propagation methods for the design of two-and three-dimensional(2D, 3D)optical waveguides.Discussed here are the fast Fourier transform beam propagation method(FFT-BPM),the®nite-difference beam propa-gation method(FD-BPM),the transparent boundary conditions,the wide-angle FD-BPM using the PadeÂapproximant operators,the3D semi-vectorial analysis based on the alternate-direction implicit method,and the fully vectorial analysis.The concepts of these methods are discussed in detail and their equations are derived.Also discussed are the error factors of the FFT-BPM,the physical meaning of the Fresnel equation, the problems with the wide-angle FFT-BPM,and the stability of the FD-BPM.Chapter6discusses the®nite-difference time-domain method (FD-TDM).The FD-TDM is a little dif®cult to apply to3D optical waveguides from the viewpoint of computer memory and CPU time,but it is an important analysis method and is applicable to2D structures. Covered in this chapter are the Y ee lattice,explicit3D difference formulation,and absorbing boundary conditions.Quantum wells,which are indispensable in semiconductor optoelectronic devices,cannot be designed without solving the SchroÈdinger equation.Chapter7discusses how to solve the SchroÈdinger equation with the effective mass approx-imation.Since the structure of the SchroÈdinger equation is the same as that of the optical wave equation,the techniques to solve the optical wave equation can be used to solve the SchroÈdinger equation.Space is saved by including only a few examples in this book.The quasi-TEM and hybrid-mode analyses for the electrodes of microwave integrated circuits and optical devices have also been omitted because of space limitations.Finally,we should mention that readers are able to get information on the vendors that provide CAD software for the numerical methods discussed in this book from the Internet.We hope this book will help people who want to master optical waveguide analyses and will facilitate optoelectronics research and devel-opment.K ENJI K AWANO and T SUTOMU K ITOH Kanagawa,JapanMarch2001INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE ANALYSISINDEXArea coordinate,74Alternate-direction implicit(ADI)method, 216Angular frequency,3Bandwidth,109Basis function,62Beam propagation method(BPM),165 ADI-BPM,216®rst Fourier transform beampropagation method(FFT-BPM),165®nite-difference beam propagationmethod(FD-BPM),180 Bessel function,40Bessel function of®rst kind,40Bessel function of second kind,40modi®ed Bessel function of®rst kind,40modi®ed Bessel function of secondkind,40Boundary condition,9,27,110,153,197 absorbing boundary condition(ABC),241analytical boundary condition,154transparent boundary condition(TBC), 197Characteristic equation,17,20,41,53 Charge density,1Cladding,13,37,125Core,13,37,125Cramer's formula,76Crank-Nicolson scheme,195Current density,1Cylindrical coordinate system,38Derivative,119®rst derivative,119second derivative,119Difference center,131hypothetical difference center,131 Discretization,130equidistant discretization,130nonequidistant discretization,130 Dirichlet condition,66,111,153,257 Dominant mode,111Effective index,6effective index method,20 Eigenvalue,88,151eigenvalue matrix equation,68,72,151, 257Eigenvector,88,151Electric®eld,1273Electric¯ux density,1Element,64triangular element,64,72®rst-order triangular element,64,73,91,106second-order triangular element,64,79, 95,108E x pq mode,24,113E y pq mode,31,113Even mode,111Expansion coef®cient,63Explicit scheme,239Finite-element method(FEM),59scalar®nite-element method(SC-FEM), 59Finite-difference method(FDM),116 scalar®nite-difference method(SC-FDM),150semivectorial®nite-difference method(SV-FDM),117Finite-difference time-domain method(FD-TDM),233Fourier transform,170discrete Fourier transform,170inverse discrete Fourier transform,170Fresnel approximation,167±168,187 Functional,62Fully vectorial analysis,222Galerkin method,68Helmholtz equaiotn,5±7Hybrid-mode analysis,47Implicit scheme,186Interpolation function,64Joule heating,8Laplacian,4Line element,257®rst-order line element,257second-order line element,260 Local coordinate,107,110LP mode,38Magnetic®eld,1Magnetic¯ux density,1Marcatili's method,23Maxwell's equations,1Matrix element,89Mirror-symmetrical plane,111 Multistep method,213Neumann condition,66,111,153,257 Node,64,73,79,129,257 Normalized frequency,41Odd mode,111Optical®ber,36step-index optical®ber,37PadeÂapproximant operator,204Para-axial approximation,167 Permeability,1relative permeability,1 Permittivity,1relative permittivity,1Phase-shift lens,170,173Phasor expression,3Plane wave,10Plank constant,252Potential,252Power con®nement factor(G factor),55±56Poynting vector,7Principal®eld component,125,182,184 Propagation constant,6Quantum well,252Quasi-TE mode,125,128Quasi-TM mode,125,147Rayleigh-Ritz method,62 Reference index,166,187 Residual,68error residual,68weighted residual method,69SchroÈdinger equation,251normalized SchroÈdinger equation,255time-dependent SchroÈdinger equation, 251274INDEXtime-independent SchroÈdinger equation, 253±254Shape function,64,78,83Slab optical waveguide,13Slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA),166Stability condition,195,239Taylor series expansion,118Tohmas method,203Transverse electric(TE)mode,14,181, 186Transverse magnetic(TM)mode,14,184, 190Variational method,59Variational principle,62Wave equation,5,6scalar wave equation,84,127semivectorial wave equation,124vectorial wave equation,4,120 Wave number,5Weak form,69Wide-angle formulation,167Wide-angle analysis,204Wide-angle order,205Y ee lattice,235INDEX275。
Self-introduction_0
Self-introduction
Hello！My name is Li lei. My English name is Angel. I’am from Xia’men.
I am a lively girl. I’m 12 years old.
I like sport and playing computer games.
I can speak English.and I can run fast.
I want to go to America. I’want to be a inventor.
I would like to enter the school team!
OK！Do you love me ? Baibai! GO GO ~`HO HO HO ~
意思是：你好！我的名字叫李蕾，我的英文名叫安琪儿。
我来自厦门。
我是一个开朗的女孩。
我今年12岁（快13了)我喜欢体育运动和玩电脑游戏。
我可以说英语和我可以跑的很快。
我想要去美国，（那里有哈佛大学）我的理想是当发明家。
我希望能够进入学校的校队！
好了，就说到这里了。
你“喜欢”我吗？拜拜！加油哦HO HO HO
天哪！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！还要这么多字？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？郁闷那！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！
！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！
（只看前面的就行了，不好意思，后面的是加上的字。
帮我多加分哦！谢谢了）。
内部稽核ppt课件
人 People
輸入 Input
輸出結果 Output
設備 Equipment
文件 Document
• Examine a work or service operation. 檢查一個工作或服務的執行.
ISO 9000 2000版 內部稽核培訓教材
1
品質詞匯解釋 ISO 9000 2000修訂背景、精神、特色 ISO 9000 2000標準架構 ISO 9000 2000品質管理制程模式 內部稽核方法
2
應用上: 需要及期望之滿意
技術上: 一個物體有關需要及期望方面之性能;在技術定義 上意思是一整套可實現的品質特性及它們之價值. 在ISO9000標準家族,一個物體性能與需要期望之 間關係是與滿足或滿足需要及期望的能力有關.
稽核員必須經培訓並合格.
• A team leader should be placed in overall charge.
稽核隊長應該全面負責.
18
CHECKLIST 檢核項目
Para.of each spec. (FUJIN document) to be audited
will be directly considered as a checklist. 被稽核的程序文件將直接當作稽核項目
2. Audit Schedule 稽核計劃
2.1 According to level 1.2.3 documents of Fu Jin,the actual operation of each
department will be audited. 根據一,二,三階文件,對各部門進行稽核.
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Sociological Definition in the Textbook
Cities are defined as geographically-bound forms of social organization that have certain (specific) characteristics. Such as: 1. Populations are relative large, densely settled, and heterogeneous (Wirth 1938); 2. At least some of the people engage in nonagricultural pursuits, and some are specialist (Sjoberg 1965) ; 3. A city serves a market function and it has at least partial regulatory power (Weber 1958); 4. Cities manifest forms of interaction in which the individual is not known as a complete person. (why) 5. Cities require a “social bond” based on something larger than immediate family or tribe, perhaps based on rational law or tradition, such as religion or loyalty to a king. (P4)
2. What is a city?
City: Densely populated urban center, larger than a village or a town, whose inhabitants are engaged primarily in commerce and industry. In the United States a city is legally an incorporated municipality. (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.) Municipality: A political unit, such as a city or town, incorporated for local self-government.
What is urban sociology What is a city What are urban studies
Key Terms
Bureaucracy (0) 科层 官僚 Human ecology (1) 人类生态 Land-use (1) 土地利用 Variables (1) 变量 Urbanization (2) 城市化 C. Wright Mills (2) C．怀特米尔斯（1916-1962) Sociological imagination (2) 社会学的想象 Suburbanization (2) 郊区化 Social stratification (3) 社会分层 Redevelopment （旧城）改造
2. What is a city?
Definition based on size of the population. (Geographical approach) Definition based on political-formal incorporation. Incorporated cities have formal structure (city government) and definite boundaries. Definition based on social structure and the functions (Sociological approach). (P3)
I. Course Origination
General Course Objectives: Develop students' knowledge and understanding of the urban structure and function in sociological perspectives (theoretical paradigms). Promote thought about urban areas, urban processes and urban life. Enhance students' ability to study urban sociology in bilingual, help to promote the globalization and indigenization (or contextuality) of sociology.
Central Issues
Specific study field and perspectives (theory and knowledge) of Sociology a. Urban structure and functions (urban ecology) urban social division, social stratification, social space b. Urban life styles community, family, class, ethnics, culture c. Urban problems and policy (planning) d. Urban development urbanization, process and characteristics See Textbook P0-1
1. What is urban sociology?
Urban sociology is a sub-discipline (sociological study and knowledge about) to examine the nature of city life and urban social issues, how they are interrelated, and how a sociological approach helps us understand both the roots of these urban “problems” and the consequences for individuals, communities and societies. You will learn the historical experiences, theoretical explanations and solutions devised concerning today’s urban problems. The ability to critically assess current and future urban policies in comparative perspective is essential in our increasingly interdependent, global urban world.
Urban Sociology in the textbook
a. Human Ecology (social space and land-use) b. Urban Community (social group, social organization, life way and social psychology) c. Urban Problem, Policy, and Planning d. Urbanization (urban growth and development) (P1) All above: Human behaviour associated with urban life. (P2R)
3. What are urban studies?
The scientific study of human social structures and behaviors in urban areas, such as City Politics, Urban Geography, Urban Economics, Urban Planning, Urban Sociology, Urban History, etc.. Three approaches of urban studies: a. city as entity 城市作为存在（机体/机制） 自变量 b. city as process 城市作为过程 依变量 c. city as setting 城市做为背景
康少邦等编译： 《城市社会学》， 浙江人民出版社， 19Fra bibliotek6学习要点
以课本为中心、以理论和现实发展为补充 认真学习课本内容和词汇 围绕课本内容所提供的专题 补充现代城市社会学的理论发展，以及中国内 容 (Chinese content)
III. Introduction to Urban Sociology
II. Learning methods
1. Class format Sociological English and Urban Sociology a. Text preview (review) b. Key Terms (warming-up exercises) c. Main topic or Major topics d. Outline and explanation e. Summary in Chinese f. Field trips, Observation reports and class presentations
Urban Sociology